Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Method amounts'

Carbonaceous aerosol components which consist of organic compounds (OC) and black carbon (BC) account for a large fraction of atmospheric particulate matter. Most information available on the abundance, properties, and effects of these components so far is based on measurement data of total carbon (TC = OC + BC). This data is increasingly complemented by measurements of water soluble organic carbon (WSOC), its macromolecular fraction (MWSOC), and individual organic compounds due to its environmental significance. WSOC are usually highly polar, oxygenated compounds containing two or more COOH, C=O and/or OH functional groups such as hydroxyamines, amino acids, polyalcohols, sugars, dicarboxylic acids, ketocarboxylic acids and dicarbonyls. These compounds contribute to the ability of particles to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and dicarboxylic acids especially can potentially affect the global climate by scattering incoming solar radiation, which counteracts the global warming caused by the increase of greenhouse gases. According to literature the burning of cellulose (biomass burning) generates smoke particles that were nearly 100% watersoluble. The Vaal Triangle was recently declared as the first priority area in South Africa by the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism on the 21 st of April 2006. The area comprises of heavy industrial activities, one power station, several commercial operations, motor vehicles as well as many households utilizing coal as an energy source. Ambient aerosol sampling for this study was done at 3 sites in the Vaal Triangle (Vereeniging, Vanderbijlpark and Sasolburg) during the winter of 2006 and summer of 2007 with Mini-volume portable air samplers. Aerosol samples were collected on pre-fired quartz filters. Gas and Ion chromatography were applied in analyzing the aerosol filters for specific dicarboxylic acids in the WSOC fraction. However, the GC-MS method required the water extracted samples to be derivatized before injection. This multiple synthesis pathway proved difficult and errors prone with potential dicarboxylic acid loss since the dicarboxylic acids are present in ng/m3 . This meant the GC-MS was only used as a quantitative technique. An alternative ion chromatographic method of analyzing dicarboxylic acids was developed. A new Dionex ICS-3000 RFIC instrument along with its special licensed software (Virtual Column) was utilized. The Virtual Column software makes it possible to simulate possible separations of predetermined individual compounds within the WSOC fraction. The influence and impact of various parameters can be checked without wasting valuable sample. After a method was developed, it was tested practically by analyzing standard solutions. The optimized method was then used to analyze the field samples collected at the different sites. The ICS-3000 RFIC with Virtual Column proved to be a convenient and appropriate technique. It showed that the dicarboxylic acid species oxalic, malonic, succinic, glutaric and phthalic as well as inorganic ions fluoride, chloride, nitrate and sulphate were present in the air of all the sites. The chromatographic profile of all the sites also closely resembled each other, be they residential, industrial or petrochemical. However, the methodology was only developed for qualitative analysis and further studies should develop the method further to include quantitative analysis as well.<br>Thesis (M.Sc. (Chemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

The subject of this thesis is to determine the insurance indemnity after a storm on real estate. The first theoretical part is focused on definitions of basic terms in the field of real estate and insurance. The second part is practical, which deals with the valuation of the assessed construction cost method, ensuring the necessary costs for repair. Subsequently, the amount of the insured property value is determined.

Subject of master’s thesis is determination of the amount of insurance benefits in a holiday house damaged by a fallen tree due to gale in Horní Loučky. The introductory part focuses on property valuation theory. It includes basic conecepts, legislation of property valuation and methods of valuation. Inseparable part of thesis is to outline the field of insurance and it´s procedures. Following part of master’s thesis contain own solution of this problematics. It determines default price of property valued, relative to three different time events. Default price is taken into account of building established by the analytical method. The determination of insurance benefits will be based on the itemized budget of the delivery and montage of newly replaced building construction. In part of analysing achieved results, we examine the impact of repairs made after damage on the value of the holiday house.

