Relevant bibliographies by topics / Methods and techniques of biology

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Methods and techniques of biology'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 26 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Methods and techniques of biology"

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Nosé, Vânia. "Morphology Methods: Cell and Molecular Biology Techniques." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 76, no. 11 (November 2001): 1181. http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/76.11.1181.

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Crocker, J. "Morphology Methods. Cell and Molecular Biology Techniques." Histopathology 40, no. 6 (June 2002): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2559.2002.01381.x.

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Ilieva, Mirolyuba, and Shizuka Uchida. "Methods and Tools in RNA Biology." Non-Coding RNA 9, no. 4 (August 10, 2023): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ncrna9040046.

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Buckingham, Julia C. "Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 106 Receptor Binding Techniques." Clinical Endocrinology 50, no. 6 (June 1999): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.1999.0795b.x.

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Irvine, G. B. "New protein techniques-methods in molecular biology, vol. 3." FEBS Letters 256, no. 1-2 (October 9, 1989): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(89)81759-4.

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Prendergast, Franklyn G. "Time-resolved fluorescence techniques: methods and applications in biology." Current Opinion in Structural Biology 1, no. 6 (December 1991): 1054–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0959-440x(91)90105-3.

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Akhmadkulovna, Egamberdiyeva Nigora. "ENHANCING BIOLOGY EDUCATION: THE INTEGRAL ROLE OF INTERACTIVE TEACHING METHODS." International Journal of Advance Scientific Research 4, no. 2 (February 1, 2024): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-04-02-18.

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Effective biology education plays a pivotal role in nurturing students' understanding of the intricate complexities of living organisms and their environments. Traditional lecture-based approaches often struggle to fully engage students and foster deep comprehension. This article explores the significance of incorporating interactive teaching methods in biology education. By leveraging various interactive techniques such as hands-on experiments, group discussions, technology-enhanced learning, and active learning strategies, educators can create dynamic learning environments that stimulate curiosity, critical thinking, and long-term retention of biological concepts. Through a comprehensive review of relevant literature and examples of successful implementation, this article underscores the transformative impact of interactive methods on enhancing student learning outcomes in biology education.
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Goding, James. "Immunochemical methods in cell and molecular biology; biological techniques series." Immunology Today 9, no. 11 (January 1988): 360–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5699(88)91339-4.

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Dobson, Christopher M. "Biophysical Techniques in Structural Biology." Annual Review of Biochemistry 88, no. 1 (June 20, 2019): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biochem-013118-111947.

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Over the past six decades, steadily increasing progress in the application of the principles and techniques of the physical sciences to the study of biological systems has led to remarkable insights into the molecular basis of life. Of particular significance has been the way in which the determination of the structures and dynamical properties of proteins and nucleic acids has so often led directly to a profound understanding of the nature and mechanism of their functional roles. The increasing number and power of experimental and theoretical techniques that can be applied successfully to living systems is now ushering in a new era of structural biology that is leading to fundamentally new information about the maintenance of health, the origins of disease, and the development of effective strategies for therapeutic intervention. This article provides a brief overview of some of the most powerful biophysical methods in use today, along with references that provide more detailed information about recent applications of each of them. In addition, this article acts as an introduction to four authoritative reviews in this volume. The first shows the ways that a multiplicity of biophysical methods can be combined with computational techniques to define the architectures of complex biological systems, such as those involving weak interactions within ensembles of molecular components. The second illustrates one aspect of this general approach by describing how recent advances in mass spectrometry, particularly in combination with other techniques, can generate fundamentally new insights into the properties of membrane proteins and their functional interactions with lipid molecules. The third reviewdemonstrates the increasing power of rapidly evolving diffraction techniques, employing the very short bursts of X-rays of extremely high intensity that are now accessible as a result of the construction of free-electron lasers, in particular to carry out time-resolved studies of biochemical reactions. The fourth describes in detail the application of such approaches to probe the mechanism of the light-induced changes associated with bacteriorhodopsin's ability to convert light energy into chemical energy.
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Chandler, Heather L., and Carmen M. H. Colitz. "Molecular Biology for the Clinician: Understanding Current Methods." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 42, no. 5 (September 1, 2006): 326–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/0420326.

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The basics of molecular biology involve the replication of deoxyribonucleic acid and its transcription and translation into proteins. Biochemical assays such as the Southern blot analysis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Northern blot analysis, reverse-transcriptase PCR, microarray technology, Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and flow cytometry utilize various aspects of molecular biology. To understand these assays requires some basic understanding of the principles of molecular biology. This paper provides basic information on the methodology and techniques used in these assays.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Methods and techniques of biology"

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Veneziano, Dario. "Knowledge bases, computational methods and data mining techniques with applications to A-to-I RNA editing, Synthetic Biology and RNA interference." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/4085.

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La Bioinformatica, nota anche come Biologia Computazionale, è un campo relativamente nuovo che mira alla risoluzione di problemi biologici attraverso approcci computazionali. Questa scienza interdisciplinare persegue due obiettivi particolari tra i molti: da un lato, la costruzione di database biologici per memorizzare razionalmente sempre maggiori quantità di dati che divengono sempre più disponibili, e, dall'altro, lo sviluppo e l'applicazione di algoritmi al fine di estrarre pattern di predizione ed inferire nuove conoscenze altrimenti impossibili da ottenere da tali dati. Questa tesi presenterà nuovi risultati su entrambi questi aspetti. Infatti, il lavoro di ricerca descritto in questa tesi di dottorato ha avuto come obiettivo lo sviluppo di euristiche e tecniche di data mining per la raccolta e l'analisi di dati relativi ai meccanismi di regolazione post-trascrizionale ed RNA interference, così come il collegamento del fenomeno dell RNA A-to-I editing con la regolazione genica mediate dai miRNA. In particolare, gli sforzi sono stati finalizzati allo sviluppo di una banca dati per la predizione di siti di legame per miRNA editati tramite RNA A-to-I editing; un algoritmo per la progettazione di miRNA sintetici con alta specificità; e una base di conoscenza dotata di algoritmi di data mining per l'annotazione funzionale dei microRNA, proposta come risorsa unificata per la ricerca sui miRNA.
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Wallrapp, Frank. "Mixed quantum and classical simulation techniques for mapping electron transfer in proteins." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/22685.

