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Journal articles on the topic 'Methodological skepticism'
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1
Rusin, Jill. "Characterizing Skepticism’s Import." International Journal for the Study of Skepticism 2, no. 2 (2012): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221057012x627249.
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This paper discusses a common contemporary characterization of skepticism and skeptical arguments—that their real importance is instrumental, that they “drive progress in philosophy.” I explore two possible contrasts to the idea that skepticism’s significance is thus wholly methodological. First, I recall for the reader a range of views that can be understood as ‘truth in skepticism’ views. These concessive views are those most clearly at odds with the idea that skepticism is false, but instrumentally valuable. Considering the contributions of such ‘truth in skepticism’ theorists, I argue, shows that the good of furthering philosophical progress is partly achieved by the work of those who would reject the ‘merely methodological’ view of skepticism’s import. While this shows such a view of skepticism’s import to be partially self-effacing, it is not therefore incoherent. Rather, the characterization is revealed to be wedded to particular diagnoses of skepticism, and not independently innocuous or neutral. Second, I discuss the idea that the ‘merely methodological’ characterization of skepticism’s import draws a contrast with philosophical positions or theses that are supposed to have practical teeth. Here, I think the danger of acquiescing too readily to this view is that the normative import of skeptical arguments is obscured. At a time when discussions of the value of knowledge are in ascendency, this in particular seems a loss—a route from consideration of skeptical arguments to broader normative questions worth keeping open is rather more obscured than opened up. Any radically revisionary outcome of an encounter with skepticism is less likely, led by such an understanding, just when there is opportunity instead to connect up with broad questions of epistemic value. For these reasons I argue the characterization is not one to too readily, unthinkingly, endorse.
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Lee, Richard. "Being Skeptical about Skepticism: Methodological Themes concerning Ockham's Alleged Skepticism." Vivarium 39, no. 1 (2001): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685340152882516.
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Alcock, James E. "On the importance of methodological skepticism." New Ideas in Psychology 9, no. 2 (January 1991): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0732-118x(91)90018-h.
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Misyurov, Nikolay Nikolayevich. "“POSITIVE SKEPTICISM” AS THE METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE OF FR. SCHLEGEL’S “HIGHER” PHILOSOPHY." Herald of Omsk University 25, no. 1 (May 22, 2020): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/1812-3996.2020.25(1).36-42.
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Discusses the concept in romanticism the problem of the volatility and uncertainty of sen-sual impressions; this leads to subjectivity and deceptiveness of the conclusions. F. Schle-gel separates the “perfect” philosophy of idealism. A critical attitude to contemporary phi-losophy is based on the romantic thesis of “eternal” variability of the human spirit and the philosophy of I. Kant as critics in accordance with the essence of skepticism. “Positive” skepticism is seen as a methodological principle of constructing a “predictive” philosophi-cal system, which will be filmed dialectical contradiction between “experience” and “na-ture”. The skepticism in relation to other philosophical systems, previous and current, un-derstood as romantic model controversy. It concludes that criticism of philosophy meant to actually search for “really a philosophical” system.
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Hall, Edward. "SKEPTICISM ABOUT UNCONSTRAINED UTOPIANISM." Social Philosophy and Policy 33, no. 1-2 (2016): 76–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052516000364.
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Abstract:In this essay, I critically engage with a methodological approach in contemporary political theory — unconstrained utopianism — which holds that we can only determine how we should live by first giving an account of the principles that would govern society if people were perfectly morally motivated. I provide reasons for being skeptical of this claim. To begin with I query the robustness of the principles unconstrained utopianism purportedly delivers. While the method can be understood as offering existence proofs, because we can devise other situations in which morally flawless decision making would unearth alternative sets of principles, I argue that such proofs tell us surprisingly little about how we should live in general. Drawing on this point, I contend that normative models that wish away certain phenomena that are uncontroversially central to any account of politics cannot plausibly claim to tell us how we should live in political society. I conclude by offering a more positive sketch of why avoiding this brand of utopianism might not represent a problematic capitulation to the morally nonideal and suggest that theorizing in light of certain constraints may be a precondition of good normative theorizing itself.
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HOLOVACH, Volodymyr, and Tetiana HOLOVACH. "The concept of the auditor's professional skepticism and its genesis." Economics. Finances. Law 2, no. - (March 3, 2022): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2022.2.1.
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The paper considers such a fundamental principle of audit as the auditor's professional skepticism. Guided by an integrated approach, the conceptual foundations of professional skepticism, patterns of its origin, its formation and development are determined depending on the understanding of the public function of audit and the auditor's duty to detect the fraud at the appropriate historical stage. It is noted that the concept of skepticism has a deep history and is considered in philosophy, psychology, law and other sciences. It is concluded that in the aspect of audit the methodological skepticism deserves attention, which is not limited to doubt, but is aimed at making sound hypotheses. Their construction and verification are subject to the general laws of gnoseology, which directly apply to the auditor's cognitive activity. Based on this approach, it is proposed to consider a hypothetical judgment in audit activity to identify and assess the risks of fraud from the standpoint of professional skepticism as making and verifying assumptions in the form of a version. Thus, the professional judgment of the auditor, which takes the form of professional skepticism, is necessarily based on the conclusions of the opposite or contradictory judgment. The paper also presents a critical assessment of the Law of Ukraine "On Auditing Financial Statements and Auditing" to determine the content of professional skepticism. The ways to improve national legislation and its conformation with the requirements of International Standards on Audit are proposed.
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Parascandola, Mark. "Skepticism, Statistical Methods, and the Cigarette: A Historical Analysis of a Methodological Debate." Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 47, no. 2 (2004): 244–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2004.0032.
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Coliva, Annalisa. "What Do Philosophers Do? Maddy, Moore and Wittgenstein." International Journal for the Study of Skepticism 8, no. 3 (September 21, 2018): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105700-20181341.
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The paper discusses and presents an alternative interpretation to Penelope Maddy’s reading of G.E. Moore’s and Ludwig Wittgenstein’s anti-skeptical strategies as proposed in her book What Do Philosophers Do? Skepticism and the Practice of Philosophy. It connects this discussion with the methodological claims Maddy puts forward and offers an alternative to her therapeutic reading of Wittgenstein’s On Certainty.
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Elkins, Zachary, and Tom Ginsburg. "On disruption and leximetrics: A reply to Niels Petersen and Konstantin Chatziathanasiou." International Journal of Constitutional Law 19, no. 5 (December 1, 2021): 1835–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/moab121.
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Abstract We explore the apparent disruption of legal scholarship wrought by leximetrics—variable-oriented, predictive methods. We view the skepticism surrounding leximetrics as healthy, in that it focuses attention on some central inferential challenges relevant to most empirical methods. Scholarly anxiety may be a natural by-product of this disruption, as scholars navigate the rise and fall in popularity of various ideas and approaches. Some of this anxiety is related to a perceived hierarchy of methodological approaches in social science. Nonetheless, we are hopeful that broadminded, ecumenical tastes will prevail. One likely future for legal scholars is similar to that of political science, whose practitioners have largely embraced methodological pluralism, and maintained the value of case-oriented research.
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DeRose, Keith. "Précis of The Appearance of Ignorance: Knowledge, Skepticism, and Context, Vol. 2." International Journal for the Study of Skepticism 10, no. 1 (March 3, 2020): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105700-20191398.
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The Appearance of Ignorance develops and champions contextualist solutions to the puzzles of skeptical hypotheses and of lotteries. It is argued that, at least by ordinary standards for knowledge, we do know that skeptical hypotheses are false, and that we’ve lost the lottery. Accounting for how it is that we know that skeptical hypotheses are false and why it seems that we don’t know that they’re false tells us a lot, both about what knowledge is and how knowledge attributions work. Along the way, the following are all explained and defended: Moorean methodological approaches to skepticism, on which one seeks to defeat, rather than refute, the skeptic; contextualist responses to skepticism; contextualist substantive Mooreanism; the basic safety approach to knowledge and the double-safety picture of what knowledge is; insensitivity accounts of various appearances of ignorance; the closure principle for knowledge; and the claim that our knowledge that we are not brains in vats is a priori, despite its being knowledge of a deeply contingent fact.
