Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Méthodes géophysiques'
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Deparis, Jacques. "Etude des éboulements rocheux par méthodes géophysiques." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00195215.
Full textLa seconde partie est consacrée à l'exploitation des signaux sismiques enregistrés lors de douze éboulements différents. Une nouvelle échelle de magnitude a été définie, qui a permis de classer les différents événements. Aucune relation n'a été trouvée entre les paramètres géométriques (et l'énergie potentielle dérivée) et la magnitude. Par contre la durée du signal montre une bonne corrélation avec l'énergie potentielle. L'analyse détaillée des signaux suggère l'existence d'au moins deux sources sismiques, une correspondant à la rupture associée au rebond élastique induit par le détachement de la masse rocheuse et une autre générée par l'impact de la masse sur la pente, dont l'aspect fréquentiel a été confirmé par une analyse numérique 2D par la méthode des éléments finis.
Deparis, Jacques. "Étude des éboulements rocheux par méthodes géophysiques." Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10090.
Full textRockall pose important problem for the risk management, due to their suddenness and of the absence of precursory sign. The detection of an unstable compartment, the evaluation of its stability as well as comprehension ofthe propagation dynamics is major elements to evaluation the crumbling hazard. This thesis study two complementary research orientations: the development of geophysical methods for to evaluate the stability ofunstable rock mass on the one hand, and the study of the rockall rupture and propagation phenomenon from seismic recordings on the other hand
Rey, Etienne. "Caractérisation de sols hétérogènes par des méthodes géophysiques." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010418.
Full textCharacterisation and sampling of coarse heterogeneous soils is often impossible using common geotechnical in-situ tests once the soil contains particles with a diameter larger than a few decimetres. In this situation geophysical techniques - and particularly electrical measurements - can act as an alternative method for obtaining information about the ground characteristics. This paper deals with the use of electrical tomography on heterogeneous diphasic media consisting of resistive inclusions embedded in a conductive matrix. The adopted approach articulates in three steps: numerical modelling, measurements on a small-scale physical model, and field measurements. Electrical measurements were simulated using finite element analyses, on a numerical model containing randomly-spread resistive inclusions with a concentration varying from 0 to 40 %. It is shown that for electrode spacing 8 times greater than the radius of inclusions, the equivalent homogeneous resistivity is obtained. In this condition, average measured resistivity is a function of the concentration of inclusions, in agreement with the theoretical laws. To apply these results on real data, a small-scale physical model has been built, where electrical measurements were conducted both on the model and on each phase. From these laboratory measurements, a very satisfying estimation of the percentage of inclusions has been obtained. Finally, the methodology was applied to a real experimental site composed of alluvial fan deposits made of limestone rocks embedded in a clayey matrix. The estimated percentage of rock particles obtained via electrical measurements was in accordance with the real grain size distribution
Cabassut, Laurent. "Diagnostic des collecteurs visitables : apport des méthodes géophysiques." Bordeaux 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR10549.
Full textJrad, Abir. "Application des méthodes géophysiques à la prospection archéologique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4301.
Full textThis dissertation deals with the applied geophysics to archaeological objects and structures in the close subsurface. The aims are to define a geophysical methodology for the study of archeological sites in a Mediterranean context : in France and in Tunisia, and also the geophysical signature of the main archaeological features. The main geophysical method used is the magnetic method. The obtained magnetic mappings are coupled with the electromagnetic cartographies and measurements, and with the electrical tomographies (ERT) and the seismic surveys. This ground prospecting is correlated with the magnetic measurements of laboratory, allowing a better constraint of the forward and synthetic modelling, proposed for the various studied features. First, the thesis concentrates on the study of the archaeological structures of combustion. This part specifies the magnetic signature of these objects and underlines the raising owed to the effect of the fire. Secondly, this work analyzes the geophysical imprint of the building structures and its variation connected with the various materials and techniques used as well as the surrounding ground properties. Other objects are afterward studied for a better understanding of the potentially produced magnetic anomalies. Last but not least, the decrease of the quality of the magnetic signal and thus the signal-to-noise ratio, is handled
Meric, Ombeline. "Étude de mouvements de terrain par méthodes géophysiques." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00284215.
Full textNous avons mené des campagnes géophysiques sur cinq sites tests. Ces sites ont été choisis en milieu rocheux et de grande ampleur (Séchilienne, Isère, et La Clapière, Alpes Maritimes) ou de taille modérée (Ravin de l'Aiguille, Isère) et en contexte argileux (Super Sauze, Alpes de Hautes Provence, et Léaz, Ain). Nous montrons que, selon le degré de remaniement, l'étude des paramètres géophysiques tels que $\rho$ (tomographie électrique), $V_P$ (sismique réfraction et tomographie) et $V_S$ (sismique réfraction et analyse des ondes de surface) peut permettre de caractériser la géométrie du mouvement. Nous préconisons pour l'analyse des ondes de surface de contraindre la paramétrisation par $V_P$ si elle est connue en surface et par la fréquence du pic H/V. En outre, pour une géométrie régulière et des faibles gradients latéraux de $V_S$, nous montrons que la méthode H/V peut aider à obtenir rapidement des informations quantitatives sur la variation spatiale de la géométrie du substratum.
%Nous préconisons pour l'étude de la géométrie des mouvements rocheux, le déploiement de méthodes tomographiques (électrique et sismique) et l'analyse des ondes de surface enregistrées lors de prospection sismique et par des réseaux de bruit de fond, en tenant compte des informations sur $V_P$ en surface et de la fréquence de résonance du pic H/V. La caractérisation des écoulements au sein des mouvements est améliorée lorsque l'on associe l'interprétation des mesures de résistivité et de polarisation spontanée.
