Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Méthodes de Caractérisations'
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Bocquillet, Arnaud. "Méthodes énergétiques de caractérisations vibroacoustiques des réseaux complexes." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ECDL0001.
Full textIn this study, we are interested in the modelisation of the dynamic behaviour of complex wave-guide networks. Two approaches are investigated. The first one is straight derived from the dynamic equations. This scheme is based on the concept of wave propagation in periodic structures and wave scattering on singularities. Properties of the propagation modes and scattering matrices are discussed for the general case of damped-undamped periodic elastoacoustic wave-guides. The concept of propagation modes is applied on another model dedicated to medium and high frequency ranges, uncorrelated wave assumptions and power balances lead to the general formalism of the Simplified Energy Method for vibroacoustic networks. This formulation, which takes into account all the propagation modes, does not consider the modal behaviour of wave-guides. New energy relations for guides and junctions are derived. In this context, the author focuses on the effects of dissipation on power balances. The energy levels obtained by this method are of great interest for the frequency and spatial analysis of energy exchanges between sub-systems. The performances of these energy models are systematically assessed for a large variety of vibroacoustic problems, both numerical and experimental
Madinier, Nicolas. "Caractérisations vibratoires de structures par méthodes inverses et mesures plein champ." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, INSA, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ISAL0078.
Full textThe development of new materials combining mechanical strength and lightness is a major issue in many industrial sectors. In order to use these materials, it is necessary to identify their mechanical properties. Inverse vibration methods can be used to determine these properties. These methods analyse the vibratory behaviour of the structure to identify the desired mechanical properties. Two methods are used in this thesis: the Force Analysis Technique and the Virtual Fields Method. They are applied here with the aim of identifying the bending stiffness and damping of a thin Love-Kirchhoff plate or an Euler-Bernoulli beam. First, the methods are applied using optical deflectometry, a full-field measurement method.By combining this measurement method with the two inverse methods, it is possible to obtain accurate maps of the bending stiffness and damping of the structure under study. Optical deflectometry measures the slopes of the displacement field. An inverse gradient operation is used to return to the displacement field. In order to eliminate this operation, the development of slope formalisms for the Force Analysis Technique and the Virtual Fields Method is proposed. These formalisms are tested with numerical simulations to identify the bending stiffness, followed by an experimental study. Secondly, a variant of the Virtual Field Method is developed. The aim of this variant is to apply the method when the number of measurement points per flexural wavelength becomes small. In fact, the Force Analysis Technique and the Virtual Field Method are no longer effective when the number of points per bending wavelength falls below 4. This is because a singularity at the bending wavenumber is present in the responses of the methods in wavenumber space. The Corrected Force Analysis Technique is a variant of the Force Analysis Technique which aims to remove this singularity using corrective factors. The application of these factors enables the method to be applied more effectively when the number of points per wavelength becomes small. A variant of the Virtual Fields Method has been developed for the same purpose. The method performs a local polynomial interpolation of the displacement field. The polynomial obtained is used to calculate analytically the integrals of the Principle of Virtual Work (a weak form of local equilibrium on which the Virtual Fields Method is based). These integrals are calculated locally on a virtual segment for the 1D case or on a virtual window for the 2D case. At each frequency, the length of the segment or window that allows the method to be applied when the number of points per wavelength is low is calculated. This length is referred to as the Frequency Adapted Length. The variant is therefore called the Frequency-Adapted Virtual Field Method. It is developed for the Euler-Bernoulli beam and the Love-Kirchhoff plate and is tested on experimental data to identify the complex bending stiffness of a locally damped plate
Massabki, Maroun. "Caractérisations thermique, optique et mécanique de matériaux composites par des méthodes optiques." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0003/MQ38694.pdf.
Full textKoukab, Adil. "Contribution à l'amélioration de méthodes de caractérisations électriques de structures MIS (Au/BN/InP) et MOS." Metz, 1997. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1997/Koukab.Adil.SMZ9746.pdf.
Full textThe control of the electrical properties of MIS systems is an important step for the development of MISFET devices. The aim of the present work is to improve the electrical characterisation techniques for MIS structures. In the first section of this thesis, the electrical performance of MIS capacitors made on n-type InP substrates, with boron nitride as an insulator (Au/BN/InP), has been studied. RF and microwave plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD) techniques are used for the deposition of the dielectric. It is shown that some observed anomalies (essentially : the impurity redistribution in the substrate and mobile charges in the insulator) often affect interface states distributions evaluated by conventional capacitance methods. To avoid these limitations, we have developed a new method, based on modified BTS (bias temperature stress) measurements, to determine the density of interface traps D(it). The interface states distributions obtained by this technique have been compared to those obtained from capacitance-voltage (terman analysis) and DLTS measurements. We have then examined the influence to interface states in doping profile determination. An adaptation of the capacitance method, allowing the elimination of the profile distortion due to this influence, has been proposed. Furthermore it has been shown our method we can determine the signs and concentrations of mobile and fixed charges in the insulator. The observed frequency dispersion phenomena have been discussed. In the second section, we propose a new method to determine the surface doping concentration N(s), and flat-band voltage Vfb, for implanted MOS (SiO2/Si) structures. A technique to extract the insulator capacitance Ci, from C-V characteristics near flat band conditions, is also proposed. This research is motived by the trend to scale MOSFET's to deep submicron channel length, which increases the accuracy needed in modelling and measurement of these devices. Our methods are illustrated and validated by application on simulated MOS structures, using the 2D devices simulator ATLAS II (PISCES version of SILVACO)
Nouveau, Corinne. "Etude de revêtements durs (CRxNy) obtenus par méthodes PVD : réalisation et caractérisations : applications à l'usinage du bois." Paris, ENSAM, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENAM0021.
