Journal articles on the topic 'Methods behind hacking of an E-mail'

Today, the entire life of human being involves in facing of risk in their day to day life from the technological advancements. An increasing number of technological advancement in internet world, the domestic and international criminal activities has been increased. Computer and other electronic devices can be a tool to commit crime or are targeted by criminals such as hackers. The article presents the role of hackers in electronic mail and intention with their way of thinking, planning and performing attacks for their personal gain and as well as others grow up. We mainly focused on how hacking works in E-mail and its impact in India. 

Explosive growth of the Internet has brought many good things: electronic commerce, easy access to vast stores of reference material, collaborative computing, e-mail, and new avenues for advertising and information distribution, to name a few. As with most technological advances, there is also a dark side: criminal hackers. An ethical hacker is a computer and network expert who attacks a security system on behalf of its owners, seeking vulnerabilities that a malicious hacker could exploit. Governments, companies, and private citizens around the world are anxious to be a part of this revolution, but they are afraid that some hacker will break into their Web server and replace their logo with pornography, read their e-mail, steal their credit card number from an on-line shopping site, or implant software that will secretly transmit their organization's secrets to the open Internet. There are many techniques used to hack the information. This paper explores the ethics behind techniques of ethical hacking and whether there are problems that lie with this new field of work. In this paper we have discussed in detail history and types of hackers , different techniques used to hack the users, Operating System  used in hacking  , its pros and cons and a detail case study of J.P.Morgan.

Image spam is a kind of E-mail spam where the message text of the spam is presented as a picture in an image file. The basic rationale behind image spam is difficult to detect using text spam filtering methods which is designed to detect patterns in text in the plain-text E-mail body or attachments. A new trend in email spam is the emergence of image spam. The most previous works of image spam detection focused on filtering the image spam on the client side. This proposed system considered more desirable comprehensive solution which embraces the both server side filtering and client side detection methods. The spectral clustering algorithm is introduced to similarity measure for cluster analysis of spam images to filter the attack activities of spammers and fast trace back the spam sources. The active learning algorithm is limited where the learner guides the users to label as few images as possible while maximizing the classification accuracy.

Our research started a long ago as additional security for the asset owner to facilitate CIPS ( Cross-border Interbank Payment System) holistic security. Minor corrections were proposed, like an e-mail with a new domain for every transaction, Ping services in a VPN environment, and mirroring avoidance. Our primary approach was to fight internal fraud and hacking threats. Apart from these known vulnerabilities indemnification, we propose three specific security supplements. A shortwave activated latch inside a local safe box and Thales interconnector for a tangible bank security system. The asset owner unlocks his funds as digital money or tangible items like gold through radio communications SDR (Software Defined Radio). Second is the cornerstone of our civilization, the computer-executable avoiding all methods for non-textual passwords. Our last development is a GitHub antipode Software authoring anonymous system. According to our plan, the Internet-based banking system software has separated intercommunicating subroutines. All subroutines are assigned to various programmers for independent implementation, avoiding the internal hacker without the need to find him. For example, a system software written by splitting it into 12 subroutines assigned to 12 programmers working on subroutines has a probability of the thirteenth order of magnitude.

The field of academic advising lags behind other similar fields in the use of technologically mediated communication modalities shown to improve academic outcomes. We investigated student satisfaction with undergraduate advising by examining the ways communication methods, such as social media, between student and advisor relate to student satisfaction. Results showed that although advisors rarely communicated with students via social media, text messaging, or instant messaging, the number of face-to-face advising meetings was positively predicted by advisor use of instant messaging and text messaging and negatively predicted by their use of Facebook. Furthermore, e-mail communication positively predicted a student's positive view of the advising experience, but communicating through Twitter predicted negative views of advising.

Anniversaries, for good or ill, are often hard to ignore. The finiteness and roundness of a century proves almost too irresistible for us to not stop and try to derive some sense of accomplishment and meaning from our individual and collective efforts. The recent 100th anniversary of theAmerican Political Science Reviewin 2006, for example, proved too much to ignore and, as a result, provided us with just such a reckoning (see, e.g., Sigelman 2006). As alluring as the end of a century is for such reminiscing, this impulse is even more forceful at the end of a millennium. Such a closing represents a chance for letting go of the past, gaining some sense of forgiveness, and with the hope of constructing a new future, taking a chance to begin again. This notion of renewal and change was very much on the mind of the individual behind the original “Perestroika” e-mail, circulated in the fall of 2000. In the e-mail, Mr. Perestroika called into question the relevance of the APSA and theAmerican Political Science Review(APSR), questioned the narrowness of our methods, and bemoaned the whiteness and maleness of most of the leadership positions within the discipline. The new millennium seemingly called for a new approach to the study and practice of political science that would move us away from the “coterie” of “East Coast Brahmins” who dominated the APSA andAPSR. The tenth anniversary of Mr. Perestroika's e-mail offers us a chance to reflect on and revisit the millennial promise of the Perestroika movement, examine its impact upon the discipline, and assess the nature of its future.

Department of Geology, Presidency College, Kolkata-700 073, India E-mail : spchaudhuri@vsnl.net University Science Instrumentation Centre, University College of Science, University of Calcutta 92, A chary a Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata-700 009, India <em>E-mail </em>: animasen@yahoo.co.in <em>Manuscript received 12 December 2006, revised 10 August 2007, accepted 23 August 2007</em> The ground water in arsenic infested zone, West Bengal, India is characterised by high iron, arsenic, calcium, magnesium and bi-carbonate with low chloride and sulphate. The pH is generally greater than 7. In this pH medium, iron tends to precipitate as hydroxide and arsenic may also co-precipitate with ferric hydroxide. Addition of hydrochloric acid is necessary to dissolve all iron, prior to arsenic analysis by now injection analysis system - atomic absorption spectrometric method. Addition of sufficient KI in HCI medium is necessary to reduce all As⁵⁺ to As³⁺&nbsp;state before analysis. The average practical detection limit of the FIAS-AAS method is 0.035 &micro;g/L. The method itself is highly sensitive and sensitivity is 0.07 &micro;g/L which is far better than many other methods such as flame atomic absorption, hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometric method and from the conventional spectrophotometric method. Shallow tubewell or well shows the highest peak in the bar graph.

Globalization has become the driving force behind the birth of the era of information technology development. The development of this technology is very fast and has spread to all corners of the world. The development of information technology is not only felt by developed countries but developing countries also feel the development of information technology, so that information technology gets an important position for the progress of society in this modern era. The need for computer network technology is increasing. Apart from being a medium for providing information, through the internet, commercial community activities are also the largest and growing rapidly and penetrate various national borders. Even through this network market activities in the world can be known for 24 hours. Through the world of the internet or also called cyber space, anything can be done. The positive side of this virtual world of course adds to the trend of world technology development with all forms of human creativity. However, the negative impact cannot be avoided. When pornography is rife on the internet, people can't do much. Along with the development of internet technology, causing the emergence of a crime called cyber crime or crime through the internet network or cyberspace. The emergence of several cases of cyber crime in Indonesia, such as credit card theft, hacking of several sites, tapping other people's data transmissions, such as e-mail and manipulating data by preparing unwanted commands into computer programmers. So that in computer crimes it is possible to have formal offenses and material offenses. Formal offense is the act of someone entering someone else's computer without permission, while material offense is an act that causes harm to other people. The existence of cyber crime has become a threat to stability, so it is difficult for the government to balance the techniques of crime committed with computer technology, especially in the internet network.

Background: The tobacco industry has actively advocated for electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and heated tobacco products (HTPs) as harm-reduction alternatives to traditional cigarettes. Around 40% of smoking physicians have adopted HTPs. This study aimed to uncover the motivations behind Japanese physicians’ e-cigarette and HTP use while analyzing the associations between product use, physician demographics, lifestyles, and smoking preferences. Methods: A mail-based survey was conducted in 2020, targeting 6000 male and 1500 female physicians. From the 5492 survey participants, 346 physicians aged 28 to 98 who were current smokers were selected. The survey assessed their usage of e-cigarettes and HTPs and explored the reasons for initial adoption. A multivariate logistic regression analysis examined the relationships between product use, physician characteristics, and behaviors. Results: Approximately 33.8% of smoking physicians had experimented with e-cigarettes and HTPs. E-cigarette and HTP use correlated with youthfulness, nicotine addiction, and a history of medical treatment. The primary drivers for adopting e-cigarettes and HTPs were reduced odor (74.4%), perceived harm reduction (48.7%), and decreased exposure to secondhand smoke (29.1%). Conclusions: Physicians, when transitioning from conventional cigarettes to HTPs or e-cigarettes, are primarily motivated by a desire to reduce the odor of conventional cigarettes rather than health-related concerns.

<strong>AUGUSTYNOWICZ, Kinga, TRUCHTA, Monika, MARCINKOWSKA, Marta, STOLIŃSKI, Michał, ŚWIĄDER, Kinga and LIS, Agata. TOT and TVT as surgical methods of treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women - meta-analysis.</strong><strong>&nbsp;Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2023;45(1):</strong><strong>299</strong><strong>-</strong><strong>309</strong><strong>. eISSN 2391-8306. </strong><strong>https://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.45.01.02</strong><strong>1</strong> <strong>https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/45</strong><strong>339</strong> <strong>https://zenodo.org/record/8280104</strong> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of 17.07.2023 No. 32318. Has a Journal&#39;s Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences).</strong> <strong>Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punkt&oacute;w. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 17.07.2023 Lp. 32318. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159.</strong> <strong>Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu).</strong> <strong>&copy; The Authors 2023;</strong> <strong>This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland</strong> <strong>Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike.</strong> <strong>(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.</strong> <strong>The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.</strong> <strong>Received: </strong><strong>26</strong><strong>.07.2023. Revised:21.08.2023. Accepted: 2</strong><strong>4</strong><strong>.08.2023. Published: 2</strong><strong>9</strong><strong>.08.2023.</strong> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>TOT and TVT as surgical methods of treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women</strong>&nbsp;<strong>- meta-analysis</strong> <strong>TOT i TVT jako chirurgiczne metody </strong><strong>leczenia</strong><strong>&nbsp;wysiłkowego nietrzymania moczu u kobiet</strong>&nbsp;<strong>- metaanaliza</strong> &nbsp; Kinga Augustynowicz Uniwersytecki Szpital Kliniczny im. Wojskowej Akademii Medycznej &ndash; Centralny Szpital Weteranów Stefana Żeromskiego 113, 90-549 Łódź ORCID 0000-0003-4547-9599 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4547-9599 E-mail: kingaugustynowicz@gmail.com &nbsp; Monika Truchta Centralny Szpital Kliniczny Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Łodzi ul. Pomorska 251, 92-213 Ł&oacute;dź ORCID 0009-0000-8177-9164 https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8177-9164 E-mail: monikatruchta@gmail.com &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Marta Marcinkowska Powiatowe Centrum Zdrowia w Brzezinach sp. z o.o. Marii Curie&ndash;Skłodowskiej 6, 95-060 Brzeziny ORCID 0009-0000-5318-1886 https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5318-1886 E-mail: marta.marcinkowska96@gmail.com &nbsp; Michał Stoliński SP ZOZ Szpital Powiatowy im. Edmunda Biernackiego w Opocznie ul. Partyzant&oacute;w 30, 26 &ndash; 300 Opoczno ORCID 0009-0005-5865-3789 https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5865-3789 E-mail: michalstolinski1995@gmail.com &nbsp; Kinga Świąder Faculty of Medicine, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi, Plac Gen. Józefa Hallera 1, 90-647 Łódź ORCID 0000-0003-0185-6524 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0185-6524 E-mail: kingaswiader@icloud.com &nbsp; Agata Lis SPZOZ Uniwersytecki Szpital Kliniczny nr 1 im. Norberta Barlickiego W Łodzi, ul. dr Stefana Kopcińskiego 22, 90-153 Ł&oacute;dź ORCID 0009-0008-4630-7610 https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4630-7610 E-mail: agatalis7@gmail.com &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>Abstract</strong> Introduction: Urinary incontinence can affect up to 50% of women in the world. The most common is stress incontinence, which consists in involuntary, uncontrolled urination when the pressure in the abdominal cavity increases. Among the most commonly used methods of treating stress urinary incontinence there are treatments using a synthetic tape - TOT and TVT. In this work, both methods were compared in terms of e.g. their effectiveness, the presence of complications, the safety of both procedures and the method of performing both procedures. Material and methods: The work was based on the articles published in PubMed, medical books and websites. Results: Both TOT and TVT in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence are highly effective. Both short-term and long-term treatment results of both methods are very good and very similar. In the case of TOT, the subjective cure &lt;1 year is 62-98%, where with TVT - 71-97%. Subjective long-term cure (&gt;5 years) was 43-92% with TOT and 51-88% with TVT. The incidence of complications after TOT is significantly lower, but there is a higher probability of having to perform a repeat procedure to treat stress urinary incontinence. TVT has a lower risk of reoperation in &gt;5 years (1.1%) but has a higher risk of chronic perineal pain. Conclusions: The placement of a tension-free TVT or TOT tape should be the surgery of choice for women with simple stress urinary incontinence. However, there is a higher risk of chronic perineal pain 12 months after having a tape placed behind the symphysis. The technique of passing the tapes through the obturator holes is associated with a lower risk of bladder injury and less discomfort during bladder emptying compared to the TVT technique. After TOT surgery both pain in the inner thighs and inguinal area and vaginal damage are more common than after TVT. <strong>Keywards: &bdquo;Stress Urinary Incontinence&rdquo;, &bdquo;surgical treatment&rdquo;, &bdquo;TOT&rdquo;, &bdquo;TVT&rdquo;, &bdquo;Mid-urethral sling operations&rdquo;</strong>

The Internet of Medical Things, Smart Devices, Information Systems, and Cloud Services have led to a digital transformation of the healthcare industry. Digital healthcare services have paved the way for easier and more accessible treatment, thus making our lives far more comfortable. However, the present day healthcare industry has also become the main victim of external as well as internal attacks. Data breaches are not just a concern and complication for security experts; they also affect clients, stakeholders, organizations, and businesses. Though the data breaches are of different types, their impact is almost always the same. This study provides insights into the various categories of data breaches faced by different organizations. The main objective is to do an in-depth analysis of healthcare data breaches and draw inferences from them, thereby using the findings to improve healthcare data confidentiality. The study found that hacking/IT incidents are the most prevalent forms of attack behind healthcare data breaches, followed by unauthorized internal disclosures. The frequency of healthcare data breaches, magnitude of exposed records, and financial losses due to breached records are increasing rapidly. Data from the healthcare industry is regarded as being highly valuable. This has become a major lure for the misappropriation and pilferage of healthcare data. Addressing this anomaly, the present study employs the simple moving average method and the simple exponential soothing method of time series analysis to examine the trend of healthcare data breaches and their cost. Of the two methods, the simple moving average method provided more reliable forecasting results.

ObjectiveMusculoskeletal (MSK) complaints have high prevalence in primary care practice (12%–20% of visits), yet many trainees and physicians identify themselves as weak in MSK physical examination (PE) skills. As recruitment to MSK specialties lags behind retirement rates, there is a short-age of physicians able to effectively teach this subject. We investigated current practices of Canadian undergraduate medical programs regarding the nature, amount, and source of preclerkship MSK PE clinical skills teaching; and documented the frequency and extent that Patient Partners® in Arthritis (PP®IA) are used in this educational setting.MethodsA 2-page self-administered electronic questionnaire combining open- and close-ended questions was developed and piloted. It was distributed by e-mail to all Canadian undergraduate associate-deans and to 16/17 undergraduate MSK course organizers.ResultsSupervised practice in small groups and the PP®IA are the most prevalent teaching methods. Objective structured clinical examinations are the most prevalent evaluation methods. The average number of hours devoted to teaching these skills is very small compared to the prevalence of MSK complaints in the population. Canadian schools’ preclerkship MSK PE clinical skills teaching is heavily dependent on the contributions of non-MSK specialists.ConclusionThe weak link in the Canadian MSK PE educational cycle appears to be the amount of time available for students’ deliberate practice with expert feedback. There is a need for methods to evaluate and further develop MSK PE teaching by non-MSK specialists. This and increased use of PP®IA at the preclerkship level may provide students more time for practice with feedback.

The socio-economic situation in Ukraine and lagging in the rate of economic development behind European countries require forming a new economic model that is capable of sustaining the conditions of existing threats and high levels of risk. To this end, the National Security Strategy was adopted, which should create a secure environment for economic development and population well-being. The success and rate of this strategy implementation will significantly determine the dynamics of economic development, and their monitoring and evaluation are the basis for adjusting the reforms that have been initiated in this direction. The purpose of the article is to assess the results of implementation of measures to ensure economic security of Ukraine. The research is based on the methods of analysis and synthesis in the part of the choice of indicators for assessing the economic security; the method of comparative analysis of economic macroindicators; the questionnaire – to identify the business environment perception of changes in economic security occurring in the process of the Strategy implementation. For this purpose, 100 enterprises were interviewed by e-mail and 77 questionnaires were received. In the article, based on the study and generalization of approaches to the assessment of the economic security of the country, the evaluation indicators are chosen and grouped according to various components, which allow analyzing the interim results of the National Security Strategy (economic part) implementation.