Internet of things (IoT) generates massive amount of heterogeneous data, which should be efficiently utilized to support services in different domains. Specifically, data need to be supplied to services by understanding the needs of services and by understanding the environment changes, so that necessary data can be provided efficiently but without overfeeding. However, it is still very difficult for IoT to fulfill such data supply with only the existing supports of communication, network, and infrastructure; while the most essential issues are still unaddressed, namely the heterogeneity issue, the recourse coordination issue, and the environments’ dynamicity issue. Thus, this necessitates to specifically study on those issues and to propose a method to utilize the massive amount of heterogeneous data to support services in different domains. This dissertation presents a novel method, called the data-centric network of things (DNT), which handles heterogeneity, coordinates resources, and understands the changing IoT entity relations in dynamic environments to supply data in support of services. As results, various services based on IoT (e.g., smart cities, smart transport, smart healthcare, smart homes, etc.) are supported by receiving enough necessary data without overfeeding. The contributions of the DNT to IoT and big data research are: firstly the DNT enables IoT to perceive data, resources, and the relations among IoT entities in dynamic environments. This perceptibility enhances IoT to handle the heterogeneity in different levels. Secondly, the DNT coordinates IoT edge resources to process and disseminate data based on the perceived results. This releases the big data pressure caused by centralized analytics to certain degrees. Thirdly, the DNT manages entity relations for data supply by handling the environment dynamicity. Finally, the DNT supply necessary data to satisfy different service needs, by avoiding either data-hungry or data-overfed status.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Tese (Doutoramento)<br>IPEN/T<br>Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Maladie de l'homme mûr, le cancer de la prostate nécessite des traitements qui rendent le patient impuissant, parfois de manière irréversible. Cela fait écho psychiquement à l'appréhension d'une castration qui n'a pas attendu l'avènement de cette quasi-réalité pour s'avérer l'un des moteurs psychiques de l'angoisse des hommes et de leur dynamique identificatoire, narcissique et objectale. Le cancer de la prostate se révélant être tabou dans notre société, ces hommes sont sommés de souffrir en silence. À l'appui d'une double méthodologie composée d'entretiens et d'épreuves projectives auprès de 17 patients atteints d'un cancer de la prostate (et, dans une visée comparative, de 2 patients atteints d'un cancer du rein et de 2 patients venant pour un simple dépistage), nous nous sommes proposée de discerner comment cette détresse interdite pouvait expliquer en partie la mise en avant d'une position hyper phallique ("même pas peur, même pas triste, même pas mal"). Revendiquer de n'être ni touché ni ébranlé par ce qui arrive permettrait ainsi à ces hommes de pallier une décompensation dépressive, peut-être pire que tout pour eux, car "anti-virile", dans le sens où un homme n'est censé ni chuter, ni s'effondrer, ni se plaindre. C'est pourquoi, dans la filiation des travaux de C. Chabert et de F. Neau, nous avons proposé l'idée d'un "masculin hypomane" ; il serait une défense contre le mouvement mélancolique (à entendre comme traitement narcissique de la perte) insupportable et comme retournement de la passivité en activité contre l'être pénétré (par la maladie, les explorations médicales), l'être traversé (par l'angoisse, le temps qui passe) et l'être excité (par l'autre, son désir). Portée par un faux masculin abritant le genre neutre dans le latent et durcie par un hyperinvestissement narcissique, cette solution serait à la fois coûteuse et mortifère, mais aussi salvatrice et trophique pour le sujet, déplaçant alors les frontières entre normal et pathologique. En effet, elle protégerait le sujet contre les affres de l'effondrement dépressif dans le manifeste, soutiendrait son identité virile déjà bien malmenée. Elle lui permettrait de se défendre contre le mouvement mélancolique qui infiltre le latent et, enfin, elle contiendrait l'excitation désorganisatrice de la pulsion sexuelle derrière les remparts de la pulsion de mort dans sa valence anarchiste. La dimension performative de la virilité nous a ainsi permis d'envisager la clinique de la passation (mais également la relation clinique et les mouvements transférentiels pendant les entretiens) comme un espace potentiellement traumatique (car elle peut, certes, mettre en lumière et révéler une sensibilité à la castration à travers l'implicite de performance) mais aussi, comme un espace transitionnel et thérapeutique. Ce qui semble très important pour la construction future de projets thérapeutiques concernant ces patients<br>A disease affecting older men, prostrate cancer requires treatment that renders patients impotent, sometimes permanently. Psychically speaking, this resonates with the fear of castration, which does not await the advent of this quasi-reality to emerge as one of the psychic driving forces of men's anxiety and of their identity-related, narcissistic and objectal dynamic. In today's society, prostrate cancer is a taboo subject; men suffering from the condition are thus forced to suffer in silence. We met 17 patients with prostate cancer and, in a comparative way, 2 patients with kidney cancer and 2 healthy patients. Using projective methods and semi-directive interviews, we attempted to discern how this forbidden distress could partly explain why patients chose to adopt a hyperphallic stance ("Ain't scared, ain't sad, doing just fine !"). Claiming to be neither affected nor shaken by unfolding events would allow these men to mitigate depressive decompensation, which might be the worst thing for them because it would be unmanly insofar as a man must never fall, collapse or complain. Drawing from the studies undertaken by C. Chabert and F. Neau, we thus put forward the notion of "masculine hypomania". This would not only be a defense against unbearable melancholia (construed as the narcissistic treatment of loss), but would also be the reversal of passivity into action against the penetrated being (by disease and medical explorations), the permeated being (by anxiety and the passing of time) and the excited being (by the other and his desire). Driven by narcissistic hyperinvestment, this solution would be costly and mortifying on the one hand, and life-saving and nourishing on the other, moving boards between normality and pathology. Indeed, it would enable patients to defend themselves against depressive decompensation, to support shaken male identity, to defend themselves against melancholic movement and, at last, to contain excitation of the sexual drive through the death instinct in its anarchist valency. The performative dimension of manhood allowed to consider the clinical perspective of test administration (but also clinical relationship and transference during interviews) as a potentially traumatic space (because it could reveal a sensitivity to castration behind the implicit of performance), but also as a transitional and therapeutic space, which seems very important for the construction of therapeutic projects for these patients in the future

The main purpose of the present study was to explore the effects of characteristics of information given in a job advertisement (amount of information and the specificity of the information) on the potential applicants&rsquo<br>willingness to apply to the job opening with the mediating roles of credibility of and satisfaction from the information, and attraction to the organization. In addition to that, the factors affecting the decision of the applicants to apply for the job posted such as application modes (internet, by hand in the same city the applicant lives, by hand in a different city than the applicant lives), different selection methods (interview, personality test, knowledge test), and personality characteristics (goal orientation and self-efficacy) were investigated. The study was conducted in three phases. In the first phase, one hundred and seven Middle East Technical University (METU) students were used to decide between two alternatives of goal orientation and two self-efficacy scales, which were translated into Turkish and adapted for the current study, to be used in the main study by determining the validity and reliabilities of the scales. The second phase was the manipulation check, conducted to test the clarity and meaningfulness of the newly developed job advertisements and questions related to the research hypotheses. Thirty-two METU students were used for the second phase. The final phase was the main study. One hundred and fifty four METU students from Electrical and Electronics Department were used to examine the hypotheses of the study.The students were randomly assigned to the three different versions of job advertisement. Additionally, a questionnaire package was given to each participant. The results supported most of the main hypotheses and the proposed model except for the mediating effect of satisfaction. Advertisement type affected the willingness to apply to the job of potential applicant and this relation was mediated by credibility and credibility was mediated by attractiveness to the organization. A main effect of application mode was found for change in application decision, but no interaction was found between application mode and different attraction levels. Goal orientation found to be affecting applicants&rsquo<br>decision change for different selection methods. Self-efficacy failed to predict decision change for application for different selection methods. Results are discussed along with the strengths and limitations of the study and suggestions for future research.