Full textFasquelle, Didier. "Développement de méthodes de caractérisations à larges gammes de fréquences et de températures : application à des matériaux : verres ioniques, diélectriques et ferroélectriques." Littoral, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DUNK0099.
Full textMolle, François. "Caractérisations et potentialités des "açudes" du Nordeste brésilien." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20251.
Full textRaid, Idir. "Développement de méthodes numériques et de caractérisations expérimentales pour l’étude des contraintes mécaniques et défaillances induites dans les dispositifs microélectroniques avancés." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALI084.
Full textThe trend in the microelectronics industry is towards miniaturisation, from transistors to the integrated circuit package. This constant desire of compactness is certainly motivated by economic reasons, but also by the perspectives to gain in performance, power and ergonomics. In early 90s, 0.8 µm was the transistors gate length at major semiconductor manufacturers. The length has been reduced to 6 nm with a density of integration of 125 million transistors per square millimetre. However, such a transition does not come without consequences, as far as it concerns fracture mechanisms, it is particularly true regarding the low-k dielectrics. This family of materials, although porous and fragile, is essential to ensure the insulation in the circuitry of an increasingly dense Back-End of Line (BEoL), with increasingly fine lithography. Besides, due to its porosity, it also has a hydrophilic behaviour which greatly reduces both its insulation quality and stress strength. For all these reasons, the seal ring, the copper interconnection structure that encircles the chip, was implemented to (i) ensure the mechanical integrity of its interior, containing the electrically active part of the die, and (ii) to protect it from moisture and other chemicals intrusions. Hence the interest of this work to address the thermomechanical stresses and cracking phenomena which are articulated around the BEoL. To do so, various paths revolving around the same line of research, mechanical integrity in microelectronics systems, are proposed. (i) Two ways of evaluating stress fields in active silicon and passive BEoL are investigated: by implementing sensor structures based on the principles of piezoresistance and extensometry respectively. (ii) The Four-Point Bending technique is benchmarked, and readapted to account for the crack length, for cracks advancing is homogeneous (decohesion) and heterogeneous (debonding) thin films structures. (iii) A Finite Elements approach, combined with Cohesive Zone Models under Small-Scale Yielding conditions, is proposed to analyse the influence of the arrangement and plasticity of copper in the interconnections in the resistance to crack advance
Hallier, Lucie. "Etude de la demande en eau d’argiles calcinées dans le contexte du développement de ciment bas carbone." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Limoges, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025LIMO0004.
Full textThe development of cement, partially substituted by calcined clays, is taking place against a backdrop of strong international demand for low-carbon cements. The aim is to reduce the cement industry's overall CO2 emissions. Calcined clays represent a serious alternative due to their high pozzolanic reactivity and wide availability. Various parameters influencing the behaviour of calcined clay have been studied, such as calcination conditions, the nature of the calcined clays and the impact of their structure on their reactivity. Although the use of calcined clays in this context is generally associated with a high demand for water, the parameters influencing this demand are poorly understood.The present work explores the high water demand of cement-calcined clay mixtures in the first moments of dry material contact with water (< 20 min). The development of an experimental methodology has made it possible to explore the water demand of calcined clays and cement-calcined clay mixtures on different scales. This approach ranges from the ‘instantaneous’ characterisation of the state of the material using various experimental methods, to the continuous study of the material and mixtures studied using microcalorimetry. The development of this work has led to an initial descriptive approach to the overall water demand of a mixture, with the qualification and quantification, if possible, of each contribution. The water demand at the particle level, with the wetting water, and the water demand at the mixture level, with the water present in the inter- and intra-agglomerate spaces, the water present in the inter-particle spaces (deflocculated system) and the water participating in the formation of hydrates, are thus described
Nodot, Émilie. "Détection et caractérisation d'objets anthropiques par méthodes géophysiques et en particulier par méthode magnétique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAH019/document.
