Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Méthode de simulation Monte Carlo'
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Güçlü, Alev Devrim. "Simulation des dispositifs optoélectroniques par la méthode Monte Carlo." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0021/MQ54037.pdf.
Full textChabut, Emmanuel. "Simulation aérothermodynamique en régime d'écoulement raréfié par méthode de Monte-Carlo." Orléans, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ORLE2017.
Full textJaeckel, Alain. "Simulations Monte Carlo de chaînes confinées." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20206.
Full textForster, Simon. "Nouveau matériau semi-conducteur à large bande interdite à base de carbures ternaires - Enquête sur Al4SiC4." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAI095.
Full textWide bandgap semiconductor materials are able to withstand harsh environments and operate over a wide range of temperatures. These make them ideal for many applications such as sensors, high-power and radio-frequencies to name a few.However, more novel materials are required to achieve significant power efficiency of various applications or to develop new applications to complement current wide bandgap semiconductors such as GaN and SiC.In this dissertation, three different methods are used to study one of these novelmaterials, aluminium silicon carbide (Al4SiC4): (1) ensemble Monte Carlo simulationsin order to study the electron transport properties of the novel ternary carbide, (2)experimental studies to determine its material properties, and (3) device simulationsof a heterostructure device made possible by this ternary carbide. All these methodsinterlink with each other. Data from each of them can feed into the other to acquire newresults or refine obtained results thus leading way to attractive electrical properties such as a bandgap of 2.78 eV or a peak drift velocity of 1.35×10 cm s .Ensemble Monte Carlo toolbox, developed in-house for simulations of Si, Ge, GaAs,AlxGa1−xAs, AlAs, and InSb; is adopted for simulations of the ternary carbide by adding anew valley transformation to account for the hexagonal structure of Al4SiC4. We predicta peak electron drift velocity of 1.35×107 cms−1 at electric field of 1400 kVcm−1 and a maximum electron mobility of 82.9 cm V s . We have seen a diffusion constant of 2.14 cm2s−1 at a low electric field and of 0.25 cm2s−1 at a high electric field. Finally, weshow that Al4SiC4 has a critical field of 1831 kVcmsemiconductor crystals are used that had previously been grown at IMGP, one by solution grown and the other by crucible melt. Three different experiments are performed on them; (1) UV, IR and Vis Spectroscopy, (2) X-ray Photo Spectroscopy, and (3) Two- and four-probe measurements where metal contact are grown on the crystals. Here we have found a bandgap of 2.78 ± 0.02 eV UV, IR and Vis Spectroscopy and a thick oxide layer on the samples using XPS. Unfortunately the Two- and four-probe measurements failed to give any results other than noise, most likely due to the thick oxide layer that was found on the samples.In the device simulations, a commercial software Atlas by Silvaco is utilized to predict performance of heterostructure devices, with gates lengths of 5 μm, 2 μm and 1 μm, made possible by the ternary carbide in a combination with SiC. The 5 μm gate length SiC/Al4SiC4 heterostructure transistor delivers a maximum drain current of 1.68×10−4 A/μm, which increases to 2.44×10−4 A/μm and 3.50×10−4 A/μm for gate lengths of 2 μm and 1 μm, respectively. The device breakdown voltage is 59.0 V which reduces to 31.0 V and to 18.0 V for the scaled 2 μm and the 1 μm gate length transistors. The scaled down 1 μm gate length device switches faster because of the higher transconductance of6.51×10−5 S/μmcomparedtoonly1.69×10−6 S/μmforthelargestdevice.Finally,a sub-threshold slope of the scaled devices is 197.3 mV/dec, 97.6 mV/dec, and 96.1 mV/dec for gate lengths of 5 μm, 2 μm, and 1 μm, respectively
El, Haddad Rami. "Méthodes quasi-Monte Carlo de simulation des chaînes de Markov." Chambéry, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CHAMS062.
Full textMonte Carlo (MC) methods are probabilistic methods based on the use of random numbers in repeated simulations to estimate some parameter. Their deterministic versions are called Quasi-Monte Carlo (QMC) methods. The idea is to replace pseudo-random points by deterministic quasi-random points (also known as low-discrepancy point sets or sequences). In this work, we propose and analyze QMC-based algorithms for the simulation of multidimensional Markov chains. The quasi-random points we use are (T,S)-sequences in base B. After recalling the principles of MC and QMC methods and their main properties, we introduce some plain financial models, to serve in the following as numerical examples to test the convergence of the proposed schemes. We focus on problems where the exact solution is known, in order to be able to compute the error and to compare the efficiency of the various schemes In a first part, we consider discrete-time Markov chains with S-dimensional state spaces. We propose an iterative QMC scheme for approximating the distribution of the chain at any time. The scheme uses a (T,S+1)-sequence in base b for the transitions. Additionally, one needs to re-order the copies of the chain according to their successive components at each time-step. We study the convergence of the scheme by making some assumptions on the transition matrix. We assess the accuracy of the QMC algorithm through financial examples. The results show that the new technique is more efficient than the traditional MC approach. Then, we propose a QMC algorithm for the simulation of Markov chains with multidimensional continuous state spaces. The method uses the same re-ordering step as in the discrete setting. We provide convergence results in the case of one dimensional chains and then in the case of multidimensional chains, by making additional assumptions. We illustrate the convergence of the algorithm through numerical experiments. The results show that the new method converges faster than the MC algorithm. In the last part, we consider the problem of the diffusion equation in a spatially nonhomogeneous medium. We use a random walk algorithm, in conjunction with a correction of the Gaussian Steplength. We write a QMC variant of the algorithm, by adapting the principles seen for the simulation of the Markov chains. We test the method in dimensions 1, 2 and 3 on a problem involving the diffusion of calcium ions in a biological medium. In all the simulations, the results of QMC computations show a strong improvement over MC outcomes. Finally, we give some perspectives and directions for future work
Mertz, Helene. "Modélisation des réactions chimiques dans un code de simulation par la méthode Monte Carlo." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV012/document.