%Selon le degré de remaniement des argiles en mouvement, l'étude des paramètres géophy\-siques tels que $\rho$ (tomographie électrique), $V_P$ (sismique réfraction et tomographie) et $V_S$ (sismique réfraction et analyse des ondes de surface) peut permettre de caractériser la géométrie du mouvement. Pour une géométrie régulière et des faibles gradients latéraux de $V_S$, l'utilisation de la méthode H/V peut aider à obtenir rapidement des informations quantitatives sur la variation spatiale de la géométrie du substratum.
Enfin, nous avons déployé un réseau d'électrodes impolarisables pour le suivi temporel de la polarisation spontanée sur le mouvement de grande ampleur de Séchilienne. Ce réseau a permis de mettre en évidence les trajets préférentiels de circulation de fluide au sein du massif et de rendre compte de leur complexité.
Meric, Ombeline. "Étude de mouvements de terrain par méthodes géophysiques." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10267.
Full textUnderstanding and forecasting the evolution of landslides could be improved by more quantitative informations about their 3D geometry, their fracturation degree and on the preferential fluid flows. The aim ofthis Thesis is to performed a critical study of the advantages and limits of different geophysical techniques (electrical tomography, seismic tomography, seismic noise measurements and selfpotential) to caracterize landslides. We performed geophysical investigations on five case studies, on large rocky movements (Séchilienne, Isère, and La Clapière, Alpes Maritimes), on moderate size rocky movements (Ravinde l'Aiguille, Isère) and on Soft Rock flows (Supe Sauze, Alpes de Hautes Provence, and Léaz, Ain). We show that geophysical parameters such as electrical resistivity (electrical tomography), Vp (seismic refraction and tomography) and Vs (seismic refraction and surface waves analysis) could help to caracterize landslide's geometry. We show that for smooth geometry and weak lateral variations of V s, the HN method could help to obtaine quick quantitative informations on spatial variations of the substratum geometry. Finally, we deployed a network ofimpolarizable electrodes to monitor the selfpotential on the Sechilienne mass movement. This network allowed us to outline preferential fluid flows and their complexity
Nodot, Émilie. "Détection et caractérisation d'objets anthropiques par méthodes géophysiques et en particulier par méthode magnétique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAH019/document.
Full textLast three wars have left millions of tons of unexploded ordnance (UXO) in French subsoil. They put the population and the environment at risk. Geophysics and particularly the magnetic methods present some solutions to characterise and locate those generally magnetised objects. The multi-sensor magnetic cartography device designed at EOST has some faults. Consequently, (i) the production of a new digitizer, (ii) the acquisition of a new geo-spatial positioning system and (iii) the use of an extra sensor to correct the time-related variations of the magnetic field allow us to improve our cartography quality. Likewise, multi-altitude measurement allow us to optimise the time in relation to the wanted cartography definition. According to the approximation generally used in magnetism theory, the anomaly is insignificant compared to the regional magnetic field. At the same time as my previously described field work, a thorough study of the dipole theory, allowed me to evaluate that this approximation results in a non-negligible mistake reaching 16% of the anomaly. The inversion results are sensible to this mistake. Moreover, l've developed an algorithm based on Euler deconvolution and l've re-evaluated the method already used which is based on analytic signal. After I compared some of the inversion methods, the one based on the analytic signal seems to ascertain the better the object characteristics
Moreau, Frédérique. "Méthodes de traitement de données géophysiques par transformée en ondelettes." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00656040.
Full textAl-Fares, Walid. "Caractérisation des milieux aquifères karstiques et fracturés par différentes méthodes géophysiques." Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20004.
Full textCavalcante, Fraga Luis Henrique. "Caractérisation des sols pollués via des méthodes géophysiques : couplage entre le diagnostic conventionnel et les méthodes géophysiques pour estimer la distribution spatiale des polluants à l’aide du formalisme géostatistique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS645.
Full textThe spatial characterization of pollution sources is a key step for estimating the costs of the rehabilitation of contaminated sites. Geochemical sampling is costly and time-consuming and only allows punctual information about contamination levels. This PhD work evaluated the electromagnetic mapping method (EMI) for imaging the physical properties of the subsoil to (1) define geophysical measurement protocols and (2) exploit spatialized geophysical and geochemical data for a better estimation of hydrocarbon-polluted soil volumes through geostatistical formalism. The results at the Poitiers’ site, located in a peri-urban context with an unknown backfill coverage, highlighted the sensitivity of the EMI method for determining the geometry of the backfill layer. The new geophysical measurement strategy applied at the Rouen’s site, which is heavily polluted with hydrocarbons and located in an urban environment, has been modified with exhaustive EMI mapping, electrical resistivity and polarization tomography, ground penetrating radar and physical measurements at sample scale. The multivariate statistical analysis indicated an overall correlation between the hydrocarbon levels and the apparent electrical conductivities measured by the EMI method. Nevertheless, the heterogeneity of the urban fill, surface facilities and a discontinuous aquifer have severely disrupted EMI measurements. Despite the decrease in the variance of estimation error when geophysical data have been integrated into geostatistical models, linear correlations are still weak. A novel geophysical measurement protocol has been designed and demonstrated its potential for assessing contaminated sites
Giacomoni, Catherine. "Analyse de quelques problèmes de fluides géophysiques." Corte, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CORT3062.
Full textGenelle, Fanny. "Les méthodes géophysiques pour la caractérisation des couvertures d’installation de stockage de déchets." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14522/document.