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El objetivo de esta tesis se centra en el estudio de la transferencia de electrones (ET), una de las reacciones más simples y cruciales en bioquímica. Para dichos procesos, obtener información directa de los factores que lo promueves, asi como del camino de transferencia electronica, no es una tarea trivial. Dicha información a un nivel de conocimiento detallado atómico y electrónico, sin embargo, es muy valiosa en términos de una mejor comprensión del ciclo enzimático, que podría conducir, por ejemplo, a un diseño más eficaz de inhibidores. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es el desarrollo de una metodología para el estudio cuantitativo de la ET en los sistemas biológicos. En este sentido, hemos desarrollado un nuevo método para obtener el camino de transferencia electrónico, llamado QM/MM e-­‐ Pathway, que se puede aplicar en sistemas complejos con ET de largo alcance. El método se basa en una búsqueda sucesiva de residuos importantes para la ET, utilizando la modificación de la región quantica en métodos mixtos QM/MM, y siguiendo la evolución de la densidad de espín dentro de la zona de transferencia. Hemos demostrado la utilidad y la aplicabilidad del algoritmo en el complejo P450cam/Pdx, identificando el papel clave de la Arg112 (en P450cam) y del Asp48 (en Pdx), ambos conocidos en la literatura. Además de obtener caminos de ET, hemos cuantificado su importancia en términos del acoplamiento electrónico entre el dador y aceptor para los diferentes caminos. En este sentido, se realizaron dos estudios de la influencia del solvente y de la temperatura en el acoplamiento electrónico para sistemas modelo oligopéptidos. Ambos estudios revelaron que los valores del acoplamiento electrónico fluctúan fuertemente a lo largo de las trayectorias de dinámica molecular obtenidas, y el mecanismo de transferencia de electrones se ve ampliamente afectado por el espacio conformacional del sistema. La combinación del QM/MM e-­‐pathway y de los cálculos de acoplamiento electronico fueron utilizados finalmente para investigar la ET en el complejo CCP/Cytc. Nuestros hallazgos indican el papel fundamental del Trp191 en localizar un estadio intermedio para la transferencia electronica, así como el camino ET principal que incluye Ala194, Ala193, Gly192 y Trp191. Ambos hallazgos fueron confirmados a través de la literatura. Los resultados obtenidos para el muestro de manios de ET, junto con su evaluación a través de cálculos de acoplamiento electrónico, sugieren un enfoque sencillo y prometedor para investigar ET de largo alcance en proteínas.
The focus of this PhD thesis lies on electron transfer (ET) processes, belonging to the simplest but most crucial reactions in biochemistry. Getting direct information of the forces driving the process and the actual electron pathway is not a trivial task. Such atomic and electronic detailed information, however, is very valuable in terms of a better understanding of the enzymatic cycle, which might lead, for example, to more efficient protein inhibitor design. The main objective of this thesis was the development of a methodology for the quantitative study of ET in biological systems. In this regard, we developed a novel approach to map long-­‐range electron transfer pathways, called QM/MM e-­‐Pathway. The method is based on a successive search for important ET residues in terms of modifying the QM region following the evolution of the spin density of the electron (hole) within a given transfer region. We proved the usefulness and applicability of the algorithm on the P450cam/Pdx complex, indicating the key role of Arg112 of P450cam and Asp48 of Pdx for its ET pathway, both being known to be important from the literature. Besides only identifying the ET pathways, we further quantified their importance in terms of electronic coupling of donor and acceptor incorporating the particular pathway residues. Within this regard, we performed two systematic evaluations of the underlying reasons for the influence of solvent and temperature onto electronic coupling in oligopeptide model systems. Both studies revealed that electronic coupling values strongly fluctuate throughout the molecular dynamics trajectories obtained, and the mechanism of electron transfer is affected by the conformational space the system is able to occupy. Combining both ET mapping and electronic coupling calculations, we finally investigated the electron transfer in the CcP/Cytc complex. Our findings indicate the key role of Trp191 being the bridge-­‐localized state of the ET as well as the main pathway consisting of Ala194, Ala193, Gly192 and Trp191 between CcP and Cytc. Both findings were confirmed through the literature. Moreover, our calculations on several snapshots state a nongated ET mechanism in this protein complex. The methodology developed along this thesis, mapping ET pathways together with their evaluation through electronic coupling calculations, suggests a straightforward and promising approach to investigate long-­‐range ET in proteins.
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Botha, Sabine [Verfasser], and Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Betzel. "Developing Methods towards the Structure Determination of Biological Particles using Crystallographic and Single Particle Imaging Techniques / Sabine Botha ; Betreuer: Christian Betzel." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/115890035X/34.

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Kim, Leo Dhohoon. "Visualizing discourses and governance of human embryonic stem cell research in South Korea (in comparison to the UK)." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2016. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/65434/.