Full textLast three wars have left millions of tons of unexploded ordnance (UXO) in French subsoil. They put the population and the environment at risk. Geophysics and particularly the magnetic methods present some solutions to characterise and locate those generally magnetised objects. The multi-sensor magnetic cartography device designed at EOST has some faults. Consequently, (i) the production of a new digitizer, (ii) the acquisition of a new geo-spatial positioning system and (iii) the use of an extra sensor to correct the time-related variations of the magnetic field allow us to improve our cartography quality. Likewise, multi-altitude measurement allow us to optimise the time in relation to the wanted cartography definition. According to the approximation generally used in magnetism theory, the anomaly is insignificant compared to the regional magnetic field. At the same time as my previously described field work, a thorough study of the dipole theory, allowed me to evaluate that this approximation results in a non-negligible mistake reaching 16% of the anomaly. The inversion results are sensible to this mistake. Moreover, l've developed an algorithm based on Euler deconvolution and l've re-evaluated the method already used which is based on analytic signal. After I compared some of the inversion methods, the one based on the analytic signal seems to ascertain the better the object characteristics
Nodot, Émilie. "Détection et caractérisation d'objets anthropiques par méthodes géophysiques et en particulier par méthode magnétique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAH019.
Full textLast three wars have left millions of tons of unexploded ordnance (UXO) in French subsoil. They put the population and the environment at risk. Geophysics and particularly the magnetic methods present some solutions to characterise and locate those generally magnetised objects. The multi-sensor magnetic cartography device designed at EOST has some faults. Consequently, (i) the production of a new digitizer, (ii) the acquisition of a new geo-spatial positioning system and (iii) the use of an extra sensor to correct the time-related variations of the magnetic field allow us to improve our cartography quality. Likewise, multi-altitude measurement allow us to optimise the time in relation to the wanted cartography definition. According to the approximation generally used in magnetism theory, the anomaly is insignificant compared to the regional magnetic field. At the same time as my previously described field work, a thorough study of the dipole theory, allowed me to evaluate that this approximation results in a non-negligible mistake reaching 16% of the anomaly. The inversion results are sensible to this mistake. Moreover, l've developed an algorithm based on Euler deconvolution and l've re-evaluated the method already used which is based on analytic signal. After I compared some of the inversion methods, the one based on the analytic signal seems to ascertain the better the object characteristics
Berthiau, Gérard. "La méthode du recuit simulé pour la conception des circuits électroniques : adaptation et comparaison avec d'autres méthodes d'optimisation." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ECAP0377.
Full textSantatriniaina, Nirina. "Thermomécanique des milieux continus : modèles théoriques et applications au comportement de l'hydrogel en ingénierie biomédicale." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1S047/document.
Full textIn the first part, we propose a mathematical tool for treating the dynamic boundary conditions. The simulation within dynamic boundary condition requires sometimes ''switch'' condition in time of the Dirichlet to Neumann boundary condition (St DN). We propose a numerical method validated with experimental measurements for the case of cross-contamination in microelectronics industry. This tool will be used to compute self-heating in the polymers and hydrogels under dynamic loading. In the second part we focus on modeling the self-heating phenomenon in polymers, hydrogels and biological tissues. We develop constitutive law of the hydrogel type HEMA-EGDMA, focusing on the heat e.ects (dissipation) in this material. Then we set up a theoretical model of coupled thermo-mechanical classic continuum for a better understanding of the heat production in this media. We use polynomial invariants theory to define the constitutive law of the media. Two original thermodynamic potentials are proposed. Original non-linear and coupled governing equations were obtained and identified with the experimental measurements (non-linear parabolic-hyperbolic system with the dynamic boundary condition). In the third part, numerical methods were used to solve thermo-mechanical formalism for the model. This step deals with a numerical method of a coupled partial di.erential equation system of the self-heating (parabolic-hyperbolic coupling). Then, is step allows us, among other things, to propose an appropriate numerical methods to solve this system. The numerical method is based on the finite element methods. Numerous experimental results on the self-heating phenomenon are presented in this work together with correlations studies between the theoretical and experimental results. In the last part of the thesis, these various results will be presented and their impact on the modeling of the behavior of the natural hydrogel used in the biomedical field will be discussed
Balloud, Carole. "Méthodes de caractérisation optique de SiC." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20193.
Full textLe, Roy Gaëlle. "Détection et caractérisation multi-méthodes des éboulements rocheux." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALU012.