Full textAmong the whole landfill cover materials, clay and Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL), commonly used, may contain defects which are necessary to characterize in order to plan possible repair work, partial or total. The aim of this thesis is to define the ability of the following geophysical methods, the Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), the Self Potential (SP) and the Automatic Resistivity Profiling (ARP) to characterize covers. To do this, an experimental site composed of two covers in which defects have been intentionally made has been built. These covers are composed of a clayey material upon which a GCL has been placed for one of these covers. The monitoring performed on the cover without the GCL has outlined that the climatic conditions of the month preceding measurements have an impact on the defects’ detection. Moreover, hydric and electrical behavior variations detected by ERT in the clayey material have in particular be linked with the presence of composition heterogeneities. The presence of the GCL makes more difficult the detection of defects whatever the method used. However, it seems that, over time, the evolution of the GCL enables an easier detection. Finally, surveys carried out on an industrial waste landfill have shown the necessity of coupling geophysical methods. The heterogeneity of the cover materials and the GCL has been checked by manual auger holes
Martin, Nathan. "Modélisation directe et inverse d'écoulements géophysiques viscoplastiques par méthodes variationnelles - Application à la glaciologie." Phd thesis, INSA de Toulouse, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00920189.
Full textMezon, Cécile. "Caractérisation des circulations thermo-convectives à l'échelle d'une zone fracturée par méthodes géophysiques et numériques." Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0002/document.
Full textThe characterization of thermo-convective circulations in natural environments is particularly studied especially for geothermal applications. This characterization corresponds to two issues related to (i) the detection of the hydrothermal flows(ii) the quantification of the energy discharged by the active system. The methodology proposed by this thesis thus comprises two parts. The first component aims at locating active systems with geophysical methods. The prospecting techniques used are electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), in situ temperature measurement and self potential (SP) measurements. The object studied in this thesis is the hydrothermal system located at the upper limit of the Rina Grande sector collapse, at the top of the Stromboli volcano. The sub-surface geophysical approach includes spatial (metric) mapping in ERT, SP and temperature, and monitoring of SP and thermal signals. Spatial mapping informs us about the spatial extension of the hydrothermal system (ERT) and the active character of the circulations (SP and temperature). The model of electrical resistivity has been improved taking into account the topography, resulting from a Digital Elevation Model generated by photogrammetry. The treatment of the monitoring data shows that a linear relationship links the thermal and the PS signals, a relationship that can not be entirely due to thermoelectric effect. The temporal dataset focuses on the dynamics of the convective system and in particular the probable dependence of the vigor of the convective system on seasonal variations in atmospheric temperature.The second part aims at quantifying the energy released by thermo-convective systemsusing a numerical approach. The geophysical approach highlights the fact that damaged areas such as structural boundaries favor the circulation of hydrothermal fluids. This is due to the fact that fractures, open faults, alteration zones, etc. change the permeability of the medium on a small scale. The numerical approach is therefore dedicated to the 3D simulation of the flow and heat transfer in fractured porous media. The work is based on a pre-existing code in fracturing porous media, able to solve the flow problem. This code has been adapted to solve the thermal problem also. The theoretical study aims to quantify the influence of fracture network parameters on the released energy. The influence of fracture density, fracture transmissivity and fracture network anisotropy are evaluated. The study also compares the heat fluxes generated by models where the fractures are discretely inserted with homogeneous models with the same macroscopic properties (effective approach). The results show that the validity of the effective approach is highly dependent on the parameters of the fracture network
Boubaki, Nerouz. "Détection de cavités par deux méthodes géophysiques : radar de sol et mesures de résistivités électriques." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00855987.
Full textBlondel, Amélie. "Développement des méthodes géophysiques électriques pour la caractérisation des sites et sols pollués aux hydrocarbures." Phd thesis, Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00988260.
Full textTerrana, Sébastien. "Méthodes Galerkin discontinues hybridables pour la propagation des ondes élastiques et acoustiques dans des milieux géophysiques complexes." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC081.
Full textNew seismological monitoring networks combine broadband seismic receivers, hydrophones and micro-barometers antenna. Exploiting these observations requires accurate and multi-physics — elastic, hydro-acoustic, infrasound - wave simulation methods which are able to model the complex energy exchanges at material interfaces. In this thesis, we develop a new Hybridizable Discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) method for solving elastic and acoustic wave propagation, with an arbitrary high order of accuracy in space. In order to introduce this method, we first derive the transmission conditions between heterogeneous elastic, acoustic, and elasto-acoustic media using the Rankine-Hugoniot relations. These conditions are then used to design the inter-element numerical traces in an HDG framework, which make this method able to model both elastic and acoustic waves in the same simulation. We subsequently perform a space discretization using a spectral approach, and we propose a time-scheme able to enforce properly the algebraic transmission equation. The spectral convergence of the method is assessed on both elastic and elasto-acoustic benchmarks, and some validation benchmarks for the PML are performed. Finally we present a more realistic case of coupling between seismic waves and infrasounds
Bruniaux, Guillaume. "Reconstitution paléogéographique et prospection archéologique en zone littorale par approches géophysiques multi-méthodes et multi-échelles." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS026/document.