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Howard, Douglas A. "Why Timars? Why Now? Ottoman Timars in the Light of Recent Historiography." Turkish Historical Review 8, no. 2 (November 7, 2017): 119–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18775462-00802002.
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Ottoman historians lost interest in timars a generation ago due to simultaneous intellectual and political crises, namely methodological skepticism and the end of the cold war. The archival methodology used in timar research was subjected to withering critique, and the underlying motivation for the research, land reform in East-Central Europe and Turkey, was dissipated. Renewed scholarly interest in the timar institution is driven by awareness of transnational themes, efforts to theorize complexity, and the value of transparency and self-consciousness in research agendas.
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Arnold, Bill T. "Deuteronomy as the "Ipsissima Vox" of Moses." Journal of Theological Interpretation 4, no. 1 (2010): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/jtheointe.4.1.0053.
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Abstract Research on ancient Israel's legal corpora has focused in recent years on the way these portions of the Pentateuch relate to each other diachronically. This sort of research opens new avenues for investigating the significance of Deuteronomy's self-attribution as the speeches of Moses and may address the supposed impasse between fideism and skepticism among today's hermeneutical options. This article explores the methodological options in light of the book's attributions to Moses and proposes that Deuteronomy should be understood as the ipsissima vox rather than the ipsissima verba of Moses.
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Ogilvie, Ryan, and Peter Carruthers. "Better tests of consciousness are needed, but skepticism about unconscious processes is unwarranted." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, no. 1 (January 24, 2014): 36–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x13000800.
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AbstractWhat people report is, at times, the best evidence we have for what they experience. Newell & Shanks (N&S) do a service for debates regarding the role of unconscious influences on decision making by offering some sound methodological recommendations. We doubt, however, that those recommendations go far enough. For even if people have knowledge of the factors that influence their decisions, it does not follow that such knowledge is conscious, and plays a causal role, at the time the decision is made. Moreover, N&S fail to demonstrate that unconscious thought plays no role at all in decision making. Indeed, such a claim is quite implausible. In making these points we comment on their discussion of the literature on expertise acquisition and the Iowa Gambling Task.
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Maltsev, A. A. "Diaspora of economists and Russian economics: In search of common ground." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 4 (April 28, 2018): 129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2018-4-129-148.
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The article summarizes the results of a survey of 77 representatives of the Russian diaspora of academic economists (RDAE) carried out in the summer of 2017. Its main purpose was to find out the differences in theoretical views between RDAE members and Russian economists. The analysis has shown that the existing theoretical and methodological discrepancies are not the main obstacle for strengthening the cooperation between the two scientific communities. A key factor constraining the deepening of RDAE’s participation in the Russian academic life is the continuing skepticism of some of the Russian economists concerning the ideas coming from “outside”, as well as the bureaucratization of the Russian scientific and educational sphere.
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Barrett, Jason M. "Writing Assessment in the Humanities:." Journal of Assessment and Institutional Effectiveness 2, no. 2 (August 1, 2012): 171–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jasseinsteffe.2.2.171.
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Abstract This article examines methodological and institutional challenges for empirically measuring student performance on writing. Writing's intrinsic subjectivity and the great variety of writing formats appropriate to diverse contexts raise fundamental questions about the empirical bias of the assessment culture taking root in U.S. higher education. At the same time, the academic training of humanist scholars, who typically have primary responsibility for writing pedagogy in universities, may predispose them to skepticism about assessment culture's broader mission. This article narrates the process by which the Humanities Department at Lawrence Technological University implemented a writing assessment process designed to address these challenges and evaluates the data generated by this process.
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Svetlov, Roman, and Konstantin Shevtsov. "Scepsis and paradox: the problem of skepticism in Plato and the ancient tradition of paradoxes." ΣΧΟΛΗ. Ancient Philosophy and the Classical Tradition 13, no. 2 (2019): 683–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1995-4328-2019-13-2-683-694.
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The subject of the research is the question of what texts of Plato could become a stimulus for the formation of skeptical ideas in the Academy. Can we, in particular, raise the question of the presence in the texts of Plato of something similar to the principle of the “epoche”, which is the most important methodological sign of skepticism? Can be compared with skepticism the elenchic strategy of Socrates? In our opinion, there are a number of moments in the works of Plato, which brings him closer to skeptical discourse (although this does not make him a skeptic). We dwell only on two of them. The first is the ability of the protagonists of his dialogues to hold in their arguments the two opposite sides of the subject in their undoubted difference and, at the same time, in mutual necessity. This is the Platonic dialectic in its true expression, examples of which we see in the Sophistes and the Parmenides. The second specific aspect of Plato's thought is in the formulation by Plato of a number of logical paradoxes. In its classic version, it became known, however, a little later, in the works of representatives of the Megarian school. We shall deal in more detail with the paradox of the liar, or “the thesis of Epimenides”, which is often seen as a classic example of a self-referential statement. The article will show analogies to the paradox of the liar in Plato's texts. The key point is the last argument from the Theaetetus, where Socrates examines the definition of knowledge as a true opinion with the addition of a specifying attribute (Thaet 201c-208d), as well as the 7th and 8th hypotheses of the Parmenides (Parm. 164b-166c). It seems to us that this moment of the Platonic dialectic also turns out to be a definite resource for the future “skeptical turn” in the Academy. Especially in the situation when the dialogues of Plato were discussed in terms of interest in the arguments of Pyrrho and the Megarians, for whom paradoxes were one of the important methodological tools.
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Spry, Tami. "Systems of Silence." International Review of Qualitative Research 1, no. 1 (May 2008): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/irqr.2008.1.1.75.
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This essay offers a continuation of the dialogue of desire proposed by Anna Deavere Smith and Cornell West to find a language that speaks the complexity of race while simultaneously creating supportive productive diverse communities. As a white performative autoethnographer, a methodological skepticism of language's ability to represent race seems a critically productive space to speak into this desire. In our racialized copresence with one another, how does language function to perpetuate racial hegemonies, and then, how can autoethnography performatively interrupt hegemonic practices for the purpose of reimagining and repositioning agency? What follows are fragmented responses to that question, refracted critical self-reflexions representing my own struggle to construct pieces of the language that Smith and West speak of.
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O’Mahoney, Joseph. "Why did they do that?: the methodology of reasons for action." International Theory 7, no. 2 (April 29, 2015): 231–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175297191500007x.
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‘Why did they do that?’ is one of the most common questions in International Relations. However, we cannot access other people’s reasons for action the same way that we perceive our own; we cannot introspect the reasons of other actors. This paper provides a unifying framework that delineates different types of knowledge claims regarding reason attribution. There are three possible methodological responses: (1) assume a possible reason and explain behavior in terms of that reason; (2) avoid the direct attribution of reason to individuals and locate explanatory leverage at an analytical level beyond the individual actor reason; and (3) use empirical evidence to adjudicate between possible reasons. Excessive skepticism of evidence of reasons lessens our understanding of the causes of action. When using empirical evidence, contrary to existing arguments, the paper shows that private settings do not systematically favor the true revelation of reasons. The paper also proposes a general principle, consilience, that allows evaluation of empirical claims of reason attribution that subsumes several existing methodological considerations, organizes them, and gives a consistent means of choosing between alternative reason attributions.
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Pchelkina, Daria Sergeevna. "Digital ethnography: methodological foundations in the cultural study of ethnic manifestation." Siberian Journal of Anthropology 5, no. 4 (2021): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31804/2542-1816-2021-5-4-25-33.