Full textAmongst mass wasting events, rockfalls remain the most unpredictable and the most frequent hazard in the alpine region. In a context of growing urbanization in mountainous regions, rockfalls represent an increasing risk for local communities and infrastructures. This thesis aims to develop an association of relevant methods for rockfall monitoring. One objective of this thesis is to associate topography measurement and seismological monitoring in order to improve significantly in understanding rockfalls dynamics. This work was mainly carried out in the Chartreuse massif (Isère, French Alps), and in particular two cliffs, Mount Saint-Eynard and Mount Granier. Using photogrammetry, we acquired diachronic Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) of the cliffs. Such monitoring enables us to carry out rockfall inventories and occurrence frequency analysis. It also provides us information on rockfall locations and their structural configurations. Combining DEMs and rockfall seismic monitoring allowed us to study relations between rockfall properties (location, volume, geometry, propagation, etc.) and the induced seismic signal. Characteristics of the seismic signal (duration and energy, frequency content, envelope shape) vary depending on the event propagation mode (mass-flow, free-fall, sliding, bouncing …). Selecting events with the same propagation type provides a more accurate characterization of rockfalls properties than when mixing different types of events. For free-falling rockfalls, we analyze the seismic signal of the detachment phases and first impacts. We found relations between seismic signals parameters and rockfalls potential energy, free-fall heights, and volumes. For mass-flow type events, we found a scaling law between rockfalls seismic energy and their volumes. By coupling DEMs and seismic records, we can reconstruct rockfall sequence with accurate timing and correct volume estimations. Controlled block releases were realized in laboratory and on-site to widen our observations on rockfall events
Le, Bonté Sébastien. "Méthodes multivariables pour la caractérisation des eaux usées." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPL058N.
Full textRey, Etienne. "Caractérisation de sols hétérogènes par des méthodes géophysiques." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010418.
Full textCharacterisation and sampling of coarse heterogeneous soils is often impossible using common geotechnical in-situ tests once the soil contains particles with a diameter larger than a few decimetres. In this situation geophysical techniques - and particularly electrical measurements - can act as an alternative method for obtaining information about the ground characteristics. This paper deals with the use of electrical tomography on heterogeneous diphasic media consisting of resistive inclusions embedded in a conductive matrix. The adopted approach articulates in three steps: numerical modelling, measurements on a small-scale physical model, and field measurements. Electrical measurements were simulated using finite element analyses, on a numerical model containing randomly-spread resistive inclusions with a concentration varying from 0 to 40 %. It is shown that for electrode spacing 8 times greater than the radius of inclusions, the equivalent homogeneous resistivity is obtained. In this condition, average measured resistivity is a function of the concentration of inclusions, in agreement with the theoretical laws. To apply these results on real data, a small-scale physical model has been built, where electrical measurements were conducted both on the model and on each phase. From these laboratory measurements, a very satisfying estimation of the percentage of inclusions has been obtained. Finally, the methodology was applied to a real experimental site composed of alluvial fan deposits made of limestone rocks embedded in a clayey matrix. The estimated percentage of rock particles obtained via electrical measurements was in accordance with the real grain size distribution
Sartoretti, Mathieu. "Inversion interactive, et caractérisation des incertitudes structurales en milieux géologiques complexes, à partir de données de sismique réflexion." Pau, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PAUU3020.
Full textComplex medium bring up limitations in seismic processing and imaging techniques. These can bias the determination of a structural representation of the subsurface. We propose an interactive methodology to determine a structural representation, quantitatively validated by the seismic data, and constrained by interpretative considerations coming from the operator's knowledge. The data are used as reference. We use forward operators of seismic simulation to generate synthetic data from prior structural representation. The efficiency of our operators allows to perform this operation systematically, and to explore interactively the model space, selecting model representations that are consistent with the data. We have the possibility to validate model representations, quantify their uncertainties, and refine prior structural representations in an interactive structural inversion process. The presented tools and methodologies are illustrated with real data examples in complex contexts
Gasteau, Damien. "Méthodes ultrasons laser pour la caractérisation locale d’aciers polycristallins." Thesis, Le Mans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LEMA1033/document.
Full textLaser ultrasonics are among the most interesting experimental technics to answer the need of industrials in NDT applications. These non contact methods allow to generate and detect elastic surface wave propagating on typical distances of several tens of microns.The main objective of this thesis is to test laser ultrasonics methods for polycristalline steel study. These materials are composed of several anisotropic crystals with differents sizes and orientations. Among the essential parameters to describe such material, the determination of elastic parameters and texturations are key to good understanting and for the modelisation of material in NDT studies.In a first part, velocities variations due to elastic anisotropy and crystalline orientation of grains is assessed by measuring surface acoustic wave velocity. The experimental results are used in the form of statistical distribution of velocity combined with a numerical model to evaluate elastic parameters.Stainless casted steel is a complex material presenting large biphasic grains. They are here studied to show the presence of sub-structures.Finally, a weld sample presenting typical structuration of ellongated grains is studied to show the presence of preferential orientation
Rakoto, Razafindrazato Guy Marie. "Méthodes numériques pour la caractérisation vibratoire de structures complexes." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00598378.
Full textGérard, Émilie. "Caractérisation du cadmium phytodisponible des sols par méthodes isotopiques." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_2000_GERARD_E.pdf.
Full textTexier, Fabienne. "Méthodes dynamiques de caractérisation des processus de croissances électrochimiques." Bordeaux 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR10573.
Full textDao, Massa. "Caractérisation d'ensembles par des méthodes intervalles : applications en automatique." Angers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ANGE0035.