Full textArchaeological study of a site is based on an excavation which is a comprehensive study on a restricted gap. Before excavation, geophysical survey supplies the possibility to locate an area likely to provide details by detailed mapping of the site. This PhD work focus on an original magnetic survey protocol to detect pluri-metric and pluri-decimetric structures and a methodological approach to estimate the conservation of an archaeological level occupation. These developments have provided maximum information on anthropogenic settlement and to target excavation zone according to the archaeological problem of the site. In coastal zones and according to the considered chronological period, the environment of the settlement was different. The relatively rapid change in coastal environments results from the rise of sea level since the end of the last glacial maximum. As part of a paleoenvironmental study of a site, the objective of geophysical survey is similar to that for excavation : locating an area to paleoenvironmental coring. The methodological approach developed in this work is based on a paleogeographic approach to the site environment using multi-method and multi-scale geophysical surveys. Electromagnetic survey (Slingram), electrical tomography and direct-push electrical resistivity logging provide a cartographic and stratigraphic representation of the geophysical contrasts of the subsurface. Two study areas were selected to test and implement these methodological approaches, the Neolithic site of Le Pontet (Charente-Maritime) and the ancient harbours of Narbonne. These two sites are in different archaeological, geographical and geological contexts
Chalikakis, K. "Application de méthodes géophysiques pour la reconnaissance et la protection de ressources en eau dans les milieux karstiques." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00193513.
Full textTrois sites expérimentaux, caractéristiques de régions karstiques observées autour du bassin Méditerranéen, ont été choisis. Le site de Loussoi (nord-est du Péloponnèse – Grèce), le site de Poumeyssen (Lot - France) et le site de Paralia Agios Andreas (est du Péloponnèse – Grèce). Des techniques géophysiques adaptées au contexte géologique et aux questions hydrogéologiques ont été sélectionnées et utilisées.
Des résultats nouveaux ont été obtenus dans trois domaines : (1) la connaissance géologique des sites étudiés, (2) des développements spécifiques des techniques géophysiques et (3) la définition d'une approche méthodologique d'application des méthodes géophysiques à l'étude des karsts.
Chalikakis, Konstantinos. "Application de méthodes géophysiques pour la reconnaissance et la protection de ressources en eau dans les milieux karstiques." Paris 6, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00193513.
Full textClément, Rémi. "Etude du suivi des injections des lixiviats dans les massifs de déchets : combinaison entre méthodes géophysiques et simulation hydrodynamique." Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENU022.
Full textOperators of non-hazardous waste landfills have to ensure that the waste biodegrades uniformly and rapidly, to shorten the costly post-operation period. Leachate (liquids resulting from biodegradation) must be injected into the waste while controlling the volumes used, in order to maintain the correct moisture level to ensure better biodegradation and limit the piezometric level to 50 cm above the bottoms, in accordance with regulations. To achieve these requirements, operators need tools for characterising and modelling leachate circulation. The aim of this work is to study leachate recirculation in industrial waste sites using combined geophysical data and hydrodynamic modelling. We aim to contribute to define a conceptual model of leachate circulation in an industrial waste site using an approach combining simulation and hydrogeophysics. The first stage in this work involved methodological development of geophysical ERT and MRS in order to adapt them to waste characterisation. In the case of ERT, several authors have shown that there may be false variations in the electrical resistivities calculated from inversions of data obtained during infiltration monitoring. This must be ascertained in order to establish whether they are artefacts of inversion or real resistivity variations. To validate the proposed solutions, the field ERT inversion results are compared with independent measurements (hydrological measurements, electrical resistivity measurements using buried probes, surface geophysical measurements). In the case of MRS One of the major problems of using MRS is the heterogeneous nature of waste, which affects the saturated water content distribution. Usually, MRS provides a 1D water content distribution. However, a 2D spatialised representation would be much better suited to the case of waste. For this reason it was decided to test a 2D inversion code developed at LTHE, based on a simple geometry medium, before carrying out experiments on real waste. The results of this 2D water content measurements are compared with other geophysical methods validate the 2D inversion code. The second stage involved analysing the geophysical results obtained from monitoring of leachate injection into the waste using the electrical resistivity method. The analysis of the ERT results provided information on the structure and hydrodynamic properties of the medium. The MRS results provided information on the hydraulic conductivity ranges in the waste mass studied. On the basis of this information and by combining the geophysical results with the hydrodynamic simulation (HYDRUS-2D), a conceptual model of leachate circulation in waste is proposed. The simulation results show that: waste cannot in any circumstances be compared to a homogeneous porous medium at the industrial scale; the medium is similar to a two-phase medium with a porous matrix of low hydraulic conductivity crossed by drains with a very high conductivity. Finally we found that combining geophysical tools with simple hydrodynamic simulation could open new perspectives for developing simulation tools applicable to industrial sites. This approach, and the methodological improvements proposed in this work, indicates that the research may be widened to include two other types of hydrological problem such as applied to infiltration in the top soil layers or identification of aquifer recharges systems
Guerrero, Olivier. "Comparaison et couplage de méthodes géophysiques pour l'amélioration des reconnaissances des sols dans les projets géotechniques en milieu périurbain." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0137/document.
Full textThe geotechnical study of a building project is a decisive step for the construction of it. The geotechnical engineer must define the mechanical behavior of soils from a limited number of drills. The problem of the geotechnical surveys is, on the one hand that difficult to extend a punctual data in the near space to the drills,and on the other hand to estimate the lateral variability of materials. In this context, this thesis develops an innovative approach by combination of geophysical methods to quantify the spatial variability of geoelectrical structures. In asecond time, against the known limits of the 3D modeling of soil geoelectrical structures, we have developed an innovative process of 3D modeling of the physical properties of soil by geophysical methods combination. These works allow characterizing the parameters who governing the positioning and the number of necessary primary data.Finally, an innovative measuring device of Kinematic Electrical Resistivity Tomography (KERT) has been developed. The validation of the device on three different site has allowed to highlight its ability to detect the soil geoelectrical structures within a linear of hundreds meters. This device is a valuable tool for studying soil geoelectrical structures in the context of high yield geophysical prospection
Jouen, Thomas. "Caractérisation de l'évolution de l'état de biodégradation des massifs de déchets non dangereux en post-exploitation : Application de méthodes géophysiques." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IAVF0010/document.