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This thesis investigates how the discourses and governance of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research operated in South Korea. Comparing South Korea to the UK in three fields (government, newspapers, and public responses) and reflecting scientific misconduct in the South Korean scientists' community, the study tries to identify hidden variables that influenced the national trajectory. To capture dynamic yet underrepresented national and cultural characteristics, the author has analysed microscopic interactions including actors' utterances, media framing, human relations and strategies. By using the methodology to pursue sociological approaches with semantic and social network analysis, concepts usually inferred and narrated by the researcher gain a visual and measurable representation in terms of Actor-Networks. The study concludes that the failure to institutionalise a sustainably cooperative research environment and (bio)ethical regulation in South Korea is an outcome of the lack of reflexive social discourse and deliberative governance. The national characteristics mainly derived from the subdued status of experts, scientists, in the government and the predominant media framing to represent life science as a mere tool to economic development. More crucially, people in general accepted the economy-oriented discourse. From the outcome of the semantic network analysis, it turns out that the public attitude was mainly constructed from people's limited objective and desire to utilise science to pursue social status and economic development. South Korean people largely disregarded the possible threat of hESC research to women's bodies that was related to human rights. A new scientific leadership should recognise this culturally embedded atmosphere and more effectively mediate government, mass media, lay public and scientific community by reconstituting expert role, critical media framing of science, and broader deliberation on the social function of scientific knowledge.
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Roudot, Philippe. "Image processing methods for dynamical intracellular processes analysis in quantitative fluorescence microscopy." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S025/document.

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Nous présentons dans la première partie du document une étude portant sur l'imagerie de temps de vie de fluorescence sur structures dynamiques dans le domaine de fréquence (FD FLIM). Une mesure en FD FLIM est définie par une série d'images présentant une variation d'intensité sinusoïdale. La variation d'un temps de vie se traduit par une variation dans la phase de la sinusoïde décrite par l'intensité. Notre étude comporte deux contributions principales: une modélisation du processus de formation de l'image et du bruit inhérent au système d'acquisition (capteur ICCD) ; une méthode robuste d'estimation du temps vie sur des structures mobiles et des vésicules intracellulaires. Nous présentons ensuite une étude en microscopie de fluorescence portant sur la quantification du transport hétérogène dans un environnement intracellulaire dense. Les transitions entre la diffusion Brownienne dans le cytoplasme et les transports actifs supportés par le cytosquelette sont en effet des scénarios très couramment observés dans des cellules vivantes. Nous montrons que les algorithmes classiques de suivi d'objets nécessaires dans ce contexte, ne sont pas conçus pour détecter les transitions entre ces deux types de mouvement. Nous proposons donc un nouvel algorithme, inspiré de l'algorithme u-track [Jaqaman et al., 2008], qui s'appuie sur plusieurs filtrages de Kalman adaptés à différents types de transport (Brownien, Dirigé ...), indépendamment pour chaque objet suivi. Nous illustrons sur séquences simulées et expérimentales (vimentine, virus) l'aptitude de notre algorithme à détecter des mouvements dirigés rares
We propose in this manuscript a study of the instrumentation required for the quantification in frequency domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FD FLIM). A FD FLIM measurement is defined as a series of images with sinusoidal intensity variations. The fluorescence lifetime is defined as the nanosecond-scale delay between excitation and emission of fluorescence. We propose two main contributions in the area: a modeling of the image process and noise introduced by the acquisition system (ICCD sensor); a robust statistical method for lifetime estimation on moving structures and intracellular vesicles. The second part presents a contribution to the tracking of multiple particles presenting heterogeneous transports in dense conditions. We focus here on the switching between confined diffusion in the cytosol and motor-mediated active transport in random directions. We show that current multiple model filtering and gating strategies fail at estimating unpredictable transitions between Brownian and directed displacements. We propose a new algorithm, based on the u-track algorithm [Jaqaman et al., 2008], based on a set of Kalman filters adapted to several motion types, for each tracked object. The algorithm has been evaluated on simulated and real data (vimentin, virus) data. We show that our method outperforms competing methods in the targeted scenario, but also on more homogeneous types of dynamics challenged by density
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Kratsch, Christina [Verfasser], Alice [Akademischer Betreuer] McHardy, Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Lercher, and Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Beer. "Computational methods to study phenotype evolution and feature selection techniques for biological data under evolutionary constraints / Christina Kratsch. Gutachter: Martin Lercher ; Martin Beer. Betreuer: Alice McHardy." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1063085128/34.

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Kratsch, Christina Verfasser], Alice [Akademischer Betreuer] [McHardy, Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Lercher, and Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Beer. "Computational methods to study phenotype evolution and feature selection techniques for biological data under evolutionary constraints / Christina Kratsch. Gutachter: Martin Lercher ; Martin Beer. Betreuer: Alice McHardy." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1063085128/34.

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Nagaraj, Nagarjuna [Verfasser], and Matthias [Akademischer Betreuer] Mann. "Developing mass spectrometry towards applications in clinical proteomics : improved sample preparation techniques and mass spectrometric methods for unbiased identification of proteome from clinical samples / Nagarjuna Nagaraj. Betreuer: Matthias Mann." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1015203140/34.

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Ramstein, Gérard. "Application de techniques de fouille de données en Bio-informatique." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Nantes, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00706566.