Full textThe study and the design of nonlinear systems (stability study, stabilizing control laws synthesis, robustness analysis,. . . ) arise difficult numerical problems that classical methods have difficulty to solve. Then, set-membership formulations of these problems, where the basic idea is to replace punctual value by interval that include it, where already show very efficient for their resolution. In this thesis, we propose new set-membership algorithms dedicated for most special tasks like set projection over a subspace. In order to improve, the efficiency of these algorithms in general context, we have presented two ideas. The first one consist to decompose the projection of a n-dimensional set, in an intersection of sets projections where the sum of dimensions is equal to n. The second idea consists in yielding the projection algorithms more efficient by improving inner approximation. In a second time, the developed algorithms have been implemented in order to treat stability and control problem ot time-delay systems, sailing boat control and filters design
Mortazavi, Iraj. "Méthode hybride vortex-éléments finis : étude de la convergence numérique, caractérisation et analyse d'un écoulement complexe." Lille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIL10090.
Full textLabastie, Coeyrehourcq Karine. "Etude de méthodes d' analyse rapides de la structure moléculaire du polyéthylène." Paris, ENMP, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENMP1143.
Full textThe molecular structure of polyethylene is characterized by a long chain branching rate and a specific short chain branching distribution. The long chain branching are usually characterized by rheology whereas methods of fractionation by crystallization are used to analyze the short chain branching distribution. We studied new methods, rheology (Fourier transform rheology, exponential shear rheology) and crystallization based on self-nucleation (DSC and optical microscopy). They are easy to implement, fast and they use a small amount of polymer. In rheology, a transient large shear flow is applied on polymers with classical rheometers. In Fourier-transform rheology, large dynamic oscillations are applied and the third harmonic of the stress spectrum is analyzed according to the amplitude of the strain. In exponential shear rheology, the strain increases exponentially with time as in an elongational flow. But under such a flow, branched and linear polymers develop a strain-softening phenomenon. These methods reveal that transient shear flow is sensitive to low rates of long chain branching when large strain rates are applied. The main obstacle to the expansion of these methods is the absence of theoretical background to correlate the behavior of polymers with their molecular structure. Self-nucleation allows to increase the kinetics of crystallization of polymers. Contrary to DSC, optical microscopy gives the possibility to estimate, at each crystallization level, the maximum fraction of polymer transformed. Nevertheless, it is more difficult to obtain information on the thickness of the lamella by this method. Thus, whatever the method used, we showed that self-nucleation had the effect of decreasing the analysis time while giving more reliable theoretical basis
Soltani, Fethi. "Caractérisation de la pâte de ciment par des méthodes ultrasonores." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00685879.
Full textLaforet-Ast, Julie. "Caractérisation de microparticules par méthodes diélectrophorétiques : applications aux cellules biologiques." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00492027.
Full textRoque, Vincent. "Caractérisation par méthodes micro-acoustiques de pastilles de dioxyde d'uranium." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20222.
Full textGhazel, Ramzi. "Méthodes de caractérisation en bruit des dispositifs radiofréquences multi accès." Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0122.
Full textIn any microwave telecommunication system, noise performance is a very important criterion for receiving chain devices. Knowledge of the internal noise sources of the components and their correlation makes it possible to predict and optimize the noise performance of a receiver. This theme is the subject of numerous studies and publications around the world. The work proposed in this thesis consists in evaluating the noise performance of a multiport device (N-ports) in the most general sense and without any approximation, based on a new method of extracting the entire noise wave correlation matrix that contains all the information relating to noise performance. This new method is based on the use of noise wave formalism and the scattering matrix[S], the extraction results are validated by calculations and measurements on a two-port device (passive and active) and on a 4-port in standard and mixed mode (passive and active)
Delamarre, Amaury. "Développement de nouvelles méthodes de caractérisation optoélectroniques des cellules solaires." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066501.
Full textL’énergie photovoltaïque est appelée à prendre une place importante dans notre futur mix énergétique. Pour augmenter sa compétitivité, l’objectif est d’en augmenter le rendement et de diminuer les coûts. Dans ce but, de nouvelles méthodes de caractérisations sont développées, pour une utilisation à la fois industrielle et au niveau de la recherche. Nous exploitons ici l’émission de photoluminescence (PL) et d’électroluminescence (EL) des cellules solaires. Pour l’acquisition du flux émis un imageur hyperspectral est développé, dont la particularité d’acquérir des images résolues spectralement, avec une calibration absolue. La luminescence est donc mesurée en photons, par unité d’énergie, de temps et de surface. Des méthodes d’analyse sont ensuite développées et validées sur une cellule haut rendement à base d’arséniure de gallium. A partir de la PL, nous déterminons sans contacts et avec une résolution spatiale les courants de saturation de la jonction pn. En EL, des grandeurs caractéristiques de collection des porteurs et de résistivité sont accessibles. Des mesures classiques viennent confirmer ces résultats. Enfin, ces méthodes sont appliquées à des cellules à base d’absorbeur de diséléniure de cuivre, d’indium et de gallium. Ce matériau est fortement inhomogène tout en présentant des rendements élevés. Ses mécanismes de fonctionnement restent encore méconnus, que des méthodes de caractérisation par luminescence peuvent éclairer. Pour la première fois, nous déterminons des cartographies de la tension délivrée par la cellule en PL. Par comparaison avec le signal d’EL, nous pouvons décorréler les problèmes de collection et de qualité du matériau à l’échelle micrométrique
Baarir, Zine-Eddine. "Méthodes de caractérisation des erreurs des analyseurs numériques de transitoires." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112087.