Full textDirect Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) methods are used in Ariane group to compute aerodynamic forces and moments and heat fluxes on space objects for hypersonic flows in rarefied regimes.To caracterise the dislocation of the stages and the debris footprints, a precise modelisation of the mechanism that contribute to the heat flux is necessary. The contribution of the chemical reactions is important for the determination of the heat flux. The purpose of this thesis is to develop the in house IEMC tool using the DSMC method so that it can compute reactive flows.The different steps of the developments are presented in this work. The first step is the presentation, implementation and verification of two different chemistry models. They are validated for simulations on real test cases. Different models are tested in order to evaluate their effect. Chemical models implemented in the code depend on new input parameters, whose numerical data are uncertain. Using a uncertainty quantification study, it is shown that the output data of the reactive simulation, especially the heat flux, is weakly impacted by the tested uncertain parameters
Pistrui-Maximean, Simona Anca. "Modeling and simulation of the response of scintillation screens for X-ray imaging." Lyon, INSA, 2007. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2006ISAL0094/these.pdf.
Full textCette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de la réponse des écrans scintillateurs utilisés en imagerie par rayons X, à l'aide d'une approche de modélisation/simulation basée sur le code de Monte Carlo Geant4. Cette approche permet de prendre en compte la diversité des processus physiques mis en jeu (interactions des photons X, électrons et photons visibles). Après une synthèse sur l'état de l'art concernant les propriétés des scintillateurs, ainsi que leur modélisation, nous montrons tout d'abord que les résultats fournis par notre outil de simulation sont en adéquation avec le modèle analytique de Swank qui explicite la fonction de transfert de modulation (FTM) dans des cas simples. La simulation Monte Carlo permet d'isoler le rôle joué par chacun des processus physiques mis en jeu : dégradation mineure de la réponse spatiale par les processus électroniques et amélioration sensible causée par l'absorption et la diffusion des photons visibles. Des validations expérimentales sont effectuées sur des écrans scintillateurs commerciaux à l'aide d'un faisceau X collimaté par une fente en uranium. Après une étape d'estimation des coefficients optiques par la technique du gradient stochastique, nous montrons que les réponses spatiales simulée et mesurée s'accordent pour différentes énergies du rayonnement. Dans la dernière partie de cette recherche, nous étudions le rôle (en termes d'efficacité et de résolution spatiale) de couches métalliques ou plastiques servant de support au scintillateur. À sensibilité égale, l'effet renforçateur du substrat permet de réduire l'épaisseur du scintillateur sans dégradation notable de la résolution spatiale
Saggadi, Samira. "Simulation d'évènements rares par Monte Carlo dans les réseaux hautement fiables." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN1S055.
Full textNetwork reliability determination, is an NP-hard problem. For instance, in telecommunications, it is desired to evaluate the probability that a selected group of nodes communicate or not. In this case, a set of disconnected nodes can lead to critical financials security consequences. A precise estimation of the reliability is, therefore, needed. In this work, we are interested in the study and the calculation of the reliability of highly reliable networks. In this case the unreliability is very small, which makes the standard Monte Carlo approach useless, because it requires a large number of iterations. For a good estimation of system reliability with minimum cost, we have developed new simulation techniques based on variance reduction using importance sampling
Saucier, Marie Annie. "Développement d'un outil de simulation par Monte Carlo du rayonnement diffusé en tomodensitométrie." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31391.
Full textThe goal of this project is to develop an application to correct the scattered radiation in a cone beam computed tomography scan (CBCT). A Monte Carlo simulation is used to estimate the scattered radiation which is a numerical replication of a CBCT acquisition. This project has been divided into two sections : the validation of the physics for this specific application and the development of the application. The validation consisted in reproducing the results obtained with Geant4 in GPUMCD. Geant4 is the reference platform and GPUMCD is the platform studied. Both are Monte Carlo simulators of the passage of particles through matter.The elements studied are the cross sections, the materials, the Rayleigh scattering algorithm and the Compton scattering algorithm. Although some errors are still present, a great improvement of the results between GPUMCD and Geant4 was obtained. The difference between the two simulations was greater than 100 % for complex geometries and dropped below 10% after corrections of the physics. In addition, it was possible to identify some other problems such as a theoretical difference in the Compton scattering algorithms. Regarding the second part of the project, although the correction could not be implemented in a reconstruction, all elements are present to estimate the scattered radiation for an actual CBCT reconstruction. The parameters and strategies studied in order to optimize the computation time while maintaining the accuracy of the results are : ray tracing, Gaussian smoothing of scattered radiation, reduction of the number of pixels on the detector, interpolation of between the simulated projections, symmetry and reduction of number of voxels in the patient. In addition, considering a correction of high quality is 2 % error and less per implemented strategy, a simulation time of less than 2 minutes is obtained. For a low quality simulation (5% error and less per parameter), a simulation time of less than 15 seconds per simulation was obtained. Those are clinically acceptable simulation times.
Xiao, Yi-Jun. "Contribution aux méthodes arithmétiques pour la simulation accélérée." Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990ENPC9031.
Full textJaillon, Franck. "Caractérisation optique des milieux diffusants : simulation Monte Carlo et mesures en rétrodiffusion polarisée." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10055.
Full textThiam, Cheik Oumar. "Dosimétrie en radiothérapie et curiethérapie par simulation Monte-Carlo GATE sur grille informatique." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CLF21771.
Full textFakhereddine, Rana. "Méthodes de Monte Carlo stratifiées pour l'intégration numérique et la simulation numériques." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENM047/document.