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Abstract The emergence and development of a global communication space leads to the transformation of the territorial and social structures of society, both on a global scale and in relation to a single territory, which in turn transforms the cultural system in general and ethnic culture in particular. Marshall McLuhan, one of the main theorists of the field of new media, stated about such transformations back in 1964, defining modern culture as a culture based on electricity, and also stating that due to the limitless development of information, people become involved in each other's affairs at the level of involvement in their own problems. The article is of an overview nature. It is devoted to the consistent consideration of some classical (despite its short history of the development of the direction at the moment) and modern theories of digital ethnography, conceptual and methodological approaches, the main provisions of the study of ethnic manifestation. The article also focuses on the potential of online communities as a space for the representation of ethnic identity and its manifestation, presented today in an interactive environment. It is noted that the ethnic manifestation formed in the Internet sphere is constructed based on the degree of mediation and remediation of the individual and the entire ethno-cultural group. It is important to note that the self-representation of indigenous peoples in the interactive space sometimes becomes the only possible option for them. Digital ethnographic research is carried out faster chronologically and richer in terms of immersion in the object of research. The key problems of ethnographic methods are considered to be distrust of the researcher due to the novelty of the scientific field, a wary attitude to empirical material in cyberethnography – data collection in online communities causes skepticism, as far as the received array of information can be considered empirical material.
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Ronzoni, Miriam. "Constructivism and Practical Reason: On Intersubjectivity, Abstraction, and Judgment." Journal of Moral Philosophy 7, no. 1 (2010): 74–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/174046809x12544019606102.
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AbstractThe article offers an account of the constructivist methodology in ethics and political philosophy as 1) deriving from an agnostic moral ontology and 2) proposing intersubjective justifiability as the criterion of justification for normative principles. It then asks whether constructivism, conceived in this way, can respond to the challenge of “content skepticism about practical reason”, namely whether it can provide sufficiently precise normative guidance whilst remaining faithful to its methodological commitment. The paper critically examines to alternative way of meeting this challenge, namely John Rawls's original position and O'Neill's Kantian constructivism, analyses what is problematic about both, and endorses a third, possibly intermediate model. Within such a model, the basic features of the original position are accepted, but in a flexible and heuristic manner, thereby accommodating some of O'Neill's concerns.
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L. Knutsen, Torbjørn. "Ivers oeuvre." Internasjonal Politikk 77, no. 2 (2019): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/intpol.v77.1615.
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Iver Neumann has been one of the most productive and visible foreign policy and IR scholars of his generation. He has had great influence both internationally and at NUPI. He has, however, not become a prophet in his own country. Norway’s political science community has expressed little interest in the three traditions that have been the lasting anchor points in Neumann’s works: the English School, the German tradition of critical theory and French post-modernism. This article suggests that Norwegian political studies have expressed a lack of curiosity – if not an active skepticism – towards political theory in general and continental approaches in particular. The errand here is not to wonder why. Rather, it is to provide the briefest of glimpses into some of the perspectives that lie outside the Anglo-American, methodological mainstream of Norwegian political science.
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Reynolds, Terrence. "Historicism, Truth Claims, and the Teaching of Ethics." Horizons 23, no. 1 (1996): 86–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0360966900029868.
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AbstractThis article analyzes the impact of postmodernism on the meaning, truth, and justification of claims in contemporary theology and ethics. It argues that historicist premises do not lead inexorably from a naïve objectivism in ethics to ethical relativism, as Sheila Greeve Davaney and Richard Rorty suggest. Instead, as the work of Carol Christ and Jeffrey Stout has argued, theologians and ethicists are justified in making indirect, web-of-belief related claims to ontological truth. Christ's theological realism and Stout's modest pragmatism both appear able to support meaningful discussions of truth, while avoiding the related dangers of relativism, skepticism, and nihilism. Paying careful attention to these methodological issues in a course on Religious Ethics and Moral Issues has proved very effective in overcoming student acquiescence to a relativist perspective, and in enabling them to propose and defend their own moral views with greater confidence.
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Patterson, Orlando, and Xiaolin Zhuo. "Modern Trafficking, Slavery, and Other Forms of Servitude." Annual Review of Sociology 44, no. 1 (July 30, 2018): 407–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041147.
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The claim that there has been a remarkable revival of slavery, other forms of forced labor, and human trafficking in our times has inspired widespread activism and a vast body of popular and academic works. Although the conflation of terms, exaggerated empirical claims, and a shortage of evidence-based work have prompted legitimate scholarly skepticism, modern trafficking and forms of servitude do present urgent problems for researchers, lawmakers and reformers. We first clarify the most basic terms in the field—servitude, forced labor, slavery, trafficking, and smuggling—then examine all forms of servitude and evaluate the degree to which they properly amount to slavery or result from trafficking. This is followed by an examination of methodological problems in the measurement of types of servitude and a brief analysis of the factors accounting for its contemporary revival. We aim to encourage more scholarly enquiries from sociologists who are uniquely qualified to explore this problem.
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Terezis, Christos, and Lydia Petridou. "The metaphysical “monistic” approach of the Platonic Timaeus by the Neo-Platonist Proclus." Journal of Ancient Philosophy 14, no. 1 (May 22, 2020): 116–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1981-9471.v14i1p116-160.
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In this article, we focus on Proclus' commentary on Plato's Timaeus (30a3-6) about how the divine Demiurge intervenes in matter. It is an interesting extract due to the fact that Proclus manages to combine philosophical perspective with theological interpretation and scientific analysis. In the six chapters of the article, we present the theory on dualism established by the representatives of Middle Platonism, we approach the question of the production of the corporeal hypostases, we examine limit and unlimited as productive powers, we explain production in the sense of co-production as well as why matter without qualities is excluded from the entire procedure, and we discuss the principle of the supremacy of the supreme Principle. The most important conclusion drawn according to Proclus, who adopts moderate skepticism, is that, although in his early dialogues Plato tends to dualism, he does this for methodological purposes, for Plato's views are actually connected with ontological monism.
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Cavaliere, Robert, and David Schiff. "Chemotherapy and cerebral metastases: misperception or reality?" Neurosurgical Focus 22, no. 3 (March 2007): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.2007.22.3.7.
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✓Cerebral metastases remain a common complication among patients with cancer. Surgery and radiotherapy remain the principal therapeutic interventions. In contrast, the benefit of chemotherapy has long been viewed with skepticism. Nonetheless, as survival in cancer patients improves and the incidence of cerebral metastases increases, so does the demand for effective therapies. It is now recognized that the blood–brain barrier within metastases is permeable and thus allows entry of otherwise excluded drugs. Limited data have suggested that cerebral metastases have modest sensitivity to chemotherapy. Furthermore, novel agents and delivery strategies have been developed to facilitate central nervous system penetration. Nonetheless, data are limited by methodological flaws, including heterogeneous inclusion criteria, small sample sizes, lack of randomization, and inconsistencies in defined end points and response assessment criteria. Well-designed clinical trials are needed to address the effect of chemotherapy. Acceptable control arms must be established to measure the effect of chemotherapies. Standardized response criteria and disease-specific studies are essential.
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van Burgsteden, Lotte, and Hedwig te Molder. "Withholding consent." Pragmatics and Society 12, no. 4 (October 29, 2021): 669–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.20032.bur.
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Abstract This paper examines public meetings in the Netherlands where experts and officials interact with local residents on the human health effects of livestock farming. Using Conversation Analysis, we reveal a ‘weapon of the weak’: a practice by which the residents resist experts’ head start in information meetings. It is shown how residents draw on the given question-answer format to challenge experts and pursue an admission of, for example, methodological shortcomings. We show how the residents’ first question functions as a ‘foot-in-the-door’, providing them with a strong basis for skepticism. By systematically challenging the expert responses, the residents exploit the interaction’s sequential organization, with the effect that the goal becomes them being convinced rather than being informed. Consequently, the withholding of consent becomes the residents’ ‘weapon’. Finally, we argue that in an age where expertise is increasingly contested, it is crucial to understand how, and to what end, this contestation may occur.
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Nascimento Machado, Lucas, and Luiz Filipe da Silva Oliveira. "Os aforismos sobre o absoluto: Schulze contra o “evangelho” de Schelling e Hegel." Problemata 11, no. 4 (November 2020): 30–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7443/problemata.v11i4.52965.