Full textAfter a bibliographical study of error caracterisation methods for fast digitizers operating under static and dynamic conditions, it was found that the methods used for the dynamic conditions were insufficient, mainly because of their global aspect (related to all digitizer codes). Therefore, we tried two new methods which can caracterize the local dynamic error (i. E. The error related to each code). The first method caracterizes the deterministic component of this error by using histograms obtained by acquisition of a large number of data recorded different input rates of a saw-tooth signal. The other method caracterizes both the deterministic and random components of the error by calculating its mean value and standard deviation respectively; the error is measured for several occurences of a given code by assimilating the real signal with its approximation obtained by the linear regression method
Maréchal, Manuel. "Polyélectrolytes pour piles à combustible : outils et méthodes de caractérisation." Grenoble INPG, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPG0143.
Full textThe research works reported in the manuscript are a contribution to the study of polyelectrolytes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC). They are supported by two investigation tools, i. E. The study of model molecules and accurate conductivity measurements. With regard to the material science domain, the optimization of polysulfone sulfonation procedure allows chain breakings to be reduced and even eliminated while obtaining reproducible sulfonation degrees. It is thus possible to improve the mechanical properties of the dense membrane elaborated with these polyelectrolytes before performing the tests on the MEA (Membrane Electrode Assembly). In parallel, the fonctionnalisation of microporous silicon made it possible to prepare polyelectrolytes reinforced by the mechanical strength of the silicon separator. With regard to the physicochemical and electrochemical characterizations, the model molecules, with the same functions and groups than for associated polymers, make it possible to amplify the electrochemical or thermal phenomena vs. The corresponding polymers. Thus, they simulate an accelerated ageing of the polyelectrolytes. The development of a new conductivity measurement set allows conductivity to be obtained with a great accuracy, in a wide range of temperature and relative humidity
Han, Dong. "Caractérisation des objets enfouis par les méthodes de traitement d'antenne." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX30003/document.
Full textThis thesis is devoted to the study of the localization of objects buried in underwater acoustic using array processing methods and acoustic waves. We have proposed a appropriate model, taking into account the water/sediment interface. The propagation modeling thus combines the reflected wave and the refracted wave to determine a new directional vector. The directional vector developed by acoustic scattering model is used in the MUSIC method instead of the classical plane wave model. This approach can estimate both of the object coordinates (angle and distance sensor-object) of known form, in near field or far field. We propose some fast algorithms without eigendecompostion. We combine DIRECT algorithm with spline interpolation to cope with the distorted antennas of many sensors, while maintaining a low computation time. To decorrelate the received signals, we firstly use a bilinear operator. We propose a method for the case of independent groups of correlated signals using the cumulants. Then we present a method using the cumulants matrix to eliminate Gaussian noise. But in practice, the noise is not always Gaussian or the characteristics are not always known. We develope two iterative methods to estimate the interspectral matrix of noise. The first algorithm is based on an optimization technique to extract iteratively the interspectral matrix of noise. The second algorithm uses the technique of maximum likelihood to estimate the signal parameters and the noise. Finally we test the proposed algorithms with experimental data. The results quality is very good
Forissier, Delphine. "Caractérisation de la compacité du ballast ferroviaire par méthodes sismiques." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1184/document.
Full textRailways, most of them built for over one hundred years, are old structures. They require increasing maintenance, a major technical and economic challenge for the coming years. Until the opening of markets to competition, the implementation of new railroads was empirically controlled by SNCF. Because of the application of the European directive 91/440/10, the historical operator turns from a goal of means to a goal of results. This calls for non-destructive highly efficient auscultation methods to check the right compaction of the ballast. However, existing methods for obtain ballast compaction assessment during implementation stage are surface-limited and difficult to apply; they do not respond to the issue of the doubling of track maintenance. Thus the study of the propagation waves in the ballast is an alternative to these methods and may allow to answer these requirements. The ballast is a discontinuous medium, complex for the understanding of waves, as they propagate in a force link. Modelling ballast is especially difficult because of the large size of its components and because it should be treated as a discrete environment, not following the elastic mechanics of continuous media. Given the difficulty to model this discrete layer, it is necessary to undertake the problem with experimentation. The aim of this thesis is to focus on the use of the propagation of vibration waves in the railroad structure. This work is organized as follows : the first chapter details the structure of the railroad and the ballast as a granular material, and the existing assessment methods for railroad. The second chapter describes the different types of vibration waves that propagate, first, in an elastic homogeneous medium, second in the ballast, and presents the answer of ballast through the answer of the sleeper. The two previous chapters, derived from the state of the art, allow to define in chapter three the experiments implemented as part of this work on a full scale railroad structure : realization, instrumentation, results. This chapter especially endeavours to describe the waves celerity, their damping in ballast and the measured dispersion curves. Finally, the propagation of a vibration wave in the ballast is studied in chapter four and a numerical simulation, compares with a disctete model and a continuous model with experimental results
Scala, Ilaria. "Caractérisation d’interphase par des méthodes ultrasonores : applicationaux tissus péri-prothétiques." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1107/document.