Full textMonte Carlo (MC) methods are numerical methods using random numbers to solve on computers problems from applied sciences and techniques. One estimates a quantity by repeated evaluations using N values ; the error of the method is approximated through the variance of the estimator. In the present work, we analyze variance reduction methods and we test their efficiency for numerical integration and for solving differential or integral equations. First, we present stratified MC methods and Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) technique. Among stratification strategies, we focus on the simple approach (MCS) : the unit hypercube Is := [0; 1)s is divided into N subcubes having the same measure, and one random point is chosen in each subcube. We analyze the variance of the method for the problem of numerical quadrature. The case of the evaluation of the measure of a subset of Is is particularly detailed. The variance of the MCS method may be bounded by O(1=N1+1=s). The results of numerical experiments in dimensions 2,3, and 4 show that the upper bounds are tight. We next propose an hybrid method between MCS and LHS, that has properties of both approaches, with one random point in each subcube and such that the projections of the points on each coordinate axis are also evenly distributed : one projection in each of the N subintervals that uniformly divide the unit interval I := [0; 1). We call this technique Sudoku Sampling (SS). Conducting the same analysis as before, we show that the variance of the SS method is bounded by O(1=N1+1=s) ; the order of the bound is validated through the results of numerical experiments in dimensions 2,3, and 4. Next, we present an approach of the random walk method using the variance reduction techniques previously analyzed. We propose an algorithm for solving the diffusion equation with a constant or spatially-varying diffusion coefficient. One uses particles, that are sampled from the initial distribution ; they are subject to a Gaussian move in each time step. The particles are renumbered according to their positions in every step and the random numbers which give the displacements are replaced by the stratified points used above. The improvement brought by this technique is evaluated in numerical experiments. An analogous approach is finally used for numerically solving the coagulation equation ; this equation models the evolution of the sizes of particles that may agglomerate. The particles are first sampled from the initial size distribution. A time step is fixed and, in every step and for each particle, a coalescence partner is chosen and a random number decides if coalescence occurs. If the particles are ordered in every time step by increasing sizes an if the random numbers are replaced by statified points, a variance reduction is observed, when compared to the results of usual MC algorithm
Minvielle-Larrousse, Pierre. "Méthodes de simulation stochastique pour le traitement de l’information." Thesis, Pau, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PAUU3005.
Full textWhen a quantity of interest is not directly observed, it is usual to observe other quantities that are linked by physical laws. They can provide information about the quantity of interest if it is able to solve the inverse problem, often ill posed, and infer the value. Bayesian inference is a powerful tool for inversion that requires the computation of high dimensional integrals. Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) methods, a.k.a. interacting particles methods, are a type of Monte Carlo methods that are able to sample from a sequence of probability densities of growing dimension. They are many applications, for instance in filtering, in global optimization or rare event simulation.The work has focused in particular on the extension of SMC methods in a dynamic context where the system, governed by a hidden Markov process, is also determined by static parameters that we seek to estimate. In sequential Bayesian estimation, the determination of fixed parameters causes particular difficulties: such a process is non-ergodic, the system not forgetting its initial conditions. It is shown how it is possible to overcome these difficulties in an application of tracking and identification of geometric shapes by CCD digital camera. Markov Monte Carlo Chain (MCMC) sampling steps are introduced to diversify the samples without altering the posterior distribution. For another material control application, which mixes static and dynamic parameters, we proposed an original offline approach. It consists of a Particle Marginal Metropolis-Hastings (PMMH) algorithm that integrates Rao-Blackwellized SMC, based on a bank of interacting Ensemble Kalman filters.Other information processing works has been conducted: particle filtering for atmospheric reentry vehicle tracking, 3D radar imaging by sparse regularization and image registration by mutual information
Thauvoye, Christophe. "Simulation numérique d'écoulements turbulents réactifs par une méthode hybride à fonction densité de probabilité transportée." Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT2276.
Full textThis work concerns the field of numerical simulation of turbulent reactive flows. The aim of this work is to study a hybrid method based on the use of a lagrangian transported Probability Density Function (PDF) method coupled with a eulerian method which solves the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations (R. A. N. S). The first part is devoted to the description of the RANS and the transported PDF methods. The latter is more precisely detailed : it allows to highlight both advantages and drawbacks of the two approaches. In this context, we will develop all the aspects related to the modelling and resolution of the transported joint PDF equation. Its resolution generally uses a Monte-Carlo numerical simulation. We also show how the statistical nature of Monte-Carlo methods induces numerical difficulties, which led to the development of hybrid methods associating RANS method with a transported PDF approach. In the second part of this study, theoretical and numerical aspects of the hybrid methods are detailed, and more precisely the PEUL+ model developed at ONERA. A new – instationary – way of coupling is proposed. It improves the stability and precision of the model in comparison with the stationary way of coupling. It is then tested and validated on two configurations : a methane-air nonpremixed flame stabilised by a piloted flame ; and a premixed flame in a sudden symmetric plane expansion
Ferre, Marjorie. "Études dosimétriques en curiethérapie par simulation Monte Carlo PENELOPE et MCNPX et par mesures in vivo." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4046.
Full textTG43 protocol is currently used by most of the treatment Planning Systems (TPS) dedicated to brachytherapy dose calculations. Most of the physical parameters used in this protocol are calculated by Monte Carlo (MC) codes which are considered as a reference in this field. PENELOPE code has been recently designed to do the same type of computations. Therefore it has never been used at the moment for that kind of work. This report aims to provide more experience and troubleshooting to the PENELOPE code. PENELOPE code has been selected for two specific reasons. First, PENELOPE’s algorithm uses state of art physical parameters which allows us to expect accurate results reflecting leading edge calculations in Brachytherapy. Second, the PENELOPE code is “open source”, which means the whole modeling process can be accessed and controlled by the user. In this study, PENELOPE’s computations have been each time compared against computations made with MCNPX, an older but robust calculation mode, to validate the results. Two High Dose Rate (HDR) source geometries are modelled with the MC models. Good agreement concerning dose calculation was found in all directions for a distance inferior to 4 cm from the source. Beyond this distance, discrepancies in the radial dose and anisotropic functions are found. The second part of this study concerns InVivo dosimetry in HDER brachytherapy. Measurements are done on phantoms and patients for two locations : cervix and breast. Three types of detectors were used and compared : MOSFET’s, Thermoluminescent Detectors (DTL) and Diodes. The results obtained with the three types of detectors are in agreement. However MOSFET appeared to be the most appropriate instrument due to its good spatial detectors on several patients agrees with other studies. For the cervix location, better agreement can be found with a linear array (five points) MOSFET. With this detector, dose profile is also available which provides more relevant results compared to single point MOSFET measurement
Maigne, Lydia. "Personnalized dosimetry using GATE Monte Carlo simulations on a grid architecture." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CLF21607.