<strong>GIEROBA, Krzysztof, GŁADYSZ, Konrad, SZYDŁOWSKA, Justyna, ŻUCHNIK, Olga, KR&Oacute;L, Olgierd, KWIATKOWSKI, Piotr, KUCZYŃSKA, Beata, CZELEJ, Magdalena, SZYDŁOWSKI, Marcin &amp; KŁOS, Aleksander. Atopic dermatitis &ndash; clinical phenotypes and related therapeutic possibilities</strong><strong>. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2023;13(1):2</strong><strong>87</strong><strong>-2</strong><strong>93</strong><strong>. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI </strong><strong>http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.13.01.04</strong><strong>3</strong> <strong>https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/41</strong><strong>078</strong> <strong>https://zenodo.org/record/7457358</strong> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343.</strong> <strong>Has a Journal&#39;s Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences).</strong> <strong>Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punkt&oacute;w. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159.</strong> <strong>Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu).</strong> <strong>&copy; The Authors 2022;</strong> <strong>This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland</strong> <strong>Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike.</strong> <strong>(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.</strong> <strong>The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.</strong> <strong>Received: </strong><strong>28</strong><strong>.</strong><strong>11</strong><strong>.2022. Revised: </strong><strong>15</strong><strong>.1</strong><strong>2</strong><strong>.2022. Accepted: </strong><strong>19</strong><strong>.1</strong><strong>2</strong><strong>.2022.</strong> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>Atopic dermatitis &ndash; clinical phenotypes and related therapeutic possibilities</strong> <strong>Atopowe zapalenie sk&oacute;ry - fenotypy kliniczne i powiązane możliwości terapeutyczne</strong> &nbsp; Krzysztof Gieroba Studenckie Koło Naukowe Medycyny Ratunkowej w Lublinie przy Klinice Chirurgii Urazowej i Medycyny Ratunkowej SPSK nr 1 w Lublinie, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie ORCID 0000-0003-0121-410X https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0121-410X E-mail: krzysztof.gieroba@gmail.com Konrad Gładysz Wojew&oacute;dzki Szpital Specjalistyczny im. Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego SPZOZ w Lublinie Aleja Kraśnicka 100, 20-718 Lublin ORCID 0000-0003-4935-8823 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4935-8823 E-mail: konrad.gladyszke@gmail.com Justyna Szydłowska Wojew&oacute;dzki Szpital Specjalistyczny im. Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego SPZOZ w Lublinie Aleja Kraśnicka 100, 20-718 Lublin ORCID 0000-0002-1054-1519 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1054-1519 E-mail: juszyd@gmail.com Olga Żuchnik Wojew&oacute;dzki Szpital Specjalistyczny im. Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego SPZOZ w Lublinie Aleja Kraśnicka 100, 20-718 Lublin ORCID 0000-0001-9392-1500 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9392-1500 E-mail: zuchnikolga@gmail.com Olgierd Kr&oacute;l Wojew&oacute;dzki Szpital Specjalistyczny im. Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego SPZOZ w Lublinie Aleja Kraśnicka 100, 20-718 Lublin ORCID 0000-0001-6886-4997 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6886-4997 E-mail: okrol96@onet.pl Piotr Kwiatkowski Wojew&oacute;dzki Szpital Specjalistyczny im. Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego SPZOZ w Lublinie Aleja Kraśnicka 100, 20-718 Lublin ORCID: 0000-0002-4466-1092 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4466-1092 E-mail: piotrk1996@gmail.com Beata Kuczyńska Studenckie Koło Naukowe przy II Klinice Anestezjologii i Intensywnej Terapii, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie ORCID 0000-0003-4997-4335 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4997-4335 E-mail: beatamkuczynska96@gmail.com Magdalena Czelej Samodzielny Publicznym Szpital Kliniczny SPSK 4 w Lublinie ORCID 0000-0002-3717-4261 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3717-4261 E-mail: czelejmagdalena@gmail.com Marcin Szydłowski Studenckie Koło Naukowe przy II Klinice Anestezjologii i Intensywnej Terapii, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie ORCID 0000-0002-5867-6172 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5867-6172 E-mail: mszydlowski152@gmail.com&nbsp; Aleksander Kłos Studenckie Koło Naukowe Symulacji Medycznej przy Zakładzie Dydaktyki i Symulacji Medycznej, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie ORCID 0000-0002-9091-6754 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9091-6754 E-mail: alek.klos@gmail.com &nbsp; <strong>Abstract:</strong> <strong>Introduction: </strong>Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease. It is characterized by damaged epidermal barrier, skin dysbiosis and pruritus. It affects up to 20% of the population of developed countries. AD represents a heterogeneous condition belonging to the spectrum of atopic diseases. It occurs in the form of multiple phenotypes with varied pathogenesis requiring different therapeutic strategies. <strong>Aim of the study: </strong>To summarize the current state of knowledge on AD phenotypes and related therapeutic options. <strong>Methods and materials: </strong>A review of the literature available in PudMed and Google Scholar databases was conducted. The following keywords were used: &quot;atopic dermatitis&quot;, &quot;atopic dermatitis phenotypes&quot;, &quot;atopic dermatitis current treatment&quot;. <strong>Results: </strong>There are many phenotypes of AD. However, due to the lack of a consistent classification system, identifying phenotypes is greatly hindered. It is possible to use the division of phenotypes into groups based on age, lesion topography, lesion morphology and patient ethnicity. Various drugs are available for the treatment of AD, but therapeutic strategies for specific phenotypes are sparse and insufficiently understood due to the problem of identifying phenotypes and the complexity of the endotypes behind them. Treatment of AD is not currently based on phenotype-specific targeted therapy. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Development of personalized therapy for the treatment of AD requires additional research using uniform definitions of phenotypes and endotypes. It is necessary to create a classification system for AD phenotypes. <strong>Key words:</strong>&nbsp;atopic dermatitis, phenotype, endotype, treatment &nbsp; <strong>Abstrakt:</strong> <strong>Wprowadzenie: </strong>Atopowe zapalenie sk&oacute;ry (AZS) jest najczęstszą przewlekłą zapalną chorobą sk&oacute;ry. Charakteryzuje się uszkodzeniem bariery nask&oacute;rkowej, dysbiozą sk&oacute;rną i świądem. Dotyka nawet 20% populacji kraj&oacute;w rozwiniętych. AZS stanowi heterogenne schorzenie należące do spektrum chor&oacute;b atopowych. Występuje pod postacią wielu fenotyp&oacute;w o zr&oacute;żnicowanej patogenezie wymagających odmiennych strategii terapeutycznych. <strong>Cel pracy: </strong>Podsumowanie obecnego stanu wiedzy na temat fenotyp&oacute;w AZS i powiązanych z nimi opcji terapeutycznych. <strong>Materiały i metody: </strong>Dokonano przeglądu literatury dostępnej w bazach PudMed oraz Google Scholar. Używano następujących sł&oacute;w kluczowych: &bdquo;atopic dermatitis&rdquo;, &bdquo;atopic dermatitis phenotypes&rdquo;, &bdquo;atopic dermatitis current treatment&rdquo;. <strong>Wyniki: </strong>Istnieje wiele fenotyp&oacute;w AZS. Jednak z uwagi na brak sp&oacute;jnego systemu klasyfikacji identyfikowanie fenotyp&oacute;w jest znacznie utrudnione. Możliwe jest zastosowanie podziału fenotyp&oacute;w na grupy ze względu na wiek, topografię zmian, morfologię zmian oraz pochodzenie etniczne pacjenta. W leczeniu AZS dostępne są r&oacute;żne leki, jednak strategie terapeutyczne w odniesieniu do specyficznych fenotyp&oacute;w są skąpe i niedostatecznie poznane z powodu problemu identyfikacji fenotyp&oacute;w i złożoności kryjących się pod nimi endotyp&oacute;w. Leczenie AZS nie opiera się obecnie na terapii celowanej z uwzględnieniem fenotypu. <strong>Wnioski: </strong>Rozw&oacute;j terapii spersonalizowanej w zakresie leczenia AZS wymaga prowadzenia dodatkowych badań z wykorzystaniem jednolitych definicji fenotyp&oacute;w i endotyp&oacute;w. Konieczne jest stworzenie systemu klasyfikacji fenotyp&oacute;w AZS. <strong>Słowa kluczowe: </strong>atopowe zapalenie sk&oacute;ry, fenotyp, endotyp, leczenie

The article is noted that investigators are not able to track all technological changes in the field of information technology and to study the traces of this type of crime, special attention is paid to the use of examination of computer systems and computer media (order of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine dated 08.10.98, No. 53/5). During the examination, it is advisable to solve the following problems: – identification, that is the diagnosis of system processes and system behavior; system identification; multivariate analysis and reconstruction of the circumstances of the event place (by methods of mathematical analysis and computer simulation); diagnostics of the functional purpose of individual elements of a computer system, an intelligent hacking system; identification of the author of the computer text (they seem more important for the investigation and the court); – non-identification, that is determination of the structure and functions of telecommunication networks and e-mail facilities; reconstruction and prediction of system behavior; determination of the reliability and resilience of computer systems; classifying information as software; classifying specific programs as harmful; definition of semantics and grammar of controversial texts; diagnostics and classification of printers, faxes, copy machines according to the text that was made from them. It is advisable in the expert’s conclusion to display the facts of fixing information traces about the actions of malicious programs and search for seized files, parts of files that were specially removed at the beginning of the review or accidentally during the review; results of verification of system, protection, and application logs using documents that govern the rules for archiving logs; audit results (operators, privileges, objects). To the conclusion, it is necessary to attach reports that were generated by the corresponding software, copies on machine media that were obtained during physical fixation. In the case of using a computer document as evidence, there is a need to specify: the means of collecting and processing information; type of system used; control tools that are built into the system for guaranteed detection and correction of errors, determining the level of professional training of individuals in the field of programming and working with computer equipment.

ABSTRACT Background: Pediatric dentists should play an essential role in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) screening, referral, and management of their child patients. However, few studies have investigated pediatric dentists’ knowledge, attitude, and practice aspects regarding different domains of pediatric OSA. Aim of the Study: This cross-sectional survey aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice aspects of different domains of pediatric OSA among pediatric dentists from Kerala. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Kerala. The sample frame consisted of 163 dentists, and the minimum required was 115. Ethical approval was obtained before starting the study. Settings and Design: An invitation E-mail explaining the purpose of the study with a survey link was sent to the pediatric dentists from Kerala (n = 163). Nonrespondents were contacted at timely intervals. Statistical Analysis: Categorical and quantitative variables were expressed as frequency (percentage) and mean ± standard deviation, respectively. Chi-square test was used to find an association between categorical variables. Statistical analysis was performed using a statistical software package, SPSS, version 20.0. Results and Conclusion: This cross-sectional study showed that pediatric dentists in Kerala have a moderate-to-good level of knowledge, along with a positive attitude toward different domains of pediatric OSA, but lag behind in the practice aspects. Hence, they are required to direct themselves toward continuing dental education programs in order to boost their routine practice. For this, steps must be taken to ensure proper networking of the practitioners and amendments in the dental billing system similar to the medical counterpart.

BACKGROUND Primary thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) osteoarthritis is one of the most common conditions encountered by hand surgeons. Of the vast number of operations that have been proposed, none have demonstrated results significantly superior to trapeziectomy alone. AIM The purpose of our study was to determine why surgeons opt for their technique in treating CMC arthritis. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of active members of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand was conducted to evaluate the reasons behind their preferred technique in the treatment of isolated thumb CMC arthritis. Surgeons were contacted by e-mail once and provided with a link to a de-identified survey consisting of 5 treatment questions and 5 demographic questions. RESULTS Of 950 responses were received. 40.5% of surgeons preferred trapeziectomy + ligament reconstruction tendon interposition (LRTI), followed by trapeziectomy + suspensionplasty (28.2%), suture button suspension (5.9 %), trapeziectomy alone (4.6%), prosthetic arthroplasty (3.2%), arthrodesis (1.1%), and other (6.6%). Proponents of trapeziectomy + LRTI cited familiarity (73.2%), exposure during fellowship (48.8%) and less proximal migration (60%) to be the main reasons affecting their decision. Surgeons who preferred trapeziectomy + suspensionplasty most reported simplicity (74.9%), fewer complications (45.3%), less proximal migration (43.8%), and avoidance of autogenous tissue harvest (42.7%). Advocates of suture button suspension cited avoidance of autogenous tissue harvest (80.4%), shorter immobilization (76.8%), and quicker recovery (73.2%) with their technique. Advocates of trapeziectomy alone cited simplicity (97.7%), fewer complications (86.4%), and avoidance of autogenous tissue harvest (59.1%). In their comments, 45% of surgeons choosing trapeziectomy alone cited evidence as an additional rationale. Advocates of prosthetic arthroplasty cited improved pinch strength (83.3%) and improved range of motion (63.3%), while those preferring arthrodesis cited better pinch strength (90%) and frequently in their comments, durability. Of the surgeons who preferred a technique other than LRTI, 41.8% reported they had tried LRTI in the past, citing complexity of the procedure, flexor carpi radialis harvest, and longer operative time as reasons for moving on. CONCLUSION Our study provides an update on current treatment trends and offers new insight into the reasons behind surgeons' decision making in the management of thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis. Despite strong Level 1 evidence supporting the use of trapeziectomy alone, our findings demonstrate that most surgeons continue to supplement trapeziectomy with other techniques such as LRTI or suspensionplasty. Several factors including familiarity, personal experience (Level 4 evidence), and comfort may be more influential than Level 1 evidence in determining the techniques in a surgeon's armamentarium. Further prospective studies are needed to determine the optimal technique for surgical management of Eaton stages II-IV CMC arthritis and how these studies will affect surgeons’ choice.

Nowadays, employees often have to endure long commutes to reach their workplaces. The reasons behind this trend are diverse. In situations where job opportunities are scarce, workers are more willing to travel long distances to maintain their employment, whereas in a competitive job market, employees are more selective about their commuting preferences. Commuting by motorcycle or car can be as stressful as being stuck in traffic for a long time. It can raise the anxiety levels of commuters. Those who rely on public transport to commute are more likely to experience physical and mental health issues, which can affect their work performance. Due to the high cost of living, many employees are willing to commute long distances for higher wages. The study aims to examine the impact of prolonged travel hours on work performance over time. This research study employs a deductive approach to test an established theory. The study focuses on employees who commute long distances to work. This study employs non-probability and convenience sampling as the technique. Around 450 Malaysian respondents were sent the questionnaires through various digital platforms, such as e-mail, WhatsApp, Instagram, and Facebook. The findings showed that hypothesis 1 is accepted with a p-value of &lt;0.01 and that limited job opportunities have a significant relationship with individual work performance among Malaysian workers, but two more hypotheses were rejected. Hypothesis 2 was rejected with a p-value of 0.899, followed by Hypothesis 3, which was also rejected with a p-value of 0.618 due to rising prices for goods and services that can negatively impact household well-being and increase the cost of living. The study provides empirical and conceptual evidence to support the government's initiative on the conceptual framework of long-distance job literacy and individual work performance. It recommends reviewing the existing MBO policy and legal framework to cater to the needs of employees in both established and emerging nations towards long-distance working methods.

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Gomes M.N., Monteiro A.M.V., Nogueira Filho V.S. &amp; Gonçalves C.A. 2007. [Areas prone for vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) attack on cattle in the São João da Boa Vista region, State of São Paulo.] Áreas propícias para o ataque de morcegos hematófagos em bovinos na região de São João da Boa Vista, Estado de São Paulo. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 27(7):307-313. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Cx. Postal 515, São José dos Campos, SP 12201-970, Brazil. E-mail: murilong@dpi.inpe.br Supported by previous studies that selected areas prone for the development of Desmodus rotundus roosts and bovine rabies transmitted by vampire bats in São Paulo state, the Department of Agriculture of the State of São Paulo (CDA) has conducted interventions for bovine rabies control in areas mostly close to the main rivers of surveillance regions. Inquiries of the actual concepts led to the development of a descriptive model to analyze the vampire bat Desmodus rotundus attacks on cattle far beyond main rivers and water streams in the São João da Boa Vista region, São Paulo state. The model was elaborated using satellite images classification, parameters from previous studies about vampire bats behaviour, data from the CDA and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). All this information was used to build a geographical database and integrate in a Geographical Information System then analyzed through spatial statistical and analytical methods. The results showed that areas close to the main rivers of the towns Aguaí, Casa Branca, Santa Cruz das Palmeiras and Tambaú were found not to be under risk of bat attacks, suggesting that the hypothesis behind the CDA control areas definition does not hold when contracted with the obtained spatial data. The results indicate that the technicians from CDA need to reformulate their strategy for defining the surveillance of vampire bat populations and rabies control.

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Gomes M.N., Monteiro A.M.V., Nogueira Filho V.S. &amp; Gonçalves C.A. 2007. [Areas prone for vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) attack on cattle in the São João da Boa Vista region, State of São Paulo.] Áreas propícias para o ataque de morcegos hematófagos em bovinos na região de São João da Boa Vista, Estado de São Paulo. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 27(7):307-313. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Cx. Postal 515, São José dos Campos, SP 12201-970, Brazil. E-mail: murilong@dpi.inpe.br Supported by previous studies that selected areas prone for the development of Desmodus rotundus roosts and bovine rabies transmitted by vampire bats in São Paulo state, the Department of Agriculture of the State of São Paulo (CDA) has conducted interventions for bovine rabies control in areas mostly close to the main rivers of surveillance regions. Inquiries of the actual concepts led to the development of a descriptive model to analyze the vampire bat Desmodus rotundus attacks on cattle far beyond main rivers and water streams in the São João da Boa Vista region, São Paulo state. The model was elaborated using satellite images classification, parameters from previous studies about vampire bats behaviour, data from the CDA and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). All this information was used to build a geographical database and integrate in a Geographical Information System then analyzed through spatial statistical and analytical methods. The results showed that areas close to the main rivers of the towns Aguaí, Casa Branca, Santa Cruz das Palmeiras and Tambaú were found not to be under risk of bat attacks, suggesting that the hypothesis behind the CDA control areas definition does not hold when contracted with the obtained spatial data. The results indicate that the technicians from CDA need to reformulate their strategy for defining the surveillance of vampire bat populations and rabies control.

Nowadays, employees often have to endure long commutes to reach their workplaces. The reasons behind this trend are diverse. In situations where job opportunities are scarce, workers are more willing to travel long distances to maintain their employment, whereas in a competitive job market, employees are more selective about their commuting preferences. Commuting by motorcycle or car can be as stressful as being stuck in traffic for a long time. It can raise the anxiety levels of commuters. Those who rely on public transport to commute are more likely to experience physical and mental health issues, which can affect their work performance. Due to the high cost of living, many employees are willing to commute long distances for higher wages. The study aims to examine the impact of prolonged travel hours on work performance over time. This research study employs a deductive approach to test an established theory. The study focuses on employees who commute long distances to work. This study employs non-probability and convenience sampling as the technique. Around 450 Malaysian respondents were sent the questionnaires through various digital platforms, such as e-mail, WhatsApp, Instagram, and Facebook. The findings showed that hypothesis 1 is accepted with a p-value of &lt;0.01 and that limited job opportunities have a significant relationship with individual work performance among Malaysian workers, but two more hypotheses were rejected. Hypothesis 2 was rejected with a p-value of 0.899, followed by Hypothesis 3, which was also rejected with a p-value of 0.618 due to rising prices for goods and services that can negatively impact household well-being and increase the cost of living. The study provides empirical and conceptual evidence to support the government's initiative on the conceptual framework of long-distance job literacy and individual work performance. It recommends reviewing the existing MBO policy and legal framework to cater to the needs of employees in both established and emerging nations towards long-distance working methods.

<strong><em>Background</em></strong><em>:</em><em> Urology is a branch of medicine that deals with different diseases of the urinary tract or the reproductive organs in both men and women. There is anecdotal evidence that medical students are not well-known with Urology specialty comparing with other specialties like general surgery, internal medicine, etc. Based on several factors including student&#39;s awareness, overcrowded curriculum, traditional medical education system, and busy hospital rotations in clinical years and internship are associated with a poor level of knowledge in Urology specialty field. The purpose of this survey is to evaluate the effect of including urology curriculum on the knowledge, perception, and attitude of our medical students in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, to assess the inhibiting factors affecting their selection in enrollment in a postgraduate training program in urology.</em> <strong><em>Methods</em></strong><em>: An online questionnaire was sent to all medical students through official E-mail addresses. The responses were collected and tabulated. Frequencies and percentages were calculated using SPSS 21 software. </em> <strong><em>Results</em></strong>: <em>The response was 116 participants from all over Saudi Arabia regions, 62 (53.4 %) were males and 53 (46.6%) were females. Respondents included 29 (25 %) 6^th-year medical students and 28 (24.1%) medical interns. 59 (50.9 %) respondents had urology rotation. Only 13 (11.2 %) of the respondents were thinking of pursuing a career in urology, all of them were males. 93 (80.2 %), 69 (59.5 %), 83 (71.6%) and 65 (56%), had adequate knowledge in subjects as urolithiasis, urine incontinence, urinary tract infection and uro-oncology respectively.</em> <strong><em>Conclusion</em></strong><em>: Only small percentage of medical students Consider Pursuing a Career in urology. Unattractive lifestyle, social issues, the specialty is limited to the scope of the field are the reasons behind medical student avoid a Career in urology. In many urology topics, medical student&#39;s knowledge was sufficient</em>.<em> Current medical school&#39;s curricula provide students with adequate knowledge and skills.</em> Key-words: Perception, Attitude, Knowledge, Urology, Curriculum, Medical schools.

INTRODUCTION Varicose veins are a common problem and, therefore, regularly feature in the vascular bay of the MRCS clinical examination. Candidates are still being instructed to perform tests in the examination that are considered by many to be obsolete and inaccurate. Using the current cohort of vascular examiners, we aim to clarify which tests a candidate should be performing when assessing varicose veins. We also aim to assess basic surgical trainees' experience in the use of hand-held Doppler (HHD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Postal questionnaires were sent to all English College Court examiners with a declared vascular interest to gain their opinion on what tests should be used in the vascular bay to assess primary varicose veins. E-mail questionnaires were also sent to basic surgical trainees to assess their experience in the use of hand-held Doppler to assess varicose veins. RESULTS There was a 100% response rate from the examiners with 93%, 86% and 79% feeling that clinical examination, HHD examination of the SFJ and HHD examination of the SPJ, respectively, should form part of the examination of primary varicose veins in the vascular bay. Only 50% indicated the Trendelenburg test and cough impulse and 57% believed the tap test should form part of the examination of varicose veins. Of the BSTs, 53% believed they could examine varicose veins with HHD. Of the BSTs who could use HHD, 74% had held a vascular SHO post. DISCUSSION Published data and opinion show many consultant surgeons have totally abandoned the use of the Trendelenberg, cough, tap and Perthes tests and support the opinion that HHD increases the accuracy of the examination of varicose veins. This study shows the opinions of the examiners supports the evidence-based recommendations that, in the light of easily accessible HHD, the older tests are now outdated. The majority of BSTs who were able to use HHD had held a vascular SHO post (74%) but otherwise it was unlikely that the BST would be comfortable with this skill. CONCLUSIONS The Brodie-Trendelenburg (tourniquet) test, cough impulse and tap test are outdated but candidates should be aware of the principles and failings behind them. In the MRCS clinical examination, candidates should examine varicose veins by means of clinical examination and HHD as this is now accepted standard practice. To aid candidate education, the HHD technique should replace traditional clinical tests which continue to be taught in medical school and remain within the classical surgical text books.