Actuellement, les méthodes d’essais normalisées, couramment utilisées pour étudier la carbonatation du béton, s’appuient sur l’évaluation de la chute du pH (&lt;9) de la solution interstitielle d'un échantillon de béton exposé à des concentrations ambiantes ou très élevées de CO2 (2% à 50% en volume). Ces méthodes sont souvent critiquées car soit, elles nécessitent beaucoup de temps (plus d’une année pour la carbonatation naturelle), soit elles sont coûteuses et d’une faible fiabilité (la carbonatation accélérée, notamment quand la concentration de CO2 est supérieure à 3% CO2). Deux mécanismes principaux pilotent la carbonatation: le transport diffusif du dioxyde de carbone gazeux, qui est régi par le coefficient de diffusion effectif de cette espèce dans le milieu poreux, et la consommation de CO2 par la quantité de produits carbonatables présente dans la matrice cimentaire. Ces deux propriétés du matériau sont requises pour les modèles prédictifs de la profondeur de carbonatation des matériaux cimentaires. L’objectif de ce travail est donc de développer deux méthodes d’essai simples et fiables pour déterminer ces deux propriétés.D’abord, nous avons développé et validé une méthode d’essai permettant de déterminer le coefficient de diffusion effectif d’oxygène (De,O2) de neufs pâtes de ciment durcies et 44 bétons pré-conditionnés à différentes humidités relatives. L'influence de la durée d'hydratation, du rapport eau sur liant, de la carbonatation accélérée (1% CO2) et du type de liant sur la diffusivité de l'oxygène est étudiée sur des bétons et pâtes de ciment durcies. L’influence de l’épaisseur de l’échantillon de béton testé sur le De,O2 est évaluée à l'état sec et après conditionnement des bétons à une humidité relative de 93%. La corrélation entre la perméabilité à l'oxygène et le coefficient de diffusion effective d’oxygène est étudiée sur 44 mélanges de béton.Une deuxième méthode d’essai est développée pour étudier le taux instantané de fixation de CO2 et la quantité de produits carbonatables de pâtes de ciment hydratées, de phases pures d’hydrates et anhydres synthétisées. Les échantillons ont été carbonatés dans des systèmes ouverts sous humidités relatives contrôlées et concentration ambiante de CO2, puis le système bascule en configuration fermée pour mesurer la quantité de CO2 fixée par le matériau testé pendant une courte période. Cette méthode d’essai permet de déterminer l’évolution en fonction de temps du taux instantané de réaction de carbonatation et de la capacité de fixation de CO2 sous différents environnements. Un bon accord entre les résultats de la nouvelle méthode d’essai et l'analyse thermogravimétrique a été observé, ce qui met en évidence la fiabilité et la précision de la méthode de test développée.Les résultats obtenus des essais de diffusion et les quantités de produits carbonatables sont intégrés dans des modèles de prédiction de la profondeur de carbonatation. Ces profondeurs de carbonatation ont été comparées aux profondeurs de carbonatation déterminées directement sur les mêmes matériaux par pulvérisation de phénolphtaléine, en carbonatation naturelle et accélérée<br>The current standardized methods used to investigate the carbonation performance of concrete are based on the direct determination of the pH variation on the surface of a concrete specimen exposed to ambient or higher CO2 concentration. These methods are either time-consuming (natural carbonation) or of a questionable accuracy (accelerated carbonation). The carbonation physicochemical process involves two major mechanisms: gaseous CO2 diffusion into the cementitious material’s porous network and its dissolution and reaction with CaO of the hardened cement paste. Most carbonation depth prediction models require the CO2-effective diffusion coefficient and the amount of carbonatable products as input parameters. Hence the aim of this work is to develop two simple and reliable test methods to determine these two properties in a reliable and cost-effective manner.First we developed and validated a test method to determine the oxygen-effective diffusion coefficient (De,O2) of nine different hardened cement pastes preconditioned at different relative humidity levels, and 44 concrete mixtures. The influence of the hydration duration, water-per-binder ratio, accelerated carbonation, and binder type on the oxygen diffusivity was investigated. The dependence of the De,O2 on the tested concrete specimen thickness was investigated at the dry state and after conditioning at 93%RH. The De,O2 was determined before and after full carbonation of six concrete mixtures previously conditioned at different RH. A correlation between oxygen permeability and diffusivity is investigated on 44 concrete mixtures.A second test method is developed to determine the instantaneous CO2 binding rate and the amount of carbonatable products of powdered hydrated cement pastes and synthetic anhydrous and hydrates. The samples were carbonated in open systems at ambient CO2 concentration and controlled relative humidity, and then the system switches into a closed configuration while the measurement of the CO2-uptake is performed over a short period of time. The test method allows for the measurement of the carbonation reaction rate and capacity; and their evolution as function of time under different RH. The developed method shows advantages for being nondestructive, allowing the samples to carbonate at controlled CO2 concentration and humidity, and providing measurements with low cost equipment. A good agreement between the test method results and thermogravimetric analysis was observed, which highlights the reliability and accuracy of the developed test method.The results obtained from the gaseous diffusion coefficient and carbonatable products test methods were used as inputs for carbonation depth prediction models. A correlation was investigated between the measured carbonation depth on different concrete and hydrated cement pastes mixtures by means of phenolphthalein solution under both natural and accelerated exposure. The results were compared with the calculated carbonation depth using our experimental results<br>Die zurzeit verwendeten Methoden zur Untersuchung des Karbonatisierungs-widerstandes von Beton basieren auf der direkten Bestimmung des pH-Wertes der oberflächennahen Betonrandzone, die zuvor einer bestimmten Prüflagerung ausgesetzt war (relative Luftfeuchte, spezifische CO2-Konzentrationen). Diese Methoden sind jedoch entweder sehr zeitaufwändig (natürliche Karbonatisierung) oder von fraglicher Praxisnähe (beschleunigte Karbonatisierung). Der physikalisch-chemische Karbonatisierungsprozess beinhaltet zwei Hauptmechanismen: die Diffusion von gasförmigem CO2 in das poröse Netzwerk des Betons und dessen Auflösung und Reaktion mit CaO der ausgehärteten Zementsteins. Die meisten Modelle zur Vorhersage der Karbonatisierungstiefe erfordern den effektiven CO2-Diffusionskoeffizienten und die Menge an karbonatisierbarer Masse als Eingabeparameter. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, zwei einfache und zuverlässige Testmethoden zu entwickeln, um diese beiden Eigenschaften zuverlässig und kostengünstig zu bestimmen.Nach Entwicklung und Validierung einer geeigneten Testmethode zur Messung von Sauerstoffdiffusionskoeffizienten (De,O2), wurden diese an neun verschiedenen Zementproben gemessen, die bei unterschiedlichen relativen Luftfeuchten vorkonditioniert wurden. Anschließend wurden 44 verschiedene Betonmischungen geprüft. Bei diesen wurde die Hydratationsdauer und der Wasserbindemittelwert variiert. Die Abhängigkeit des Sauerstoffdiffusionskoeffizienten De,O2 von der getesteten Betonprobendicke wurde im trockenen Zustand und nach Konditionierung bei 93% relativer Luftfeuchtigkeit untersucht. Der Sauerstoffkoeffizient De,O2 wurde vor und nach der vollständigen Carbonisierung von sechs Betonmischungen bestimmt, die zuvor bei unterschiedlicher relativer Luftfeuchtigkeit vorkonditioniert worden waren. Eine zweite Testmethode wurde entwickelt, um die momentane CO2-Bindekapazität und die Menge an karbonatisierbarer Masse aus pulverförmigen Zementhydratpasten und synthetischen wasserfreien Produkten und Hydraten zu bestimmen. Die Proben wurden zunächst in offenen Systemen bei einer CO2-Konzentration in der Umgebung und einer kontrollierten relativen Luftfeuchtigkeit gegeben, um danach dann in eine geschlossene Konfiguration umzuwechseln. So konnte man die CO2-Aufnahme über einen kurzen Zeitraum nachverfolgen. Die Testmethode ermöglicht die Messung der Karbonatisierungsreaktionsrate und –kapazität in Abhängigkeit der Zeit unter verschiedenen relativen Luftfeuchten der Umgebungsluft. Es wurde eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen den Ergebnissen der Testmethode und der thermogravimetrischen Analyse festgestellt, was die Zuverlässigkeit und Genauigkeit der entwickelten Untersuchungsmethodik unterstreicht.Die Ergebnisse beider Tests wurden als Input für Vorhersagemodelle für den zeitabhängigen Karbonatisierungsfortschritt von Beton verwendet. Es wurde eine Korrelation zwischen der gemessenen Karbonatisierungstiefe an verschiedenen Beton- und Zementhydratmischungen mittels Phenolphthaleinlösung untersucht, wobei u. a. Karbonatisierungstiefen bestimmt nach natürlicher Lagerung mit berechneten/vorhergesagten Karbonatisierungstiefen, die mithilfe der vorgestellten Modellierung und Inputdaten aus Test miteinander verglichen wurden