Full textStorage is the most commonly used waste treatment method in the world because it is a simple and economical way to dispose of solid waste. Despite a national and European desire to reduce the storage of biodegradable waste, a significant amount is still buried, leading to the implementation of specific management methods. Formerly exploited as mere filling pits, MSWL are today complex structures whose objective is to reduce the environmental impact and energetically valorize the biogas produced by the biodegradation of organic matter. In order to accelerate biodegradation processes, a waste cell can be operated in bioreactor mode by reinjecting leachates to increase the water content of the waste. The challenge of the 2000s was to size and validate leachate re-injection systems to ensure optimal distribution of water content in the waste mass. Today, the question is to monitor evolution of the biodegradation in all points of a waste mass in particular to understand the effect of this management mode. Geophysical methods in addition to being non-destructive and spatializing have been used for years on MSWLs and could be sensitive to the evolution of a waste mass biodegradation, as has been demonstrated for the biodegradation of others environments. Thus the problematic of this thesis is to evaluate the capacity of certain geophysical methods to monitor the evolution of the bio-physicochemical parameters of a waste mass during its biodegradation. A first bibliographic work identified four electrical methods among the geophysical methods available to answer this question:• Electrical resistivity• Self potential• Time domain induced polarization• Spectral induced polarizationAfter this state of the art, the thesis work was separated into three parts. The first one was devoted to the implementation of the monitoring of these four methods at the laboratory scale under controlled conditions, the second to analyze the long-term geophysical monitoring at the industrial site of SAS Les Champs Jouault and the last one to evaluate the observations at these two scales. Finally, the conclusion presents the potential of time domain induced polarization method as the most relevant to monitor the evolution of a waste mass biodegradation over time and discusses its use in an industrial setting
Toé, Ghislain. "Apport de nouvelles méthodes géophysiques à la connaissance des aquifères de socle : tomographie électrique : electromagnétisme fréquentiel : sondage par résonance magnétique protonique." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066583.
Full textHulot, Corinne. "Application de méthodes géophysiques à l'étude structurale des massifs volcaniques du Mont-Doré et du Sancy (massif central français) : implications géothermiques." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066302.
Full textContraires, Simon. "Effets hydrauliques d'une injection de CO2 en réservoir souterrain : Mise au point de méthodes géophysiques de surface permettant de suivre ces effets." Phd thesis, Institut de physique du globe de paris - IPGP, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00577680.
Full textFilahi, Mustapha. "Contribution des méthodes géophysiques, en particulier du RADAR géologique, à la cartographie des cavités souterraines de la Médina de Béni-Mellal -MAROC." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00812038.
Full textPrevost, Paoline. "Extraction des variations spatio-temporelles du champ de gravité à partir des données de la mission spatiale GRACE : méthodes et applications géophysiques." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEE017.
Full textMeasurements of the spatio-temporal variations of Earth’s gravity field recovered from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission have led to unprecedented insights into large spatial mass redistribution at secular, seasonal, and sub-seasonal time scales. GRACE solutions from various processing centers, while adopting different processing strategies, result in rather coherent estimates. However, these solutions also exhibit random as well as systematic errors, with specific spatial and temporal patterns in the latter. In order to dampen the noise and enhance the geophysical signals in the GRACE data, several methods have been proposed. Among these, methods based on filtering techniques require a priori assumptions regarding the spatio-temporal structure of the errors. Despite the large effort to improve the quality of GRACE data for always finer geophysical applications, removing noise remains a problematic question as discussed in Chapter 1. In this thesis, we explore an alternative approach, using a spatio-temporal filter, namely the Multichannel Singular Spectrum Analysis (M-SSA) described in Chapter 2. M-SSA is a data-adaptive, multivariate, and non-parametric method that simultaneously exploits the spatial and temporal correlations of geophysical fields to extract common modes of variability. We perform an M-SSA simultaneously on 13 years of GRACE spherical harmonics solutions from five different processing centers. We show that the method allows for the extraction of common modes of variability between solutions, and removal of the solution-specific spatio-temporal errors arising from each processing strategies. In particular, the method filters out efficiently the spurious North-South stripes, most likely caused by aliasing of the imperfect geophysical correction models of known phenomena. In Chapter 3, we compare our GRACE solution to other spherical harmonics solutions and to mass concentration (mascon) solutions which use a priori information on the spatio-temporal pattern of geophysical signals. We also compare performance of our M-SSA GRACE solution with respect to others by predicting surface displacements induced by GRACE-derived mass loading and comparing results with independent displacement data from stations of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Finally, in Chapter 4 we discuss the possible application of a refined GRACE solution to answer debated post-glacial rebound questions. More precisely, we focus on separating the post-glacial rebound signal related to past ice melting and the present ice melting in the region of South Georgia
Filahi, Mustapha. "Contribution des méthodes géophysiques, en particulier du RADAR géologique, à la cartographie des cavités souterraines de la Mélina de Béni-Mellal, Maroc." Paris 6, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00812038.