Full textEl, maalouf Joseph. "Méthodes de Monte Carlo stratifiées pour la simulation des chaines de Markov." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAM089.
Full textMonte Carlo methods are probabilistic schemes that use computers for solving various scientific problems with random numbers. The main disadvantage to this approach is the slow convergence. Many scientists are working hard to find techniques that may accelerate Monte Carlo simulations. This is the aim of some deterministic methods called quasi-Monte Carlo, where random points are replaced with special sets of points with enhanced uniform distribution. These methods do not provide confidence intervals that permit to estimate the errordone. In the present work, we are interested with random methods that reduce the variance of a Monte Carlo estimator : the stratification techniques consist of splitting the sampling area into strata where random samples are chosen. We focus here on applications of stratified methods for approximating Markov chains, simulating diffusion in materials, or solving fragmentationequations.In the first chapter, we present Monte Carlo methods in the framework of numerical quadrature, and we introduce the stratification strategies. We focus on two techniques : the simple stratification (MCS) and the Sudoku stratification (SS), where the points repartitions are similar to Sudoku grids. We also present quasi-Monte Carlo methods, where quasi-random pointsshare common features with stratified points.The second chapter describes the use of stratified algorithms for the simulation of Markov chains. We consider time-homogeneous Markov chains with one-dimensional discrete or continuous state space. We establish theoretical bounds for the variance of some estimator, in the case of a discrete state space, that indicate a variance reduction with respect to usual MonteCarlo. The variance of MCS and SS methods is of order 3/2, instead of 1 for usual MC. The results of numerical experiments, for one-dimensional or multi-dimensional, discrete or continuous state spaces show improved variances ; the order is estimated using linear regression.In the third chapter, we investigate the interest of stratified Monte Carlo methods for simulating diffusion in various non-stationary physical processes. This is done by discretizing time and performing a random walk at every time-step. We propose algorithms for pure diffusion, for convection-diffusion, and reaction-diffusion (Kolmogorov equation or Nagumo equation) ; we finally solve Burgers equation. In each case, the results of numerical tests show an improvement of the variance due to the use of stratified Sudoku sampling.The fourth chapter describes a stratified Monte Carlo scheme for simulating fragmentation phenomena. Through several numerical comparisons, we can see that the stratified Sudoku sampling reduces the variance of Monte Carlo estimates. We finally test a method for solving an inverse problem : knowing the evolution of the mass distribution, it aims to find a fragmentation kernel. In this case quasi-random points are used for solving the direct problem
Chesneau, Héléna. "Estimation personnalisée de la dose délivrée au patient par l’imagerie embarquée kV-CBCT et réflexions autour de la prise en charge clinique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS059.
Full textProtocols for cancer treatment using intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) allow to target the tumor with an increased precision. They require accurate anatomical information of the patient just before the treatment, which can be obtained using on-board imaging systems mounted on the medical linear accelerator delivering the treatment beam. These systems, composed of an X-ray tube and a 2D planar detector, are called kV-Cone Beam CT (kV-CBCT). Nowadays, they are widely used in the context of IMRT treatments. However, these kV-CBCT examinations are also responsible for an additional dose of ionizing radiations which is far to be negligible and could be the cause for secondary effects, such as radiation-induced second cancers for treated patients. During this PhD work, a simulator based on the Monte Carlo method was developed in order to calculate accurately the doses delivered to organs during kV-CBCT examinations. Then, this tool was used to study several strategies to take in account for the imaging additional doses in clinical environment. The study reported here includes, in particular, a fast and personalized method to estimate the doses delivered to organs. This strategy was developed using a cohort of 50 patients including 40 children and 10 adults. This work has been done in collaboration with the medical physics unit of the Eugène Marquis medical center in Rennes, which has collected the clinical data used for this study
Dubois, Vincent. "Simulations Monte Carlo de petits agrégats d'argent en solution aqueuse." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112164.
Full textWe have studied silver clusters in aqueous solution with the help of Monte Carlo simulations coupled with a Valence-Bond formalism. Silver aggregation has already been investigated, but the mechanism of this aggregation remains poorly known, especially it's the first steps. The aim of this present theoretical work has been to provide informations on the process of aggregation. We have investigated the following two points: The redox potential of the couples Agn(+)/Agn is an essential parameter of the interpretation of numerous reactions, like the photographic development. The potentials of the small clusters are not known. We have evaluated the difference of the redox potential between n=1 and n=2. For the calculation of redox potentials, we have compared three methods of free energy calculation. We have shown that the self-consistent histograms method is the most reliable in the case of mutation from a neutral into a cation. With the help of pulse radiolysis, Heinglein and co-workers have proposed the formation of Ag3(2+). The formation of Ag3(2+) seems mysterious because this cluster displays a large charge repulsion and only one valence electron. We have studied Ag3(2+) in water with geometrical constraints to limit the complexity of the potential. These preliminary works show that on the one hand this cluster is metastable in solution and on the other hand that the formation energy barrier is important. Therefore the reaction Ag(+) + Ag2(+) --> Ag3(2+) seems impossible at room temperature. However, simulations without any constraints may change this conclusion
Senegas, Julien. "Méthodes de Monte Carlo en Vision Stéréoscopique." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005637.