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In our paper, we make a brief presentation and contextualization of Schulze's text, of which we present here a translation, “Aphorisms about the absolute”. In this text, Schulze develops, in an ironic style — or, in the words of Vieweg, pseudo-ironic —, his critique of the philosophies of identity Schelling and Hegel. In our exposition, we aim to point out, first, how, before the publication of the Aphorisms, Schelling and Hegel understood skepticism in general and evaluated Schulze’s skepticism in particular. Next, we shall see how Schulze responded to Schelling and Hegel’s objections with his Aphorisms, and how the reception of this text by Schelling and Hegel was quite different — so different, in fact, that their disagreements about philosophy and the philosophical method begin to surface, where they were hidden before in favor of their adherence to a similar philosophical project in its more general lines. In the next step, we examine what are the conceptual elements discussed in Schulze's text that would be central to the understanding of this philosophical and methodological divergence between Schelling and Hegel, and which will culminate in their definitive rupture with the publication of the Phenomenology of Spirit. These conceptual elements we believe to be found, particularly, in the treatment of the concepts of form, matter (or content) and determination. Or, more specifically: in the objection, raised by Schulze, that any conception of the absolute based on the concepts of form and content could only be a relative conception, since not only the distinction between content and form is merely formal, but also any content, thought in its distinction and opposition to form, can only be relative and, therefore, formal content. We shall, then, conclude this criticism will be decisive for the way in which Hegel will come to think of the absolute not only as a substance, but also as a subject.
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Standing, Lionel G., and Herman Huber. "DO PSYCHOLOGY COURSES REDUCE BELIEF IN PSYCHOLOGICAL MYTHS?" Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 31, no. 6 (January 1, 2003): 585–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2003.31.6.585.
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This study examined the degree to which psychology students accept popular psychology myths that are rejected by mainstream researchers (e.g., “people use only 10% of their brain's capacity”), and the effect of psychology courses on myth acceptance. Using a 20-item, true-false myth belief questionnaire, it examined the levels of gullibility among 94 undergraduates at different stages of their education, and related these to their educational and demographic backgrounds. High overall levels of myth acceptance (71%) were found, in line with earlier research. Myth acceptance decreased with the number of psychology courses that students had taken in university, but increased with the number that they had taken in junior college. Belief in myths was lower among students who were majoring in psychology, were older, had higher grades, and had advanced training in research methods, but it was not related to gender, geographical origin, or university year. It is concluded that university courses appear beneficial in encouraging methodological skepticism, whereas taking specialized psychology courses in junior college may hinder rather than promote critical thinking among undergraduates.
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Perry, Gina, Augustine Brannigan, Richard A. Wanner, and Henderikus Stam. "Credibility and Incredulity in Milgram’s Obedience Experiments: A Reanalysis of an Unpublished Test." Social Psychology Quarterly 83, no. 1 (August 22, 2019): 88–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0190272519861952.
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This article analyzes variations in subject perceptions of pain in Milgram’s obedience experiments and their behavioral consequences. Based on an unpublished study by Milgram’s assistant, Taketo Murata, we report the relationship between the subjects’ belief that the learner was actually receiving painful electric shocks and their choice of shock level. This archival material indicates that in 18 of 23 variations of the experiment, the mean levels of shock for those who fully believed that they were inflicting pain were lower than for subjects who did not fully believe they were inflicting pain. These data suggest that the perception of pain inflated subject defiance and that subject skepticism inflated their obedience. This analysis revises our perception of the classical interpretation of the experiment and its putative relevance to the explanation of state atrocities, such as the Holocaust. It also raises the issue of dramaturgical credibility in experiments based on deception. The findings are discussed in the context of methodological questions about the reliability of Milgram’s questionnaire data and their broader theoretical relevance.
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Kálmán, Sára, Edit Hathy, and János M. Réthelyi. "A Dishful of a Troubled Mind: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Psychiatric Research." Stem Cells International 2016 (2016): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7909176.
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Neuronal differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells and direct reprogramming represent powerful methods for modeling the development of neuronsin vitro. Moreover, this approach is also a means for comparing various cellular phenotypes between cell lines originating from healthy and diseased individuals or isogenic cell lines engineered to differ at only one or a few genomic loci. Despite methodological constraints and initial skepticism regarding this approach, the field is expanding at a fast pace. The improvements include the development of new differentiation protocols resulting in selected neuronal populations (e.g., dopaminergic, GABAergic, hippocampal, and cortical), the widespread use of genome editing methods, and single-cell techniques. A major challenge awaitingin vitrodisease modeling is the integration of clinical data in the models, by selection of well characterized clinical populations. Ideally, these models will also demonstrate how different diagnostic categories share overlapping molecular disease mechanisms, but also have unique characteristics. In this review we evaluate studies with regard to the described developments, to demonstrate how differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells and direct reprogramming can contribute to psychiatry.
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Shah Haneef, Sayed Sikandar, Miszairi Sitiris, and Saidatolakma Mohd Yunus. "Local Family Fiqh in Malaysia: An Analysis of `Urf Methodological Framework (Fiqh Keluarga Tempatan Di Malaysia: Suatu Analisis Rangka Kerja Metodologi ‘Urfi)." Journal of Islam in Asia (E-ISSN 2289-8077) 17, no. 3 (November 4, 2020): 117–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/jia.v17i3.933.
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The ongoing advocacy for developing local fiqh, among others, emphasizes an indigenous approach to evolving fiqh by highlighting the flaws in the dominant approach to family law reform and renewal. One of their methodological tools is to examine the existing family fiqh from its ‘urfi based content as well to explore ways of resolving new emerging usages and customs, which differ from custom of people in other communities in the Muslim world. Critics, however, have some misgivings about this approach and see it as a kind of post-modernist thinking, the thrust of which is to raise skepticism about religious content of any intellectual argument or advocacy. To rebut such an argument, following content analysis method, this paper argues by concluding that an Islamic juridical approach to insist on legislative significance of local custom in evolving a local family fiqh is governed by a set of methodological frameworks and parameters which can safeguard it against any suspicion for secularization. Keywords: Family fiqh, local, methodological framework, reform. Abstrak Sokongan umum yang berterusan untuk membangunkan fiqh tempatan, antara lain, menekankan pendekatan tempatan untuk mengembangkan fiqh dengan menonjolkan kekurangan dalam pendekatan yang dominan terhadap pembaharuan dan pembaharuan undang-undang keluarga. Salah satu alat metodologi mereka adalah untuk mengkaji fiqh keluarga yang sedia ada dari kandungan 'urfi yang berasaskannya juga untuk meneroka cara penyelesaian kegunaan dan kebiasaan yang baru muncul, yang berbeza dari kebiasaan orang dalam komuniti lain di dunia Islam. Pengkritik, bagaimanapun, mempunyai beberapa kekeliruan mengenai pendekatan ini dan melihatnya sebagai sejenis pemikiran post-modernis, teras yang menimbulkan keraguan tentang kandungan agama tentang sebarang hujah intelektual atau advokasi. Untuk menolak hujah sedemikian itu dengan menggunakan kaedah analisis kandungan, makalah ini telah berupaya untuk menyimpulkan bahawa pendekatan yuridis Islam untuk menegaskan kepentingan perundangan adat tempatan dalam mengembangkan sebuah fiqh keluarga tempatan ditadbir oleh satu set kerangka metodologi dan parameter yang dapat melindunginya daripada sebarang kecurigaan untuk sekularisasi. Kata Kunci: Fiqh keluarga, tempatan, kerangka metodologi, pembaharuan.
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Brake, Elizabeth. "MAKING PHILOSOPHICAL PROGRESS: THE BIG QUESTIONS, APPLIED PHILOSOPHY, AND THE PROFESSION." Social Philosophy and Policy 34, no. 2 (2017): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026505251700019x.