<strong>Niemirski Dominik, Machowiec Piotr, Komisarczuk Mateusz, Maksymowicz Marcela, Leszczyk Patryk, Piecewicz-Szczęsna Halina. Neuromodulation in the treatment of symptoms of spinal cord injury. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2020;10(9):382‑396. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2020.10.09.045</strong> <strong>https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2020.10.09.045</strong> <strong>https://zenodo.org/record/4035617</strong> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. &sect; 8. 2) and &sect; 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019.</strong> <strong>&copy; The Authors 2020;</strong> <strong>This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland</strong> <strong>Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike.</strong> <strong>(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.</strong> <strong>The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.</strong> &nbsp; <strong>Received: 12.09.2020. Revised: 17.09.2020. Accepted: 18.09.2020.</strong> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>Neuromodulation in the treatment of symptoms of spinal cord injury</strong> &nbsp; <strong>Dominik Niemirski (1), Piotr Machowiec (1), Mateusz Komisarczuk (1), Marcela&nbsp;Maksymowicz (1), Patryk Leszczyk (1), Halina Piecewicz-Szczęsna (2)</strong> &nbsp; 1) Student Scientific Circle at Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Research Methodology, Medical University of Lublin &nbsp;2) Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Research Methodology, Medical University of Lublin &nbsp; ORCID ID and E-mail: Dominik Niemirski; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1582-6975; dominikniemirski96@gmail.com Piotr Machowiec; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5418-0110; piotr.machowiec1997@gmail.com Mateusz Komisarczuk; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0159-8142; mateusz.komisarczuk@gmail.com Marcela Maksymowicz; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2611-1609; marcelam136@gmail.com Patryk Leszczyk; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1650-7952; patrykl1515@gmail.com Halina Piecewicz-Szczęsna; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0573-7226; halpiec@gmail.com &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>ABSTRACT</strong> <strong>Introduction and purpose:</strong> Spinal cord injury may be associated with loss of motor and sensory functions, autonomic system functions and chronic pain. The development of technology has enabled the emergence of invasive and non-invasive methods of electrical and magnetic stimulation of the nervous system, which show a growing potential in the treatment of these symptoms in human and animal studies. The purpose of the study is a presentation of the most current studies about the selected methods of neuromodulation of the nervous system in the treatment of symptoms of spinal cord injury. <strong>Description of the state of knowledge:</strong> Neuromodulatory methods improve the functioning of patients affected by spinal cord injury. Studies on epidural stimulation of the spinal cord, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation&nbsp; transcutaneous spinal cord,&nbsp; and use of neuromodulation methods in combination with brain-machine interfaces stimulation show a reduction of chronic pain resistant to pharmacotherapy, improvement of motor limb function, respiratory function and bladder function. However, there are few large randomized studies with higher evidence strength. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Neuromodulation is effective in the treatment of symptoms of spinal cord injury. Promising results should lead to further research to increase the strength of evidence for the effectiveness of these therapies, improve technology and a deeper understanding of the mechanisms behind their effectiveness. &nbsp; <strong>Key words:</strong> neuromodulation, spinal cord injury

Welcome to the fourth issue of volume 43 of the IASSIST Quarterly (IQ 43:4, 2019).&#x0D; The first article is authored by Jessica Mozersky, Heidi Walsh, Meredith Parsons, Tristan McIntosh, Kari Baldwin, and James M. DuBois – all located at the Bioethics Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri in USA. They ask the question “Are we ready to share qualitative research data?”, with the subtitle “Knowledge and preparedness among qualitative researchers, IRB Members, and data repository curators.” The subtitle indicates that their research includes a survey of key personnel related to scientific data sharing. The report is obtained through semi-structured in-depth interviews with 30 data repository curators, 30 qualitative researchers, and 30 IRB staff members in the USA. IRB stands for Institutional Review Board, which in other countries might be called research ethics committee or similar. There is generally an increasing trend towards data sharing and open science, but qualitative data are rarely shared. The dilemma behind this reluctance to share is exemplified by health data where qualitative methods explore sensitive topics. The sensitivity leads to protection of confidentiality, which hinders keeping sufficient contextual detail for secondary analyses. You could add that protection of confidentiality is a much bigger task in qualitative data, where sensitive information can be hidden in every corner of the data, that consequently must be fine-combed, while with quantitative data most decisions concerning confidentiality can be made at the level of variables. The reporting in the article gives insights into the differences between the three stakeholder groups. An often-found answer among researchers is that data sharing is associated with quantitative data, while IRB members have little practice with qualitative. Among curators, about half had curated qualitative data, but many only worked with quantitative data. In general, qualitative data sharing lacks guidance and standards.&#x0D; &#x0D; The second article also raises a question: “How many ways can we teach data literacy?” We are now in Asia with a connection to the USA. The author Yun Dai is working at the Library of New York University Shanghai, where they have explored many ways to teach data literacy to undergraduate students. These initiatives, described in the article, included workshops and in-class instruction - which tempted students by offering up-to-date technology, through online casebooks of topics in the data lifecycle, to event series with appealing names like “Lying with Data.” The event series had a marketing mascot - a “Lying with Data” Pinocchio - and sessions on being fooled by advertisements and getting the truth out of opinion surveys. Data literacy has a resemblance to information literacy and in that perspective, data literacy is defined as “critical thinking applied to evaluating data sources and formats, and interpreting and communicating findings,” while statistical literacy is “the ability to evaluate statistical information as evidence.” The article presents the approaches and does not conclude on the question, “How many?” No readers will be surprised by the missing answer, and I am certain readers will enjoy the ideas of the article and the marketing focus.&#x0D; &#x0D; With the last article “Examining barriers for establishing a national data service,” the author Janez Štebe takes us to Europe. Janez Štebe is head of the social science data archives (Arhiv Družboslovnih Podatkov) at the University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. The Consortium of European Social Science Data Archives (CESSDA) is a distributed European social science data infrastructure for access to research data. CESSDA has many - but not all - European countries as members. The focus is on the situation in 20 non-CESSDA member European countries, with emerging and immature data archive services being developed through such projects as the CESSDA Strengthening and Widening (SaW 2016 and 2017) and CESSDA Widening Activities (WA 2018). By identifying and comparing gaps and differences, a group of countries at a similar level may consider following similar best practice examples to achieve a more mature and supportive open scientific data ecosystem. Like the earlier articles, this article provides good references to earlier literature and description of previous studies in the area. In this project 22 countries were selected, all CESSDA non-members, and interviewees among social science researchers and data librarians were contacted with an e-mail template between October 2018 and January 2019. The article brings results and discussion of the national data sharing culture and data infrastructure. Yes, there is a lack of money! However, it is the process of gradually establishing a robust data infrastructure that is believed to impact the growth of a data sharing culture and improve the excellence and the efficiency of research in general.&#x0D; &#x0D; Submissions of papers for the IASSIST Quarterly are always very welcome. We welcome input from IASSIST conferences or other conferences and workshops, from local presentations or papers especially written for the IQ. When you are preparing such a presentation, give a thought to turning your one-time presentation into a lasting contribution. Doing that after the event also gives you the opportunity of improving your work after feedback. We encourage you to login or create an author login to https://www.iassistquarterly.com (our Open Journal System application). We permit authors to “deep link” into the IQ as well as to deposit the paper in your local repository. Chairing a conference session with the purpose of aggregating and integrating papers for a special issue IQ is also much appreciated as the information reaches many more people than the limited number of session participants and will be readily available on the IASSIST Quarterly website at https://www.iassistquarterly.com. Authors are very welcome to take a look at the instructions and layout:&#x0D; https://www.iassistquarterly.com/index.php/iassist/about/submissions&#x0D; Authors can also contact me directly via e-mail: kbr@sam.sdu.dk. Should you be interested in compiling a special issue for the IQ as guest editor(s) I will also be delighted to hear from you.&#x0D; Karsten Boye Rasmussen - December 2019

BackgroundTherapeutic inertia (TI), or clinical inertia, is the medical behavior of not initiating or intensifying treatment when recommended by clinical recommendations (1). TI was established in diabetes and then studied in hypertension, multiple sclerosis and psoriasis, and is estimated to affect 30 to 70% of physicians managing patients with chronic diseases (2-4). To our knowledge, no data have reported TI in the setting of psoriatic arthritis (PsA).ObjectivesThe OPTI PSA survey was conducted to assess therapeutic inertia around PsA in France.Methods825 French rheumatologists were contacted by e-mail between January and March 2021 and asked to complete an online questionnaire, consisting of 7 clinical vignettes illustrating common situations and reflecting the polymorphic character of PsA: five clinical cases (oligoarthritis, enthesitis, polyarthritis, neoplastic history, cardiovascular risk) requiring treatment optimization in accordance with the latest SFR/EULAR recommendations (5, 6,7) and two “control” clinical cases (DIP arthritis, atypical axial) not requiring any change of treatment. The rheumatologists were also questioned about their routine practice and perception of PsA.Results101 (12%) of the rheumatologists contacted completed the questionnaire. Sixty percent of respondents were men, and 45% of rheumatologists were aged between 46 and 60 years; most practiced exclusively in hospitals (34%), private practice (33%) or in both (34%); the mean duration of clinical practice was 23 years. Almost all of the respondents stated that they were comfortable with the management of PsA (99%) and familiar with French and EULAR recommendations (90%). There was general consensus regarding the difficulties inherent in PsA: therapeutic objectives difficult to achieve (74% of respondents); polymorphism making it difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of a treatment (72%). Almost half the respondents (47%) demonstrated TI on at least one of the 5 vignettes that warranted treatment optimization. The clinical cases that induced the most TI were “oligoarthritis” and “enthesitis” with 20% and 19% of respondents not modifying treatment, respectively. Conversely, the vignettes “polyarthritis in relapse”, “neoplastic history” and “cardiovascular risk” generated fewer TIs with 11%, 8% and 6% of respondents, respectively, choosing not to change the current treatment.ConclusionDespite a good knowledge of PsA and associated clinical recommendations, almost half of the rheumatologists we surveyed demonstrated at least one TI. The rate of TI we observed for PsA is similar to published data for other chronic diseases (1-4). The clinical profiles for which there was the least uncertainty (comorbidities and polyarticular involvement) generated the least inertia; the more complex profiles oligoarthritis and enthesitis generated more inertia. Our study is the first to show the existence of clinical inertia in PsA and further research is warranted to ascertain the reasons behind this inertia.References[1]Phillips LS, et al. Clinical inertia. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135:825-834.[2]Saposnik G, et al. Therapeutic Inertia in Multiple Sclerosis Care: A Study of Canadian Neurologists. Front Neurol 2018; 9:781.[3]Paul SK, et al. Delay in treatment intensification increases the risks of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2015; 14:100.[4]Halioua B, et al. Therapeutic inertia in the management of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:e30-e32.[5]Peabody JW, et al. Comparison of vignettes, standardized patients, and chart abstraction: a prospective validation study of 3 methods for measuring quality. JAMA 2000; 283:1715-22.[6]Gossec L, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of psoriatic arthritis with pharmacological therapies: 2019 update. Ann Rheum Dis 2020; 79:700-712.[7]Wendling D, et al. 2018 update of French Society for Rheumatology (SFR) recommendations about the everyday management of patients with spondyloarthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2018; 85:275-284.AcknowledgementsThis survey was funded by Amgen S.A.S. Writing support was funded by Amgen S.A.S. and provided by Medical Education Corpus, FranceDisclosure of InterestsFrederic Lioté Paid instructor for: Amgen, Biogen, Celgene, Fresenius Kabi, Lilly, Nordic, Sandoz, Etienne Dahan Consultant of: Amgen, Celgene, Lilly, Janssen, Abbvie, Arthrex, Arnaud Constantin Consultant of: Abbvie, Amgen, Biogen, BMS, Boehringer, Fresenius Kabi, Galapagos, Janssen, Lilly, Medac, MSD, Mylan, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, UCB, Viatris, Hanane LAOUAR BOUAZIZ Employee of: Amgen, Aline Frazier-Mironer Paid instructor for: Abbvie, Amgen, BMS, Celgene, Chugai, Fresenius Kabi, UCB, Roche, Pfizer, Novartis, Lilly, Janssen, Galapagos, Jean Sibilia Speakers bureau: Amgen, Consultant of: Amgen

Objective – To investigate the reasons behind the cessation of 9 virtual (chat) reference services. &#x0D; &#x0D; Design – Multiple case-study investigation&#x0D; &#x0D; Setting – Academic, public, and special libraries in the United States.&#x0D; &#x0D; Subjects – Five academic libraries, 1 public library, and 3 library consortia.&#x0D; &#x0D; Methods – The initial method used to identify discontinued chat reference services was via a posting to DIG_REF, the digital reference services listserv. From this initial posting, librarians on the list also suggested other cases, for a total of 7. Two cases later came to the authors’ attention and were added. The 9 cases included academic libraries, a public library, and consortia who used tools provided by four major software vendors, giving a good cross-section of the types of libraries participating in VR and the major software packages available at the time. A contact person for each discontinued service was invited to participate. The participants were geographically scattered, so data were collected via e-mail questionnaires, telephone interviews, and examination of available documents describing the services, audiences, demographics, operations, and any decision-making processes either for starting or discontinuing the service. The authors then compared and contrasted results obtained from the 9 services. The authors analysed reasons for discontinuation of services, the decision making processes, volume of questions, service hours, marketing, evaluation, and whether the service might be restarted at some time in the future. &#x0D; &#x0D; Main Results – Although the VR services discussed were being delivered by diverse organizations, some commonalities emerged. All 9 services used existing staff and added chat reference to their duties. In all but one case, the hours of service offered when VR began were within the hours that the libraries were already open to the public. In the exception (Case E), there were hours of service after the libraries were closed, from 7-10 p.m. These shifts were covered by librarians working from home. &#x0D; &#x0D; Decisions to either begin or suspend services were generally made by small informal groups or committees. Some cases began with pilot studies and received positive responses. Other than these pilot studies, little pre-planning appeared to have been done. For example, there were no extensive advance surveys or studies to determine potential demand or markets for the service, or projected costs and benefits. Only one service had a strong, multi-stage evaluation plan. In future launches of virtual reference services, both extensive pre-planning and detailed measures for evaluation could be helpful in avoiding some problems. &#x0D; &#x0D; Major reasons for discontinuation fell into 6 categories: funding problems, staffing problems, technical problems, institutional culture conflicts, low usage overall or low usage by target populations. A table (Table 1) was included that actually listed 7 categories of reasons for discontinuation, but the last one listed, “Software Change,” is discussed as part of “Technical Problems” in the text, though it is separated in the table (527). This is not immediately clear in the article, and thus the table is slightly confusing. Four cases reported funding problems as the major reason for discontinuation. Low volume or low volume for target population were primary reasons for discontinuation by 4 cases, and secondary reasons for discontinuation by 4 cases. If one combines primary and secondary categories in this table, low volume is the most frequently cited reason for discontinuation. Low volume was determined to be “driven by a complex combination of variables including marketing strategies, insufficient hours of operation, and [failure to provide] an ample amount of time for a service to gain momentum” (527-528). &#x0D; &#x0D; Funding was cited as the primary reason for cancellation in 4 cases. Technical problems were listed as primary or secondary factors for suspension of service in 2 cases, and software change was the secondary factor behind the suspension of service in 2 cases; one service reported that up to one third of chat sessions were ‘lost” (527). In many cases, these sites were early adopters of VR, or even beta test sites, so technical issues are perhaps not surprising. &#x0D; &#x0D; Staffing was the primary or secondary reason for discontinuation in a total of 3 cases. Staffing problems included insufficient questions to keep staff interested; however, concerns about extending service hours and thereby putting additional pressure on existing staff were also raised. Clashes in institutional cultures were reported as secondary reasons for discontinuation of the service in 2 consortia. It should be noted that the sample size is small; as the authors point out, the literature on unsuccessful or discontinued virtual reference services is quite limited. &#x0D; &#x0D; Pop-up surveys were used by some cases to evaluate service success and user satisfaction. User satisfaction was reported as being high, but return rates for the surveys were very low, as can be expected since pop-ups are often blocked or ignored. The authors recommend alternative means of evaluation, such as focus groups and more detailed surveys. The authors also discuss alternative technologies and user expectations for services such as IM or SMS text messaging, and suggest evaluation of user expectations and desires in these areas. &#x0D; &#x0D; One question which arose was what constituted success in chat reference – was it usage/volume, or some other measure, such as whether chat reference queries were answered correctly more frequently than reference questions asked in other ways, such as by telephone or in person. Other key concerns identified include the importance of strong marketing, service usability, and the importance in a consortial environment of having someone responsible on a full-time basis for directing and spearheading the project. Many of the suspended services reported that they could potentially become re-interested in VR service, as issues are resolved and the technologies available mature. &#x0D; &#x0D; Finally, the authors provide detailed recommendations for single and consortial VR services, and offer directions for future research. Some suggestions for future research include ways to bridge the apparent gulf between expectations and technological preferences of users versus those of librarians and others staffing these services, as they often appear to have marked differences. Other areas of interest could include causes for low question volume, and possible relationships among various factors contributing to such poor usage along with an investigation of what makes successful services work well. Research on IM or SMS reference services as compared to those using other chat technologies and cost-effectiveness studies or evaluations based on goals and measured outcomes are also needed.&#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusion – VR services have had erratic success rates and bumpy beginnings, but many libraries report continued interest The libraries in this study all indicated that they would consider, or are considering, re-starting such services. Issues of staffing, technological usability and reliability, institutional culture, funding, marketing, and volume are key. As services and technologies mature, interest in offering VR services in one form or another continues to grow.