Full textAfin d'aborder ce problème, nous proposons un cadre bayésien et l'application de méthodes de Monte Carlo par chaînes de Markov. Celles-ci consistent à simuler la distribution conditionnelle du champ de disparité connaissant le couple stéréoscopique et permettent de déterminer les zones où des erreurs importantes peuvent apparaitre avec une probabilité éventuellement faible. Différents modèles stochastiques sont comparés et testés a partir de scènes stéréoscopiques SPOT, et nous donnons quelques pistes pour étendre ces modèles à d'autres types d'images. Nous nous intéressons également au probleme de l'estimation des paramètres de ces modèles et proposons un certain nombre d'algorithmes permettant une estimation automatique. Enfin, une part importante du travail est consacrée à l'étude d'algorithmes de simulation reposant sur la théorie des chaînes de Markov. L'apport essentiel réside dans l'extension de l'algorithme de Metropolis-Hastings dans une perspective multi-dimensionnelle. Une application performante reposant sur l'utilisation de la loi gaussienne est donnée. De plus, nous montrons comment le recours à des techniques d'échantillonnage d'importance permet de diminuer efficacement le temps de calcul.
Estecahandy, Maïder. "Méthodes accélérées de Monte-Carlo pour la simulation d'événements rares. Applications aux Réseaux de Petri." Thesis, Pau, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PAUU3008/document.
Full textThe dependability analysis of safety instrumented systems is an important industrial concern. To be able to carry out such safety studies, TOTAL develops since the eighties the dependability software GRIF. To take into account the increasing complexity of the operating context of its safety equipment, TOTAL is more frequently led to use the engine MOCA-RP of the GRIF Simulation package. Indeed, MOCA-RP allows to estimate quantities associated with complex aging systems modeled in Petri nets thanks to the standard Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. Nevertheless, deriving accurate estimators, such as the system unavailability, on very reliable systems involves rare event simulation, which requires very long computing times with MC. In order to address this issue, the common fast Monte Carlo methods do not seem to be appropriate. Many of them are originally defined to improve only the estimate of the unreliability and/or well-suited for Markovian processes. Therefore, the work accomplished in this thesis pertains to the development of acceleration methods adapted to the problematic of performing safety studies modeled in Petri nets and estimating in particular the unavailability. More specifically, we propose the Extension of the "Méthode de Conditionnement Temporel" to accelerate the individual failure of the components, and we introduce the Dissociation Method as well as the Truncated Fixed Effort Method to increase the occurrence of their simultaneous failures. Then, we combine the first technique with the two other ones, and we also associate them with the Randomized Quasi-Monte Carlo method. Through different sensitivities studies and benchmark experiments, we assess the performance of the acceleration methods and observe a significant improvement of the results compared with MC. Furthermore, we discuss the choice of the confidence interval method to be used when considering rare event simulation, which is an unfamiliar topic in the field of dependability. Last, an application to an industrial case permits the illustration of the potential of our solution methodology
Badirou, Mohamed Rilwanowlai. "Simulation Monte-Carlo en régimes statique et dynamique de HEMT de la filière InP." Lille 1, 1998. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1998/50376-1998-235.pdf.
Full textDi, Lella Angela. "Méthodes de simulation moléculaire pour l'étude de la distribution des cations et de l'adsorption de molécules polaires dans les zéolithes." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112303.
Full textAdsoprtion properties of zeolites are closely related to the position of nonframework cations and to their accessibility to adsorbed molecules. But it is often difficult to localise these cations experimentaly, all the more than water is present. We have thus used molecular simulations in order to obtain more complete informations on extraframework cation distribution among the different crystallographic sites. First, we have focused our attention on sodium cation distribution in faujasite as a function of Si:Al ratio and adsorbed water amount. The introduction of a new bias has efficently enhanced our Monte Carlo simulations. We have showed an interesting heterogenity in water-zeolite interaction and distinguished four different water adsorbed sites. This study has helped to clarify the water adsorption mechanism in sodium faujasites of both X and Y types. We have then extended this study to others cations. For this purpose, we have developed a methodology to derive new force-field parameters for a given cation. Our results have permitted to predict cationic distribution and water adsorption thermodynamics in both totally exchanged faujasites and, for the first time, in bicationic faujasites
Sénégas, Julien. "Méthode de Monte Carlo en vision stéréoscopique : Application à l'étude de modèles numériques de terrain." Paris, ENMP, 2002. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005637.
Full textCasarin, Roberto. "Méthodes de simulation pour l'estimation bayésienne des modèles à variables latentes." Paris 9, 2007. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2007PA090056.
Full textLatent variable models are now very common in econometrics and statistics. This thesis mainly focuses on the use of latent variables in mixture modelling, time series analysis and continuous time models. We follow a Bayesian inference framework based on simulation methods. In the third chapter we propose alfa-stable mixtures in order to account for skewness, heavy tails and multimodality in financial modelling. Chapter four proposes a Markov-Switching Stochastic-Volatility model with a heavy-tail observable process. We follow a Bayesian approach and make use of Particle Filter, in order to filter the state and estimate the parameters. Chapter five deals with the parameter estimation and the extraction of the latent structure in the volatilities of the US business cycle and stock market valuations. We propose a new regularised SMC procedure for doing Bayesian inference. In chapter six we employ a Bayesian inference procedure, based on Population Monte Carlo, to estimate the parameters in the drift and diffusion terms of a stochastic differential equation (SDE), from discretely observed data
Angellier, Gaëlle. "Simulation Monte-Carlo d'une installation de protonthérapie avec le code GEANT4 : de la validation dosimétrique à l'application clinique." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4024.