Full textCe mémoire traite de la contribution des méthodes géophysiques à la détection et à la cartographie des cavités souterraines de la Médina de Béni-Mellal. Il s’inscrit dans un projet de réhabilitation de la Médina, à l’initiative de l’Agence Urbaine de Béni-Mellal et des autorités municipale, régionale et nationale. La méthodologie mise en œuvre est celle proposée dans le Guide technique élaboré par le Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées de Nantes (2004). Le premier chapitre pose le problème des cavités, dites «Khefs», en relation avec l’histoire et la géographie de la médina. Le second chapitre traite des phases d’étude préliminaires à l’application de la géophysique. Une étude critique des documents et rapports antérieurs et des visites d’affleurements géologiques et de cavités, ont modifié profondément les hypothèses sur l’origine et la nature des cavités. Contrairement à ce qui a souvent été dit et écrit, il n’y a aucune cavité d’origine naturelle liée à la karstification. Il s’agit de cavités creusées par l’homme dans des matériaux détritiques et lacustres pour en extraire les matériaux de construction de la médina elle-même, sous la forme d’exploitation classique de type «chambres et piliers». La dégradation des cavités est également liée à l’activité anthropique. Le troisième chapitre traite du choix des méthodes géophysiques mises en œuvre et présente les résultats de trois d’entre elles. La sismique réfraction n’est pas recommandée. La tomographie électrique et l’électromagnétisme en champ proche sont en revanche recommandés. Sept exemples de profils de tomographie 2D sont présentés, qui montrent clairement la présence d’anomalies résistantes attendues : leur toit est situé entre 0,50 m et 1, 50 m de profondeur ; leur extension latérale est inférieure à 5m. Cinq profils et 2 cartes électromagnétiques démontrent la capacité à cartographier les variations de la géologie superficielle et la sensibilité aux contacts verticaux entre les vides et les matériaux détritiques en place. Le quatrième chapitre présente les résultats obtenus avec le radar géologique sur une zone expérimentale de la médina. Des exemples spécifiques sont extraits des 270 profiles qui ont été enregistrés, avec une antenne de 400 MHz pour la totalité et une antenne de 200 MHz pour quelques uns. Les résultats ont été contrôlés par 17 forages. La confirmation est satisfaisante : 7 forages ont rencontré les vides tel que prévu, 2 les ont rencontrés à une profondeur supérieure à la profondeur d’investigation, 5 ont mis en évidence un réflecteur géologique comme prévu, 2 n’ont rencontré aucun réflecteur comme prévu et enfin pour 1 seul d’entre eux, le forage destructif n’a pas permis d’identifier le réflecteur attendu. Un début d’étude sur les traces et sur les spectres, en particulier les spectres glissants, semble ouvrir des voies prometteuses pour une interprétation des radargrammes, avec un nombre limité de forages ultérieurs. Le cinquième chapitre présente une synthèse des résultats et répond notamment aux questions posées par les directeurs du projet. Une carte de toutes les cavités détectées par l’ensemble des techniques est présentée. Il y en a près de 200. Aucune zone de la Médina n’est épargnée. En revanche, cette présence n’interdit pratiquement aucun projet d’aménagement ou d’urbanisme. A chaque usage d’un lieu, un traitement spécifique est proposé, dont le coût devrait rester faible par comparaison avec celui de la construction elle-même. Des propositions sont également faites concernant les réseaux, en bon accord avec des solutions de principe proposées précédemment par des bureaux d’ étude compétents. En bref, les cavités passent du statut de danger inéluctable et imprévisible, à celui d’éléments apprivoisés de la vie de la médina
Mojica, Abrego Alexis. "Application des méthodes géophysiques à la détection des sites précolombiens dans la région centrale de Panama et paramétrisation géoarchéologique dans le site hispanique de Panama Viejo." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066692.
Full textKomatitsch, Dimitri. "Méthodes spectrales et éléments spectraux pour l'équation de l'élastodynamique 2D et 3D en milieu hétérogène." Phd thesis, Institut de physique du globe de paris - IPGP, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007568.
Full textDans l'introduction générale, nous définissons les différents types de modèles géophysiques que nous souhaitons étudier, et rappelons l'intérêt qu'il peut y avoir à être capable de calculer le comportement des ondes sismiques dans de telles structures. Nous passons brièvement en revue les différentes techniques de modélisation numérique ordinairement utilisées pour résoudre les problèmes de propagation d'ondes dans de tels milieux, et rappelons sommairement leurs principales caractéristiques ainsi que leurs principales limitations. Les avantages potentiels de l'approche que nous introduisons dans cette thèse sont déduits de ce rapide tour d'horizon.
Dans une première partie, nous rappelons brièvement les lois essentielles de la mécanique des milieux continus et de l'élastodynamique. Nous mentionnons les principaux types d'ondes pouvant exister dans un milieu élastique. Les propriétés particulières des ondes de surface et d'interface dans de tels modèles sont également mentionnées.
Dans une deuxième partie, nous introduisons et validons une méthode pseudo-spectrale globale fondée sur la formulation différentielle tensorielle des équations de l'élastodynamique, adaptée au traitement de géométries déformées et de surfaces non planes. Nous montrons son application à quelques cas simples, nous mettons en évidence des effets intéressants liés à la topographie, mais soulignons aussi ses limitations intrinsèques. Nous en déduisons la nécessité d'utiliser une méthode plus souple que la formulation différentielle classique (différences finies, méthodes spectrales ou pseudo-spectrales) pour le traitement de cas réalistes (typiquement, une méthode variationnelle avec décomposition de domaine).