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Abstract:The debate over whether philosophy makes progress has focused on its failure to answer a core set of “big” questions. I argue that there are other kinds of philosophical progress which are equally important yet underappreciated: the creative development of new “philosophical devices” which increase our ability to think about the world, and the broadening of philosophical topics to ever greater adequacy to what matters. The conception of philosophy as defined by a narrow “core” set of questions is responsible for skepticism about progress, as well as for philosophy’s “marketing problem” — its failure to reach the general public. I argue for abandoning the distinction between “core” and “marginal” questions. The greater openness of philosophy to methodological diversity and diversity in topics, especially applied topics, will make a distinct kind of progress: in the breadth and completeness of the questions asked, phenomena investigated, and theories generated. Such openness may also make philosophy more hospitable to more diverse practitioners. This would also be conducive to progress, in the sense of reaching true answers to philosophical questions: greater diversity of philosophical practitioners has epistemic benefits, such as increasing objectivity.
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Levine, Daniel J., and David M. McCourt. "Why Does Pluralism Matter When We Study Politics? A View from Contemporary International Relations." Perspectives on Politics 16, no. 1 (February 7, 2018): 92–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592717002201.
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Pluralism has become a buzzword in International Relations. It has emerged in a number of linked literatures and has drawn the support of an unusual coalition of scholars: advocates of greater methodological diversity; those who feel that IR has degenerated into a clash of paradigmatic “-isms”; those who favor a closer relationship between academics and policy-makers; and those who wish to see greater reflexivity within the field. Perhaps unsurprisingly, no single vision of pluralism unites these scholars; they appear to be using the term in divergent ways. Accordingly, our aim is threefold. First, we wish to highlight this odd state of affairs, by placing it in disciplinary and intellectual context. Second, we distinguish between plurality—the de facto recognition that IR has become a more diverse field—and pluralism—a normative position which values that diversity, given the public vocation of social science. Finally, we lay out a more consistent understanding and defense of pluralism in those latter terms. We argue that, properly understood, pluralism entails a position of epistemological skepticism: the straightforward claim that no single knowledge system, discipline, theory, or method can claim singular access to truth.
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Bushansky, S. P. "Inefficiency of road concessions in Russia: exception or rule?" Journal of the New Economic Association 50, no. 2 (2021): 97–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2021-50-2-5.
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It explores the contradiction between the optimistic expectations of public-private partnership (PPP) and the estimated socio-economic unprofitability of road concessions in Russia. It is shown that special national guidelines for assessment of PPP efficiency are not a barrier to the approvement of inappropriate, from a public point of view, investment projects. The official approval of such regulations suggests that the Russian design system is skeptical about the possibility of a compromise between public efficiency and PPP projects. In foreign practice, the regulatory traditional requirements for the positive social effect from the development of toll roads are generally preserved, but the expediency of toll (in comparison with free road) is usually «confirmed» by listing its theoretical advantages. The systematic absence of correct calculations, including the examples in methodological documents, indicates the prevailing skepticism of the decision-making system towards rationale of tolling. The main conclusion of the article is that the theoretical notions of PPP as an effective mechanism and at the same time the limited practical choice of its schemes, with an obligatory direct user tolls, are the reason for the mimicry of the investment design system, which is forced to arrange inefficient solutions for road construction.
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Trimmer, John T., Neema Nakyanjo, Robert Ssekubugu, Marc Sklar, James R. Mihelcic, and Sarina J. Ergas. "Assessing the promotion of urine-diverting dry toilets through school-based demonstration facilities in Kalisizo, Uganda." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6, no. 2 (May 31, 2016): 276–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.045.
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Urine-diverting dry toilets (UDDTs) are designed to recover nutrients and organic matter from human excreta for agricultural reuse. Their wider implementation could help address problems in areas where water scarcity limits coverage of sanitation systems and declining soil fertility jeopardizes nutritional security. Demonstration facilities can improve stakeholders’ views of UDDTs; however, it is uncertain whether these facilities should be located at households or institutions. Using a novel methodological approach that included qualitative data collection before and after introduction of demonstration UDDTs and quantitative monitoring of treatment conditions, this study evaluated changes in local attitudes and knowledge resulting from a UDDT promotion strategy at two primary schools in Uganda. Before introduction, students had little knowledge of UDDT facilities, while most attitude-related statements conveyed negative viewpoints and skepticism. After introduction and six months of operation, students exhibited increased knowledge, and 68% of attitude-related statements conveyed positive opinions that focused on the UDDTs’ long-term economic value and their role in creating a more hygienic school environment. These changes were seen in facility users and in other students at the schools who were non-users. In the future, with these improved perceptions, students could become compelling representatives for UDDTs within their communities, potentially increasing adoption.
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Pääkkönen, Juho, Salla-Maaria Laaksonen, and Mikko Jauho. "Credibility by automation: Expectations of future knowledge production in social media analytics." Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 26, no. 4 (February 5, 2020): 790–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354856520901839.
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Social media analytics is a burgeoning new field associated with high promises of societal relevance and business value but also methodological and practical problems. In this article, we build on the sociology of expectations literature and research on expertise in the interaction between humans and machines to examine how analysts and clients make their expectations about social media analytics credible in the face of recognized problems. To investigate how this happens in different contexts, we draw on thematic interviews with 10 social media analytics and client companies. In our material, social media analytics appears as a field facing both hopes and skepticism – toward data, analysis methods, or the users of analytics – from both the clients and the analysts. In this setting, the idea of automated analysis through algorithmic methods emerges as a central notion that lends credibility to expectations about social media analytics. Automation is thought to, first, extend and make expert interpretation of messy social media data more rigorous; second, eliminate subjective judgments from measurement on social media; and, third, allow for coordination of knowledge management inside organizations. Thus, ideas of automation importantly work to uphold the expectations of the value of analytics. Simultaneously, they shape what kinds of expertise, tools, and practices come to be involved in the future of analytics as knowledge production.
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Robotova, Alevtina S. "Skeptic’s Comment: What Questions ‘Academic Writing’ Does Not Answer." Higher Education in Russia 27, no. 11 (December 21, 2018): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0869-3617-2018-27-11-71-84.
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The paper provides information to support its title (“Skeptic’s comment…”). The author shares his attitudes towards a new research area of academic writing (AW) and a system of teaching AW. The paper is presented in a form of a dialog between the author and the advocates of AW. In the author’s opinion, these advocates do not answer a number of questions to be asked for including their ideas into the scope of pedagogical knowledge. While admitting the value of analyzing foreign publications on AW, interpreting them and creating a teaching and learning system tailored for our national practice, the author states that the arguments to recognize AW as an independent academic discipline or a new research area are not sufficient. The author supports this idea by a series of speculations expanded in the paper sections to follow. They include doubts about the completeness of methodological arguments (considering the contemporary state of matter in epistemology, attitude towards new type rationality, unique features of cognition in science and humanities, rationale for the relevance of social constructivism for AW, and etc.), and about the insufficient attention towards the contemporary pedagogical methodology. The status of AW is discussed as if sidestepping the national achievements in investigating the language, speech, text (academic), discourse, linguistic and rhetoric conventions, and etc. The skepticism regarding the AW system can also be explained by the fact that the author does not agree with a number of statements denying the figural and publicistic images in an academic style, personal characteristics, opinions, emotional experiences and beliefs; negating the talent, literature expertise and imitation as assistants for academic writing; inferring the impossibility of learning academic writing independently. The author is confused by the insufficient attention towards the investigations on eloquence carried out in the 1980s in our native country (e.g. by S.S. Averintsev, A.K. Avelichev, and etc.); it is clear that the expertise in foreign research does not negate the knowledge about the research in our native country. Through critically analyzing the components of the AW system, the author concludes that AW is to be considered as one of possible technological solutions for the problem of creating a scholarly proper academic text.
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Vachhrajani, Shobhan, Abhaya V. Kulkarni, and John R. W. Kestle. "Clinical practice guidelines." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 3, no. 4 (April 2009): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2008.12.peds08278.