&nbsp; <strong>LOW LEVEL LASER TREATMENT FOR PATTERNED HAIR</strong><strong>&nbsp;LOSS: A&nbsp; &nbsp; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW</strong> &nbsp; Omeed Memar^1*, Benjamin Caughlin², Hamid Djalilian³ 1 Academic Dermatology &amp; Skin Cancer Institute, Chicago, Illinois 2 Department of Surgery / Division of Otolaryngology, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois. Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Jesse Brown VAMC, Chicago, Illinois. Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Illinois Health Hospital System, Chicago, IL. Kovak Cosmetic Center, Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois. 3Professor Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Irvine. Orange, California. *Corresponding author: Omeed Memar, Academic Dermatology and Skin Cancer Institute, 130 N. Garland Ct, Chicago, IL 60602. Telephone 312 230 0180; E-mail: omeedmemar@gmail.com &nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>Abstract</strong> &nbsp; &nbsp; Low level laser therapy (LLLT) uses a monochromatic and coherent beam in the red or near infrared wavelength. We asked whether the literature supports the effectiveness of LLLT for androgenic and female patter hair loss? The logic behind the use of LLLT comes from observation of paradoxical hypertrichosis while attempting laser hair removal, especially in skin of color. The mechanism of this is unknown. We conducted a systematic review of the literature on the topic of LLLT and phototherapy for hair growth. The overwhelming results show that light in the red spectrum is effective in hair growth, but larger case-controlled studies are required to back up this conclusion. &nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>Keywords: </strong>Low level laser treatment, male pattern hair loss, female pattern hair loss, paradoxical hypertrichosis, photobiomodulation, alopecia, LLLT, cold laser. Papers without meta-analysis or systematic review were given much lower rating, yet the information was considered. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>Introduction</strong> Male pattern androgenetic alopecia (AAl) and female pattern hair loss (FPHL) are chronic conditions which causes social and psychological distress. In AAl hair recedes bilaterally from the anterior to posterior scalp and the vertex, while in FHPL hair thins diffusely on the entire crown and then sides without anterior receding.[i] Thirty percent of 30 year old white males have some degree of androgenetic hair loss, and same by age 50, 50% had AAl.[ii] Birch <em>et al</em> found that 38% of women who are 70 years of age and older develop some degree of female pattern hair loss; while only 6% of those under the age of 50 develop female pattern hair loss.[iii] Both AAl and FPHL show non-scarring follicular miniaturization clinically and histologically.¹ In male pattern hair loss, dihydrotestosterone(DHT)&nbsp; is associated with &nbsp;miniaturization of regrowing hairs. The etiology of FPHL is in part associated with decreasing free estrogen levels and possibly end organ receptor affinity.&nbsp; Three different genes have been associated with FPHL, Ectodysplasin A2 Receptor (EDA2R), Androgen Receptor (AR), Aromatase CYP19A1.[iv] Pharmacologic options are limited for AAl and FPHL. There are currently two FDA approved drugs for AAl (topical minoxidil and 5 alpha reductase type 2 inhibitors) and one FDA approved treatment for FPHL (topical minoxidil). However, there are other treatments used for both conditions. One non-pharmacologic therapy is light based therapies. Here, we will review the literature on LLLT and hair growth. <strong>Methods</strong> <strong>Literature Search</strong> A systematic review of the literature was performed to gather information on reports and studies on LLLT and effect on hair growth up until November 2018. Inclusion criteria was meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and case-controlled studies. Smaller studies were included, but given lower power. The database of Ovid Medline and Google Scholar were searched using the Boolean string: (hair AND low-level laser therapy). In addition, the references cited in the articles were reviewed for any additional reporting. <strong>Introduction</strong> The F.D.A. classifies low-level lasers as class 3A, and do not have the fluence to damage cells. Huang YY <em>et al</em> described the low-level laser therapy as 600-1000nm wavelength spectrum red or near-infrared light with fluence (energy density, commonly referred as &ldquo;the dose of laser&rdquo;) between 1-20 J/cm² and irradiance (power density) 5-50 mW/cm².[v] Another description for LLLT by Jimenez <em>et al </em>is 500-1100 nm in wavelength and 1-4 J/cm² in fluence with a power density of 3-90 mW/cm^2.[vi] Clinical use of low-level laser therapy was first introduced by Hungarian physician Endre Mester in 1967.[vii] Mester noticed that HeNe laser induced tissue repair and hair growth in mice. Later therapeutic usages of LLLT (also named as photobiomodulation) were extended to `wound healing, analgesic action on joint pains due to arthritis and anti-inflammatory action.⁷ Laser fluence was optimized with description of selective photothermolysis by Anderson <em>et al</em> in 1983.[viii] Selective laser hair removal was shown by Grossman <em>et al </em>in 1996.[ix] Some of the patients undergoing laser hair removal developed hypertrichosis characterized by coarse and dense hair in the treatment area and adjacent areas. First report of paradoxical hypertrichosis was by Moreno-Arias et al in 2002.[x] Paradoxical hypertricosis is seen in a number of laser and light based systems, meant for laser hair removal, including the ruby laser, diode laser, alexandrite laser, Nd:YAG (neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet) laser, IPL (Intense Pulse Light) devices.[xi] Among these different systems, paradoxical hypertrichosis is most commonly seen with IPL ¹¹ which has wavelengths between 515-1200 nm. A clinical trial done by Bedewi <em>et al</em> on 210 patients showed 1% hypertrichosis rate after 3-5 sessions of IPL treatment at 6 week intervals.[xii] Moreno-Arias <em>et al </em>showed that 10.2% of study patients experienced hypertrichosis after IPL treatment for facial hypertrichosis and found out that all patients with this side effect had polycystic ovarian syndrome.¹⁰ It is reported that paradoxical hypertrichosis is more common in patients with dark skin tone and dark-thick hair.[xiii] Alajlan et al reported a 0.6% rate with the long pulsed alexandrite laser (755 nm); all patients with this side effect had skin phototype 4 and black hair.[xiv] Several hypotheses are under scrutiny about the paradoxical hypertrichosis effect of laser treatment. In laser hair removal, the target structure is melanin in the hair shaft and germinative layers of the follicle.¹¹ According to study done by Levy V <em>et al</em>, epidermal stem cells arise from hair follicle undergo reprogramming and contribute to the wound healing after wounding.[xv] If we think of laser as a means of wounding, this might be contributing the hair growth in the treatment area. Kim <em>et al </em>reported hair growth in C3H/HeN mice, after using fractional 1550 nm wavelength fractional erbium glass laser to create microcoagulative wounds in the dermis, this triggered an induction in the Wnt/beta-catenin growth pathway of hair follicle which occurs 24 hours after microcoagulative injury in the dermis (with using semiquantitative RT-PCR study, they showed that Wnt10 mRNA increased after fractional laser irradiation).[xvi] They emphasized that frequent (2 times/week) laser treatments with increased energy levels may cause fibrotic changes around hair follicle; on the contrary to low level application of laser irradiation (with 2 weeks of intervals) which induced hair growth via Wnt/beta-catenin pathway and other speculated growth factors like VEGF, IGF, FGF and shifted hair follicle into anagen phase.¹⁶ Growth factors like VEGF also increase vascularization and blood supply to hair follicle. Huang YY <em>et al </em>resembled effects low level laser therapy to photosynthesis in plants because of the enhanced mitochondrial respiratory chain activity after LLLT.⁵ Primary photo acceptor of the red and near infrared light in the cellular level is thought to be Cytochrome c oxidase of the respiratory electron transport chain complex 4.⁵ In this way it is found that LLLT increases proton electrochemical potential, NADH synthesis, ATP synthesis, mitochondrial RNA and mitochondrial protein synthesis.[xvii]^,[xviii] Absorption of LLLT&rsquo;s photons by mitochondrial and membranal cytochromes, endogenous porphyrins and flavoproteins trigger ROS generation and this in turn induces NF-kB which is a well-known transcription factor of genes that regulate cell proliferation.[xix] Transcranial LLLT (wavelength 810 nm) studies done on mice cortical neurons with traumatic brain injuries demonstrated an increase in mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP production and induction of NF-kB pathway at low fluences (36 J/cm²) and low irradiances (50mW/cm²) of laser; on the contrary high fluences (360 J/cm²) and high radiances (500 mW/cm²) of laser reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased ATP production and induced apoptosis by the cytochrome c release from mitochondria.⁵ This effect is named as biphasic dose response to LLLT.⁵ Another intracellular effect of LLLT is dissociation of NO from cytochrome oxidase. This dissociation enables cytochrome oxidase more active and thus ATP synthesis increases.[xx] It has been suggested that vasodilatory effect of LLLT is also related to NO release from nitrosyl heme proteins such as hemoglobin and myoglobin.[xxi] Considering the short half-life of NO, this effect might be negligible in vasodilatation of follicular vascular bed. The heat produced in the hair follicle by the LLLT may also induce Heat Shock Protein-27, a cell growth and differentiation regulator, thereby increasing follicular stem cell differentiation and growth without causing photo thermolysis in the hair follicle.[xxii] In 2005 Weiss<em> et al</em>, using RT-PCR, reported increase in potent hair follicle inducing proteins such as matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene expression of human dermal papilla cells after LED photo modulation.[xxiii] <strong>Results</strong> LLLT causes conversion of vellus and intermediate hair follicles to active follicles. Nevertheless, it also transforms dormant telogen follicles to anagen follicles.⁶ A systematic review of the literature in Google Scholar and PubMed concluded that LLLT is effective in stimulating hair growth in both men and women.[xxiv] Jimenez <em>et al </em>implemented HairMax Lasercomb and a sham device 8 to 15 minutes for 3 times a week, total 26 weeks on 146 male and 188 female subjects in a double blind randomized study.⁶ This study resulted in improvement of hair loss and thickness.⁶ Orasan et al used the HairMax in a controlled study, and showed when used with topical minoxidil, the hair density was greater with LLLT plus minoxidil than minoxidil alone in an animal model.[xxv] Kim <em>et al </em>studied 1550nm 5 mJ fractional erbium laser on 20 Korean patients with MPHL in 5 sessions at 2 week intervals and also reported increase in hair density, growth rate, anagen/telogen ratio; but they did not find an increase in hair thickness.¹⁶ An earlier study in 2003 by Satino <em>et al</em> on 28 male and 7 female patients with androgenetic alopecia reported increased hair count and tensile strength in both sexes with using HairMax Lasercomb for 5 to 10 minutes every day over a 6 month period.[xxvi] In 2013 Lanzafame <em>et al </em>reported an increase in hair counts of 41 male patients (22 active and 19 placebo) with androgenetic alopecia using TOPHAT655 for 25 minutes at home every other day for 16 weeks. TOPHAT655 used by patients at home contained 21-piece 5 mW 655 nm lasers and 30 piece LED 655 nm lasers.[xxvii] In 2007, US Food and Drug administration (FDA) approved Hairmax Lasercomb for male pattern hair loss treatment and in 2011 approved it for female pattern hair loss treatment.[xxviii] Zarei <em>et al</em> reviewed the FDA cleared LLLT devices, and concluded that thee devices did not have adverse effects and were effective for both AAI and FPHL.[xxix] van Zuuren <em>et al</em> did an extensive literature review, and concluded that LLLT devices show some efficacy in FPHL by increasing hair count, however, the studies thus far have moderate to low quality evidence.[xxx] However, Gupta <em>et al</em> compared none trials on LLLT for hair loss and concluded that the weakness of the evidence hindered a conclusive result.[xxxi] Afifi <em>et al</em>, conducted a systematic review of the data from 1960 to 2015, with risk of bias assessment; they concluded that LLLT is a cautiously promising monotherapy for AAI.[xxxii] Other systematic reviews corroborated the conclusion.[xxxiii]^,[xxxiv] <strong>Conclusion</strong> There are many studies that support the efficacy of LLLT for AAI and FPHL. However, the power of the studies is low, as pointed out by Gupta and Daigle.[xxxv] Dodd et al reminds us that to date there have not been any head-to-head comparison of the different LLLT devices for AAI or FPHL.[xxxvi] There have been a few systematic reviews of the current literature which indicate LLLT efficacy for AAI and FPHL. Larger number studies are needed for stronger evidence and greater power. &nbsp; [i] Manabe M, Tsuboi R, Itami S, Osada S-I. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of male‐pattern and female‐pattern hair loss, 2017 version. J Derrmatology. 2018; 45(9):1031-1043. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.14470 [ii] Hamilton JB. Male pattern hair loss in man: types and incidence. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1951; 53: 708&ndash;728. [iii] Birch MP, Messenger JF, Messenger AG. Hair density, hair diameter and the prevalence of female pattern hair loss. Br J Dermatol. 2001; 144:297-304. [iv] Vujovic A, Del Marmol V. The Female Pattern Hair Loss: Review of Etiopathogenesis and Diagnosis. Biomed Res Int. 2014; 2014: 767628. [v] Huang YY, Sharma SK, Carroll J, Hamblin MR. Biphasic Dose Response in Low Level Light Therapy-An Update. Dose Response. 2009; 7: 358&ndash;383. [vi] Jimenez JJ, Wikramanayanke TC, Bergfeld W et al. Efficacy and Safety of a Low Level Laser Device in the treatment of Male and Female Pattern Hair loss: A Multicenter, Randomized, Sham Device Controlled, Double Blind Study. Am J Clin Dermatol 2014; 15: 115-127. [vii] Mester E, Szende B, Gartner P. The effect of laser beams on the growth of hair in mice. Radiobiol Radiother 1968:9:621-626. [viii] Anderson RR, Parrish JA. Selective Photothermolysis: Precise microsurgery by selective absorption of pulse radiation. Science. 1983; 220: 524. [ix] Grossman MC, Dierick CC, Farinelli WA, Flotte TJ, Anderson RR. Damage to hair follicles by normal mode ruby laser pulses. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996; 35: 889. [x] Moreno-Arias GA, Castelo-Cranco C, Ferrando J. Side Effects After IPL Photoepilation. Derm Surg. 2002; 12:1131-1134. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-4725.2002.02117.x [xi] Lolis M, Marmur E, Marmur BS. Paradoxical Effects of Hair Removal Systems: A Review. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2006; 5:274-6. [xii] Bedewi A. Hair Removal with Intense Pulsed Light. Lasers Med Sci 2004; 19: 48-55 [xiii] Desai S, Mahmoud BH, Bhatia AC, Hamzavi IH. Paradoxical Hypertrichosis After Laser Therapy: A Review. Dermatol Surg. 2010; 36: 291-8. [xiv] Alajlan A, Shapiro J, Rivers J, MacDonald N, Wiggin J, Lui H. Paradoxical hypertrichosis after laser epilation. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 53: 85-8. [xv] Levy V, Lindon C, Zheng Y, Harfe BD, Morgan BA. Epidermal stem cells arise from the hair follicle after wounding. FASEB J. 2007; 21:1358-66. [xvi] Kim Won-Serk, Lee HI, Lee WJ, et al. Fractional Photothermolysis laser treatment of male pattern hair loss. Fractional Photothermolysis laser treatment of male pattern hair loss. Dermatol Surg. 2011 Jan; 37(1):41-51. [xvii] Greco M, Guida G, Perlino E et al. Increase in RNA and Protein Synthesis by Mitochondria Irradiated with Helium Neon Laser. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Sep 29; 163(3): 1428-34. [xviii] Passarella S, Casamassima E, Molinari S, Pastore D et al. Increase of Proton Electrochemical Potential and ATP Synthesis in Rat Liver Mitochondria Irradiated in Vitro by Helium-Neon Laser. FEBS Lett. 1984 Sep 17; 175(1):95-9. [xix] Lubart R, Eichler M, Lavi R, Friedman H, Shainberg A. Low-energy laser irradiation promotes cellular redox activity. Photomed Laser Surg. 2005 Feb; 23(1):3-9. [xx] Antunes F, Boveris A, Cadenas E. On the mechanism and biology of cytochrome oxidase inhibition by nitric oxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004; 101: 16774&ndash;16779. [xxi] Nicole L Lohr, Agnes Keszler, Phillip Pratt et al. Enhancement of Nitric Oxide Release from Nitrosyl Hemoglobin and Nitrosyl Myoglobin by Red/Near Infrared Radiation: Potential Role in Cardio protection. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2009 Aug; 47(2): 256&ndash;263. [xxii] Bouzari N, Firooz AR. Lasers may induce terminal hair growth. Dermatol Surg 2006; 10: 96-8. [xxiii] Weiss R, McDaniel DH, Geronemus RG et al. Low-Level Laser (Light) Therapy (LLLT) for Treatment of Hair Loss. 2014; 46(20:144-151. DOI 10.1002/lsm.22170 [xxiv] Avci P, Gupta GK, Clark J, et al. Low-Level Laser (Light) Therapy (LLLT) for Treatment of Hair Loss. [xxv] Orasan MS, Coneac A, Mihu CM, Mare C, Muresan A. Minoxidil and Neoptide topical application reinforced by Low Level laser therapy on an animal model of alopecia. Studia Chemia UBB. 2015; 60(2):295-308. [xxvi] Satino JL, Markou M. Hair Regrowth and Increased Hair Tensile Strength Using the HairMax LaserComb for Low-Level Laser Therapy. International Journal of Cosmetic Surgery and Aesthetic Dermatology. 2003; 5(2):113-117 [xxvii] Lanzafame RJ, Blanche RR, Bodian AB et al. The growth of human scalp hair mediated by visible red light laser and LED sources in males. Lasers Surg Med. 2013; 45:487-95. doi: 10.1002/lsm.22173 [xxviii] Hession MT, Markova A, Graber EM. A Review of Hand-Held, Home-Use Cosmetic Laser and Light Devices. Dermatol Surg 2015; 41; 307-320. Lasers Surg Med. 2014 Feb; 46(2): 144&ndash;151. doi:&nbsp; 10.1002/lsm.22170 [xxix] Zarei M, Wikramanayake TC, Falto-Aizpurua L, Schachner LA, Jimenez JJ. Low level laser therapy and hair regrowth: an evidence-based review. Lasers Med Sci. 2016 Feb;31(2):363-71. doi: 10.1007/s10103-015-1818-2 [xxx] van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Schoones J. Interventions for female pattern hair loss. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 May 26;(5):CD007628. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007628.pub4. [xxxi] Gupta AK, Foley KA. 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Abstract This study aims to explore and investigate translation procedures and how linguistic and cultural adaptation affects communication and marketing outcomes on consumer attitudes and behaviors in Zimbabwe. To answer pertinent questions, the study adopted a mixed-method research design, combining qualitative corpus analysis and quantitative data from questionnaires. Two different questionnaires were administered to different groups, and English-to-Shona translated adverts were collected. The study made use of participant observation and responses from both company representatives and consumers were analyzed. The study is grounded in the Skopos, communicative, and appropriateness theories to understand the interplay between translation strategies and marketing goals. Results of the study revealed that Shona translations frequently employ techniques such as cultural adaptation, modulation, and reformulation to achieve linguistic and cultural equivalence. However, the impact on consumer engagement varies, with 80% of surveyed consumers occasionally influenced by Shona advertisements. <strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong> advertising, consumers, English, marketing, Shona, translation.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <em><strong>How to cite</strong></em><strong>: </strong>Phiri, R., Nge, D., &amp; Ayonghe, L. (2024). The impact of English-Shona translation of adverts on consumer attitudes in Zimbabwe. <em>GPH-International Journal of Educational Research</em>, 7(12), 15-31. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14566512 <strong>1. Introduction</strong> According to Munday (2002), translating advertisements are ways through which companies gain insight into other countries or cultures. The clamor for the presence of local languages in Africa has led to the vulgarization of adverts in various domains such as social media, audio-visual media and many more, hence the rise of translation of adverts from English to Shona languages in Zimbabwe considering culture and context to effectively communicate. Cook (2001), considers advertising to be simply, everywhere;&nbsp; we cannot walk down the street, shop, watch television, go through the mail, log on to the Internet, read a newspaper or board a train without encountering advertising. Zimbabwe&rsquo;s constitution recognizes 16 official languages, with English as the official medium, alongside Shona and Ndebele which are the predominant indigenous languages in their respective geographic spheres, namely Mashonaland in the east and Matebeleland in the west of Zimbabwe. Advertising is omnipresent, and its effectiveness depends heavily on cultural resonance and contextual appropriateness. Translating advertisements involves more than linguistic transfer, it requires transcreation and cultural adaptation to maintain the original message&rsquo;s impact. Industry theorists like Wu (2018) emphasize that advertising translation must evoke the same emotional responses as the source material. Advertising texts does not only include words, but also cultural concepts, ideas and visuals. De Mooij (2004:179) defines translating advertising copy as &lsquo;painting the tip of an iceberg and hoping the whole thing will turn red&rsquo;. To him advertising lies on the cultural notion, as advertising is not made of words only, but made of culture. Translating advertising goes beyond translating a regular written text as it includes cultural elements such as shared beliefs, attitudes, norms, roles, and values. Hence, Reboul (1978) suggests that to transfer an advertisement from one language and culture to another, it is worth considering translating, adapting, and creating. Advertising texts are rich in cultural and social elements, whether they are translatable or not is still being questioned hence attention has to be paid to cultural and textual nuances.Basem (2006) says when translating, two languages and two cultures are involved. Simply speaking translated advertisements have an attractive power to manipulate consumers as they advocate, encourage, ask questions, announcing about products or services invoking their cultures that are deeply embedded into their minds. A closer reading of these authors as well as others has led to the quest to study how advertisements are translated in Zimbabwe where there is multiculturalism thereby addressing the issue of techniques and strategies that are implied in the translation of adverts from English to Shona in Zimbabwe marketing terminology in terms of translation strategies. The purpose of this research is therefore to investigate the techniques, strategies, and impact of such translated advertisements. <strong>1.1 Problem statement</strong> It has been observed that translated advertisements from English to Shona fail to give the intended effect on the target consumers as those of the original advertisements. This study, therefore seeks to assess the translated advertisements on consumer attitudes and the procedures used in their translation. &nbsp; <strong>1.2 Research Questions</strong> 1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; What is the impact of translating English language advertisements into Shona by companies on customers in Zimbabwe? 2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; What are the various translation techniques used in these English adverts to Shona translated adverts? <strong>1.3 Objectives</strong> 1. Identify, analyze, describe and assess the effectiveness of the translation of advertisements in Zimbabwe on consumer attitudes and behaviors. 2. Identify, analyze and describe the techniques involved in the translation of&nbsp;&nbsp; advertisements from English to Shona. <strong>2. Review of related literature</strong> <strong>2.1 Conceptual Review</strong> In this part key concepts related to the study will be defined. <strong>2.1.1 Translation</strong> Bell (1991:20) highlights that the phenomenon of translation is, &lsquo;a replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language&rsquo;. Bell (1991) refers to an important notion in translation theory, namely equivalence, whereby the translator renders the message to the targeted audience in the closest possible equivalence that will be well understood by the target audience. In line with this study, Bell&rsquo;s definition simply means giving an appropriate translation equivalence from source text to target text. <strong>2.1.2 Advertising</strong> Bovee and Arens (1986:5) views advertising as non-personal communication of information that is usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products, services or ideas by identified sponsors through the diverse media. Bovee and Arens (1986) view advertising as persuasive in nature according to messages being conveyed on various media to catch the eye of anyone who could be a possible client; for example, on social media, television, billboards, and radios whereby marketers have to pay to convey a message about their goods or services, hence the words they use in this case should be catchy to quickly attract the target audience.&nbsp; <strong>2.1.3 Advertising translation</strong> According to Sharabi (2023), advertising translation covers the conversion of marketing content to effectively reach a full-target (full-fledged) market or audience through translation, transcreation, and localization. In this way advertisements will not only be linguistically accurate but also will resonate to the essence of culture. De Mooij (2004), considers translating adverts like painting the tip of an iceberg, what you see are the words, but there is a lot behind the words that must be understood to transfer advertising from one culture to another. <strong>2.1.4 Advertising slogans</strong> Brierley (2002) says advertising slogans are short, memorable phrases used in advertising campaigns. Their purpose is to emphasize a phrase that the company wishes to be remembered by, particularly for marketing a specific corporate image or connection to a product or consumer base. Slogans speak volumes about a product, service or even the company itself to the customer&rsquo;s attention. <strong>2.1.5 Consumer behaviour </strong> According to De Mooij, (2004: 181) the correlation between consumer behavior and cultural values show that a culturally appropriate advertising style is the key to successful advertising. Consumers are products of their own culture and language therefore one has to consider certain pre-established notions of each culture before advertising. <strong>2.1.6 Translation strategies </strong> Ngoran (2017:36) describes &lsquo;domestication and foreignization&rsquo; as the two main strategies in translation. He says &lsquo;foreignization&rsquo; is source-text oriented, word for word, structure for structure and literal while &lsquo;domestication&rsquo; is target text-oriented, free, natural,and transparent and message for message. <strong>2.1.7 Translation techniques </strong> Ngoran (2017:38), considers a translation technique as an operational mechanism put in place by the translator in the course of actual translation. Translation techniques are micro strategies which narrow down the strategies that the translator uses in their translation, while techniques usually concentrate on segments of the text. They fall under strategies and they are the decision made by the translator in translating segments. Examples of translation techniques include; borrowing, calque, literal translation, reformulation, explicitation, transposition, modulation, cultural, formal and dynamic equivalence, local and global adaptation. <strong>2.2 Theoretical review </strong> The Skopos, communicative and the theory of appropriateness were used. <strong>2.2.1 The Communicative theory</strong> According to, Ngoran (2017), the communication theory of translation is a theory that aims at communicative translation, which attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original language.Communication is the ultimate goal of language instruction to enable learners to communicate effectively with others in real-life situations.The communicative theory is applied to this study as translation of advertisements, requires not only the linguistic aspects but also the communicative aspect making sure that the meaning of the message has been transmitted and in its originality. <strong>2.2.2 The Skopos theory</strong> Skopos theory is a translation theory proposed in the 1970s by the German Hans J. Vermeer.Skopos as a technical term referring to the purpose of a translation and of the action of translation. Skopos is a Greek term which means &lsquo;aim&rsquo;, &lsquo;goal&rsquo; or &lsquo;purpose&rsquo;. Vermeer freed translation research from the constraints of the original text centered theory, believing that translation must follow the principles of purpose, coherence, and fidelity. Theprinciple of purpose is the primary principle as any translation behavior is determined by the purpose of translation, which determines the means of translation as stated by Munday,(2012). <strong>2.2.3 The appropriateness theory</strong> The appropriateness theory, proposed by Paul Grice in the 1970s, is a conversational implicature theory that focuses on the cooperative nature of human communication. According to this theory, speakers are expected to make their contributions appropriate to the context of the conversation. This includes observing maxims such as truthfulness, clarity, relevance, and manner (Grice, 1975), this is what is needed in the translation of adverts to make them comprehensible as the original text. <strong>2.3 Empirical review</strong> This section reviews other studies relevant to the present studies which were carried out by other scholars in different contexts To begin with, Sichkar et al (2023), on the investigation of the techniques used to translate advertising texts in English and Ukrainian languages, found that translated slogans are target-oriented and address groups of people with definite values and demands. The results of the study indicate that the translation of English advertising slogans is oriented towards preserving their pragmatic effect and function in the target culture. The results prove that lexico-semantic, grammatical, and stylistic transformations are used in rendering advertising slogans into Ukrainian. The present study relates with, Sichkar et al. (2023),however, the present study goes further to analyze the translation techniques used in the translation of advertisements and seeks to understand the impact of these translations on consumer behavior. Syahputra et al. (2022), aims to describe a unique phenomenon in a translated advertisement. The study analyses translated advertisements and their relation to translation techniques. The study focused on how the language that contains the culture of a country can be presented to other countries by one advertisement product. It is a