Dans une troisième partie, constituant le cœur de ce travail de thèse, nous introduisons et développons tant à 2D qu'à 3D une formulation variationnelle d'ordre élevé des équations de l'élastodynamique, dite " méthode des éléments spectraux ", et nous mettons en évidence ses propriétés sur différents problèmes classiques de complexité croissante (problème de Lamb, problème de Garvin, onde de Rayleigh sur une surface courbe...). Puis nous présentons l'application de cette méthode à des modèles 2D et 3D plus complexes, pour lesquels de forts effets liés notamment à la topographie sont mis en évidence. Nous obtenons en particulier de fortes amplifications locales du champ d'accélération et de déplacement dans de tels modèles (effets de site). Dans le cas d'un modèle tridimensionnel, nous montrons que ces effets dépendent fortement de la polarisation du champ incident. L'efficacité de la méthode sur un calculateur parallèle est également discutée et illustrée.
Dans une quatrième partie, nous avons regroupé deux petites études que nous avons menées au cours de nos recherches pour résoudre l'équation des ondes à 1D (ondelettes et volumes finis).
Brahimi, Sonia. "Caractérisation géophysique (méthodes potentielles, imagerie sismique) de structures géologiques : des terranes panafricains de la chaine trans-saharienne, aux vallées-tunnel et incisions glaciaires de la Mer du Nord et d'Algérie." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAH005.
Full textThe magnetic and gravimetric data analysis of the northern part of the trans-saharan belt allowed to propose a geophysical and rheological compartmentalization map of its crustal structures and to visualize the Tuareg shield terranes over 1000 km to the north, under the saharan sedimentary basins and several aspects have been discussed. A pseudo network of four successive generations of paleovalleys and incisions has been identified on the upper Ordovician glacial succession in the north-eastern part of the Illizi basin on the basis of high-resolution seismic data. For each incision, the geometry and seismic facies of their filling have been determined. Parallelism between the distribution of some paleovalleys and magnetic anomaly orientations has been observed, but no stratigraphic relationship between them has been identified on seismic sections. A complex network of Pleistocene glacial tunnel valleys in the North Sea has been identified on the basis of high-resolution aeromagnetic data. A detailed magnetic analysis was performed by combining several magnetic methods. Finally, 2D synthetic magnetic models were calculated for Ordovician incisions, applied in the case of the Illizi basin. The results obtained show that their magnetic detection is possible, if a high-resolution magnetic survey would still be available
Vidard, Arthur. "Assimilation de données et méthodes adjointes pour la géophysique." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00939130.
Full textVoitus, Fabrice. "Étude de la faisabilité des conditions aux limites latérales bien posées et transparentes dans la dynamique des modèles Aladin et Arome." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/843/.
Full textNeveu, Emilie. "Applications des méthodes multigrilles à l'assimilation de données en géophysique." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00693486.
Full textLarmat, Carène. "Applications géophysiques de la méthode couplée solution modale-éléments spectraux." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GLOB0001.
Full textFleury, Simon. "Méthode magnétique appliquée à l'exploration multi-échelle du Bassin de Franceville." Strasbourg, 2011. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2011/FLEURY_Simon_2011.pdf.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to develop new tools in magnetic method to characterize geological units. First, we present theoretical and numerical developments of the potential field theory for magnetic method in space and frequency domains. We generalize the reduction-to-the-pole transformation so that symmetrical sources cause symmetrical magnetic functions. Thus, the superpotential functions are newly defined for magnetic methods. The magnetic anomaly tensor is defined as the superpotential second derivatives. These two new functions have interesting symmetry properties that help magnetic maps interpretation. Second, we apply our results to analyze aeromagnetic data from the Franceville Basin collected in Gabon by AREVA NC for mining exploration. The aim of this study is to analyze these data in order to establish a new structural map and identify potential uranium targets. The metallogenic model of the Francevillian uranium helps us to link the presence of potential uranium deposits with the existence of magnetic anomalies. A multi-scale study is carried out in Fourier domain to explore sub-surface faults and the deep basement. The magnetic tensor acts as directional filtering and enables us to locate 2D structures. To conclude, we gather the results in a structural map providing the structuralist new information regarding uranium deposits of economic interest
Neveu, Émilie. "Application des méthodes multigrilles à l'assimilation variationnelle de données en géophysique." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00574221.
Full textSihombing, Halasan. "Les méthodes électromagnétiques de prospection : interprétation - prolongement - migration." Paris 6, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA066726.
Full textTournerie, Benoît. "Imagerie de Réflecteurs Electromagnétiques en Régime Diffusif : Méthode et Applications en Géophysique." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00675894.
Full textPoirmeur, Christophe. "Modélisation tridimensionnelle en courant continu : méthode et applications à la prospection géophysique." Montpellier 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON20176.
Full textUng, Philippe. "Simulation numérique du transport sédimentaire : aspects déterministes et stochastiques." Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2019/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we are interested on the study of a sediment transport model through two different approaches. One of them concerns the numerical modelling of the problem and proposes a numerical problem-solving method based on an approximate Riemann solver for the Saint-Venant-Exner system which is one of the most common model to deal with sedimentary bed-load transport. This last one is based on a coupling between the hydraulic model of Saint-Venant and the morphodynamic model of Exner. The key point of the proposed method is the treatment of the coupling issue. Indeed, there exists two strategies; the first one consists on decoupling the resolution of the fluid part from the solid part and making them interact at fixed times whereas the second one considers a coupled approach to solve the system by jointly updating the hydraulic and solid quantities at same times. We then raise the issue of the choice of the strategy for which we suggest answers by comparing both approaches. The other one focuses on the development of a methodology to study the uncertainties related to the model previously mentioned. To this end, we propose a stochastic formulation of the Saint-Venant-Exner system and we look for characterizing the variabilities of the outputs in relation to the naturally random input parameters. This first study reveals the need for a return to the Saint-Venant system with a perturbed bed to understand the sensitivity of the hydraulic quantities on the topographical perturbations
Brabant, Anne. "Présentation de quatre méthodes d'inversion en tomographie océanique." Aix-Marseille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX22065.