Diploma thesis gives a brief description of the traditional technology of preparation of lime mortars for restoration of historical buildings. The theoretical part is focused on the preparation of lime mortars traditional methods, using appropriate materials for making and influence amount of water. Attention is also paid to the events that take place in the setting and hardening of lime mortar. In the experimental part of the research was conducted, which aimed to assess the influence of water-cement ratio and mixing ratio (binder to filler) on the properties of lime mortars. At various times were measured mechanical properties, density, shrinkage, frost resistance and porosity. The mortar was also carried out thermal analysis and found to contain calcium carbonate. Acquired knowledge could help in the reconstruction of historical buildings.

Introducción. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar si existe correlación entre los conocimientos sobre las consecuencias de la obesidad y el grado de actividad física de las personas. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico durante los años 2013 y 2014. Participaron 215 alumnos de pregrado seleccionados por conveniencia no relacionados a carreras del campo de la salud en una universidad de Lima, Perú. Se evaluó el grado de actividad física utilizando el International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) y el nivel de conocimientos sobre consecuencias de la obesidad utilizando la escala Obesity Risk Knowledge-10 (ORK-10). También, se consignó las fuentes de información de donde obtuvieron el conocimiento para responder dicho cuestionario. Resultados. La mediana de edad fue 20 (rango intercuartílico=4) y 63% eran mujeres. De acuerdo al IPAQ, 53,9% realizaban actividad física alta, 35,4%, moderada y 10,7%, leve. Se encontró una correlación muy baja (rs=0,06) entre el puntaje del ORK-10 y la cantidad de equivalentes metabólicos/minuto consumidos por semana, pero no era significativa (p=0,38). Las personas informadas por medios de comunicación y por personal de salud obtuvieron mayores puntajes en el ORK- 10 que quienes se informaron por otras vías (p<0,05). Conclusiones. La correlación entre los conocimientos sobre consecuencias de la obesidad y el grado de actividad física es muy baja. Es necesario utilizar enfoques multidisciplinarios que incluyan todos los determinantes de la realización de actividad física para poder lograr cambios en la conducta de la población.