Full textThe work covered by this thesis is about the Monte Carlo simulation of the ophthalmic protontherapy facility installed in Nice at the Centre Antoine Lacassagne with GEANT4. It relies on previous studies based upon the MCNPX Monte Carlo code. The purposes of the thesis is to complete the previous work realised on a specific Monte Carlo code (MCNPX) and to study the ability of treatment planning systems based upon Monte Carlo simulations (ANR PROUESSE). The focus was on simulations speed, parallel programming, sensitive volume segmentation or the use of state spaces. The validation of GEANT4 results was realised on the one hand with MCNPX results for the energetic and angular spectrum and on the other hand with experimental measurements for dosimetric computations. GEANT4 show very similar results with MCNPX simulations and experimental measurements. The depth dose is reproducted with a precision less than 0. 2 mm. The influence of electromagnetic and hadronic parameters available within the GEANT4-9-3p02 release was also studied. The proton beam line simulation and the use of EBT2 radiochromic films were used to answer clinical interrogations about the conjunctival melanoma. It was proved that the EBT2 films response (corrected for its linear energy transfer) presents dose plans with an excellent resolution for proton beams. The perturbations caused by the multiple scattering within the collimator and the accessories were highlighted by the Monte-Carlo simulations and confirmed by the experimental measurements. Therefore the GEANT4 Monte-Carlo code can be used as a predictive tool for computing the delivered dose by low energy protontherapy
Palluotto, Lorella. "Prédiction du transfert radiatif au sein d’une flamme prémélangée swirlée à l’aide d’une méthode Quasi-Monte Carlo couplée à la simulation aux grandes échelles." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLC034/document.
Full textThe prediction of wall fluxes is a significant aspect in the life cycle of combustors, since it allows to prevent eventual wall damages. Heat transfer from flame to the walls is driven, apart from convection, also by radiation of burnt gases inside the chamber. In order to correctly account for both convective and radiative contributions to wall fluxes, the simultaneous solution of the radiative transfer equation (RTE) and the governing equations for reactive flows is required. However, multi-physics simulations where MC methods are coupled to Large Eddy Simulation (LES), remain very costly. The purpose of this study is then to investigate improvements of MC methods, by using an alternative sampling mechanism for numerical integration usually referred to as Quasi-Monte Carlo (QMC) integration. In this study, QMC method is coupled to Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of a configuration where the radiation plays an important role: the methane-air flame investigated during the experimental campaign Oxytec. Coupled and non-coupled simulations are compared and their comparison with experimental data shows that thermal radiation has an impact on both flow and flame topology. Finally a good agreement is found between numerical wall fluxes and experimental conductive fluxes
Garrelie, Florence. "Simulation Monte Carlo de l'expansion d'un panache plasma créé par ablation laser - Comparaison avec l'expérience." Limoges, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LIMO0030.
Full textZhang, Jin. "Radiation Monte Carlo approcah dedicated to the coupling with LES reactive simulation." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00594229.
Full textMelenev, Petr. "Simulations Monte Carlo de propriétés structurales et magnétiques d'agrégats de nanoparticules." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066162.
Full textDurand, Audrey. "Simulation et apprentissage Monte-Carlo de stratégies d'intervention en santé publique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28698/28698.pdf.
Full textDecision makers in public health system, such as the one in the province of Quebec, have a growing need for assessment tools to support their decisions on the interventions to implement. This master’s thesis proposes a generic simulator optimized for public health issues, while being extensible to other areas. It details the software architecture and all the features that make it a tool of choice for decision makers. It also presents the optimization of existing intervention strategies using Monte Carlo reinforcement learning. This includes the proposal of a new algorithm for selecting actions when learning on populations of individuals evolving in parallel. We conclude with the application of this infrastructure to two public health issues : diabetic retinopathy, that has already been the subject of work by other researchers, and osteoporosis, a current application that has been validated by health care specialists.
Bellahsni, Karim. "Simulation Monte Carlo dibimensionnelle de transistors à effet de champ à grille isolée sur hétérostructures III-V." Lille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LIL10095.
Full textRoupie, Julien. "Contribution à l'étude de l'émission électronique sous impact d'électrons de basse énergie (<=1keV) : application à l'aluminium." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ESAE0004/document.
Full textAlthough extensively studied, the phenomenon of electron emission under electron impact is not very well known at very low energy (<100 eV). An energy range where this phenomenon is a fundamental parameter in space technologies such as radiofrequency waveguide in vacuum. In order to provide a better understanding of the phenomenon, in this energy range, a theoretical study through Monte Carlo simulation of electron emission at very low energyhave been undertaken. After identification of the involved interactions, we selected for each interaction the most appropriate existing models while providing modifications whenever necessary. Somme models found in the literature were used for the first time in the field ofelectron emission. Our approach has been applied to aluminum and has been validated experimentally when data existed. The commonly accepted shape of the yield curve has benne contradicted and explained by the low escape probability of very low energy electrons, as well as by a more rigorous treatment of the reflection of very low energy electrons that impact thematerial. In addition, the simulation provides, for the first time, access to a yield curve at very low energy presenting oscillations also found in the few available experimental data. These oscillations are attributed to the interaction of the electrons with the plasmons. Simulations showed the importance of the backscattered electrons population ate very low energy
Reyhanian, Mashhadi Mehrnaz. "Simulation numérique par la méthode Monte Carlo (DSMC) et modélisation analytique d'un mélange gazeux dans un micro canal." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066396.
Full textBanse, Fabien. "Parallélisation multimodèle d'une méthode de Monte Carlo appliquée à la simulation bidimensionnelle de transistors à effet de champ." Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-103.pdf.
Full textLe, Loirec Cindy. "Simulation Monte Carlo de suivi de positrons dans la matière biologique : applications en imagerie médicale." Thesis, Metz, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007METZ056S/document.