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Les travaux de recherche présentés par l'auteur ont pour objet l'application de techniques d'extraction de connaissances à partir de données (ECD) en biologie. Deux thèmes majeurs de recherche en bio-informatique sont abordés : la recherche d'homologues distants dans des familles de protéines et l'analyse du transcriptome. La recherche d'homologues distants à partir de séquences protéiques est une problématique qui consiste à découvrir de nouveaux membres d'une famille de protéines. Celle-ci partageant généralement une fonction biologique, l'identification de la famille permet d'investiguer le rôle d'une séquence protéique. Des classifieurs ont été développés pour discriminer une superfamille de protéines particulière, celle des cytokines. Ces protéines sont impliquées dans le système immunitaire et leur étude est d'une importance cruciale en thérapeutique. La technique des Séparateurs à Vastes Marges (SVM) a été retenue, cette technique ayant donné les résultats les plus prometteurs pour ce type d'application. Une méthode originale de classification a été conçue, basée sur une étape préliminaire de découverte de mots sur-représentés dans la famille d'intérêt. L'apport de cette démarche est d'utiliser un dictionnaire retreint de motifs discriminants, par rapport à des techniques utilisant un espace global de k-mots. Une comparaison avec ces dernières méthodes montre la pertinence de cette approche en termes de performances de classification. La seconde contribution pour cette thématique porte sur l'agrégation des classifieurs basée sur des essaims grammaticaux. Cette méthode vise à optimiser l'association de classifieurs selon des modèles de comportement sociaux, à la manière des algorithmes génétiques d'optimisation. Le deuxième axe de recherche traite de l'analyse des données du transcriptome. L'étude du transcriptome représente un enjeu considérable, tant du point de vue de la compréhension des mécanismes du vivant que des applications cliniques et pharmacologiques. L'analyse implicative sur des règles d'association, développée initialement par Régis Gras, a été appliquée aux données du transcriptome. Une approche originale basée sur des rangs d'observation a été proposée. Deux applications illustrent la pertinence de cette méthode : la sélection de gènes informatifs et la classification de tumeurs. Enfin, une collaboration étroite avec une équipe INSERM dirigée par Rémi Houlgatte a conduit à l'enrichissement d'une suite logicielle dédiée aux données de puces à ADN. Cette collection d'outils dénommée MADTOOLS a pour objectifs l'intégration de données du transcriptome et l'aide à la méta-analyse. Une application majeure de cette suite utilise les données publiques relatives aux pathologies musculaires. La méta-analyse, en se basant sur des jeux de données indépendants, améliore grandement la robustesse des résultats. L'étude systématique de ces données a mis en évidence des groupes de gènes co-exprimés de façon récurrente. Ces groupes conservent leur propriété discriminante au travers de jeux très divers en termes d'espèces, de maladies ou de conditions expérimentales. Cette étude peut évidemment se généraliser à l'ensemble des données publiques concernant le transcriptome. Elle ouvre la voie à une approche à très grande échelle de ce type de données pour l'étude d'autres pathologies humaines.
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Denolin, Vincent. "Sources of contrast and acquisition methods in functional MRI of the human brain." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211408.

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L'Imagerie fonctionnelle par Résonance Magnétique (IRMf) a connu un développement important depuis sa découverte au début des années 1990. Basée le plus souvent sur l'effet BOLD (Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent), cette technique permet d'obtenir de façon totalement non-invasive des cartes d'activation cérébrale, avec de meilleures résolutions spatiale et temporelle que les méthodes préexistantes telles que la tomographie par émission de positrons (TEP). Facilement praticable au moyen des imageurs par RMN disponible dans les hôpitaux, elle a mené à de nombreuses applications dans le domaine des neurosciences et de l'étude des pathologies cérébrales.

Il est maintenant bien établi que l'effet BOLD est dû à une augmentation de l'oxygénation du sang veineux dans les régions du cerveau où se produit l'activation neuronale, impliquant une diminution de la différence de susceptibilité magnétique entre le sang et les tissus environnants (la déoxyhémoglobine étant paramagnétique et l'oxyhémoglobine diamagnétique), et par conséquent un augmentation du signal si la méthode d'acquisition est sensible aux inhomogénéités de champ magnétique. Cependant, il reste encore de nombreuses inconnues quant aux mécanismes liant les variations d'oxygénation, de flux et de volume sanguin à l'augmentation de signal observée, et la dépendance du phénomène en des paramètres tels que l'intensité du champ, la résolution spatiale, et le type de séquence de RMN utilisée. La première partie de la thèse est donc consacrée à l'étude de l'effet BOLD, dans le cas particulier des contributions dues aux veines de drainage dans les séquences de type écho de gradient rendues sensibles au mouvement par l'ajout de gradients de champ. Le modèle développé montre que, contrairement au comportement suggéré par de précédentes publications, l'effet de ces gradients n'est pas une diminution monotone de la différence de signal lorsque l'intensité des gradients augmente. D'importantes oscillations sont produites par l'effet de phase dû au déplacement des spins du sang dans les gradients additionnels, et par la variation de cette phase suite à l'augmentation du flux sanguin. La validation expérimentale du modèle est réalisée au moyen de la séquence PRESTO (Principles of Echo-Shifting combined with a Train of Observations), c'est-à-dire une séquence en écho de gradient où des gradients supplémentaires permettent d'augmenter la sensibilité aux inhomogénéités de champ, et donc à l'effet BOLD. Un accord qualitatif avec la théorie est établi en montrant que la variation de signal observée peut augmenter lorsqu'on intensifie les gradients additionnels.