A comercialização de produtos florestais não madeireiros (PFNMs) popularizou-se como atividade promotora do desenvolvimento socioeconômico de comunidades florestais com baixo impacto ambiental. Há evidências, contudo, de que a exploração possa produzir efeitos ecológicos e socioeconômicos negativos, sugerindo que é necessário monitorar tais iniciativas. A comercialização frequentemente ocorre em áreas remotas e em contextos de pobreza, como é o caso de muitas daquelas da Amazônia brasileira. Desta forma, é necessário que o monitoramento restrinja-se a avaliar os efeitos evidenciados como mais comuns em estudos anteriores. Este estudo revisa e sintetiza as evidências científicas dos efeitos da exploração de PFNMs sobre parâmetros ecológicos e socioeconômicos e, a partir daí, indica aqueles mais relevantes ao monitoramento. O estudo também levanta até que ponto o monitoramento é implementado no contexto da Amazônia brasileira e avalia quais os parâmetros importantes e viáveis de monitoramento neste caso específico. Para isso, foram realizadas revisões sistemáticas da literatura e a consulta a profissionais da área através do método Delphi. Os resultados indicam que efeitos ecológicos negativos são frequentes, principalmente quando se coletam folhas ou cascas. Alterações em órgãos ou processos fisiológicos e a taxa de sobrevivência dos espécimes explorados são parâmetros que devem ser monitorados, em particular quando se coletam frutos e partes vegetativas. Para todos os tipos de PFNMs, o tamanho e a estrutura populacional são parâmetros prioritários ao monitoramento. A riqueza de espécies da comunidade explorada merece atenção, principalmente quando se coletam frutos. Para os aspectos socioeconômicos, efeitos positivos foram mais frequentes que negativos. A contribuição da renda monetária obtida com o comércio na renda total, a regularidade de ingresso desta renda e o papel dos PFNMs como recursos de salvaguarda são parâmetros do capital financeiro prioritários ao monitoramento. Para o capital social, o empoderamento feminino, a coesão de grupo e o acesso aos benefícios gerados pela comercialização devem ser monitorados. Na Amazônia brasileira são poucas as iniciativas de implementação do monitoramento da comercialização de PFNMs. Embora este seja considerado importante, existem dificuldades que derivam principalmente da falta de apoio institucional, políticas de incentivo e de recursos financeiros. Os profissionais participantes do Delphi consideram que os parâmetros ecológicos mais importantes a monitorar neste contexto são o tamanho e a estrutura populacional do recurso explorado, o aumento da taxa de mortalidade, a quantidade total de recurso extraída e a técnica de coleta utilizada. Para os parâmetros econômicos, aspectos do mercado, como o preço pago ao coletor, a demanda e a qualidade do produto, bem como a renda monetária obtida pelos indivíduos são os parâmetros considerados mais importantes. Por fim, para os aspectos sociais, os efeitos na cultura, na qualidade de vida e na organização interna da comunidade foram priorizados. Os profissionais indicam que é viável estabelecer o monitoramento dos parâmetros levantados.<br>Amazon, non-timber forest products, ecological effects, socioeconomic effects, monitoring.

博士<br>國立交通大學<br>科技管理研究所<br>100<br>The legal regulations of damages calculation are too abstract to be applied in practical cases and thus, the damages awarded in judicial trial under current civil law system facesdissertation the problem of uncertainty. Although both parties and the court apply the same legal regulations, the respectively desired damages awards are quite different. The uncertainty of damages award will initiate unnecessary patent litigations. One party will pursue endless patent litigation by chance if there is a hope to obtain favorable judgment. Therefore, the ultimate purpose to promote research & development and competition among industries proposed in the Patent Law is difficult to be achieved. This dissertation focuses on the construction of methods to determine amount of damages in patent infringement actions. From the perspective of promoting the research & development and competition among industries, this dissertation first examines the practical problems of why there is huge gap between the expected value of the parties and the damages award from the court judgment, and then, points out the real questions that the court, the plaintiff and the defendant faced when applying the legal regulations stipulated in the Patent Law concerning the calculation of the damages. This dissertation classifies and generalizes the questions with respect to the calculation of damages in patent infringement actions through empirical studies on patent litigation in Taiwan courts and then provides explanations to deal with these questions. This dissertation further proposes feasible solutions to apply current regulations to reasonably calculate damages under the current system of Patent Law in Taiwan so as to resolve questions occurred in court practices. Another purpose of this dissertation is to provide useful guidelines for judges’ reference when determining damages and thus promote the predictability of court judgments and achieve the goal of consistency of court judgments.

碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>土木及水利工程研究所<br>88<br>Abstract This thesis is to compare NDIR with FID for the analysis of the hydrocarbons in motor vehicle exhaust. In this study, the exhaust of four automobiles and nine motorcycles were tested by GC-FID, EGA-200 NDIR, and HORIBA NDIR. The test results are cross verified to establish the relationships between NDIR and FID readings, so that the true concentrations of the hydrocarbons in vehicle exhaust can be recovered from the biased measure results. Due to the fact that both EGA-200 NDIR and HORIBA NDIR use hexane band-pass filter, the test results vary with the differences of the hydrocarbons. The results diversify from 4 times to 1/50 of the actual concentrations. The sensibility of NDIR for each hydrocarbon is in the sequence : side chain alkyl > chain alkyl > aromatic > aldehyde and ketone > alkene. The errors appear to be serious especially in measuring ethylene, butene, benzene, and styrene, and may be up to 30 ~ 50 times of the true amounts. Therefore, it will make serious errors by using NDIR to test the vehicle exhaust when there are high concentrations of alkane and aromatic hydrocarbons. The exhausts of the four automobiles and the nine motorcycles were analyized by using GC-FID, GC/MS, and FTIR. The results indicate that the amont of aromatic hydrocarbons is more than aliphatic hydrocarbons in the exhaust. From the results of the qualitative analysis,the two NDIRs of hexane band-pass filter are not suitable in detecting the exhaust due to the aromatic hydrocarbons are the main compositions. It is suggested to increase the wave number range of band-pass filter to 2857 ~ 3125 cm-1, so that both aromatic hydrocarbons and aliphatic hydrocarbons can be accurately detected. A cascade impactor was used to collect the size lower than 10μm particles from the exhaust of the thirty diesel engine cars at the four operations.The four operation conditions were 0, 40, 60 and 100 ﹪engine loadings. The test results indicate that the total emission amount of PM10 for 0, 60 and 100 ﹪engine loadings all are in the sequences : small freight car > truck > bus, and for 40 ﹪engine loading is in the sequence : truck > small freight car > bus. The composition of the particle in each particle size range wall also analyized by using a GC/MS. While, the total emission amounts of various hydrocarbons and/or PM10 for gasdine diesel engine vehicles were estimated. Key words: Vehicle exhaust, Hydrocarbons, Non-Dispersive Infra Red, Flame Ionic Detector,

碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>資訊科學與工程研究所<br>94<br>As technology trends advancing, the increased bus length and the narrower geometrical proximity of adjacent bus lines form non-negligible coupling capacitances between two adjacent bus lines. Therefore, more power dissipation is caused by charge and discharge of the coupling capacitances. In this case, the effect of line-to-ground and coupling capacitances plays an important role for low-power bus system. In this thesis, we propose an integrated method, named amount-driven encoding method (ADEM), which minimizes the power dissipation of on-chip data buses through combining bus encoding and Spacing mechanisms. In our bus model, the bus lines are considered as the constitution of several adjacent pairs without intersection. Spacing mechanism is applied to decrease the values of coupling capacitances between pairs. For coupling capacitances between two adjacent lines within a pair, we reduce the charge and discharge times of them by applying four encoding methods in each bus cycle. Our method saves more than 25% of bus power on average compared to the un-encoded cases by transferring a large set of common used multimedia files on the bus. Comparing to previous work, ADEM saves more power effectively with a little overhead of circuit complexity and delay time.

碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>環境工程與科學所<br>92<br>Abstract The coastal area, 405 km2, was divided uniform grid sizes; the grid spacing is 3 km. And there are 6 layers in the vertical direction; each layer is 0.1 km. There are 9×5×6 cells. Then take sample two times on some cell center and the differential altitude positions. The analysis of HC was conducted in the laboratory by GC�{MS with pre-concentration equipment. Fifth-five hydrocarbons were identified in the lower atmosphere. In this study, some modification of four numerical methods was completed to estimate the concentration distribution of VOCs in the lower atmosphere for an area. They are three-dimensional cubic spline interpolation, electrical analogy, multiple polynomial regressions, and three-dimensional convection-diffusion methods. Due to some negative concentration data by multiple polynomial regression and three-dimensional convection-diffusion methods were obtained, and some abnormal values were also obtained at each boundary when using electrical analogy method. So those methods are unsuitable for estimation total mass and finding concentration distribution. Because the results by three-dimensional cubic spline interpolation method are more reasonable, so the results by this method are more acceptable. And this method is recommend to use. The results of two field sampling indicate that the distribution of VOCs vary with the wind speed and direction. When wind blow into the coastal area, a chemical industrial area are at the upwind. The simulative results show that three-dimensional cubic spline interpolation method is more suitable to estimate total mass and concentration distribution for an area. On the other hand, Fugacity model was used to estimate the amount of VOCs in the lower atmosphere. And the emission of motor vehicle in this area was calculated by using the emission factor method. The results show that the total mass of VOCs by Fugacity model and the emission factor method is lower than by field measurement. It is due to the neglect of the emission from bio-source. Finally, the effect of the sampling numbers on the estimating for total mass was investigated. The result indicates that the effect of the vertical sampling numbers is larger than the surface sampling numbers. And it is the more sampling number the more best to estimate total mass in an area. Keywords：Volatile organic compounds, Concentration distribution, Total mass management, Numerical analysis, Fugacity model.

碩士<br>嘉南藥理大學<br>觀光事業管理系<br>102<br>The hot spring amount of Jiao-Si is almost the assessment of its total amount. However, the resources of Jiao-Si don’t distribute evenly. It is unreasonable to proceed with total amount control measures in this area. According to the seasonal reports of Jiao-Si hot spring, this research is to estimate the distribution of Jiao-Si hot spring amount and divide this area into seven controlled sections by way of Thiessen’s Polygon Method. This research is to estimate the proportion of cold and hot water of each section by the temperature method and then translated into per unit volume of each section. This research shows that the amount of the Jiao-Si hot spring is 7,728CMD by way of the temperature method，including the 5,733CMD of cold water and 1,995CMD of hot water. The percentage of the cold and hot water are 74% and 26%. The largest section of the hot spring resource is located in Tang-Wei first station, whose percentage of hot water is almost to 46% per hot spring amount. Followed are three sections :Tourism Center, Tai-Zi, and Parking space. The Ji-Li-Dan, Da-Zhong road and Shin-Shou, whose amount are lower other stations. Keywords: Jiao-Si hot spring, temperature method, hot spring distributed

碩士<br>國立高雄餐旅大學<br>餐飲創新研發碩士學位學程<br>104<br>Dried cabbage is a traditional rural food in Taiwan. Either stir-fry or make a soup are all quite suitable. Dried cabbage is full of aroma after fermentation, so many Taiwanese like it very much. But it takes a long time to exposure to sunshine when you make it. Farmers must make it in good weather and stable temperature in order to stabilize the quality of dried cabbage. Due to the weather structure and development, farmers used to cultivating cabbage in winter, after the second crop of rice and specially cabbage. It brings one of the greatest challenges to the agriculture industry, over-production. Therefore the object of this study is to explore the characteristics of processing and pros and cons of different ways of drying processing including vacuum drying, hot-air drying and solar drying. Not only find out the way to shorten time of production, but also the method that consumer can be accepted. And use different amounts of dry cabbage from 10%, 20% and 30% in chiffon cake, create a “cabbage cake”. Then using sensory evaluation to be corroborated credibility data. According to this study, we found that optimum dosage of dried cabbage added in chiffon cake is within 10%, and the best drying conditions is hot-air drying. In this condition, no matter color, taste or preference of the dried cabbage are popular in consumers, moreover it also shorten the processing time of drying cabbage. Regarding to food safety and health, it is much better than traditional method.

碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>環境工程與管理研究所<br>99<br>Methylmercury may exist in various media, including water, soil, sediment, and biological tissues. Quantification of methylmercury in trace amounts is an important task, which is based on different sample pretreatments that liberate methylmercury from its matrix into Mili-Q water and the methylmercury can be subsequently determined. Taiwan EPA in 2009 proposed standard aqueous methylmercury determination method (NIEA W540. 50B). This study examined the proposed method to quantify methylmercury in water sampled from contaminated sites. Experimental Results showed that the distillate pH was below 3 based on Taiwan EPA method. The low pH was suspected to cause a low recovery of 5–6%. A modified distillation process was performed, namely, distilling the sample in a closed vessel without purging gases. Results showed that the recovery of methylmercury can significantly increase to 88–102%. To determine methylmercury in soils, methods established by Brooks Rand laboratory and US Geological surveys’ (USGS) were chosen and examined. The analytical results showed that the recovery obtained from Brooks Rand method was greater (91.37%) than that from the USGS method (56.70%). However, it takes two days to get analytical results with Brooks Rand method. We tried to combine the USGS and Brooks Rand method, results showed that it took about six hours to obtain reliable data. The modified combined method was evaluated by analyzing two certified reference materials (SQC-1238、ERM-CC580). The recovery was within 75.8–102% with an average of 91.03±8.47% (MDL = 13.2 pg g-1). The modified method was used to quantify methylmercury in contaminated sediments sampled from a chlor-alkali factory; methylmercury concentration ranged between 1.00 and 6.38 ng g-1. Blood methylmercury was measured followed the method proposed by Liang et al (2000) with minor modifications. The method was preliminary evaluated by analyzing the standard reference material (SRM 955c). Recovery was shown to be 122%. Methylmercury in the tested maternal blood and cord blood ranged between 4.11 and 7.14 ng g-1.

碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>地球物理研究所<br>88<br>The aim of this study is to compare the results of locating the pipes using two-dimensional resistivity image profiling (2-D RIP), ground penetrating radar (GPR) and three-dimensional (3-D) RIP. In addition, evaluated the amount of buried waste of carbide by using a 2-D RIP survey was also being studied. The final result was compared with that of borehole data. Several conclusions can be drawn as follows: 1. Locating a pipe using 3-D RIP method seems better than that of 2-D RIP method. Both 3-D RIP and GPR are well be used to locate pipes. However, the resolution of GPR is superior to that of 3-D RIP, especially for the accuracy of the depth estimation. 2. 3-D RIP has the advantage of analyzing the anomalies from both vertical and horizontal slices. Therefore, the pipes can be located with great accuracy. 3. The performance of RIP survey using the Sting R1 is comparable with that of Mcohm 21. However, using the Sting R1 has less a 2/5 record time then Mcohm 21. In generating an inversion profile, using ElecPROF software needs more time then that of Res2dinv. Therefore, combining the Sting R1 sounding with Res2dinv interpreting in a RIP survey may be more efficiency than that of other combination. 4. RIP method is suitable for detecting carbide. Two-layer resistivity model can be recognized in the study area. The top carbide layer has a resistivity of 7 ohm-m with a thickness ranged from 1 to 5 m. 5. Combining the RIP method with few borehole data, the volume and the amount of carbide can be evaluated. The difference between the final result and that of evaluating from borehole data is around 3 %. Thus the advantage of mapping carbide using RIP method is obvious.

碩士<br>健行科技大學<br>電子工程系碩士班<br>105<br>This research used frustrated total internal reflection methods and stimulated surface plasma waves configuration (Kretschmann configuration and Otto configuration). At the same time, we use the surface plasma wave experimental structure of gold, silver, copper metal film thickness changes and carbon dioxide surface plasma wave resonance angle of the computer simulation measurement. The results of this paper are: carbon dioxide in the Kretschmann configuration, gold film thickness of 45 nm, silver film thickness of 60 nm, copper film thickness of 50 nm； In the Otto configuration, gold film thickness of 350 nm, silver film thickness of 600 nm, copper film thickness of 335 nm, There is optimization surface of the surface plasma wave resonance angle. Keywords: frustrated internal total reflection method, Kretschmann configuration, Otto configuration, surface plasma wave resonance angle, carbon dioxide.

Researchers perform multivariate techniques MANOVA, discriminant analysis and factor analysis. The most common applications in social science are to identify and test the effects from the analysis. The use of this multivariate technique is uncommon in investigating the effects of power usage and Province in South Africa on the amounts of the five power modes. This dissertation discusses this issue, the methodology and practical problems of the three multivariate techniques. The author examines the applications of each technique in social public research and comparisons are made between the three multivariate techniques. This dissertation concludes with a discussion of both the concepts of the present multivariate techniques and the results found on the use of the three multivariate techniques in the energy household consumption. The author recommends focusing on the hypotheses of the study or typical questions surrounding of each technique to guide the researcher in choosing the appropriate analysis in the social research, as each technique has some strengths and limitations.<br>Statistics<br>M. Sc. (Statistics)

碩士<br>國立高雄應用科技大學<br>機械與精密工程研究所<br>104<br>This research aims to study the process parameters for optimizing the coating amount of continuous hot-dip zinc-plated steel utilizing the “smaller-the-better” characteristic of the Taguchi methods. The four process parameters, including the linear velocity, temperature of the annealing plate, wind pressure of the air knife blower, and temperature of the zinc tank, were used as the control factors of the zinc coating amount; and the values of three levels were set. The L9(34) orthogonal table was used to plan the process parameters. The average values, standard deviations, and the S/N ratios were calculated; and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to obtain the combination of the optimized process parameters, the S/N ratio, and the prediction of the optimized zinc coating amount. The widths of the steel plates discussed in this study are between 3 to 4 feet, and the air knife controlling the zinc coating amount is a bilateral air-intake air knife with a blade length of 1580 mm. This research focuses on the processes of the 55% aluminum-zinc coating and the 95% zinc coating. Five sets of steel plates with different length-thickness ratios were used for each process. The average values of the coating amount (g/m2) were measured using the two-side-three-point method, and the analysis of the optimized parameters was then conducted utilizing the “smaller-the-better” characteristic of the Taguchi methods. Through the ANOVA analysis, we realized that the linear velocity made a larger percentage of contribution among the parameters. Lastly, experiments were conducted using the optimized parameters of one set of steel plates from each process, and measurements were taken. Through comparisons, it was confirmed that the optimized process parameters can indeed effectively reduce the average zinc coating amount of hot-dip zinc-plated steel, making it approach the required minimum coating amount, which can save the material costs of the aluminum and zinc ingots.