Full textThis thesis focus on the ultrasonic characterization of bone-implant interphase. This region is a transition zone where the osteointegration process (i.e. the healing process of the tissues surrounding the implant) takes place. Thus, this interphase is of crucial importance in the long-term anchorage of the implant, since it depends on the quantity and quality of the surrounding bone tissue. However, other than being a complex medium in constant remodeling, the newly formed bone presents a multiscale and time evolving nature. All these reasons make the characterization of the bone-implant interphase critical and difficult. In this context, ultrasound methods are nowadays widely used in the clinic field because of their ability to give information about the biomechanical properties of bone tissue. On this basis, with the aim of characterizing the mechanical and microstructural properties of the bone-implant interphase by ultrasound methods, it is important to develop and validate mechanical models and signal processing methods. Due to the complexity of the problem, in order to precisely describe the bone tissue surrounding the implant, first an accurate modelling of bone tissue is essential. Thus, the interaction between an ultrasonic wave and bone tissue has been investigated by also taking into account the effects dues to the microstructure. To do this, a generalized continuum modelling has been used. In this context, a transmission/reflection test performed on a poroelastic sample dipped in a fluid enhanced the reliability of the model. The reflected and transmitted pressure fields result to be affected by the microstructure parameters and the results coming from the dispersion analysis are in agreement with those observed in experiments for poroelastic specimens. Then, the problem has been complicated by considering the interphase taking place between the bone and the implant. In this way, we could handle the complexity added by the presence of the newly formed tissue. As already said, the fact that this interphase is a heterogeneous medium, a mixture of both solid and fluid phases whose properties evolve with time is an additional difficulty. Thus, in order to model the interaction of ultrasonic waves with this interphase, a thin layer with elastic and inertial properties has been considered in the model. The effects on the reflection properties of a transition between a homogeneous and a microstructured continuum have been investigated.Therefore, the characterization of the medium also via advanced signal processing techniques is investigated. In particular, the dynamic response due to the ultrasonic excitation of the bone-implant system is analyzed through the multifractal approach. A first analysis based on the wavelet coefficients pointed out a multifractal signature for the signals from both simulations and experiences. Then, a sensitivity study has also shown that the variation of parameters such as central frequency and trabecular bone density does not lead to a change in the response. The originality lies in the fact that it is one of the early efforts to exploit the multifractal approach in the ultrasonic propagation inside a heterogeneous medium
Preda, Ioana. "Modélisation et caractérisation des matériaux nanocomposites par des méthodes diélectriques." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20013/document.
Full text“There's plenty of room of the bottom!” said Richard Feynman in his talk on top-down nanotechnology in 1959, bringing into the spot light a new world of science and technology ! The idea of using nanoparticles in order to improve the dielectric properties of the polymers that were already in use attracted the interest of researchers for the last two decades. Nanofillers such as silica, alumina, titania etc, but also larger particles such as clays or carbon nanotubes were mixed with the “classic” polymers in order to improve the properties of polyethylene, epoxy resins, polypropylene etc. Since nowadays the energy conversion efficiency of electrical generators is restricted by thermal and electrical issues, these limitations can be related to the electrical insulator tapes themselves. Thus, innovative insulating tapes based on nanostructured material scenarios to address the energy saving concern are intended and the purpose of this work is to investigate these innovative materials and to compare their properties with those of the materials already in use, in order to help choosing the best composite material for the future tapes.This works begins with a state of the art regarding the properties of epoxy polymers. Their chemical, thermal and dielectric properties are presented. Afterwards, the chosen fillers and their specific properties are presented. The influence of the chosen fillers as well as different steps of the nanocomposite materials manufacturing process are presented and the discussion ends with a debate on the phenomena appearing at the nanometric scale and their possible influence on the properties of the finite composite material .Different materials groups of epoxy based composites filled with nanometric silica, organoclay or boron nitride are analyzed afterwards. In order to characterize and interpret their properties, several tools were used: imaging microscopy, thermal characterization as well as high and low electric field investigation methods. A debate trying to distinguish between so called “general” or “specific” behavior of the composite materials with respect to the normal, unfilled polymer is also presented. The influence of the type of filler, its treatment or its weight total percentage will be are chosen as comparison criteria. Finally, a numerical model based on Finite Element Method approximation was used in order to predict the dielectric response of the composite materials as well as the specific parameters (size, permittivity) of the interphase, the magic “ingredient” of the matrix-filler mix. The presented model allowed us to give a connection between the different materials and validate the experimentally obtained results. This manuscript ends with conclusions on the presented work and suggests possible future works in the complex analysis of polymer nanocomposites
Leclerc, Julien. "Méthodes et outils de caractérisation électrique et magnétique des supraconducteurs." Phd thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01005608.