Full textThe subject of my PhD work is to outline the problem linked to threshold used to visualize PET images, in order to obtain more accurate tumoral volumes which could be treated more efficiently in radiotherapy. To do that, we have proposed to use the Monte Carlo code we have already developed to study the following-up of electrons and ions in water. During this PhD study, we have also tried to describe with the best accuracy (at a cellular scale) the deposited energy induced by positrons in the biological matter thanks to the Monte Carlo simulation previously cited that we have adapted to describe the following-up of positrons, especially in adding the capture process which has recently been calculated by our team. In one hand, the goal of this work is to measure the risks taken by the patient during a medical exam (such as a PET acquisition). In another hand, the simulation of the following-up of positrons in the biological matter coupled to the simulation of the following-up of photons in water, has allowed the detection of photons after the Positronium (electron-positron pair formed during the positron slowing-down in the matter) annihilation. Then a simple modelling of the geometrical and physical parameters of the medical device has allowed a quantification of the number of events detected on the ring. More precisely, we have access to the number of true, scattered and random pairs. Thanks to these data, we are thus able to reconstruct a sinogram as well as the initial radiative volume. Then a comparison with some experimental results gives access to a semi-empirical relation between the volume and the threshlod
Costa, Gustavo. "IRDose : un outil web de dosimétrie individualisée basé sur la méthode Monte Carlo pour les patients en thérapie avec le 177Lu." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30027.
Full textNuclear medicine is a medical specialty that uses a radiopharmaceutical whose administration generally allows to visualize an organ function by detecting the gamma (γ) emissions of the targeted radioisotope. When the goal of this practice is molecular radiotherapy, isotopes emitting short-range radiation (α, β or electron Augers) are preferred. In general, treatments using 177Lu-DOTATATE still uses the historical practice of a fixed administration of 7.4 GBq per cycle, regardless the sex, age or inter-patient fixation variability. This causes a large fluctuation of the absorbed dose delivered to organs at risk and tumour targets, and therefore a great difficulty in predicting the treatment results. Recent studies suggest that treatment planning based on individual dosimetry is a way to optimize the treatment. The objective of this work is to contribute to the development of clinical dosimetry in molecular radiotherapy, in particular by developing a web tool based on the Monte Carlo method GATE dedicated to individualised internal dosimetry of patients treated with 177Lu. First of all, a study on the modelling of the SPECT systems by the Monte Carlo toolkit, GATE was realized, as well as the optimization of these simulations, where different methods were used in order to reduce simulation time. These techniques reduced simulation time by up to 85, and some of them were used in the comparison between simulated and experimental tomographic acquisitions. This comparison allowed the modelling of an experimental context which was used for the web tool validation. Finally, the web page was designed using the Django framework where a sequence of scripts in Python and Bash perform the calculation of the absorbed dose by GATE simulations. The absorbed doses obtained were compared with OLINDA versions 1 and 2, and the results show differences between 0.3% and 6.1%, depending on OLINDA's version
Qin, Liang. "Application of irreversible Monte Carlo in realistic long-range systems." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLE009.
Full textThis thesis studies the behavior of event-chain Monte Carlo (ECMC) in long-range particle systems. In the first two chapters, we introduce established methods for molecular simulation, highlighting their difficulties in dealing with Coulomb interaction, and gives the basic of ECMC. The third chapter presents our framework of Coulomb system sampling using ECMC. Under the tin-foil convention, the formulation consisting of pairwise terms for electrostatics can be directly applied to the cell-veto method. Together with dipole factorization, we obtain an O(NlogN)-per-sweep algorithm for dipole systems. Chapters four and five describe our development of a scientific application called JeLLyFysh for molecular simulation through ECMC. Its mediator design and stream processing of all operations can best accommodate future extensions. Using JeLLyFysh, we profile the performance of ECMC for large water systems in chapter six. The resulting dynamics imply that a more sophisticated scheme is needed to equilibrate the polarization. Finally, in chapter seven, we test the sampling strategy with sequential direction change. The dipole evolution exhibits distinct dynamics, and the set of direction choices and the order to select prove both crucial in mixing the dipole's orientation
Bitar, Abdalkader. "Dosimétrie en radiothérapie vectorisée : conception d'un modèle dosimétrique par simulation Monte-Carlo." Nantes, 2007. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=94a3c045-acdf-4034-b6e9-c64bae564c98.
Full textThe murine models are useful for pre-clinical experiments in targeted radiotherapy These models are used to assess the potential interest of new radiopharmaceuticals. The general MIRD method assumes local energy deposition for radiations like electrons. In this study, we developed two dosimetric models for a nude mouse of 30g. The first model, called voxel-based model, had detailed anatomic description while the organs in the second model, called mathematical model, were modelled to have simple geometric forms. Both models were developed from segmented photographed images of a sliced mouse. Monoenergetic photon and electron sources were simulated, using the Monte Carlo code MCNP4C2, for each source organ in order to give S-factor values, in Gy/Bq. S, for all target organs. Results obtained from monoenergetic particles were then used to generate S-factor tables for several important radionuclides in nuclear medicine
Martineau, Antoine. "Optimisation d'un collimateur à ouverture codée avec la plate-forme de simulation Monte Carlo GATE." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077208.
Full textIn Nuclear Medicine, coded aperture imaging was developed as an alternative to parallel hole collimators in order to achieve high sensitivity and high spatial resolution. The main limitations consist of near-field artifacts and aperture collimation effect for 2D imaging, and on a poor longitudinal spatial resolution for 3D imaging. We developed during this thesis, a ML-EM (Maximum Likelihood - Expectation Maximization) reconstruction algorithm with a Monte Carlo-based system matrix, including the geometry of the coded mask and all the physical effects involved in coded aperture imaging. We validated the construction of the coded mask in GATE simulation toolkit by comparison between experimental and simulation data sets. The coded mask is based on a Singer cyclic difference set and is mounted on a clinical gamma camera. We found a good agreement between measured and simulated energy spectra 4n non-scatter and in scatter conditions and between the experimental and simulated 3D point spread fonction. We calculated the probability coefficients of the System matrix using GATE simulations of the coded aperture. The reconstruction results of a simulated phantom study show that near-field artifacts are totally suppressed using the ML-EM algorithm in place of the standard correlation decoding method. The reconstruction results on a phantom and on a patient studies prove the feasibility of this reconstruction method for 3D scintigraphy thyroid
Tinet, Eric. "Mise au point de méthodes de Monte Carlo performantes pour la simulation de la propagation des faisceaux lasers dans les milieux diffusants homogènes ou inhomomgènes : application à des problèmes liés aux méthodes de diagnostic biomedical." Paris 13, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA132032.