Researchers perform multivariate techniques MANOVA, discriminant analysis and factor analysis. The most common applications in social science are to identify and test the effects from the analysis. The use of this multivariate technique is uncommon in investigating the effects of power usage and Province in South Africa on the amounts of the five power modes. This dissertation discusses this issue, the methodology and practical problems of the three multivariate techniques. The author examines the applications of each technique in social public research and comparisons are made between the three multivariate techniques. This dissertation concludes with a discussion of both the concepts of the present multivariate techniques and the results found on the use of the three multivariate techniques in the energy household consumption. The author recommends focusing on the hypotheses of the study or typical questions surrounding of each technique to guide the researcher in choosing the appropriate analysis in the social research, as each technique has some strengths and limitations.<br>Statistics<br>M. Sc. (Statistics)

Characterizing the uncertainty in rainfall using stochastic models has been a challenging area of research in the field of operational hydrology for about half a century. Simulated sequences drawn from such models find use in a variety of hydrological applications. Traditionally, parametric models are used for simulating rainfall. But the parametric models are not parsimonious and have uncertainties associated with identification of model form, normalizing transformation, and parameter estimation. None of the models in vogue have gained universal acceptability among practising engineers. This may either be due to lack of confidence in the existing models, or the inability to adopt models proposed in literature because of their complexity or both. In the present study, a new nonparametric Matched Block Bootstrap (MABB) model is proposed for stochastic simulation of rainfall at daily time scale. It is based on conditional matching of blocks formed from the historical rainfall data using a set of predictors (conditioning variables) proposed for matching the blocks. The efficiency of the developed model is demonstrated through application to rainfall data from India, Australia, and USA. The performance of MABB is compared with two non-parametric rainfall simulation models, k-NN and ROG-RAG, for a site in Melbourne, Australia. The results showed that MABB model is a feasible alternative to ROG-RAG and k-NN models for simulating daily rainfall sequences for hydrologic applications. Further it is found that MABB and ROG-RAG models outperform k-NN model. The proposed MABB model preserved the summary statistics of rainfall and fraction of wet days at daily, monthly, seasonal and annual scales. It could also provide reasonable performance in simulating spell statistics. The MABB is parsimonious and requires less computational effort than ROG-RAG model. It reproduces probability density function (marginal distribution) fairly well due to its data driven nature. Results obtained for sites in India and U.S.A. show that the model is robust and promising.

Relatório de Estágio do Mestrado em Administração Pública Empresarial - extinto apresentado à Faculdade de Direito<br>The adaptation of the Public Administration to a society that is more and moredemanding towards public institutions has forced these organizations to shape themselves inthe face of a new reality, moving away from a highly bureaucratic approach. Nowadays, thePublic Administration must continuously improve the quality of the services provided inorder to respond quickly and efficiently to the growing needs and demands of citizens. TheEuropean “Better Regulation” initiative aims to create more transparent and well-foundedlegislation, taking into account the needs of citizens and all stakeholders, enabling greaterefficiency in public administration and citizen satisfaction. The increasing "privatization" ofthe Tax Administration where responsibility is increasingly transferred to taxpayers, whetherfor the tax clearance or the submission by electronic means of declarations, obliges the TaxAdministration to adapt to this new reality, focusing primarily on control or supervisoryfunctions.The taxable amount is based on the taxpayer's declaration, which is controlled bythe Tax Administration in order to ensure its conformity with reality. The starting point forthe tax audit process is the detection of errors and irregularities, which may lead the taxadministration to resort to an indirect assessment, based on evidence, presumptions or otherelements available to the administration. The procedure for reviewing the taxable amount isa guarantee of the taxpayers, who, in the face of a decision to determine the taxable amount,by indirect methods, intend to defend their legitimate rights and interests in tax matters.The present study intends to evaluate the procedures for reviewing the taxableamount of the Coimbra Finance Department.<br>A necessidade de adaptação da Administração Pública a uma sociedade cada vezmais exigente para com as instituições públicas, obriga essas organizações a moldarem-seperante uma nova realidade, afastando-se de uma abordagem fortemente burocrática. Hoje,a Administração Pública deve melhorar continuamente a qualidade dos serviços prestadosde forma a responder célere e eficientemente às crescentes necessidades e exigências doscidadãos. Nesta linha, a iniciativa europeia “Legislar melhor” surge com o intuito de criaruma legislação mais transparente e bem fundamentada, tendo em conta as necessidades doscidadãos e de todas as partes interessadas, permitindo uma maior eficiência da administraçãopública e a satisfação dos cidadãos. A crescente “privatização” da Administração Tributáriaonde a responsabilidade é cada vez mais transferida para os particulares, quer seja peloapuramento do imposto, quer pela submissão por meios informáticos das declarações, obrigaa Administração Tributária a adaptar-se a esta nova realidade, concentrando-seessencialmente nas funções de controlo ou de fiscalização.A matéria tributável apoia-se, por regra, na declaração do contribuinte, que édevidamente controlada, pela Administração Tributária por forma a assegurar a suaconformidade com a realidade. O ponto de partida para a inspeção tributária é a deteção deerros e irregularidades, os quais podem conduzir a administração tributária a recorrer àavaliação indireta, fundamentada em indícios, presunções ou outros elementos de que aadministração disponha. O procedimento de revisão da matéria coletável surge assim comouma garantia dos contribuintes, que perante uma decisão de fixação da matéria tributável,por métodos indiretos, pretendam defender os seus direitos e interesses legítimos em matériatributária. O presente estudo versa, assim, sobre a avaliação dos diversos procedimentos derevisão da matéria coletável da Direção de Finanças de Coimbra.

The aim of this thesis is to assess and evaluate the erosion phenomena at the model catchment of Malče Budský stream. This site is located on the cadastral areas Besednice, Soběnov and Malče. This survey was conducted in aspects of pedology, hydrogeology and climate. Further evaluations were rain amount for the nearest meteorological station, which is located in Soběnov. To evaluate and calculate erosion parameters for a given locality the methods of universal soil loss equation by Wishmeier and Smith and modified universal soil loss equation by Williams and Berndt have been used. The CN method was used for calculations and following evaluation of soil loss. The result of this thesis is designing, generalization and refinement of individual factors in solved area.