Un autre source de débat continuel dans le domaine de l'IRMf réside dans l'optimalisation des méthodes d'acquisition, au point de vue notamment de leur sensibilité à l'effet BOLD, leurs résolutions spatiale et temporelle, leur sensibilité à divers artefacts tels que la perte de signal dans les zones présentant des inhomogénéités de champ à grande échelle, et la contamination des cartes d'activation par les contributions des grosses veines, qui peuvent être distantes du lieu d'activation réel. Les séquences en écho de spin sont connues pour être moins sensibles à ces deux derniers problèmes, c'est pourquoi la deuxième partie de la thèse est consacrée à une nouvelle technique permettant de donner une pondération T2 plutôt que T2* aux images. Le principe de base de la méthode n'est pas neuf, puisqu'il s'agit de la « Préparation T2 » (T2prep), qui consiste à atténuer l'aimantation longitudinale différemment selon la valeur du temps de relaxation T2, mais il n’avait jamais été appliqué à l’IRMf. Ses avantages par rapport à d’autres méthodes hybrides T2 et T2* sont principalement le gain en résolution temporelle et en dissipation d’énergie électromagnétique dans les tissus. Le contraste généré par ces séquences est étudié au moyen de solutions stationnaires des équations de Bloch. Des prédictions sont faites quant au contraste BOLD, sur base de ces solutions stationnaires et d’une description simplifiée de l’effet BOLD en termes de variations de T2 et T2*. Une méthode est proposée pour rendre le signal constant au travers du train d’impulsions en faisant varier l’angle de bascule d’une impulsion à l’autre, ce qui permet de diminuer le flou dans les images. Des expériences in vitro montrent un accord quantitatif excellent avec les prédictions théoriques quant à l’intensité des signaux mesurés, aussi bien dans le cas de l’angle constant que pour la série d’angles variables. Des expériences d’activation du cortex visuel démontrent la faisabilité de l’IRMf au moyen de séquences T2prep, et confirment les prédictions théoriques quant à la variation de signal causée par l’activation.

La troisième partie de la thèse constitue la suite logique des deux premières, puisqu’elle est consacrée à une extension du principe de déplacement d’écho (echo-shifting) aux séquences en écho de spin à l’état stationnaire, ce qui permet d’obtenir une pondération T2 et T2* importante tout en maintenant un temps de répétition court, et donc une bonne résolution temporelle. Une analyse théorique approfondie de la formation du signal dans de telles séquences est présentée. Elle est basée en partie sur la technique de résolution des équations de Bloch utilisée dans la deuxième partie, qui consiste à calculer l’aimantation d’état stationnaire en fonction des angles de précession dans le plan transverse, puis à intégrer sur les isochromats pour obtenir le signal résultant d’un voxel (volume element). Le problème est aussi envisagé sous l’angle des « trajectoires de cohérence », c’est-à-dire la subdivision du signal en composantes plus ou moins déphasées, par l’effet combiné des impulsions RF, des gradients appliqués et des inhomogénéités du champ magnétique principal. Cette approche permet d’interpréter l’intensité du signal dans les séquences à écho déplacé comme le résultat d’interférences destructives entre diverses composantes physiquement interprétables. Elle permet de comprendre comment la variation de la phase de l’impulsion d’excitation (RF-spoiling) élimine ces interférences. Des expériences in vitro montrent un accord quantitatif excellent avec les calculs théoriques, et la faisabilité de la méthode in vivo est établie. Il n’est pas encore possible de conclure quant à l’applicabilité de la nouvelle méthode dans le cadre de l’IRMf, mais l’approche théorique proposée a en tout cas permis de revoir en profondeur les mécanismes de formation du signal pour l’ensemble des méthodes à écho déplacé, puisque le cas de l’écho de gradient s’avère complètement similaire au cas de l’écho de spin.

La thèse évolue donc progressivement de la modélisation de l’effet BOLD vers la conception de séquences, permettant ainsi d’aborder deux aspects fondamentaux de la physique de l’IRMf.


Doctorat en sciences appliquées
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Books on the topic "Methods and techniques of biology"

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Celis, J. E., and Geri Kreitzer. Cell biology assays: Essential methods. London: Academic, 2009.

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J, Taatjes Douglas, and Mossman Brooke T. 1947-, eds. Cell imaging techniques: Methods and protocols. Totowa, N.J: Humana Press, 2006.

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Cox, Guy. Optical imaging techniques in cell biology. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis/CRC Press, 2012.

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Banafshé, Larijani, Rosser Colin A, and Woscholski Rudiger, eds. Chemical biology: Applications and techniques. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons, 2006.

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1948-, Walker John M., ed. New protein techniques. Clifton, N.J: Humana Press, 1988.

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Optical imaging techniques in cell biology. Boca Raton: CRC/Taylor & Francis, 2007.

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R, Arnett Timothy, and Henderson Brian, eds. Methods in bone biology. London: Chapman & Hall, 1998.

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NATO Advanced Study Institute on Molecular Techniques in Taxonomy (1990 Norwich, England). Molecular techniques in taxonomy. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991.

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NATO, Advanced Study Institute on Photobiological Techniques (1990 Kingston Ont ). Photobiological techniques. New York: Plenum Press, 1991.

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J, Asai David, and American Society for Cell Biology., eds. Methods in cell biology. New York: Academic Press, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Methods and techniques of biology"

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Ji, Niannian, and Thomas G. Forsthuber. "ELISPOT Techniques." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 63–71. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7651_2014_111.

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Hussein, Heba. "Oral Techniques." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 17–29. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1518-8_2.

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Arora, Mansi, and Deepak Kaul. "RNA Biology: Methods and Techniques." In Cancer RNome: Nature & Evolution, 287–313. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1568-8_5.

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Fulton, Kelly M., Isabel Baltat, and Susan M. Twine. "Immunoproteomics Methods and Techniques." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 25–58. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9597-4_2.