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In the era of evidence-based medicine, clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) have become an integral part of many aspects of medical practice. Because practicing neurosurgeons rarely have the time or, in some cases, the methodological expertise, to assess and assimilate the totality of primary research, CPGs can in theory provide a vehicle through which neurosurgeons could more efficiently integrate the most current evidence into patient management. Clinical practice guidelines have been met with some skepticism, however, particularly within the neurosurgical community. Some have expressed concerns that the promise of CPGs has not been matched by the reality. Others who oppose CPGs fear that they hinder the art of medicine, and limit physician and patient autonomy. The purpose of this paper is to provide the practicing neurosurgeon with an up-to-date review of CPGs. The authors discuss some of the complexities and recent advancements in CPG development, appraisal, and publication. An overview of the various systems for grading medical evidence and issuing CPG recommendations, each of which has its advantages and disadvantages, is included, and the current knowledge on the impact of CPGs in 2 important realms, patient care and medicolegal issues, is discussed. The purpose of this review is to provide a balanced, current synopsis of what CPGs are, how they are developed, and what they can and cannot do. The authors hope that this will allow neurosurgeons to make more informed decisions about the many CPGs that will inevitably become an essential component of medical practice in the years to come.
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Merriam, Sarah B., Brielle Spataro, Megan E. Hamm, Melissa A. McNeil, and Deborah J. DiNardo. "Video Observation With Guided Reflection: A Method for Continuing Teaching Education." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 10, no. 4 (August 1, 2018): 416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-17-00692.1.
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ABSTRACT Background Best practices for faculty development programs include longitudinal, practice-based formats incorporating experiential learning with opportunities for reflection and community building. Peer coaching for faculty development provides personalized, learner-centered, work-based learning. Implementation of traditional 1-on-1 peer coaching programs is challenging due to time, logistics, and methodological barriers. Objective We sought to improve observation and reflection skills and to expand personal teaching practices of clinician educators. Methods In 2016, we developed and evaluated an innovative “1-to-many” peer-coaching model utilizing large group review of video-recorded teaching encounters. Forty-three clinician-educator faculty in general internal medicine at the University of Pittsburgh attended at least 1 of 6 sessions between February and August 2016. Sessions were moderated by a master facilitator who guided direct observation of, and reflection on, observed teaching and highlighted efficacious teaching methods. The study evaluated the acceptability and efficacy of this novel faculty development program qualitatively, with semistructured, postcurriculum telephone interviews with 20 participating faculty. Results All respondents stated that they would continue to attend faculty development sessions and would recommend them to others. The most frequently cited advantages included exposure to new teaching strategies, direct feedback, safe environment, community of practice, and growth mind-set, yet barriers emerged, such as discomfort reviewing video, difficulty giving feedback across hierarchy, and initial skepticism. None described the curriculum as critical or unsafe. Most reported increased self-reflection and adoption of new teaching behaviors. Conclusions This peer-coaching, video-based faculty development program was well received, feasible, and effective in changing self-reported teaching attitudes and practices.
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Allina, Eric. "“Fallacious Mirrors:” Colonial Anxiety and Images of African Labor in Mozambique, ca. 1929." History in Africa 24 (January 1997): 9–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172017.
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African historiography has over the past decade begun to pay increasing attention to photographs as a source for African history. A growing body of work has raised a number of methodological and theoretical questions about how scholars can and should work with images. From their experience with written documents, historians are aware of the ideologically charged conditions under which colonial knowledge was produced. This awareness has armed scholars with a skepticism to look beyond the image itself and examine the physical and technological environment in which photographers worked. Posed studio shots that create “natural” settings and post-event retouching are only some of the practices photographers used to endow their images with a greater semblance of accuracy.Andrew Roberts and David Killingray's “outline” of photography in Africa charts the development of photographic techniques and how their use created specific kinds of images of Africa; Virginia-Lee Webb emphasizes photographers' manipulation of not only their subjects, but also the environment in which they were photographed. What this work has produced is an oft-spoken axiom that photographic images of Africa (or any other place) ought not be taken at face value. This axiom has guided a significant amount of scholarship, although Beatrix Heintze wisely cautions against overinterpretation.Scholars who work with written documentary evidence from the colonial period have well established the ways in which administrators, missionaries, and other Europeans represented Africans as an “other,” as they sought to create cultural and social distance between themselves and Africans. Still other scholars have combined written and oral materials to show how Africans established their own identities and interpreted colonial discourses to create alternative, liberating discursive spaces.
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Билалов, М. И. "ON THE METHODOLOGY OF FORECASTING THE FUTURE OF THE NATIONAL REPUBLICS OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS." Вестник ГГНТУ. Гуманитарные и социально-экономические науки, no. 1(23) (April 29, 2021): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.34708/gstou.2021.54.91.006.
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На примере публикаций в СМИ критически осмысливаются фактологизм, отсутствие цельной методологии и идеологии прогнозирования будущего республик Северного Кавказа. Автор отвергает скептицизм и пессимизм в оценке перспектив северокавказских народов. Обосновывается неприемлемость либерализма как методологии современного социального развития. Предлагаются основополагающие подходы в виде исторических закономерностей, идеалов и норм евразийства, соответствующие антилиберализму, антиглобализму и альтерглобализму, необходимые как методологические установки для определения перспектив народов постсоветского пространства. Сохранение российской и северокавказской идентичности, единство народов региона в составе России, евразийская цивилизация, гражданское общество с региональными базовыми ценностями и т. п. должны стать альфой и омегой не только общественно-политических и гуманитарных исследований, но и публикаций СМИ, прогнозирующих будущее национальных республик Северного Кавказа. On the example of publications in the media, factology is critically interpreted, the lack of a coherent methodology and ideology for predicting the future of the North Caucasus republics. The author rejects skepticism and pessimism in assessing the prospects of the North Caucasian peoples. The article substantiates the unacceptability of liberalism as a methodology of modern social development. The fundamental approaches in the form of historical laws, ideals and norms of eurasianism, corresponding to anti-liberalism, anti-globalism and alter-globalism, necessary as methodological guidelines for determining the prospects of the peoples of the post-Soviet space, are proposed. The conservation of the Russian and North Caucasian identity, the unity of the peoples of the region within Russia, the Eurasian civilization, civil society with regional basic values, etc. should become the alpha and omega not only of socio-political and humanitarian studies, but also of media publications that predict the future of the national republics of the North Caucasus.
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Jacques, Guillaume, and Johann-Mattis List. "Save the trees." Journal of Historical Linguistics 9, no. 1 (July 2, 2019): 128–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.17008.mat.
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AbstractSkepticism regarding the tree model has a long tradition in historical linguistics. Although scholars have emphasized that the tree model and its long-standing counterpart, the wave theory, are not necessarily incompatible, the opinion that family trees are unrealistic and should be completely abandoned in the field of historical linguistics has always enjoyed a certain popularity. This skepticism has further increased with the advent of recently proposed techniques for data visualization which seem to confirm that we can study language history without trees. In this article, we show that the concrete arguments that have been brought up in favor of achronistic wave models do not hold. By comparing the phenomenon of incomplete lineage sorting in biology with processes in linguistics, we show that data which do not seem as though they can be explained using trees can indeed be explained without turning to diffusion as an explanation. At the same time, methodological limits in historical reconstruction might easily lead to an overestimation of regularity, which may in turn appear as conflicting patterns when the researcher is trying to reconstruct a coherent phylogeny. We illustrate how, in several instances, trees can benefit language comparison, although we also discuss their shortcomings in modeling mixed languages. While acknowledging that not all aspects of language history are tree-like, and that integrated models which capture both vertical and lateral language relations may depict language history more realistically than trees do, we conclude that all models claiming that vertical language relations can be completely ignored are essentially wrong: either they still tacitly draw upon family trees or they only provide a static display of data and thus fail to model temporal aspects of language history.
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RUCHKINA, Gulnara, Sergey G. EREMIN, Natalia V. ZALYUBOVSKAYA, Irina I. ROMASHKOVA, and Evgeniy L. VENGEROVSKIY. "Norms of Soft Law as a New Source of Financial Law of Russia." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9, no. 1 (September 25, 2018): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v9.1(31).33.