Full textAbdul, Samad Feras. "Polarisation provoquée : expérimentation, modélisation et applications géophysiques." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066049/document.
Full textThe physical mechanisms responsible for the induced polarization response over the frequency range (from 1 mHz to 20 kHz) are not completely understood. In particular, within the framework of this thesis, two subjects have been addressed. The origin of the signal observed at high frequency (HF) (>1 kHz) was analyzed by carrying out Spectral IP measurements on tap water samples. A phase deviation from the expected response has been observed at HF. The resulted deviation in phase appears to be dependent on the measuring electrode type (potential electrodes) and conductivity of the medium. A model based on an equivalent electrical circuit and designed to represent HF response, has been proposed to correct these effects. The mechanism responsible for the polarization in a medium containing semi-conductor grains has been investigated by analyzing the dependence of the relaxation time. We carried out experimental measurements on a sand medium containing different types of semi-conductors. The spectral response was studied by varying the concentration and type of the electrolyte, the size and content of semi-conductor grains. By using the finite element method, a 2D numerical simulation based on Poisson-Nernst-Planck equations was performed in time and frequency domains. The experimental results are qualitatively in accordance with numerical simulation. It showed a comparable decrease in the relaxation time when increasing the electrolyte concentration. Finally, field measurements on a paleo-mining site containing semi-conductor grains have been acquired. Time-domain IP measurements allowed us to define the zones of slag in the site and led to estimate the slag volume
Girard, Jean-Francois. "Contribution à l'Hydro-Géophysique : Développements et Applications de la Résonance Magnétique Protonique et des Méthodes Electromagnétiques." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Strasbourg, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00472209.
Full textPicheral, José. "Méthodes à haute résolution pour l'estimation conjointe angles/retards : applications à l'UMTS et à la géophysique." Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA112052.
Full textThis thesis discusses the use of high resolution techniques for joint angle and delay estimation. Two applications are considered one in the field of mobile telecommunications and the other in geophysics. A model for a multipaths signal received by a linear uniform array (sensors may be multi-components) is discussed. High resolution methods are known for their ability to estimate accurately the sinusoidal parameters. In addition problem of angle and delay estimation can-be reduced to a two-dimensional sinusoidal model. Joint angles and delays estimation makes it possible to carry out a parametric estimation of the channel of propagation in mobile communication for time-division systems. Because of the reflections of the transmitted signal, the signal received at the base station can be modelled by a sum of echoes. Parametric estimation is based on a multipaths channel model reducing the number of parameters to three parameters for each path: angle of arrival, delay and the attenuation factor. In addition, this parameterization allows to use stationarity of angle and delay parameters. The interest of the parametric approach with respect to classical approach has been shown by calculating the analytical bounds for the variance of the channel estimate. In addition, simulations for the complete the TD-CDMA system made it possible to show the improvement of performance obtained thanks to parametric estimation in particular on realistic models of channel. We proposed to carry out joint velocity and polarization estimation of the seismic waves in order to perform waves separation. In particular this method was applied for ground-rol attenuation. For joint velocity and polarization estimation, we proposed two methods based on the principle of ESPRIT for wide band signals. The parameters thus estimated make it possible to rebuild the waves of surface and to eliminate it by difference. The results obtained on synthetic and real data highlight the efficiency of the proposed method
Nakolendousse, Samuel. "Méthode d'évaluation de la productivité des sites aquifères au Burkina Faso : géologie, géophysique, télédétection." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1991. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00756438.
Full textFilali, Jaouhari Khalid. "Étude des mouvements des gaz dans le sol par une méthode nucléaire : application géophysique." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF2S896.
Full textAmraoui, Samira. "Assimilation de données pour la géophysique externe : la méthode du back-and-forth nudging." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR4097.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis is to provide a general methodology to use a recently developed data assimilation method called back-and-forth nudging. The name «back-and-forth» referred to the successive back-and-forths in time performed by this method until obtaining a suitable estimation of the state. The back-and-forth nudging method is a low-computational method known for its simplicity of implementation, as it does not require any differentiation of complex operators and any optimization process contrary to variational methods. In addition, it does not require estimation of covariance errors as for sequential methods. This method is able to provide a state estimation over a finite-time domain, which is particularly interesting for chaotic problems highly sensitive to perturbation of initial condition or constant parameters. First, we aim to address the main difficulty of back-and-forth nudging method which is to maintain the continuity of error convergence at the switching times between forward and backward dynamics. To overcome this problem, we have shown the existence of a common Lyapunov function for both dynamics. This convergence result has been found out for a large class of non-autonomous and non-linear dynamics to estimate initial condition as well as model parameter. The second axis is dedicated to the study of physical properties alteration, this phenomenon had been noticed in past experiments using standard nudging method. These alterations are due to the very nature of the method, modifying the physical structure by injecting directly in the model an innovation term. We have demonstrated that data injection using back-and-forth nudging far less invasive for the physical dynamics than using standard nudging. Finally, in order to validate the efficiency of the method in a realistic context, we have investigated the assimilation of operational data from the future SWOT satellite mission in order to provide ocean dynamics estimation at every layer of Gulf-Stream's oceanic region. After a theoretical study of error convergence with the multi-layered quasi-geostrophic model, the method has been tested numerically with imperfect data by injecting additional noise, in order to guarantee the robustness of the method