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Tangrea, Michael A., Jeffrey C. Hanson, Robert F. Bonner, Thomas J. Pohida, Jaime Rodriguez-Canales, and Michael R. Emmert-Buck. "Immunoguided Microdissection Techniques." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 57–66. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-163-5_4.

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Karlinsey, James M. "Sample Injection Techniques." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 55–64. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8964-5_3.

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Fissolo, Nicolás, Xavier Montalban, and Manuel Comabella. "DNA Vaccination Techniques." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 39–50. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7651_2014_87.

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Huang, Jack Yu Jen, and Zev Rosenwaks. "Assisted Reproductive Techniques." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 171–231. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0659-8_8.

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Murrell, Emily, Anton Lindberg, Armando Garcia, and Neil Vasdev. "11C-Fixation Techniques." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 3–13. New York, NY: Springer US, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3499-8_1.

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Mayeno, Arthur N., and Brad Reisfeld. "Tools and Techniques." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 75–89. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-050-2_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Methods and techniques of biology"

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Frontasyeva, Marina, Carlos Granja, and Claude Leroy. "Nuclear and Related Analytical Techniques for Environmental and Life Sciences." In NUCLEAR PHYSICS METHODS AND ACCELERATORS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE: Fifth International Summer School on Nuclear Physics Methods and Accelerators in Biology and Medicine. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3295624.

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Harrison, Robert L., Carlos Granja, and Claude Leroy. "Monte Carlo Simulation of Emission Tomography and other Medical Imaging Techniques." In NUCLEAR PHYSICS METHODS AND ACCELERATORS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE: Fifth International Summer School on Nuclear Physics Methods and Accelerators in Biology and Medicine. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3295622.

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Dufek, Vladimir, Ivana Horakova, Leos Novak, Ondrej Koncek, Vit Richter, Lenka Janeckova, Carlos Granja, and Claude Leroy. "Evaluation of Patient Doses from Verification Techniques in Image-Guided Radiotherapy (IGRT)." In NUCLEAR PHYSICS METHODS AND ACCELERATORS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE: Fifth International Summer School on Nuclear Physics Methods and Accelerators in Biology and Medicine. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3295647.

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Bucolo, Maide, Federica Di Grazia, Luigi Fortuna, Mattia Frasca, Francesca Sapuppo, and David Shannahoff-Khalsa. "Complementary Methods for Interpreting Brain Signals: Linear versus Nonlinear Techniques." In 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2007.4352704.

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Obaid, Girgis, Yucheng Wang, Jerrin Kuriakose, Mans Broekgaarden, Ahmed Alkhateeb, Anne-Laure Bulin, James Hui, Andrew Tsourkas, and Tayyaba Hasan. "Site-specific antibody-liposome conjugation through copper-free click chemistry: a molecular biology approach for targeted photodynamic therapy (Conference Presentation)." In Optical Methods for Tumor Treatment and Detection: Mechanisms and Techniques in Photodynamic Therapy XXV, edited by David H. Kessel and Tayyaba Hasan. SPIE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2214253.

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Volkov, V., Ya D. Kulakov, Yu D. Beresin, Victor V. Lazo, S. Goncharov, and O. Marchenko. "Techniques and equipment for laser destruction of intraocular tumors." In Selected Papers from Seventh Internation Conference on Advanced Laser Technologies (ALT'98): Laser Methods in Medicine and Biology, edited by Alexander M. Prokhorov, Vladimir I. Pustovoy, and Genadi P. Kuz'min. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.353117.

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Belogolovaya, M. S. "ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN BIOLOGY LESSONS AS A MEANS OF FORMING RESEARCH COMPETENCE IN STUDENTS." In SAKHAROV READINGS 2022: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute of Belarusian State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2022-1-7-10.

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The article discusses the methods and techniques most effective for the formation of students’ research competence through environmental education in biology lessons. Teaching methods: «Explore and learn together», «Find a mistake», rapid research, business game, practice-oriented tasks, infographics are complex interactions of word, clarity and practical activity.
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Stanciu, Adelin. "Development of scientific and practical skills in biology lab works." In Condiții pedagogice de optimizare a învățării în post criză pandemică prin prisma dezvoltării gândirii științifice. "Ion Creanga" State Pedagogical University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46728/c.18-06-2021.p96-99.

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The teaching methods used in biology are meant to develop the spirit of observation and investigation, specific skills and work techniques, arousing motivation and interest in the study of this beautiful discipline. Beyond scientific knowledge, teaching biology also involves the development of practical skills, the metacognitive ability of students, the much-desired competence of „learning how to learn”. The student's metacognitions are largely determined by the teacher's metacognitions and the teaching strategy must be carefully constructed, modern and adapted to students' requirements, whether we are talking about experiment, demonstration, practical work or learning by discovery.
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Turner, Amber, Dasha Shieff, Anany Dwivedi, and Minas Liarokapis. "Comparing Machine Learning Methods and Feature Extraction Techniques for the EMG Based Decoding of Human Intention." In 2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630998.

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Siennicki, Jakub, Małgorzata Bieńkiewicz, Anna Płachcińska, Carlos Granja, and Claude Leroy. "Optimal Methodology of SPECT∕CT Acquisition and Processing Technique for [sup 123]I−DaTSCAN Neuroimaging." In NUCLEAR PHYSICS METHODS AND ACCELERATORS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE: Fifth International Summer School on Nuclear Physics Methods and Accelerators in Biology and Medicine. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3295652.

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Reports on the topic "Methods and techniques of biology"

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Burns, Malcom, and Gavin Nixon. Literature review on analytical methods for the detection of precision bred products. Food Standards Agency, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ney927.