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The goal of this study is the analysis of norms of soft law as a new source of financial law in the Russian Federation. The methodological basis of the research of the problem involves General scientific dialectic method of scientific knowledge, especially legal methods (structural-functional, legal and dogmatic), methods, legal modeling, comparative and historical jurisprudence, as well a generic methods (analysis and synthesis, description, observation, induction and deduction, comparison, generalization, formal logical and systematic). A brief review of research on the topic of ʼsoft lawʼ, a definition of the term ʼsoft lawʼ. Conducted theoretical analysis of the concept of ʼsoft lawʼ. Analyzed the specific use of the norms of soft law as a new source of Finance. The examples and identifies advantages of the use of norms of soft law as a new source of Finance. In General, ʼsoft-lawʼ standards fill in the gaps of legal regulation, both in international and national aspect, complement legal rules by means of references, interpretations or direct reproduction in the official sources of law, and, in some cases, act as a subsidiary regulator of international legal relations. The introduction into the fabric of international financial law, soft law norms, on the one hand, will increase the risks contributing to arbitrarily interpret and apply financial rules, on the other – may cause enough skepticism about the use of norms of soft law as a new source of Finance. However, there is no doubt that relative certainty, is always better than uncertainty. Thus, norms of soft law as a new source of financial law in Russia should be considered as an effective way to reduce the uncertainty in the financial relations system as a real alternative to soft law norms are not so much rules of law, but rather the lack of legal regulation insinuations when the objective need in the settlement.
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Dong, Rae, Claudia Leung, Mackenzie N. Naert, Violet Naanyu, Peninah Kiptoo, Winnie Matelong, Esther Matini, et al. "Chronic disease stigma, skepticism of the health system, and socio-economic fragility: Qualitative assessment of factors impacting receptiveness to group medical visits and microfinance for non-communicable disease care in rural Kenya." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 7, 2021): e0248496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248496.
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Background Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of mortality in the world, and innovative approaches to NCD care delivery are being actively developed and evaluated. Combining the group-based experience of microfinance and group medical visits is a novel approach to NCD care delivery. However, the contextual factors, facilitators, and barriers impacting wide-scale implementation of these approaches within a low- and middle-income country setting are not well known. Methods Two types of qualitative group discussion were conducted: 1) mabaraza (singular, baraza), a traditional East African community gathering used to discuss and exchange information in large group settings; and 2) focus group discussions (FGDs) among rural clinicians, community health workers, microfinance group members, and patients with NCDs. Trained research staff members led the discussions using structured question guides. Content analysis was performed with NVivo using deductive and inductive codes that were then grouped into themes. Results We conducted 5 mabaraza and 16 FGDs. A total of 205 individuals (113 men and 92 women) participated in the mabaraza, while 162 individuals (57 men and 105 women) participated in the FGDs. In the context of poverty and previous experiences with the health system, participants described challenges to NCD care across three themes: 1) stigma of chronic disease, 2) earned skepticism of the health system, and 3) socio-economic fragility. However, they also outlined windows of opportunity and facilitators of group medical visits and microfinance to address those challenges. Discussion Our qualitative study revealed actionable factors that could impact the success of implementation of group medical visits and microfinance initiatives for NCD care. While several challenges were highlighted, participants also described opportunities to address and mitigate the impact of these factors. We anticipate that our approach and analysis provides new insights and methodological techniques that will be relevant to other low-resource settings worldwide.
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Iankova Natchkova, Maia. "CHALLENGES TO PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, TRAINING AND CONTINUING EDUCATION OF SPECIALISTS IN THE FIELD OF INDEPENDENT FINANCIAL AUDIT." Knowledge International Journal 34, no. 5 (October 4, 2019): 1301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij34051301n.
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Auditor’s profession is extremely necessary and crucial for the society. It has the important and responsible task to observe and assess the proper implementation of the principles, concepts, rules, legal standards and conventions as set out in the International Financial Reporting Standards/ International Accounting Standards, EU directives, International Standards on Auditing and the national (local) accounting legislation. Specialists in the field of independent financial audit – chartered expert accountants, registered auditors, should verify the timely, reliable, objective, correct, accurate and fair presentation, in all material aspects, of the information about the property and financial position of enterprises, their financial performance, and to determine the opportunities for investing and managing the capitals of audited enterprises in the interest of the society. Auditor’s profession is distinguished with moral at high level and professional ethics of chartered expert accountants, registered auditors; with extreme professionalism in the field of independent financial audit; with professional skepticism in the field of accounting and economic analysis; with professional optimism upon undertraining audit engagements; with independence from personal interests and lack of obligation for loyalty to the assigners of audit engagements; with ensuring high quality performance of audit engagements; with professional and intellectual knowledge and skills in the field of accounting, financial audit, economic analysis, micro- and macroeconomics, statistics and finance acquired upon completion of higher education in economics, upon sitting special examinations for obtaining qualification of chartered expert accountants, registered auditors, and upon carrying out constant and continuing education of auditors. For the purposes of keeping the trust of the society in the independent financial audit, registered auditor’s professional ethics needs to be at high level that enables authoritative and competent establishment of the role and significance of auditor’s profession in the society. Independent financial auditors should observe specific standards of conduct and fundamental professional and ethical principles as set out in the Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants, such as honesty, objectivity, professional competence and proper attention, confidentiality, professional conduct, observance of methodological standards and professional skepticism. They should avoid actions that could discredit the auditor’s profession and have negative impact on the good reputation of the registered auditor. Furthermore, where independent financial auditors market and promote themselves or their audit practice, they should avoid giving the society wrong idea of auditor’s profession. The work of chartered expert accountants, registered auditors is diverse and to a great extent characterized by development of the financial risk. Therefore, this study highlights some of the more significant and socially important specific characteristics of the auditor’s profession, which are monitored by the public and by the government authority supervising the work of the registered auditors. Its objective is to present, determine and distinguish the challenges in the light of good world audit practices faced by the professional ethics, training and continuing education of specialists in the field of independent financial audit, thus contributing to the improvement of their qualification and enhancement of their audit practice. This publication may be used for carrying out different types of financial audit – internal audit carried out by the financial enterprises’ internal units; independent financial audit carried out by chartered expert accountants, registered auditors, and external audit carried out by the government supervisory authority and by other government authorities.
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Lekoko, Rebecca Nthogo. "Story-Telling as a Potent Research Paradigm for Indigenous Communities." AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples 3, no. 2 (August 2007): 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/117718010700300206.
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At first glance, it seems odd that a paper should be concerned with the place of story-telling in scientific studies when researchers such as ethnographers have long used this technique. However, the growth of knowledge generated through the extensively used classical research inquiries of qualitative and quantitative approaches has created a kind of mandarin and sheltered culture where anything that does not fall within these paradigms is received with skepticism, making it possible that indigenous ways of knowing, such as story-telling, be accepted feebly by the scientific communities. The argument presented in this paper is that to remove stories from empirically accepted research tools is to silence indigenous communities by depriving them of using a mode consistent with their culture and their ways of understanding the world they live in. Supporting this argument are discussions and examples focusing on aspects such as the nature and structure of stories; the social meaning of stories; potential benefits of using stories; methodological challenges in using story-telling as a research tool; the nature of story-telling and accompanying challenges of using new technologies such as photovoice. It is concluded that researchers who are skeptical about using story-telling are in danger of mimicking forces which have destroyed the cultures of many indigenous communities and silenced these communities with their strange and foreign ways of knowing. Using story-telling is a way of averting the use of mainstream theories that do not respect indigenous identity, culture, experiences and ways of knowing. Recommendations point to the need to bring together researchers and scholars whose current interest is in indigenous communities to discuss a number of issues including (i) story's dependability, (ii) the relationship between the researcher and the narrator who claims to have the right to narrate, (iii) authorship of stories, and (iv) intelligibility. When issues such as these are still being considered, it is an indication that story-telling is still evolving into a potent research tool.
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Joseph, John E. "Typology, Diachrony, and Explanatory Order." Diachronica 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.6.1.04jos.