challenge for producers to promote their products, and the translator takes over the role as a communication bridge between producers and target consumers. Results showed that translated advertisement tends to keep its original text to preserve its meaning, the sound and image of the video also influences the translated version. Kappe (2012)&rsquo; s study on the translation of advertisements seeks to assess the use of semiotics, symbolism, and techniques used by advertisers and translators in persuading customers and to know whether translators of advertisements use the same techniques in the target language as used in the original text. The study focuses on the comparative analysis of 30 English Coca-Cola advertisements and their French translations from 1905 to 2011. Analysis was done based on the relevance theory, equivalence theory, and Skopos theory within the framework of Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) which examines and analyzes the way existing translations are carried out on advertisements. De Mooij, (2004:179), asserts that &lsquo;translating an advertising copy is like painting the tip of an iceberg&rsquo;. The study focuses on the complex interplay between language, culture, and marketing strategies. His work emphasizes that effective advertisement translation goes beyond mere linguistic conversion; it requires a deep understanding of cultural nuances and consumer behavior. De Moiji employs comparative analysis by analyzing pairs of source and target language advertisements, focusing on linguistic choices, cultural references, and marketing strategies, to identify successful translation practices and common pitfalls, offering insights into effective cross-cultural advertising.The work equally examines how language functions within specific advertising contexts considering factors such as tone, style, and persuasive techniques. These works highlight the importance of translation of advertisements in preserving culture which is the main aspect in a human what will lure the consumer to have the will power to purchase a good or a service, which is what the current study seeks to investigate in Zimbabwe and the procedures used in the translations. <strong>3. Methodology</strong> <strong>3.1 Sample population</strong> The target population for this study is divided into two categories, the first category are the companies (Bakers Inn Zimbabwe, Saraquel Ltd, Coverlink holdings, NetOne Zimbabwe, and Nash Paints Zimbabwe) and the second category is a randomly selected public, who are the possible clients and consumers of the goods and services provided by these companies. Both groups, companies and the public, responded to online questionnaires that were designed with different questions to meet the expectations from each group making this study a success. <strong>3.2 Sampling </strong> For this study, purposive sampling was used to select companies that provided data for the studyand random sampling was used for the selection of participants to answer the questionnaire for the potential clients. Purposive sampling is the intentional selection or identification of individuals or groups of individuals based on their characteristics, knowledgeof and experience with a phenomenon of interest, Cresswell and Clark (2011). Random sampling refers to a randomly selected subset of the population; every individual has an equal chance of being selected. It is the method of selecting a sample of n units out of N units by drawing units one by one with or without replacement whereby, every unit has an equal probability of selection. It is applied to allow every individual to have an opportunity to be selected. <strong>3.3 Data collection instruments</strong> To carry out this study, questionnaires, participant observation and corpus analysis were used. Questionnaires were administered online to the proposed customers (public) and the advertising companies respectively together with online observations. The study makes use of corpus analysis to investigate and analyze the techniques used to translate the advertisements. The extracts of adverts were collected from websites and from the companies&rsquo; data. Twenty (20) excerpts were collected and analysed using the Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) model. <strong>3.4 Participant observation</strong> Participant observation was based on the advertisements on posters, flyers and social media posts, to examine carefully, check and see how the adverts are translated and the frequency of the translations. We immersed ourselves in the Zimbabwean society to observe and participate on social media sites and websites ensuring the translation of advertisements, identifying the procedures used in the translation of these advertisements, in order to fully convince customers. The goal was to gain a deep understanding of the culture, beliefs and practices from an insider&rsquo;s perspective. We even went on to consult company representatives through WhatsApp forum so that they verify if they translate their adverts from English to Shona. <strong>3.5 Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS)</strong> DTS model that involves comparative analysis of English and Shona texts, revealing cultural adaptations and shifts in meaning due to translation techniques used will be used as a guide in describing and analyzing the basic features of English and Shona corpus analysis. <strong>4. DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS</strong> Data collected through questionnaires and observations will be presented, analyzed and interpreted in this section. &nbsp; <strong>4.1 Respondent&rsquo; profile</strong> The measured demographic variables of sex, age, and level of education of the randomly chosen clients/public in Zimbabwe will be presented.&nbsp; <strong>a) Gender </strong> Results show that the majority of the respondents were female with 21 (52.5%), while the minority is male with a percentage of 19 (47.5%). <strong>b) </strong><strong>Age</strong> Twenty nine out of 40 respondents that is 72.5% of the population were 20-35 years old, then 6 (15%) were 36-55 years old, 4 (10%) were above 55 years old and 1 (2.5%) was below 20 years old.&nbsp; <strong>c) Level of English proficiency</strong> Concerning the level of English proficiency of the respondents, 32(80%) of the respondents have an advanced English proficiency, while 8 (20%) are on the immediate level in English language and no one is a beginner. The fact that most of respondents fluently speak and understand English contributed to the study as they comprehended the questions on the administered questionnaire. The level of literacy is also a contribution to the Zimbabwean marketing society as customers can understand English language. <strong>d) Languages spoken at home.</strong> Regarding the languages spoken at home 75% of the target audience speaks Shona in their homes, followed by 10% who speak English and Shona, 10% who speak Ndebele, and 5% who speak English. The majority of the respondents speak Shona, adding to the study on how Shona adverts can influence their purchasing decisions. This highlights the importance of the language in daily interactions. <strong>4.1.2 Attitude of respondents towards translation of adverts</strong> <strong>a) Purchase of product or service as a result of Shona advertisements.</strong> The study aimed to determine if Shona advertisements have influenced purchasing power. Results showed that 65% of respondents are sometimes convinced to buy goods, while 32.5% have never bought. The remaining 2.5% are neither convinced nor pushed to buy. The results suggest that Shona advertisements have not fully convinced customers to purchase or not. <strong>b) Preference of English words or translated Shona words on advertisement</strong> The majority of the population (72.5%) prefers English words over Shona translated words in advertisements, while 20% prefer their mother language for a sense of belonging and connection to their culture. The remaining 7.5% are indifferent, allowing the message to be passed regardless of the language used. This preference may be influenced by their English literacy, as the majority of the population speaks Shona at home. <strong>c) Conviction to buy goods or services as a result of either translated Shona words or English ones</strong> This question aimed to determine if consumers feel more convinced and connected with marketers when goods are advertised in their native language. Results showed that 65% of respondents found Shona advertisements more convincing than English ones, indicating patriotism or love for their language. However, 15% of respondents felt not compelled to buy goods or services by Shona advertisements. <strong>d) Motives behind the decision to purchase goods and services that are promoted in Shona: </strong> The decision to purchase goods and services advertised in Shona is influenced by the emotional and cultural resonance these advertisements evoke. Shona commercials, with their local rhythm and simple vocabulary, are rated higher by audiences compared to English ones, making them more relatable and engaging. These advertisements acknowledge the diverse consumer base, particularly by appealing to the Zimbabwean identity. When the message is relevant and the marketing strategy is tailored to the target demographic, Shona adverts inspire interest and enhance the likelihood of purchase. Skilled organizations often craft these advertisements with expertise and cultural insight. However, there are criticisms. Some respondents find Shona adverts unconvincing due to their lack of creativity, substance, and clarity, resulting in ambiguous or unrealistic messages. To enhance appeal, advertising in Shona should emphasize product attributes while avoiding jargon or overly technical language, ensuring clarity and relatability for potential customers. <strong>e) Improvements to be made to Shona adverts.</strong> Enhancing Shona advertisements requires a focus on clarity, engagement, and cultural authenticity. Advertisers should use simple, precise language and concise messaging to maintain viewer interest. Incorporating regional proverbs, idioms, and slang makes the content relatable and genuine. Adverts should consider Shona&rsquo;s diverse dialects and regional variations, using vibrant visuals such as traditional attire, local landscapes, and culturally significant symbols to resonate with audiences. Additionally, clear translation into Shona can extend the reach of the advertisements. Marketers should avoid complex sentences, excessive jargon, and overly scripted performances, instead fostering natural communication styles. Handouts with clear explanations and visual aids can cater to audiences with varying literacy levels. Regular production of high-quality advertisements, focused on authenticity and professionalism, is also essential. <strong>f) Opinions on the purpose of Shona adverts.</strong> The primary purpose of Shona advertisements is to promote product awareness, educate consumers, and encourage purchase while fostering a cultural connection. These adverts effectively communicate brand messages to diverse age groups, ensuring inclusivity across the Zimbabwean population. By leveraging the native language, advertisers create an accessible medium that helps bridge cultural gaps and expands product reach. Moreover, Shona advertisements celebrate and preserve African cultural diversity and heritage. They respect local languages while promoting open communication, ensuring that people from different linguistic and cultural backgrounds understand the brand&rsquo;s message. This approach strengthens cultural identity while achieving marketing goals. &nbsp; <strong>4.2 Companies</strong> The companies that participated to this study were NashPaints, Coverlink Holdings, Dairibord Zimbabwe, Saraquel ltd, Netone Zimbabwe and Baker's inn Zimbabwe. The professional positions of the people in the companies are as follows; marketing manager, customer service representative, human resource worker, marketer, marketing assistant and professional marketer, these helped ensure that the results are more accurate and aligned to the companies. &nbsp; <strong>a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </strong><strong>Gender</strong> Six company representatives responded to the questionnaire, 4 are female, representing 66.67% of the total sample. On the other hand, 2(33.33%), are male. <strong>b)&nbsp; Goods and services offered</strong> The products and services provided by the different companies, are paint; insurance on cash plans, medical health, funeral insurance, legal insurance, special savings, home and auto insurance; dairy products; borehole drilling and installation; network service provider; and bread and confectionery items. The aim was to gather their opinions on translated advertisements, as these products cater to a larger market. <strong>d) Target audience</strong> The target audience for NetOne Zimbabwe and Coverlink Holdings includes all age groups, including infants, teens, adults, and professionals. Nash Paints targets adults investing in building, Saraquel Ltd targets adults, workers, and professionals for borehole drilling and installation, and Bakers&rsquo; Inn targets teens, adults, workers, and professionals for their bread and confectionery products. <strong>e) Market range</strong> This study reveals that 3 out of 6 companies target large scale markets, while others target small, medium, and all ranges.&nbsp; <strong>f) Person or department responsible for the Translations</strong> The results reveal that Zimbabwe&rsquo;s translation departments are predominantly bilinguals and agencies, with three companies relying on bilinguals and three relying on agencies. However, no professional translators are employed, highlighting the underrepresentation of qualified translators and the low status of translation as a profession in Zimbabwe, necessitating action from translator associations in the country. &nbsp; <strong>4.2.1 Opinions and attitudes towards the translation of advertisements by companies</strong> This portion of the questionnaire seeks to discuss the attitudes and opinions of respondents towards the translation of adverts. <strong>a) Advertising languages</strong> According to the results English and Shona are the primary languages used for advertising goods and services, with Ndebele being a secondary option. English is used by 100% of respondents, while Shona is also used all the companies. Ndebele is used by approximately 50% of companies. The frequency analysis shows that English and Shona are universally used, with Ndebele having a significant presence but not dominating the overall language use. <strong>b) Does translating advertisements increase sales and profits in the company?</strong> <strong>R1.</strong> It has not been measured yet but the assumption is that the message was related to more people than an English advert locally. <strong>R2</strong>.The Company hasn&rsquo;t had a direct record on profits and sales, but assumes that some of the customers who consult it would have understood the posts in the local language. So overall sales are increasing due to translating advertisements <strong>R3</strong>. Translation of promotional materials enhances communication with potential clients by bridging language barriers. Languages like Shona or Ndebele help understand product advantages and fulfill demands, increasing market reach, cultural relevance, trust, conversion rates, client loyalty, and sales. <strong>R4</strong>. In 2022, sales increased by 12%. This was the result of the introduction of Shona posts in a specific rural area of Zimbabwe, where people could read the flyers and understand without needing an explanation. Since the message containing the services was clearly stated, a lot of customers were invited. <strong>R5</strong>. There is no actual report or proof of it improving sales. Translations are valued for their potential to improve sales by reaching a broader audience, both English-speaking and non-English-speaking, thus increasing customer engagement. <strong>R6</strong>. Yes. Because the market range is wide, we understand that there is a type of consumers who prefer to engage in their native languages.&nbsp; That&rsquo;s why we use Shona and Ndebele also.&nbsp; We consider the translation of advertising materials to be a strategic move and it contributes to increased sales and expands reach.&nbsp; <strong>c) Why did you decide to translate advertising materials?</strong> <strong>R1</strong>. To make customers the center of attention. It&rsquo;s tempting to use your original tongue because you can even use popular lingo like &lsquo;Ma1, Chiremerera, ndayura, tinoramba, tichipisa, etc&rsquo;. <strong>R2</strong>. Translating promotional materials helps overcome language barriers and strengthens client connections. By speaking in Shona, we gain trust and credibility with Zimbabweans, making us their first choice for insurance services, despite not being fluent in English. <strong>R3</strong>. Translations of advertising materials are done to reach a wider audience, including those who would like information to be expressed in their language or who may not speak English well. Adverts are also translated for competitive edge because people are more likely to purchase a product when they comprehend the message than when they do not. <strong>R4</strong>. The translation of materials acknowledges, empowers, and promotes our mother tongue while reaching out to nearly all possible customers without leaving out any group. Companies translate promotional content to establish credibility and persuade customers that they are dependable and trustworthy. <strong>R5</strong>. It boosts the possibility of expanding clientele. Resonating with the cultural and language inclinations of the target customers. It shows a dedication to diversity and improves brand image. <strong>R6</strong>. Translating advertisements enhances local search engine optimization, increases visibility and traffic for Shona-based users, and makes content more accessible. Localizing content boosts sales, customer engagement, brand awareness, and helps businesses introduce new products to clients who may not speak English well. &nbsp; <strong>d) How important do you think translation of adverts is, in the promotion of African languages and preserving culture and meeting the company&rsquo;s objectives? </strong> <strong>R1</strong>. It is crucial because the message is more relatable. It also aligns with our goals, since we want the brand to represent the middle class, upper class, and the ghetto. Since our brand is universal, our advertising makes it more relatable. <strong>R2</strong>. Translating adverts enables us to become more relevant in the market by helping us localize and blend in with our business. It enables us to adapt to the specific preferences and market dynamics of the area. Additionally, it helps customers to perceive and believe that we recognize and value their particular requirements on a regional market. <strong>R3</strong>. Translations of advertisements enhance customer and company communication, conserving culture through content adaptation to cultural context and audience preferences. This ensures content is appropriate for the target audience, relevant to their culture, and has its own colloquial expressions. Translating advertising materials reduces misunderstandings and misinterpretations due to linguistic barriers, ensuring accurate communication and desired impact. <strong>R4.</strong>Translating advertising materials helps ensure accurate communication and impact, reducing misunderstandings and misinterpretations. This is crucial for entering new markets or increasing market share. Locally relevant adverts establish brand relevance and accessibility, increasing the likelihood of expanding into the target market, attracting new clients, and earning market share. <strong>R5.</strong>The company aims to be a network provider, increasing commercial activity, and supporting the Shona language. Some translations preserve indigenous Shona culture to make consumers feel valued. <strong>R6</strong>. Translating commercials into Shona and Ndebele ensures cultural alignment with target market conventions, values, and preferences. This ensures better understanding and comprehension for clients, maintains original tone and style, and evokes desired emotions and responses from the target market, thereby preserving the intended meaning. <strong>4.3 Discussions</strong> The study reveals that translating advertisements from English to Shona is crucial for upholding African culture, reducing language barriers, and promoting marketing strategies. The majority of respondents support this translation, as it gives them a sense of belonging and importance. However, they prefer English-language advertisements, despite speaking Shona in their homes. This may be due to diglossia where English is considered high and Shona is considered low. Shona advertisements provide cultural relevance and help preserve culture.The study also highlights the need for professional translators in Zimbabwe to ensure good translations.Using professional translators could help avoid errors of inappropriate jargon. The translation of advertisements from English to Shona has a positive impact on companies, as it increases client loyalty, engagement, brand awareness, sales, and profitability. This broadens the market range and allows companies to effectively communicate with people from diverse backgrounds and demographic age groups, earning brand recognition in a competitive world. &nbsp; <strong>4.4. Analytical analysis of the corpus</strong> Excerpts extracted from adverts of different companies that were collected from websites and from the companies are analyzed in this section of analysis. <strong>ST: Special savings plan</strong> <strong>TT: </strong><em>Plan yekuchengetedza mari yakanaka</em> The excerpt from an insurance companyuses borrowing technique and domestication strategy to translate the word <strong><em>plan</em></strong> as the translator did not find a word that is equivalent in the target text. The word <strong><em>special</em></strong> was also not rendered with the emphasis that it should have given in the original text, the weight of the meaning was rather reduced. The word that was rather better to use for special was <strong><em>yakakosha</em></strong>, the translation would have been, <strong><em>hurongwa hwekuchengetedza mari hwakakosha. </em></strong>The skopos theory applied, the purpose and aim of the message was conveyed to the target audience that they can trust the insurance company, one would also justify the use of the word <strong><em>plan</em></strong> as it is a word that is widely used in the society. <strong>ST: Crystal Clear Water from the original source</strong> <strong>TT: </strong><em>Mvura yakachena inoyevedza, Yabva pasi pemvura</em> This is an advert from a borehole drilling company on the cleanliness of the water that the boreholes provide, the translator used the domestication strategy and the explicitation technique as they had to explain what the original text ought to say. There is also a mistranslation on the words <strong><em>yabva pasi pemvura</em></strong> which are the elements of interestas the words <strong><em>original source</em></strong> refers to where the water is coming from that is the <strong><em>bedrock</em></strong> and in most times these could be springs and in Shona the original source that brings clean and healthy water that does not need further purification is called <strong><em>chitubu</em></strong> therefore there was a repetition of water coming from under water rather than saying the water is coming from the original source in Shona. The suggested translation is, <strong><em>Mvura yakachena inoyevedza, inobva muchitubu</em></strong>. The first part of the advert is well translated but the second rather has errors, the possible constraints here could have been finding the equivalent words for the target language. The skopos theory applies as the purpose of the source text was rather achieved. <strong>ST: Get spotted with the Baker&rsquo;s Inn loaf and win USD10</strong> <strong>TT:</strong><em> Batika paMap nechingwa che Baker&rsquo;s Inn upihwe USD10</em> The excerpt is from a bread company advertisement featuring a man holding money, offering promotions for buying bread. The advertisement aims to lure customers to buy more bread to receive vouchers and increase their chances of winning. The translation strategy is foreignization, with borrowing techniques such as map, Baker's Inn, and USD10 from English to maintain the original writer&rsquo;s spirit and relevance. Words such as <strong><em>map, Baker&rsquo;s Inn</em></strong> and <strong><em>USD10</em></strong> are borrowed from English to keep the readers in the spirit of the original writer and to maintain the sense. The word <strong><em>map</em></strong> came in to stand in for spotted so the translator just used common slang used in the country referring to being available, they say <strong><em>batika paMap</em></strong> therefore this was relatable to the reader. The word win was translated to <strong><em>upihwe</em></strong> which does not really bring the sense yet the word <strong><em>win</em></strong> in Shona is <strong><em>kubudirira/ hwinha/ kukunda</em></strong> which was rather going to emphasis on the competitive part of the promotion. The theory of appropriateness applies as the translator used the appropriate words to give the message relevance and communicate the sense and meaning. <strong>ST: Welcome home</strong> <strong>TT:</strong><em> Dzoka uyamwe</em> This is an advert from a telecommunication company, the slogan <strong><em>Welcome home</em></strong> was translated to <strong><em>dzoka uyamwe</em></strong>. The direct translation will be <strong><em>tinokutambirai kumba </em></strong>which in the case of a telecommunication company wouldn&rsquo;t render the expected impact that the source text is giving. The translation <strong><em>dzoka uyamwe</em></strong> which basically means something else different that is come back and drink was found to be more appropriate in the sense that the company is a network company that helps people connect on the internet so it is encouraging the clients to come back and take from them to get connectivity from them as it is homely. The strategy that was used is domestication and the strategy is modulation. The theory of appropriateness is applicable as the translator used words that would be appropriate to the context of the target culture. <strong>4.4.1 Discussions</strong> This study analyzed 20 excerpts of advertisements translated from English into Shona, focusing on marketing terms to persuade clients to trust the services and goods offered by companies. Translation techniques like literal translation, calque, transposition, modulation, adaptation, transposition, and explicitation were used. The study identified theories like skopos, appropriateness, and communicative, but possible constraints include translators&rsquo; influence by the source text and inaccurate renderings. The results suggest the need for more professional translators to ensure translations are conveyed in their natural state in the target culture. <strong>5. CONCLUSION</strong> The study analyzed 20 advertisements and their Shona translations using both qualitative and quantitative methods. It used Newmark&rsquo;s communicative theory, Vermeer&rsquo;s Skopos theory, and Grice&rsquo;s appropriateness theory to understand the impact of translation procedures on consumer behavior and attitudes towards companies. Data was collected through questionnaires, corpus analysis, and participant observations. Results showed that translation techniques like explicitation, transposition, borrowing, direct translation, and cultural adaptation are often used to align advertisements with Shona-speaking audiences. Public responses indicated mixed outcomes, with some consumers finding Shona translations relatable but others feeling they lacked the persuasive impact of original English adverts. The study suggests improvements in translation in Zimbabwe to meet cultural norms and values.The study indicates a need for improvement in Zimbabwe&rsquo;s advertisement translation to align with the language&rsquo;s cultural norms and values. The process requires linguistic precision, cultural sensitivity, and marketing acumen. Despite challenges, these efforts promote linguistic diversity and inclusivity in Zimbabwe&rsquo;s advertising landscape. Further studies on other indigenous languages would be necessary to assess their role in shaping consumer perceptions and equally consulting the translators in the marketing field. <strong>REFERENCES</strong> Basem, A (2006).The translation of fast-food advertising texts from English to Arabic.University of South Africa Bell, A. (1991). Translation and the translatability of advertising. In L. Venuti (Ed.), <em>the translation studies reader</em> (pp. 77-92). Routledge. Bovee, C. L., &amp; Arens, W. F. (1986). <em>Contemporary Advertising</em> (p. 5). Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin. Brierley, S. (2002). The importance of cultural context in advertising translation. <em>Journal of Advertising Research</em>, <em>42</em>(2), 31-40. https://doi.org/10.2501/JAR-42-2-31-40 Cook, G. 2001. The discourse of advertising, 2nd Edition, London: Routledge. Creswell, J. W., &amp; Clark, V. L. P. (2011). <em>Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research</em> (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. De Mooij, M. (2004). Translating advertising copy: Painting the tip of an iceberg and hoping the whole thing will turn red. In <em>The Translator: Studies in Intercultural Communication</em> (Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 179&ndash;198). St. Jerome Publishing. Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole &amp; J. L. Morgan (Eds.), <em>Syntax and Semantics: Vol. 3. Speech Acts</em> (pp. 41&ndash;58). New York: Academic Press. Kappe.F.(2012).<em>The&nbsp;translation&nbsp;of&nbsp;advertisements:&nbsp;issues&nbsp;of&nbsp;semiotics,&nbsp;symbolism&nbsp; and&nbsp;persuasion</em>. University&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Witwatersrand. Munday, J. (2002). <em>Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications</em>. London: Routledge. Ngoran, C.T. (2017). <em>Mastering translation in four stages.</em> ISBN: 978 9956-765-4-4 Reboul, O. (1978). <em>The Rhetoric of Advertising</em>. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. Sharabi, C. (2023). <em>Marketing and Advertising Translation Techniques for International Companies.</em>Press.https://www.getblend.com/blog/marketing-and-advertising-translation-techniques-for-international-companies/ Sichkar, S., Kaminska, M., Bryk, M., Melko, K., Zhurkova, O., Kharkevych, H. (2023). Training of future translators through advertising slogans translation. Revista Rom&acirc;nească pentru Educaţie Multidimensională, 15(2), 418-439. https://doi.org/10.18662/rrem/15.2/742 Syahputra, , Suryadi, S., &amp; Azhar, R. (2022). <em>Cross-Cultural Translation in Advertising</em>. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia Press. Syahputra F.P, Nasution E.H&amp;Widiantho. Y. (2022) <em>Translation Techniques in Translated Commercial Break Advertisement.</em>Proceedings of English Linguistics and Literature, Vol.3 (2022) Wu, J. (2018). Evoking Emotions in Advertising Translation: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. <em>Journal of Translation Studies</em>, <em>25</em>(3), 45&ndash;62. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. &nbsp; <strong>IMAGES</strong> &nbsp; Image 1: English advert with Shona translation from NetOne Image 2: English and Shona translated advert for Baker&rsquo;s Inn Image 3: English and Shona translated advert for Saraquel ltd