Full textFerrando, Nicolas. "Potentiels intermoléculaires et algorithmes de monte carlo : application à l'étude des composés oxygénés." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112080/document.
Full textThe goal of this thesis work is to propose interaction potentials and numerical methods to predict through Monte Carlo simulations the phase equilibrium and properties of oxygenated systems involved in biomass conversion processes. The AUA4 potential was therefore extended to alcohols, ethers, ketones, aldehydes and carboxylic esters. A special care was paid to the transferability of this force field to allow the predictive simulation of a large number of oxygenated compounds. Various equilibrium properties of pure compounds are correctly predicted (densities, saturation pressures, vaporization enthalpies, critical properties, surface tensions, liquid phase structure). Many mixtures have also been simulated in the bubble point pseudo-ensemble which was extended in this work to polar molecules. The simulation results of complex mixtures such as biofuels have been validated through new experimental data acquisition. Finally, a new methodology for the intramolecular electrostatic energy interaction has been developed in this work to simulate multifunctional oxygenated molecules (polyols, glycol ethers, oxygenated aromatic compounds). The use of this method, which allows to avoid the use of additional empirical parameters, leads to promising results, giving thus future opportunities to predict properties of complex mixtures of industrial interest
Leblanc, Benoît. "Simulations moléculaires de Monte Carlo : amélioration de l'éfficacité statistique de l'échantillonnage grâce aux algorithmes d'évolution artificielle." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112035.
Full textMolecular simulation aims at simulating particles in interaction, describing a physico-chemical system. When considering Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling in this context, we often meet the same problem of statistical efficiency as with Molecular Dynamics for the simulation of complex molecules (polymers for example). The search for a correct sampling of the space of possible configurations with respect to the Boltzmann-Gibbs distribution is directly related to the statistical efficiency of such algorithms (i. E. The ability of rapidly providing uncorrelated states covering all the configuration space). We investigated how to improve this efficiency with the help of Artificial Evolution (AE). AE algorithms form a class of stochastic optimization algorithms inspired by Darwinian evolution. Efficiency measures that can be turned into efficiency criteria have been first searched before identifying parameters that could be optimized. Relative frequencies for each type of Monte Carlo moves, usually empirically chosen in reasonable ranges, were first considered. We combined parallel simulations with a "genetic server" in order to dynamically improve the quality of the sampling during the simulations progress. Our results shows that in comparison with some reference settings, it is possible to improves the quality of samples with respect to the chosen criterion. The same algorithm has been applied to improve the Parallel Tempering technique, in order to optimize in the same time the relative frequencies of Monte Carlo moves and the relative frequencies of swapping between sub-systems simulated at different temperatures. Finally, hints for further research in order to optimize the choice of additional temperatures are given
Knorst-Fouran, Auriane. "Contribution à l’étude de propriétés interfaciales d’alcanes confinés par simulation moléculaire de type Monte Carlo." Pau, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PAUU3027.
Full textThis work concerns the modelling of interfacial properties of linear alkanes confined in slit pores, such as adsorbed quantities or interfacial tension by the Monte Carlo molecular simulation. The simulations were performed at various thermodynamic conditions ranging from very low pressures and temperatures to higher values typical of reservoirs. We have studied the influence of three classical interaction potentials, the effect of confinement and thermodynamic conditions on confined methane, the isosteric heat of adsorption and the phenomenon of capillary condensation. Adsorption isotherms obtained with Monte Carlo simulation were successfully compared with experimental results. This study has also underlined the impact of the porous media characterization on the estimation of adsorption. The behavior of alkanes with longer chains was also determined
Briton, Jean-Philippe. "Simulations numériques de la diffusion multiple de la lumière par une méthode de Monte-Carlo et applications." Rouen, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ROUES040.
Full textAmeur, Djilali. "Modélisation analytique et simulation numérique par la méthode de Monte-Carlo d'un écoulement de gaz dans des micro-canaux." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066102.
Full textRenoud, Raphaël. "Simulation par la méthode de Monte-Carlo de la charge d'un isolant soumis au bombardement d'un faisceau électronique focalisé." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10029.
Full textBakkali, Amin El. "Simulation par méthode de monte carlo de détecteur gamma en imagerie radiosotopique : application aux détecteurs simple et double photon." Besançon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BESA2043.
Full textMonte Carlo simulation represents currently an essential support tool of design and optimization of new detectors dedicated to simple and coincidence photon applications in radioisotopic imaging. This tool also allows testing of reconstruction algorithms and correction methods. The research studies undertaken within the framework of this thesis have been conducted initially to extend the applications of the Pulsar simulator, developed at the LIIS laboratory, to discrete and medium field of view mono photonic detectors based on pixellated scintillations crystal coupled to an array of squares and weak dead edges position sensitive photomultiplier tubes (PSPMT). Simulation results are then validated by comparing them to measurements taken on experimental prototype. The second part of this thesis work was given over to the development of a simulator dedicated to positron emission tomography systems (PET). It makes it possible to produce PET data to test image reconstruction algorithms and to explore new detectors configurations. The results obtained allow us to determine the best compromises between sensitivity, spatial and energy resolution
Jiang, Chang Zhong. "Microscopie électronique à balayage analytique : simulation par techniques de Monte Carlo de la détection coaxiale des électrons rétrodiffusés." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10109.
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