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The Genetic Technology (Precision Breeding) Act (England) aims to develop a science-based process for the regulation and authorisation of precision bred organisms (PBOs). PBOs are created by genetic technologies but exhibit changes which could have occurred through traditional processes. This current review, commissioned by the Food Standards Agency (FSA), aims to clarify existing terminologies, explore viable methods for the detection, identification, and quantification of products of precision breeding techniques, address and identify potential solutions to the analytical challenges presented, and provide recommendations for working towards an infrastructure to support detection of precision bred products in the future. The review includes a summary of the terminology in relation to analytical approaches for detection of precision bred products. A harmonised set of terminology contributes towards promoting further understanding of the common terms used in genome editing. A review of the current state of the art of potential methods for the detection, identification and quantification of precision bred products in the UK, has been provided. Parallels are drawn with the evolution of synergistic analytical approaches for the detection of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), where molecular biology techniques are used to detect DNA sequence changes in an organism’s genome. The scope and limitations of targeted and untargeted methods are summarised. Current scientific opinion supports that modern molecular biology techniques (i.e., quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), digital PCR (dPCR) and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)) have the technical capability to detect small alterations in an organism’s genome, given specific prerequisites of a priori information on the DNA sequence of interest and of the associated flanking regions. These techniques also provide the best infra-structure for developing potential approaches for detection of PBOs. Should sufficient information be known regarding a sequence alteration and confidence can be attributed to this being specific to a PBO line, then detection, identification and quantification can potentially be achieved. Genome editing and new mutagenesis techniques are umbrella terms, incorporating a plethora of approaches with diverse modes of action and resultant mutational changes. Generalisations regarding techniques and methods for detection for all PBO products are not appropriate, and each genome edited product may have to be assessed on a case-by-case basis. The application of modern molecular biology techniques, in isolation and by targeting just a single alteration, are unlikely to provide unequivocal evidence to the source of that variation, be that as a result of precision breeding or as a result of traditional processes. In specific instances, detection and identification may be technically possible, if enough additional information is available in order to prove that a DNA sequence or sequences are unique to a specific genome edited line (e.g., following certain types of Site-Directed Nucelase-3 (SDN-3) based approaches). The scope, gaps, and limitations associated with traceability of PBO products were examined, to identify current and future challenges. Alongside these, recommendations were made to provide the infrastructure for working towards a toolkit for the design, development and implementation of analytical methods for detection of PBO products. Recognition is given that fully effective methods for PBO detection have yet to be realised, so these recommendations have been made as a tool for progressing the current state-of-the-art for research into such methods. Recommendations for the following five main challenges were identified. Firstly, PBOs submitted for authorisation should be assessed on a case-by-case basis in terms of the extent, type and number of genetic changes, to make an informed decision on the likelihood of a molecular biology method being developed for unequivocal identification of that specific PBO. The second recommendation is that a specialist review be conducted, potentially informed by UK and EU governmental departments, to monitor those PBOs destined for the authorisation process, and actively assess the extent of the genetic variability and mutations, to make an informed decision on the type and complexity of detection methods that need to be developed. This could be further informed as part of the authorisation process and augmented via a publicly available register or database. Thirdly, further specialist research and development, allied with laboratory-based evidence, is required to evaluate the potential of using a weight of evidence approach for the design and development of detection methods for PBOs. This concept centres on using other indicators, aside from the single mutation of interest, to increase the likelihood of providing a unique signature or footprint. This includes consideration of the genetic background, flanking regions, off-target mutations, potential CRISPR/Cas activity, feasibility of heritable epigenetic and epitranscriptomic changes, as well as supplementary material from supplier, origin, pedigree and other documentation. Fourthly, additional work is recommended, evaluating the extent/type/nature of the genetic changes, and assessing the feasibility of applying threshold limits associated with these genetic changes to make any distinction on how they may have occurred. Such a probabilistic approach, supported with bioinformatics, to determine the likelihood of particular changes occurring through genome editing or traditional processes, could facilitate rapid classification and pragmatic labelling of products and organisms containing specific mutations more readily. Finally, several scientific publications on detection of genome edited products have been based on theoretical principles. It is recommended to further qualify these using evidenced based practical experimental work in the laboratory environment. Additional challenges and recommendations regarding the design, development and implementation of potential detection methods were also identified. Modern molecular biology-based techniques, inclusive of qPCR, dPCR, and NGS, in combination with appropriate bioinformatics pipelines, continue to offer the best analytical potential for developing methods for detecting PBOs. dPCR and NGS may offer the best technical potential, but qPCR remains the most practicable option as it is embedded in most analytical laboratories. Traditional screening approaches, similar to those for conventional transgenic GMOs, cannot easily be used for PBOs due to the deficit in common control elements incorporated into the host genome. However, some limited screening may be appropriate for PBOs as part of a triage system, should a priori information be known regarding the sequences of interest. The current deficit of suitable methods to detect and identify PBOs precludes accurate PBO quantification. Development of suitable reference materials to aid in the traceability of PBOs remains an issue, particularly for those PBOs which house on- and off-target mutations which can segregate. Off-target mutations may provide an additional tool to augment methods for detection, but unless these exhibit complete genetic linkage to the sequence of interest, these can also segregate out in resulting generations. Further research should be conducted regarding the likelihood of multiple mutations segregating out in a PBO, to help inform the development of appropriate PBO reference materials, as well as the potential of using off-target mutations as an additional tool for PBO traceability. Whilst recognising the technical challenges of developing and maintaining pan-genomic databases, this report recommends that the UK continues to consider development of such a resource, either as a UK centric version, or ideally through engagement in parallel EU and international activities to better achieve harmonisation and shared responsibilities. Such databases would be an invaluable resource in the design of reliable detection methods, as well as for confirming that a mutation is as a result of genome editing. PBOs and their products show great potential within the agri-food sector, necessitating a science-based analytical framework to support UK legislation, business and consumers. Differentiating between PBOs generated through genome editing compared to organisms which exhibit the same mutational change through traditional processes remains analytically challenging, but a broad set of diagnostic technologies (e.g., qPCR, NGS, dPCR) coupled with pan-genomic databases and bioinformatics approaches may help contribute to filling this analytical gap, and support the safety, transparency, proportionality, traceability and consumer confidence associated with the UK food chain.
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Saillant, Eric, Jason Lemus, and James Franks. Culture of Lobotes surinamensis (Tripletail). Mississippi Department of Marine Resources, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18785/ose.001.