An ethical hacker is the network specialist &amp; computer who pounce some security systems on the behalf of its possessor seeking amenability that could be exploited by a malicious hacker. The Internet's explosive growth has conduct many virtuous things: e- commerce, e-mail, collaborative computing &amp; new fields for advertisement and information distribution. Ethical hacking has become a main anxiety for businesses &amp; governments, also known as the intrusion testing or penetration testing or red teaming. Organizations are concerned about the probability of being "hacked" &amp; potential clients are concerned about keeping personal information under control. Hackers are classified according to their work and knowledge. The white hat hackers are the ethical hackers. Ethical hackers use hacking approaches to ensure safety. Ethical hacking is needed to protect the system from the hacker’s damage. The major reason behind the ethical hacking study is to assess the security and report back to the owner of the target system

An ethical hacker is the network specialist &amp; computer who pounce some security systems on the behalf of its possessor seeking amenability that could be exploited by a malicious hacker. The Internet's explosive growth has conduct many virtuous things: e- commerce, e-mail, collaborative computing &amp; new fields for advertisement and information distribution. Ethical hacking has become a main anxiety for businesses &amp; governments, also known as the intrusion testing or penetration testing or red teaming. Organizations are concerned about the probability of being "hacked" &amp; potential clients are concerned about keeping personal information under control. Hackers are classified according to their work and knowledge. The white hat hackers are the ethical hackers. Ethical hackers use hacking approaches to ensure safety. Ethical hacking is needed to protect the system from the hacker’s damage. The major reason behind the ethical hacking study is to assess the security and report back to the owner of the target system

An ethical hacker is the network specialist &amp; computer who pounce some security systems on the behalf of its possessor seeking amenability that could be exploited by a malicious hacker. The Internet's explosive growth has conduct many virtuous things: e- commerce, e-mail, collaborative computing &amp; new fields for advertisement and information distribution. Ethical hacking has become a main anxiety for businesses &amp; governments, also known as the intrusion testing or penetration testing or red teaming. Organizations are concerned about the probability of being "hacked" &amp; potential clients are concerned about keeping personal information under control. Hackers are classified according to their work and knowledge. The white hat hackers are the ethical hackers. Ethical hackers use hacking approaches to ensure safety. Ethical hacking is needed to protect the system from the hacker’s damage. The major reason behind the ethical hacking study is to assess the security and report back to the owner of the target system.

Aim: To evaluate orthodontists’ perspectives on clear aligner treatment in Turkey.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: A novel web-based survey consisting of 14 questions was developed and sent to 2027 members of the Turkish Orthodontic Society via e-mail to evaluate the reasons for why or why not they prefer clear aligners, their opinions about different brands in the market and their perspective on the future of this treatment modality.&#x0D; Results: 62.7% of the respondents currently treat their patients using clear aligners and 76.7% of them prefer using the ‘Invisalign (Align Technology, California, USA)’ clear aligner brand. The main reason given by orthodontists to use clear aligners was ‘not to lag behind in technology’ and ‘to have prestige in the community’. The majority of orthodontists surveyed (83.8%) treat fewer patients with clear aligners than with fixed appliances. 70% of the surveyed orthodontists do not believe that treatment with clear aligners will completely replace treatments with fixed appliances in the near future. 28.6% of the participants stated that they do not intend to use clear aligner treatment in at least the next 1-2 years due to 'low financial income' and 'complexity of clear aligner treatments'.&#x0D; Conclusion: The majority of the surveyed orthodontists currently use clear aligners in their practice, not because they believe clear aligners are more effective or more comfortable than braces or because they are more profitable, but rather to have prestige in the community and not to lag behind in technology. Therefore, it seems that fixed appliance treatment will maintain its place in orthodontic practice as an option for the near future.

<strong>URAM, Ewa, OSUCH, Magdalena, BOGACZ, Rafał, GAIK, Magdalena, MAGDA, Inga and GAZDA, Dawid. Decelerating aging process with physical activity - a review</strong><strong>.</strong>&nbsp;<strong>Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2023;1</strong><strong>9</strong><strong>(</strong><strong>1</strong><strong>):</strong><strong>189-201</strong><strong>. eISSN 2391-8306. </strong><strong>http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.19.01.01</strong><strong>7</strong> <strong>https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/4607</strong><strong>7</strong> <strong>https://zenodo.org/record/8357048</strong> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of 17.07.2023 No. 32318. Has a Journal&#39;s Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences).</strong> <strong>Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punkt&oacute;w. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 17.07.2023 Lp. 32318. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159.</strong> <strong>Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu).</strong> <strong>&copy; The Authors 2023;</strong> <strong>This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland</strong> <strong>Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike.</strong> <strong>(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.</strong> <strong>The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.</strong> <strong>Received: </strong><strong>02</strong><strong>.</strong><strong>09</strong><strong>.2023. Revised: </strong><strong>15</strong><strong>.0</strong><strong>9</strong><strong>.2023. Accepted: </strong><strong>18</strong><strong>.0</strong><strong>9</strong><strong>.2023. Published: </strong><strong>26</strong><strong>.0</strong><strong>9</strong><strong>.2023.</strong> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>Decelerating aging process with physical activity - a review</strong> &nbsp; 1. Ewa Uram MD, https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6460-8150 Lower Silesian Oncology Center in Wrocław, Plac Ludwika Hirszfelda 12, 53-413 Wrocław, e-mail: ewa.uram@gmail.com 2. Magdalena Osuch MD, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9837-3723 J. Dietl Specialist Hospital, Skarbowa 4, 31-121 Krak&oacute;w, e-mail: magdalena.osuch17@gmail.com 3.Rafał Bogacz MD, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4010-8943 &nbsp; Lower Silesian Oncology Center in Wrocław, Plac Ludwika Hirszfelda 12, 53-413 Wrocław, e-mail: rafalbogacz.rb@gmail.com 4. Magdalena Gaik MD, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3922-9016 &nbsp; Lower Silesian Oncology Center in Wrocław, Plac Ludwika Hirszfelda 12, 53-413 Wrocław, e-mail: gaikmag@gmail.com 5. Inga Magda MD, https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5413-6656 5 Military Clinical Hospital SPZOZ, Wrocławska 1-3, 30-901 Krak&oacute;w, e-mail: inga.magda21@gmail.com 6. Dawid Gazda, https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9627-8731 University of Wrocław, Faculty of Biotechnology Fryderyka Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, e-mail: dawid.gazda99@gmail.com&nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>Corresponding author</strong> Magdalena Osuch MD, &nbsp;+48660566255 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9837-3723 J. Dietl Specialist Hospital, Skarbowa 4, 31-121 Krak&oacute;w, e-mail: magdalena.osuch17@gmail.com &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>Abstract</strong> <strong>Introduction:</strong>&nbsp;The process of aging is a progressive, patterned, and accumulative set of time-related changes resulting from a mix of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors, that are constantly evolving, and that lead the human body to be more prone to defects and susceptible to disease, and at last to death. On the molecular level, the accumulation of free radical reactions that constantly go on in every cell and tissue is thought to be the main culprit behind the process of aging [1]. These reactions amassed over time, hamper immune responses to external factors, cause homeostatic imbalance and lead to chronic pro-inflammatory status in body cells. This process has been dubbed &ldquo;inflammaging&rdquo; [2]. Physical activity, along with a balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle as a whole, has long been thought to be crucial in retaining health and good quality of life. <strong>Aim of the study: </strong>A review of current knowledge about the process of aging, a summary of underlying pathologies, and current preventive protocols, with a focus on physical activity as a preventative measure in combating illness and age-related pathologies. <strong>Methods and materials:</strong>&nbsp;A review of chosen literature in the PubMed database, MDPI database, and GoogleScholar was conducted using the following keywords: &ldquo;aging pathophysiology&rdquo;, &ldquo;physical exercise in the aging process&rdquo;, &ldquo;aging process underlying conditions&rdquo;, &ldquo;molecular biology of aging&rdquo;, &ldquo;cell lifespan&rdquo;, &ldquo;cell longevity&rdquo;. <strong>Results and conclusions: </strong>Physical activity helps decelerate the process of aging, both physical and cognitive, through various pathways in the human body. &nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>Keywords: </strong>&ldquo;aging pathophysiology&rdquo;, &ldquo;physical exercise in the aging process&rdquo;, &ldquo;aging process underlying conditions&rdquo;, &ldquo;molecular biology of aging&rdquo;, &nbsp;&ldquo;cell lifespan&rdquo;, &ldquo;cell longevity&rdquo;

Objective: Venous thromboembolism is an important complication of major orthopedic surgery. The aim of present study was to&#x0D; investigate the efficacy of the currently used thromboprophylaxis protocol, determine the incidence of VTE post operatively and the risk factors behind it in patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery.&#x0D; Methods: A retrospective descriptive study for 403 patients underwent major orthopedic surgery from July 2013 to July 2014 in main hospitals in Khartoum state where major orthopedic surgery performed. Data were collected using observation checklist and analyzed using SPSS version 22 to study the association between the type of surgery, patient’s risk factors, choice and duration of thromboprophylaxis and development of VTE after major orthopedic surgery.&#x0D; Results: Total 403 patients were incorporated the study, 2.73% were diagnosed with DVT developed within 5 days post operatively. 1.64% of the patients not received any type of thromboprophylaxis, 0.27% wore compression stocking. Pharmacological methods were used in the rest of the patients, 96.72% administered to them enoxaparine.&#x0D; 75.95% of the patients presented with one or more than one risk factors for VTE other than the orthopedic surgery. 4% of patients received thromboprophylaxis for more than 14 days while 96% received it for 3-5 days. The incidence of DVT was higher in diabetic patients (p- value= 0.03) and hypertensive (p- value= 0.046) who aged ≥60 years.&#x0D; Conclusion: Results showed that VTE was a significant complication of major orthopedic surgery, despite the use of thromboprophylaxis and the incidence was 2.73% in our study.&#x0D; Peer Review History: &#x0D; Received 13 June 2020; Revised 25 June; Accepted 6 July, Available online 15 July 2020&#x0D; UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency.&#x0D; Received file &#x0D; &#x0D; Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10&#x0D; Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10&#x0D; Reviewer(s) detail:&#x0D; Name: Dr. Michael Otakhor Erhunmwunse&#x0D; Affiliation: St. Philomena Catholic Hospital, Nigeria&#x0D; E-mail: dedoctor4life@gmail.com&#x0D; &#x0D; Name: Francesco Ferrara &#x0D; Affiliation: USL Umbria 1, Pharmacy Department, Perugia, Italy&#x0D; E-mail: francesco.ferrara@uslumbria1.it&#x0D; &#x0D; Comments of reviewer(s): &#x0D; &#x0D; Similar Articles:&#x0D; PREVALENCE OF CYTOMEGALOVIRUS IGG ANTIBODIES, POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS AND AWARENESS OF CONGENITAL CYTOMEGALOVIRUS AMONG FEMALE DOCTORS