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SUMMARY The paper examines Bybee's (1988) opinion that language universals cannot be used to explain language change. Placed in its historical context, Bybee's view appears to signal a further weakening in the bond between typology and diachrony that has been so fruitful in the 1970s and 1980s. However, when her methodological and argumentative procedures are submitted to close scrutiny, doubts emerge as to the validity of her skepticism, at least in the strong form in which she has expressed it. Data regarding the development of adpositions and affixation in Latin are brought to bear in determining the proper explanatory order of typology and diachrony. RÉSUMÉ Selon Bybee (1988), on n'a pas à recourier aux universaux pour expliquer l'évolution linguistique. Pris dans son contexte historique, l'avis de Bybee semble signaler un nouvel affaiblissement du lien entre la typologie et la dia-chronie, lien qui a été si productif pendant les années 70 et 80. Cependant, lorsqu'on examine soigneusement ses méthodes d'analyse et d'argumentation, on en arrive à douter de la validité de son scepticisme, en tout cas sous la forme particulièrement accusée de son expression récente. Le présent article se fonde sur des données concernant le développement des adpositions et de l'af-fixation en latin, qui permettraient de déterminer si la typologie doit précéder la diachronie ou le contraire, quand on cherche à expliquer les relations établies entre l'une et l'autre. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Einem Aufsatz von Bybee (1988) zufolge können Sprachuniversalien nicht dazu herangezogen werden, Sprachwandel zu erklären. Auf seinen histori-schen Hintergrund bezogen, scheint der Aufsatz eine zunehmende Schwä-chung der Verbindung zwischen Typologie und Sprachgeschichte zu signali-sieren, die wâhrend der siebziger und achtziger Jahre so fruchtbar gewesen ist. Wenn man jedoch die methodologischen und argumentativen Vorgehenswei-sen der Autorin unter die Lupe nimmt, tun sich Zweifel auf bezûglich der Gül-tigkeit ihrer Skepsis, zumindest in der hier vorgetragenen Form. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wir anhand der Entwicklung der Adpositionen und der Affixation im Lateinischen der Versuch unternommen, den angemessenen Ort der Typologie im Verhältnis zur Diachronie zu bestimmen.
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Kaveshnikov, N. Yu. "European and Integration Studies." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 5(38) (October 28, 2014): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-5-38-112-118.
Full textAbstract:
Soviet scientific school of pan-European integration studies began to emerge in the 1960s at the Institute of World Economy and International Relations (Russian Academy of Science). Among the leading scientists who have developed methodological approaches of Soviet integration studies were M.M. Maximova, Y.A. Borko, Y. Shishkov, L.I. Capercaillie. Later, a new center for integration studies became the Institute of Europe, created in 1987. It was led by such renowned scientists as Academicians V.V. Zhurkin and N.P. Shmelev. In the 1980s the subject of the integration process in Europe attracted attention of experts from MGIMO. An important role in the development of school of integration research in the USSR was played by a MGIMO professor, head of the chair of history of international relations and foreign policy of the USSR V.B. Knyazhinskiy. His work contributed to the deliverance of the national scientific community from skepticism about the prospects for European integration. Ideas of V.B. Knyazhinsky are developed today in MGIMO by his followers A.V. Mal'gin and T.V. Ur'eva. In the mid-1990s, having retired from diplomatic service, professor Yu. Matveevskiy started to work at MGIMO. With a considerable practical experience in the field, he produced a series of monographs on the history of European integration. In his works, he analyses the development of integration processes in Western Europe from their inception to the present day, showing the gradual maturation of the necessary spiritual and material prerequisites for the start of integration and traces the various stages of the "integration". In the late 1990s, the growing demand from the domestic business and government for professionals who are capable of interacting with the European Union, has produced the necessary supply in the form of educational programs based on accumulated scientific knowledge. Setting up a discipline "European Integration" was a major step in the development of domestic science school integration research. The creation in 2003 at MGIMO of the first in Russia Department of European integration was a necessary and logical step.
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Vasechko, Vyacheslav. "Robert Merton and Ibn Sina: A Roll Call of Moral Imperatives." Ideas and Ideals 13, no. 4-1 (December 27, 2021): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/2075-0862-2021-13.4.1-75-87.
Full textAbstract:
The paper attempts to expand the authentic understanding of the imperatives of the scientific ethos given by R.K. Merton in 1942. In the original interpretation, Merton’s Code referred only to the European science of the New Age and subsequent centuries. As Merton himself and his followers have seen, the applicability of this code to other societies is not relevant. However, the author of the paper believes that the original four maxims of Merton in one way or another work effectively outside the specified space-time frame and, in particular, work in medieval Arab-Muslim science. The philosophical allegorical parable "The Message of Birds" written by Ibn Sina in the XI century is used as a text in which the imperatives that semantically coincide with Merton's maxims are found. The analysis shows that the text of the medieval scientist is transparently articulated: 1) Mertonian "communism" which assumes the collective ownership of epistemological discourse participants of the products received in its process (new empirical facts, theoretical and methodological innovations); 2) "universalism" that excludes any discrimination of discourse subjects on external, non-scientific criteria; 3) "disinterestedness", according to which the scientist builds his activities as if he had no other interests but to understand the truth; 4) "organized skepticism" according to which there is no presumption of innocence in science, and whoever comes forward with epistemological innovation must calmly and patiently prove his rightness to those who are standing in defence of the existing body of knowledge. Since the author of "The Message of Birds", despite his chosen artistic and mystical form for this work, is one of the largest figures of medieval Arab-Muslim science, his parable should be interpreted, first of all, as a text, which reflects the very process of cognitive search in pre-classical science. A closer familiarity with the nature and content of epistemological discourse in ancient and medieval traditional societies provides a good reason here to see one of the attempts to systematize the ethical rules that have actually been in force among scientists for many centuries.
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Aysina, R. M., A. A. Nesterova, T. F. Suslova, and V. V. Khitryuk. "Teachers’ attitudes towards inclusive education of children with ASD: A review of Russian and foreign research." Education and science journal 21, no. 10 (January 2, 2020): 189–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.17853/1994-5639-2019-10-189-210.
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Introduction. Contemporary psychological and pedagogical studies emphasise that the success of inclusive education of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) depends largely on teachers’ readiness and ability to understand students’ with ASD specific needs and take them into account when implementing learning technologies. Thus, it is extremely important to investigate teachers’ attitudes towards educational inclusion of students with autism and identify factors, which may facilitate or hinder teachers’ readiness to work with this category of students in an inclusive format.Aim. On the basis of an analytical review of Russian and foreign academic publications, the aims of the research were the following: to identify and specify the attitudes of teachers to the educational education of children with ASD; to reveal the factors that determine educators’ readiness to teach children with ASD.Methodology and research methods. The theoretical and methodological framework of the research involves social and psychological concepts of an inclusive culture formation in the society. The authors used the methods of theoretical and comparative analysis, systematisation and generalisation of research publications and materials concerning the origins of stereotypical views of different social groups towards children with autism and the problems of professional training of teachers to work in the conditions of inclusion.Results and scientific novelty. The teachers’ attitudes towards children with ASD are highlighted and described on the basis of a complete and complex review of academic publications, which was undertaken for the first time. The authors identify the reasons for positive attitude towards this kind of inclusion and barriers preventing the perception of students with autism as full participants in the educational process. The rejection of idea concerning the possibility and effectiveness of mutual learning of schoolchildren with normative development and with ASD results from the teachers’ characteristics (lack of awareness about the heterogeneity of autism and its manifestations, uncertainty in own forces and abilities to interact with children with expressed emotional and behavioural disorders) and from the lack of methodological and advisory assistance, including the absence of support by an interdisciplinary team of specialists. The age and profile of teachers’ professional activities may also be influenced by the willingness to work in the conditions of inclusion with children with ASD. The recommendations for change in negative attitudes of general education school teachers to the discussed type of inclusion are proposed.Practical significance. The research results can be used to develop a set of measures for improving the inclusive culture of teachers and eliminate their skepticism about teaching in mainstream educational institutions for children with ASD. Moreover, the present findings might help to design specific technologies for interaction with children both in the educational context and in the widest range of social situations.