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The Tripletail, Lobotes surinamensis, is a pelagic fish found in tropical and sub-tropical waters of all oceans. Tripletails are often associated with floating debris and make frequent incursions in bays and estuaries where they are targeted by recreational fishermen. In Mississippi waters the species is typically present during the late spring and summer season that also correspond to the period of sexual maturation and spawning (Brown-Peterson and Franks 2001). Tripletail is appreciated as a gamefish but is also prized for its flesh of superior quality. The fast growth rate of juveniles in captivity documented by Franks et al. (2001) and the excellent quality of Tripletail flesh both contribute to the potential of this species for marine aquaculture. In addition, the production of cultured juveniles would be precious to develop a better understanding of the biology, early life history and habitat use of Tripletail larvae and juveniles, a topic largely undocumented to date, through experimental releases and controlled studies. The culture of tripletail thus supports the Tidelands Trust Fund Program through improved conservation of natural resources, potential enhancement of fisheries productivity and potential development of a new economic activity on the Gulf coast producing tripletail via aquaculture. The Objective of this project was to initiate development of methods and techniques needed to spawn captive held tripletail broodfish and raise their offspring to evaluate their growth and development in captivity. In this report we will present the results of studies aiming to develop methods and protocols for captive spawning of tripletail and the first data obtained on the early development of tripletail larvae. A major issue that was encountered with tripletail broodstock development during the project lied in the difficulties associated with identifying the sex of adults caught in the wild and candidates for being incorporated in mating sets for spawning. This issue was addressed during the course of the project by examining the potential of a non-lethal method of hormonal sexing. The results of these preliminary investigations are presented in the third part of this report. All protocols used in the project were determined with the guidance of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the University of Southern Mississippi (USM IACUC protocol number 10100108).
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Sinclair, Michael B., Jim R. Cowie, Mark Hilary Van Benthem, Brian Neil Wylie, George S. Davidson, David Michael Haaland, Jerilyn Ann Timlin, et al. High throughput instruments, methods, and informatics for systems biology. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/918232.

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Bower, James M., and Christof Koch. Methods in Computational Neuroscience: Marine Biology Laboratory Student Projects. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada201434.

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MacArthur, D. W., K. S. Allander, and S. K. Matthews. Wire chamber assembly techniques: More methods. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6295544.

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Rutter, Carolyn M. Methods for Evaluating Mammography Imaging Techniques. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada374046.

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Rutter, Carolyn M. Methods for Evaluating Mammography Imaging Techniques. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada352302.

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Bapat, Kshitija. Molecular Biology Techniques Used in A Study of Ovine Lung Clara Cells. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/cc-20240624-1021.

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Greenberg, Jane, Samantha Grabus, Florence Hudson, Tim Kraska, Samuel Madden, René Bastón, and Katie Naum. The Northeast Big Data Innovation Hub: "Enabling Seamless Data Sharing in Industry and Academia" Workshop Report. Drexel University, March 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17918/d8159v.

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Increasingly, both industry and academia, in fields ranging from biology and social sciences to computing and engineering, are driven by data (Provost & Fawcett, 2013; Wixom, et al, 2014); and both commercial success and academic impact are dependent on having access to data. Many organizations collecting data lack the expertise required to process it (Hazen, et al, 2014), and, thus, pursue data sharing with researchers who can extract more value from data they own. For example, a biosciences company may benefit from a specific analysis technique a researcher has developed. At the same time, researchers are always on the search for real-world data sets to demonstrate the effectiveness of their methods. Unfortunately, many data sharing attempts fail, for reasons ranging from legal restrictions on how data can be used—to privacy policies, different cultural norms, and technological barriers. In fact, many data sharing partnerships that are vital to addressing pressing societal challenges in cities, health, energy, and the environment are not being pursued due to such obstacles. Addressing these data sharing challenges requires open, supportive dialogue across many sectors, including technology, policy, industry, and academia. Further, there is a crucial need for well-defined agreements that can be shared among key stakeholders, including researchers, technologists, legal representatives, and technology transfer officers. The Northeast Big Data Innovation Hub (NEBDIH) took an important step in this area with the recent "Enabling Seamless Data Sharing in Industry and Academia" workshop, held at Drexel University September 29-30, 2016. The workshop brought together representatives from these critical stakeholder communities to launch a national dialogue on challenges and opportunities in this complex space.
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10

Milligan, Kelley, and Allyson Kelley. Key Informant Interview Techniques and Storytelling Methods. Allyson Kelley & Associates PLLC, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.62689/lm0y7c.

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Abstract:
This document outlines how to collect qualitative data and stories in community settings. Seven interview techniques provide readers with a step-by-step process of how to plan and engage people in the process. Authors include considerations for conducting interviews with Indigenous and community-based settings based on current research and evaluation projects.
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