Abstract Background In 2023, medical students and house staff were observed wearing disposable gloves during pediatric patient encounters, including those in standard precautions. When asked about their rationale for glove use, students and house staff assumed that universal gloving was a component of standard precautions. We sought reasons for universal glove use, and if universal gloving for all patient care was followed beyond the Children’s Hospital. Methods Residents and fellows in all training programs at Oregon Health &amp; Science University (OHSU) were surveyed. We created an electronic survey including questions about demographics, training level during the pandemic, hand hygiene habits, and facilities’ gloving policies where they worked during the pandemic. A free-text response was available to detail routine glove use. The survey was e-mailed by the Graduate Medical Education office in February 2024 and was open for one month. A reminder e-mail was sent 2 days before closure. The OHSU IRB reviewed the survey and determined it not to be human research. Results The survey was sent to 972 trainees, representing 95 programs. The response rate was 23% (n=226); not all questions required responses. Only 30 (25%) were pediatric trainees. In ambulatory settings, 3 (1%) respondents report never gloving, 66 (33%) sometimes, 75 (38%) often, and 55 (28%) always wear gloves as part of standard precautions. In inpatient settings, 1 respondent never wears gloves, 43 (22%) sometimes, 70 (36%) often, and 79 (41%) always wear gloves as part of standard precautions. Of the respondents in medical school during the pandemic: 64 (46%) were taught to wear gloves during all patient care, and 28 (20%) reported hospital policy requiring universal gloving. For those in residency and/or fellowship during the pandemic: 74 (55%) were taught to wear gloves during all care, and 17 (13%) reported policies that required gloving. Conclusion Many trainees were taught universal gloving during the pandemic. These habits have continued. The concepts behind standard and transmission-based precautions must be highlighted during medical training. It is imperative that all GME programs educate their trainees about the concepts of standard precautions and appropriate glove use. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

<strong>Filarecka Agnieszka, Biernacki Maciej</strong><strong>. Resting heart rate as a determinant of fatigue -reforming - analysis of the impact of strength and strength training on the cadres curves.</strong><strong> </strong><strong>Journal </strong><strong>of Education, Health and Sport. 2018;8(9):11</strong><strong>1</strong><strong>5-11</strong><strong>26</strong><strong>. eISNN 2391-8306. DOI </strong><strong>http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1421364</strong> <strong>http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/602</strong><strong>4</strong> <strong>https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/878063</strong> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part b item 1223 (26/01/2017).</strong> <strong>1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport e</strong><strong>issn</strong><strong> 2391-8306 7</strong> &nbsp; <strong>&copy; The Authors 2018;</strong> <strong>This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland</strong> <strong>Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike.</strong> <strong>(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.</strong> &nbsp; <strong>The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.</strong> &nbsp; <strong>Received: 22.08.2018. Revised: 28.08.2018. Accepted: 15.09.2018.</strong> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>Resting heart rate as a determinant of fatigue &ndash; reforming - analysis of the impact of strength and strength training on the cadres curves</strong> &nbsp; <strong>Agnieszka Filarecka </strong>^{<strong>1</strong>}<strong>, Maciej Biernacki </strong>^{<strong>2</strong>} &nbsp; <strong>¹ Collegium Medicum, UMK Bydgoszcz, Chair and Clinic of Oncological Surgery</strong> <strong>² Collegium Medicum, UMK Bydgoszcz, Chair and Department od Anatomy </strong> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>Corresponding author:</strong> mgr Agnieszka Filarecka Collegium Medicum, UMK Bydgoszcz, hair and Clinic of Oncological Surgery ul. Izabeli Romanowskiej 2, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland Tel. 503074346 e-mail: aga.filarecka@gmail.com &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>Abstract</strong> &nbsp; <strong>Objectives. </strong>The overload occurring during the formation of motor features may be caused by insufficient regeneration of the fissures. Too intensive training can lead to reduced efficiency, but efficiency is developing on the borderline of possibilities. so you should find the moment when the player presents the first symptoms of fatigueThe aim of data analysis is to show the relationship of the pulse curve as a sign of training fatigue and the impact of changes in altitude on the adaptation of the cardiovascular system. <strong>Material and methods</strong>. The data from the training camp of Polish senior canoeists during the climat training camp in Belmeken in Bulgaria were used for the study. Resting heart rate were investigated on solids between 6:00 am and 8:00 pm behind an assumed heart rate on the chest. Morning results were compared with the evening of the previous day. <strong>Results.</strong>Morning and evening heart rate are indicative of fatigue,The heart rate changes with altitude.The regeneration level can be read from the intersection of the pulse line. Strength training is a more stressful training. The level of regeneration after endurance training is greater compared to strength training. 24-hour training break has a beneficial effect on regeneration, prolonged physical efforts require longer regeneration time <strong>Conclusions</strong>. Morning and evening heart rate is a good indicator of fatigue. Monitoring of the parameter allows to avoid overtraining before other signs of fatigue can be felt. During the development of strength and endurance monitoring of the heart rate will help choose the right training and determine rest and recovery periods. &nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>Key words</strong>: training fatigue, overtraining, resting heart rate

Krushinska Z. G., Yuzvenko T. Yu. Oncological pathology in type 2 diabetes patients and its effects on the effectiveness of the treatment of diabetes. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2019;9(11): 337-348. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2019.09.11.032 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2019.09.11.032 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3628690 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. &sect; 8. 2) and &sect; 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. &copy; The Authors 2019; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. &nbsp;The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. &nbsp; &nbsp;Received: 06.11.2019. Revised: 14.11.2019. Accepted: 29.11.2019. &nbsp; &nbsp; ONCOLOGICAL PATHOLOGY IN TYPE 2 DIABETES PATIENTS AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE TREATMENT OF DIABETES &nbsp; Z. G. Krushinska, T. Yu. Yuzvenko &nbsp; Ukrainian Center for Endocrine Surgery, Transplantation of Endocrine Organs and Tissues Ministry of Health of Ukraine &nbsp; Zoya Krushinska - Senior Researcher, Department of Prevention, Treatment of Diabetes and its Complications, Honored Doctor of Ukraine, Ukrainian Center for Endocrine Surgery, transplantation of endocrine organs and tissues Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kyiv. Address for correspondence: 01021, Kyiv, Klovsky Uzviz, 13а; contact phone &ndash; (044) 254 34 53, 098&nbsp;677 81 55, e-mail &ndash; sofi_75@bigmir.net, ORCID 0003-1888-7685. &nbsp; Tatyana Yuzvenko - Deputy Director, PhD in Medicine, Ukrainian Center for Endocrine Surgery, transplantation of endocrine organs and tissues Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kyiv. Address for correspondence: 01021, Kyiv, Klovsky Uzviz, 13а; contact phone &ndash; (044) 254 32 23, e-mail &ndash; tatyuzvenko@gmail.com, ORCID 0003-4229-2075. &nbsp; Abstract Actuality of theme. The recognition of diabetes and cancer by global non-communicable epidemics necessitates the need for research into the mechanisms behind the combination of diabetes and cancer, and the factors that lead to it. The goal of the work. To study the structure and frequency of oncological pathology in patients with type 2 diabetes and its effect on the effectiveness of diabetes treatment. Materials and methods. The study involved 2264 patients with type 2 diabetes (1186 men, 1078 women) who were treated at the Ukrainian Research Center for Endocrine Surgery, Endocrine Transplantation and Tissue of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. The frequency and structure of oncological pathology in patients with type 2 diabetes, depending on the region of Ukraine, including the territories of military conflict, the place of residence of patients (countryside, city), duration of type 2 diabetes, BMI, HbA1c, medication tactics, macrovascular complications of diabetes (myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, diabetic foot syndrome (UDF). Medical and social factors were studied using a comparative analysis of the data obtained. Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out using the program Statistika 10.0 (StatSoft). Results and discussion. The incidence of cancer in patients with MI and stroke (7.12% and 10.1%, respectively) is higher than in patients without such complications (6.46% and 6.05%, respectively) with the opposite situation in patients with UDF - 2.3 times less than in patients without UDF (3.4% vs. 7.7%), and this indicator in patients with MI, stroke and without macrovascular complications is 1.8-3.0 times higher than in patients with UDF. The incidence of cancer is significantly higher when combined with 2 macrovascular complications. Almost 90% of cancers were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The share of women with oncological pathology is twice as high as in men with a greater difference in patients from the Western region (13.8 times), BMI over 40 kg/m2 (5.5 times), HbA1c 9.1-10.0% (4.6 times), duration of diabetes 11-15 years and more than 20 years (3.4 times and 3.9 times, respectively), Central region and duration of diabetes 16-20 years (3.3 times). The incidence of cancer in men (4.47% among all men) is higher in patients with MI and stroke, Eastern and Southern regions, duration of diabetes 6-10 years, BMI 30-34.9 kg/m2 and 35-39.9 kg/m2, HbA1c up to 6.0% and 8.1-9.0% and in patients with insulin therapy, but less in patients with UDF, Western and Central regions, BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2, 25-29.9 kg/m2 and over 40 kg/m2, newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, duration of type 2 diabetes 11-15 years, 16-20 years and more than 20 years, HbA1c 8.1-9,% and more than 10.0% and in patients on combination therapy. The incidence of oncologic pathology in women (8.81% among all women) is higher in patients with MI, stroke, Western and Southern region, duration of diabetes mellitus type 11-15 years, BMI 35-39.9 kg/m2 and over 40 kg/m2, HbA1c up to 6.0% and 8.1-9.0%, but less in patients with UDF, Eastern region and territories of military conflict, duration of type 2 diabetes over 20 years, rural area, BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2, HbA1c 8.1-9,% and more than 10.0% in patients with insulin therapy. The leading place in the structure of oncologic pathology is occupied by thyroid cancer with a higher rate in patients with stroke, without macrovascular complications and lower rates in patients with MI and UDF and genital cancer with the opposite situation in the proportion of patients with such pathology. The incidence of breast and kidney cancer in patients with UDF is several times higher than in patients with MI, stroke and without macrovascular complications. In the structure of oncological pathology in men with MI, the first place occupy the prostate cancer and the cancer of the thyroid gland (36.36% and 18.18%), with stroke - thyroid cancer (33.33%), prostate, testes, colon and kidney (16.67% each), with UDF - thyroid cancer, kidney cancer and lymphocytic leukemia (20.0% each), and without macrovascular complications - thyroid cancer and gastric cancer (62.5% and 12.5% respectively). Proportion of prostate, colon and kidney cancer in men with macrovascular complications is several times higher than in patients without such complications. In the structure of oncological pathology in women with MI and stroke, the first place is occupied by thyroid cancer (50.0% and 57.14% respectively) and cervical cancer (40.0% and 23.08% respectively), with UDF - breast and thyroid cancer (40.0% and 20.0% respectively), and without macrovascular complications - thyroid cancer and adrenal cancer (47.54% and 11.48% respectively). Thyroid cancer share in women with MI, stroke and without macrovascular complications more than twice as high as in patients with UDF with the opposite situation with breast cancer, whose proportion in the structure of cancer is more than four times higher in patients with UDF. No case of gastric cancer in patients with MI, stroke and VTS with the same rate in patients without macrovascular complications (3,57-4,03%). No cases of adrenal cancer in patients with MI, single cases in patients with stroke and VTS as opposed to high and equal rates in patients without macrovascular complications (9,29-10,77%). No cases of lung and stomach cancers in men and women with macrovascular complications; for adrenal cancer in men with macrovascular complications and in women with MI; kidney cancer in women with macrovascular complications; colorectal cancer in women of all categories of patients. Conclusions. The incidence of oncologic pathology in patients with type 2 diabetes has significant differences depending on the patient&#39;s sex, territory and place of residence, duration of diabetes, BMI, HbA1c, macrovascular complications and medication tactics. The incidence of cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes is not significantly influenced by HbA1c levels in patients of both sexes, BMI in men, and women&#39;s residence, but the patient&#39;s area of residence and macrovascular complications of type 2 diabetes in patients of both sexes, the duration of diabetes in men and BMI in women have a significant impact, moderate impact - male habitat and duration of type 2 diabetes in women. Keywords: type 2 diabetes; cancer; cancer; efficacy; medical factors; social factors.

Levchuk-Vorontsova T. O. The study of the prevalence and impact of polymorphism of the C/Т gene ACTN3 (RS1815739) in the physical development of children born with low birth weight. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2020;10(11):114-136. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2020.10.11.012 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2020.10.11.012 https://zenodo.org/record/4282903 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. &sect; 8. 2) and &sect; 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. &copy; The Authors 2020; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. &nbsp; Received: 16.10.2020. Revised: 30.10.2020. Accepted: 20.11.2020. &nbsp; &nbsp; UDK 616-053.31-056.253:612.65]:575.174.015.3 &nbsp; THE STUDY OF THE PREVALENCE AND IMPACT OF POLYMORPHISM OF THE C/Т GENE ACTN3 (RS1815739) IN THE PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN BORN WITH LOW BIRTH WEIGHT &nbsp; T. O. Levchuk-Vorontsova &nbsp; Zaporizhzhia State Medical University, Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine &nbsp; Levchuk-Vorontsova T. O., MD, Assistant of the Department of Children Diseases, Zaporizhzhia State Medical University, Ukraine; 28А, Novgorodskaia street, Zaporizhzhia, 69076; Tel .: +380674352467, e-mail: tatyana0702@gmail.com; ID orcid 0000-0003-0557-6714 &nbsp; Abstract The work aims at studying the prevalence and influence of polymorphism of the C/T gene polymorphism of ACTN3 gene (rs1815739) on the physical development of children born with low body weight. Materials and methods of research. To study the C/T polymorphism of the ACTN3 gene (rs1815739), 170 newborns were examined. Newborns were divided into 4 groups depending on birth weight: Group I - 50 premature babies weighing 1500-1999 grams (1776.26 &plusmn; 20.06 grams), Group II - 64 premature babies with birth weight 2000-2499 grams (2225.31&plusmn;19.46 grams), group III - 25 children with normal gestational age at birth, but with intrauterine growth retardation (2105.00&plusmn;56,41), group IV (control group) - 31 children with normal gestational age and birth weight more than 2500 grams (3009.03&plusmn;73.04 grams). Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction according to the instructions (Applied Biosystems, USA) using total DNA samples isolated from whole venous blood using a set of reagents &quot;SNP-Screen&quot; (manufactured by &quot;Syntol&quot;) on the CFXteTM Real-Time PCR amplifier (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., USA). Results. In all studied children, the frequency of detection of C allele polymorphism of the C / T gene polymorphism of the ACTN3 gene (rs1815739) was 51.47%, T allele - 48.52%., The frequency of genotypes had the following distribution: CC-30.59%, TT- 26.65%, CT-41.76%. In this case, in group I was the following distribution of alleles and genotypes: alleles C and T were detected in the ratio of 46.67% to 53.93%, genotypes SS-32.00%, TT-28.00%, ST-40, 00%, in group II alleles - C-51,56%, T - 48,44%, genotypes - СС 28,13%, TT-25,00%, СT - 46,88%, in group III - allele C was significantly more often registered than T (68.00% vs. 32.00%, p &lt;0.05) and genotype TT - more often than CC and CT (52.00% vs. 16.00% and 32.00%). In IV (control) group there was the following distribution of the frequency of alleles and genotypes of gene polymorphism: allele C - 40.00%, allele T - 60.00%, genotype CC - 38.71%, genotype TT - 19.35%, genotype CT -41.93%. The lowest monthly values of body weight and weight gain were associated with the TT genotype of the ACTN3 gene (rs1815739) in preterm infants and children with normal gestational age at birth, but with intrauterine growth retardation in the first half, and among children in the comparison group - in the second half, but the overall weight gain for 12 months had no genotypic dependence. Premature infants (observation groups I and II) with the TT genotype of the ACTN3 gene (rs1815739) had unevenly lower body lengths during the first year of life, while children with normal gestational age at birth, but with intrauterine growth retardation lagged behind in their growth in the first year, and children from the control group - in the second half. The total annual increase in body length for the first year of life in all children with the TT genotype was the lowest and amounted to in the first group - 28.50 &plusmn; 1.03 cm, in the second - 24.03 &plusmn; 0.93 cm, in the third - 25.50 &plusmn; 1.04 cm, in IV - 23.00 &plusmn; 0.98 cm. A probable positive correlation was found between the duration of breastfeeding and the monthly increase in body length in children with the TT genotype of the ACTN3 gene (rs1815739): &gamma; = 0.58, &gamma; = 0.76, &gamma; = 0.61 from the I, II and III observation groups, respectively. Conclusions. It was found that the TT genotype of the ACTN3 gene (rs1815739) in children is associated with their uneven physical development in the first year of life and significantly lower rates of body length gain in 12 months, and long-term breastfeeding, especially premature babies and children with delayed fetal development, their normal growth. Key words: children; physical development; body weight; length; polymorphism; genotype.