Full textLeclerc, Julien. "Méthodes et outils de caractérisation électrique et magnétique des supraconducteurs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0208.
Full textThe development of new superconducting materials and of new cables manufacturing processes such as YBaCuO films, allow to consider new application or to improve their performances. For the study of industrial applications, it is necessary to know the electromagnetic characteristics of these new materials. For superconductors, the difficulty lies in the reconstruction of the local electric law E(J), from measurements. This thesis therefore consists in the developing theoretical and experimental tools for characterization of high temperature superconductors. The work has mainly been carried out on two methods: - the MB method, which consists in making measurements on a coil and then extracting the properties of the superconducting tape. - the field mapping, based on the measurement of a map of the magnetic flux density. These methods have been tested and validated both experimentally and theoretically
Hamoudi, Ali. "Méthode inverse pour la caractérisation des milieux poreux." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2009. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1489.
Full textLabastie-Coeyrehourcq, Karine. "Étude de méthodes d'analyse rapides de la structure moléculaire du polyéthylène." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00443616.
Full textBouanane, Mohamed El Houari. "Méthodologie de caractérisation mécanique des engrenages cylindriques droits." Toulouse, INSA, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ISAT0001.
Full textSaghir, Adnan. "Contribution à la caractérisation des structures rayonnantes. Application aux études en champ proche de rayonnement électromagnétique." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00952974.
Full textFiabane, Lionel. "Méthodes analytiques de caractérisation des structures cohérentes contribuant aux efforts aérodynamiques." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00553103.
Full textEl, hajj diab Amer. "Nouvelles méthodes pseudo-MOSFET pour la caractérisation des substrats SOI avancés." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00796613.
Full textDiab, Amer El Hajj. "Nouvelles méthodes pseudo-MOSFET pour la caractérisation des substrats SOI avancés." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENT060/document.
Full textSilicon-On-Insulator (SOI) device architectures represent attractive alternatives to bulk ones thanks to the improvement of transistors and circuits performances. In this context, the SOI starting material should be of prime quality.In this thesis, we develop novel electrical characterization tools and models for advanced SOI substrates. The classical pseudo-MOSFET (-MOSFET) characterization for SOI was revisited and extended to low temperatures. Enriched variants of -MOSFET, proposed and demonstrated on numerous geometries, concern split C-V and low-frequency noise measurements. Based on split C-V, an extraction method for the effective mobility was validated. A model explaining the capacitance variations with the frequency shows good agreement with the experimental results. The -MOSFET was also extended to highly doped SOI films and a model for parameter extraction was derived. Furthermore, we proved the possibility to characterize SiGe nanowire 3D stacks using the -MOSFET concept. Finally thin film -MOSFET proved to be an interesting, technology-light detector for gold nanoparticles
Dazin, Antoine. "Caractérisation de l'instabilité du tourbillon torique par différentes méthodes optiques quantitatives." Lille 1, 2003. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/8c02a664-f617-4e1d-8972-52a38fd8e865.
Full textPu, Shiliang. "Développement de méthodes interférométriques pour la caractérisation des champs de particules." Rouen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ROUES049.
Full textWe have studied two optical methods for particle field characterization: ILIDS (Interferometric Laser Imaging for Droplet Sizing) and DIH (Digital In-line Holography). In the case of ILIDS, the particle field is illuminated by a laser sheet and the defocused images are recorded by a CCD camera. We have developed an image processing method. We show that the particle diameter and velocity distribution in a plane can be measured by using a common PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) system. In DIH case, the particle field is illuminated by a laser beam and the in-line diffraction pattern is directly recorded by a CCD camera. Then, the 3D volume can be numerically reconstructed. We have firstly studied the influence of windowing function. Then, we have developed an image processing method which can give particle 3D location and diameter from the reconstructed image. The experimental tests shows that the two techniques can give reliable results for two-phase flows measurement
Verdier, Frédéric. "Caractérisation de l'électromigration : méthodes résistométriques et analyse du bruit en excès." Bordeaux 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR10511.
Full textAl-Fares, Walid. "Caractérisation des milieux aquifères karstiques et fracturés par différentes méthodes géophysiques." Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20004.
Full textVila, Michel. "Caractérisation ultrasonore de matériau à l'aide de méthodes d'acoustique non linéaire." Tours, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOUR4057.
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