In 2011 The Economist alerted us to the claim that “digital data will flood the planet.” The exponential increase in data such as e-mails, Tweets and Instagram pictures underpins claims that we are living in an age of ‘infoglut’ (Andrejevic) and information superabundance (Internet Live Stats). Several years earlier, Shirky posed this as an issue not of “information overload” but of “filter failure” (Asay). Shirky’s claim suggests that we should not despair in the face of unmanageable volumes of content, but develop ways to make sense of this information – to curate. Reflecting on his experiences of curating the Meltdown Festival, David Byrne addressed the emergence of everyday curating practices: “Nowadays, everything and everyone can be curated. There are curators of socks, menus and dirt bike trails […] Anyone who has come up with a top-ten list is, in effect, a curator. And anyone who clicks ‘Like’ is a curator.” Byrne’s comments on socks and top ten lists captures how curating can be personal. In their discussion of curating as a new literacy practice, Potter and Gilje highlight how “as well as the institutional and professional contexts for such work through the centuries and across cultures, many people have made personal collections of texts and artefacts that have stood for them in the world” (123). The emergence of easily, and often freely, available content curating tools is linked to practices of accessible curating (Good). There has been a proliferation of content curating platforms and tools. Notwithstanding that accessibility and everyday usage are often the hallmark of content curating (for example, see Villi on social curating and user-distributed content), this article specifically focuses on content curating as a service. Defining the content curator as “someone who continually finds, groups, organizes and shares the best and most relevant content on a specific issue online”, Bhargava in 2009 described content curating as the next big social media job of the future. Popova stresses the importance of authorship and approaching curating as a “form of creative labor in and of itself” and identifies content curators as “human sense-makers” in a culture of “information overload”. By addressing curating ‘content for others’ rather than other curatorship practices such as ‘content for me’ and ‘content about me’, we aim to offer insights into the professional and commercial practices of content curating. Through connecting autoethnographic research with academic literature on the concept of ‘cultural intermediaries’, we identify two ways of understanding professional content curating - connected cultural intermediation, and curating literacies. Researching Content Curators as Creative Labour In his introduction to Curation Nation, Rosenbaum suggests that there is “both amateur and professional curation, and the emergence of amateur or prosumer curators isn’t in any way a threat to professionals” (3). Likewise, we do not see a threat or tension between amateur and professional curating. We are, though keen to address ‘professional’ strategic content curating for an intended audience as a notable difference and departure. To generate detailed insights into the role of the professional content curator we employed an autoethnographic approach. Holt’s review of the literature and his own experiences of autoethnography provide a helpful overview: “autoethnography is a genre of writing and research that connects the personal to the cultural, placing the self within a social context” (2). Specifically, we focus on Couzins’ personal experiences of content curating, his professional practices and his ‘cultural milieu’ (Reed-Danahay). Couzins was a business-to-business journalist for 17 years before starting a content and communications agency that: helps organisations tell their story through curated and created stories; runs a media brand for corporate learning, which features curated content and a weekly curated e-mail; designs and delivers massive open online courses on the Curatr platform (a social learning platform designed for curating content). The research and writing process for our analysis was informed by Anderson’s approach to analytical autoethnography, and from this we stress that Couzins is a full member of the research setting. Our focus on his experiences also resonates with the use of first-hand narratives in media industries research (Holt and Perren). Following preliminary exchanges, including collaborative note taking and face-to-face conversations, Ashton created an interview schedule that was then reviewed and revised with Couzins. This schedule was used as the basis for a semi-structured interview of around 90 minutes. Both authors transcribed and coded the interview data. Through thematic analysis we identified and agreed on five codes: industry developments and business models; relationships with technologies; identifying and sharing information sources; curating literacies; expertise and working with/for clients. This research paper was then co-written. As a conversation with only two participants, our account runs up against the widely stated concern associated with autoethnography of observing too few cultural members and not spending enough time with others (Coffey; Ellis, Adams and Bochner). However, we would argue that the processes of dyadic interviewing underpinned by self-analysis provides accessible and “useful stories” (Ellis, Adams and Bochner). Specifically, Anderson’s five features helped to guide our research and writing from documenting personal experience and providing insider perspectives, to broader generalisation and “theoretical development, refinement, and extension” (387). Indeed, we see this research as complementing and contributing to the large scale survey research undertaken by Liu providing excerpts on how “technology bloggers and other professionals explain the value of curating in a networked world” (20). The major theme emerging from the interview exchange, perhaps not unexpectedly, is how professional content curating revolves around making sense of specific materials. In acting as a bridge between the content and publications of some and its reception by others, literature on cultural intermediaries was identified as a helpful conceptual pointer. The relevance of this concept and literature for exploring professional content curators is illuminated by Smith-Maguire and Matthews’ comments that “cultural intermediaries impact upon notions of what, and thereby who, is legitimate, desirable and worthy, and thus by definition what and who is not” (552). The process of curating content necessarily involves judgements on what is deemed to be desirable and worthy for clients. Scholarship on cultural intermediaries was explicitly explored in the interview and co-writing stages, and the following covers some of the meeting points between our research and this concept. Content Curators as Cultural Intermediaries: Taste, Expertise and Value The concept of cultural intermediaries has been explored by academics in relation to a range of industries. This paper does not necessarily seek to add content curators to the expanding list of occupations analysed through the cultural intermediaries’ lens. There are though a range of questions and prompts from studies on cultural intermediaries helpful for understanding the ways in which content is made sense of and circulated. Smith-Maguire and Matthews’s 2012 article ‘Are We All Cultural Intermediaries Now?’ is particularly helpful for connecting content curating with debates on cultural intermediaries. They consider how cultural intermediaries “effect other’s orientation” (552), and the question they pose is directly relevant for thinking through distinctions in curating ‘for/about me’ and ‘for others’. The following statement by Couzins on a client relationship with a private membership network provides a useful account of what the job of content curating involves: Each week I curate a set of articles or videos on hot topics that have been identified by network members. Once I have identified suitable content I upload links to their website, including a reading time and a short summary. These two elements serve to help members decide whether or not to read it and when to read it. For example, if they have a short train journey they might have time to read a ten-minute article. All articles are tagged so that the curated links become a deeper resource over time and members are alerted by e-mail each week when new links have been published. The reference to “suitable content” highlights how the curator can shape a narrative by intentionally deciding what to keep in and what to leave out. Beyond this choice of what the client is directed to, there is also the importance of the “short summary” and thus how this curated content is packaged and made sense of by the curator for the client. McFall, in her contribution to the Cultural Intermediaries Reader, offers a specific lens for examining the distinctive filtering practice of content curators as acts of ‘economization’. McFall outlines how economization “involves the work of ‘qualifying’ behaviours, organizations and institutions as economic. This is positioned in contrast to the idea that there is some kind of mystery “x-factor” which defines things as inherently economic” (46). McFall explains how “things are rendered (i.e. they become) economic through the actions of producers, governments, research organisations, media, consumers, and so forth. Economization allows for the ways things may, throughout their life cycle, move in and out of being economic” (46). Whilst McFall’s comments recognise how things may be rendered economic through, for example, a ‘top ten list’, we want to specifically examine what this rendering looks like with the ‘professional’ content curator. The act of filtering is one of rendering, and the content that is curated and shared (whether it be articles, videos, links, etc.) becomes economic within this specific context. Whilst there are many organisations that would provide the regular service of producing curated content, two distinctive approaches were revealed in our exchange. The first approach we identify concerns content curating as connected cultural intermediation, and the second approach we identify concerns facilitating curating literacies and co-creation with clients. Connected Cultural Intermediation Connected cultural intermediation refers to how content curators can connect with their own clients and with producers of content. As the following explores, these connections are built around being explicit and open about the content that curators identify and how they filter it. Being open with producers of content was important as these connections could lead to future opportunities for Couzins to identify content for his clients. Couzins addresses the connections he makes in terms of transparency, stating: “you just need to have some more transparency around you as the curator, like who you are, who you represent, why you are doing it, and the scope of what you are looking at.” Part of this involves identifying his impact and influences as a taste-shaper. Couzins remarks, “I'm creating a story […] but my point of view will be based on my interest in what I bring to the curating process.” Transparency was further presented as a part of the process in which judgements and validations are made: “My reputation as a curator is based on what I curate, right? So therefore it has to be as sound as it can be, and I try to be as dispassionate as I can be about this.” These comments capture how transparency is integral for how Couzins establishes his reputation as a content curator. Couzins promotes transparency in content usage by alerting content producers to where content is curated: I also share on Twitter, so they [producers] know it's been shared because they are included in the retweets, for example. I would tell some people that I've linked to their stuff as well, and sometimes I would also say "Thank you," to so and so for linking to that. It's like thanking my supply chain, if you like. Because it's a network. The act of retweeting also operates as a means to develop connections with producers of content. As well as indicating to producers that content is being used, Couzins’ reference to the “supply chain” indicates the importance he invests in establishing connections and the wide circulation of curated content. One approach to content curating as a commercial practice could be to limit access and create a “pay wall” style scenario in which the curated content can only be accessed after a payment. Curated materials could be sent directly to e-mail or uploaded to private websites. For Couzins however, it is access to the flows of content and the connections with others that underpin and enable his content curating commercial practice. It is important for Couzins that curated content is available to the producers, clients and more publicly through his free-to-access website and Twitter feed. The earlier reference to reputation as a curator in part concerned being dispassionate and enabling verification through open and explicit acknowledgements and links. This comment also addresses generating a reputation for “sound” information. The following comments pick this up and point to the need for engaging with different sources: “I have got my own bubble that I operate in, and it's really challenging to get out of that bubble, bring new stuff in, or review what's in there. I find myself sharing stuff quite a lot from certain places, sometimes. You've got to work at that. It's hard.” Working hard to escape from the bubble was part of Couzins’ work to build his reputation. Acknowledging producers is both a way for Couzins to promote transparency around his filtering and a way to foster new sources of content to escape the bubble: “I do build some relationships with some of the producers, because I get to know them, and I thank them, and I say, ‘That's really good,’ so I have a lot of relationships with people just through their content. But it's not a commercial relationship.” Whilst Couzins suggests there may not be a commercial relationship with the producers of content, economic significance can be seen in two ways. Firstly, moving outside of the ‘bubble’ can help the content curator make more diverse contributions and establish a reputation for this. Secondly, these connections can be of benefit to content producers as their material further circulates. Whilst there is no payment to the content producer, Couzins directs this curated content to clients and does not restrict wider public access to it in this curated form. McFall’s comments on economization stress the role of cultural intermediaries in the life cycle of how things “move in and out of being economic.” With content curating there is a ‘rendering’ of content that sees it become significant in new contexts. Here, the obvious relationship may be between Couzins and his clients. The references to transparent relationships and thanking the ‘supply chain’ show that relationships with content producers are also crucial and that the content curator needs to be continually connecting. Curating Literacies and Co-Creation In the earlier discussion of cultural intermediaries we addressed framing and how judgements can shape legitimacy, desirability and worth. With the content curating cultural intermediary practices under discussion here, a different perspective is possible in which subject specialist knowledge and expertise may not necessarily be the primary driver behind clients’ needs. The role of the content curator as cultural intermediary here is still in the rendering of content. However, it does not specifically involve the selecting content but guiding others in the framing and circulation of content. Where the concern of the client is finding appropriate ways to share the materials that they identify, then the content curator may not need subject-specialist knowledge. Here the interest in the content curating service is on the curating processes and practices, rather than content knowledge. Couzins’ account revealed that in some cases the intermediary’s role is not about the selection of material, but in the framing of material already selected by clients for wider engagement: “People internally will decide what to share and tell you why it’s worth looking at. Basically, it’s making them look like they know what they’re talking about, building their credibility.” The content curator role here does not concern selecting content, but offering guidance on how to frame it. As such, there remains a crucial “rendering” role in which the content selected by clients becomes meaningful through the guidance and input of the professional content curator. Our interview exchange also identified another scenario of relationships in which the content curator has little involvement in either selecting or framing content. Part of the commercial activity explored in our interview included supporting staff within a client’s company to showcase their expertise and knowledge through both selecting and framing content. Specifically, as Couzins outlines, this could be undertaken as a bespoke face-to-face service with in-house training: I helped one client put a curation tool into their website enabling them to become the curators. I spent a lot of time talking to them about curation and their role as curators. We split curation into topics of interest – based on the client’s area of expertise - which would be useful both internally for personal/professional development and externally for business development by sharing content relevant for their customers. In this respect, the service provided by the content curator involves the sharing of their own curatorial expertise with clients in order that clients may undertake their own curatorial practice. There is for the client a similar concern with enhancing their social reputation and profile, but this approach stresses the expertise of clients in identifying and responding to their own content curating needs. In part this emphasis on the client’s selection of material is about the challenges of establishing and maintaining legitimacy as a content curator across several fields: “You can't begin to say you're an expert when you are not, because you'll be found out.” More than this though, it was an approach to content curating literacy. As Couzins state, “my view is that if people with the domain expertise have an interest in doing this […] then they should be doing it themselves. If you gave it to me I hold the keys to all your knowledge. Why would you want that?” The content curator and client exchange here is not restricted to gathering interests and then providing content. This scenario sees content curating as accessible, but also sees the curator in their continued role as cultural intermediary--where expertise is about mediation more than content. Returning to McFall’s comments on rendering as how things “move in and out of being economic”, our second understanding of content curating intermediaries directs attention away from what the things/content are to instead how those things move. Conclusion Set within debates and transformations around content and information abundance and filtering, this paper explored how the practices of filtering, finding, and sharing at the heart of content curating have much in common with the work of cultural intermediaries. Specifically, this paper identified two ways of understanding commercial content curating. Firstly, content curating involves the rendering of content, and the ability to succeed here relies on developing connections outside the curator-client dynamic. Secondly, professional content curators can approach their relationships with clients as one of facilitation in which the expertise of the content curating cultural intermediary does not rest with the content, but on the curating and the intermediating. References Anderson, Leon. “Analytical Autoethnography.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 35.4 (2006): 373-395. Andrejevic, Mark. Infoglut: How Too Much Information Is Changing the Way We Think and Know. London: Routledge, 2013. Asay, Matt. “Problem Is Filter Failure, Not Info Overload.” CNet Jan. 2009. 1 Jun. 2015 ‹http://www.cnet.com/uk/news/shirky-problem-is-filter-failure-not-info-overload/›. Bhargava, Rohit. “Manifesto for the Content Curator: The Next Big Social Media Job of the Future?” 2009. 2 June 2015. ‹http://rohitbhargava.typepad.com/weblog/2009/09/manifestoDforDtheDcontentDcuratorD theDnextDbigDsocialDmediaDjobDofDtheDfutureD.html›. Byrne, David. “David Byrne: A Great Curator Beats Any Big Company’s Algorithm.” New Statesman June 2015. 8 June 2015. ‹http://www.newstatesman.com/2015/05/man-versus-algorithm›. Coffey, Paul. The Ethnographic Self. London: Sage, 1999. The Economist. “Drowning in Numbers.” 2011. 4 June 2015 ‹http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/11/big-data-0›. Ellis, Carolyn, Adams, Tony E. and Bochner, Arthur P. “Autoethnography: An Overview.” Forum: Qualitative Social Research 12.1 (2011). Good, Robin. “Content Curation Tools Supermap.” Pearl Trees Apr. 2015. 4 June 2015 ‹http://www.pearltrees.com/robingood/content-curating-supermap/id5947231›. Holt, Jennifer, and Alisa Perren. “Introduction: Does the World Really Need One More Field of Study?” Media Industries: History, Theory, and Methods. Eds. Jennifer Holt and Alisa Perren. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 1-16. Holt, Nicholas, L. “Representation, Legitimation, and Autoethnography: An Autoethnographic Writing Story.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods 2.1 (2003): 1-22. Internet Live Stats. 5 June 2015 ‹http://www.internetlivestats.com/one-second/›. Krysa, Joasia. Curating Immateriality: The Work of the Curator in the Age of Network Systems. New York: Autonomedia, 2006. Liu, Sophia B. “Trends in Distributed Curatorial Technology to Manage Data Deluge in a Networked World.” Upgrade: The European Journal for the Informatics Professional 11.4 (2010): 18-24. Matthews, Julian, and Jennifer Smith-Maguire. “Introduction: Thinking with Cultural Intermediaries.” The Cultural Intermediaries Reader. Eds. Julian Matthews and Jennifer Smith-Maguire. London: Sage, 2014. 1-11. McFall, Liz. “The Problem of Cultural Intermediaries in the Economy of Qualities.” The Cultural Intermediaries Reader. Eds. Julian Matthews and Jennifer Smith-Maguire. London: Sage, 2014. 42-51. Popova, Maria. “In a New World of Informational Abundance, Content Curation Is a New Kind of Authorship.” Nieman Lab June 2011. 6 Jun 2015 ‹http://www.niemanlab.org/2011/06/maria-popova-in-a-new-world-of-informational-abundance-content-curation-is-a-new-kind-of-authorship/›. Potter, John, and Øystein Gilje. “Curatorship as a New Literacy Practice.” E-Learning and Digital Media 12.2 (2015): 123-127. Reed-Danahay, Deborah. Auto/Ethnography. New York: Berg, 1997. Rosenbaum, Steve. Curating Nation: How to Win in a World Where Consumers Are Creators. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2011. Smith-Maguire, Jennifer, and Julian Matthews. “Are We All Cultural Intermediaries Now?” European Journal of Cultural Studies 15.5 (2012): 551-562. Sun, Will. “Introducing LinkedIn Elevate: Helping Companies Empower Their Employees to Share Content.” Apr. 2015. 29 May 2015 ‹http://blog.linkedin.com/2015/04/13/elevate/›. Villi, Mikko. “Social Curation in Audience Communities: UDC (User-Distributed Content) in the Networked Media Ecosystem.” Participations 9.2 (2012): 614-632.

Cut In 1964, William S. Burroughs' Nova Express is published. Part of the trilogy of books Burroughs wrote in the early 1960s (The Soft Cell and The Ticket That Exploded are the other two), Nova Express explores the problems that technology creates in the information age; and the ways in which language and thought have come under the influence of mass media. The book begins with a broad declaration against consumerism and corporate control: Listen all you boards syndicates and governments of the earth. And you powers behind what filth deals consummated in what lavatory to take what is not yours. To sell the ground from unborn feet forever - "For God's sake don't let that Coca-Cola thing out -" (Nova Express 3) Rather than opt for conventional narrative as a means of uncovering the problems ideology brings with media-driven mass consumption, in the early '60s, Burroughs develops a method of writing he calls "the cut-up". The cut-up method entails taking a page of writing (a newspaper, a poem, a novel, an advertisement, a speech) and cutting it down the middle twice so that four sections remain. One then rearranges the sections in random order to create a new page. Variations of the four section cut are permissible and can lead to further juxtapositions. The purpose of the cut-up is to disclose ideological positions within media, to recontextualise the language of media often taken for granted as natural and not as a socially and economically constructed act. Information has become addictive, Burroughs says, invoking the junkie as a metaphor for mass consumption. Its addictive state leads to hallucinations, distortions of what is real and what is illusion; what do we need to live, and what do we buy for mere consumption. The scanning pattern we accept as "reality" has been imposed by the controlling power on this planet, a power primarily oriented towards total control - In order to retain control they have moved to monopolize and deactivate the hallucinogen drugs by effecting noxious alternations on a molecular level. (Nova Express 53) The cut-up provides a means to combat the "junky" in us all by revealing the powers of technology. In the end, the cut-up leads to a collagist practice of juxtaposition. As Burroughs and collaborator Byron Gysin explained in a later work, The cut-up method brings to writers the collage, which has been used by painters for fifty years. And used by the moving and still camera. In fact all street shots from movie or still cameras are by the unpredictable factors of passersby and juxtaposition cut-ups (Burroughs and Gysin 29). Through its structure, Nova Express is a lesson in making cut-ups, a demonstration of how power might be undermined in the digital age. Paste In 1964, the Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies at Birmingham began. Influenced by Raymond Williams' 1958 Culture and Society, the Birmingham School legitimized the reading of popular culture as a means to uncovering dominant ideologies and power structures within institutional systems. In particular, the center proposed structuring scholasticism so that the study of media texts would allow for the questioning of social and political practices. The Birmingham school advised that curriculae supplement their agendas with the question of class; the complex relationships between power, which is an easier term to establish in the discourses of culture than exploitation, and exploitation; the question of a general theory which could, in a critical way, connect together in a critical reflection different domains of life, politics, and theory, theory and practice, economic, political ideological questions, and so on; the notion of critical knowledge itself and the production of critical knowledge as a practice. (Hall 279) One of the Birmingham School's first works was Stuart Hall and Paddy Whannel's Popular Arts, which searched out ways to teach media. In particular, Hall and Whannel viewed popular culture as a place to teach the power of ideology. There is, in fact, a growing recognition that the media of mass communication play such a significant role in society, and especially in the lives of young people, that the school must embrace the study of their organization, content, and impact. But there is little agreement about how such studies should be carried out. Just what shall be studied? With what precise purpose? In what relationship to the established subjects? Ultimately the answer will depend upon our attitude towards these media, our social thinking about the kind of society in which they wield their influence and, in particular, our response to the things the media offer - individual films, television programmes, popular songs, etc. (Hall and Whannel 21) Today, the Birmingham School is recognised as the beginning of contemporary cultural studies. It answers Hall and Whannel by using texts from popular culture to uncover the semiotic cultural codes that make up popular discourse. These methods shed light on how supposedly naturally constructed messages contain deeper meanings and purposes. Mix In 1964, DJ Alan Freed was convicted of tax evasion as a result of his involvement in the payola record business scandal of 1962. Considered one of the first rock and roll DJs, Freed is often credited for breaking ‘50s racial barriers by playing African-American music on the airwaves and hosting largely attended African-American dances and concerts. Even though Freed didn't invent the phrase "rock and roll," he credited himself with the term's introduction into music vocabulary, a myth-making act with far reaching implications. As critic Nick Tosch writes: "Though he was certainly not the first who had done so; he was only the most influential of those who had - Freed [had] rinsed the Dixie Peach from its image, rendering it more agreeable to the palate of a greater public" (Tosch 9). In the same year of Freed's conviction, another legendary DJ, Murray the K, found fame again by following the Beatles around on their 1964 North American tour. Murray the K had been popular in the late '50s for "his wild stammering of syllables, fragments of words, black slang, and meaningless, rhythmical burbling" to make transitions between songs (Poschardt 75). Mass copying of Murray the K's DJ stylings led to his redundancy. When New Journalist Tom Wolfe rediscovered the DJ tagging along with the Beatles, he became intrigued, describing him as "the original hysterical disk jockey": Murray the K doesn't operate on Aristotelian logic. He operates on symbolic logic. He builds up an atmosphere of breathless jollification, comic hysteria, and turns it up to a pitch so high it can hypnotize kids and keep them frozen. (Wolfe 34) While Freed introduced African-American culture to mainstream music, Murray the K's DJing worked from a symbolic logic of appropriation: sampled sounds, bits and pieces of eccentric outtakes used as vehicles to move from song to song. Both Freed and Murray the K, however, conceived the idea of the DJ as more than a spinner of records. They envisioned the DJ as a form of media, a myth maker, a composer of ideas through sounds and politics. In a sense, they saw their work as disseminating social commentary on '60s racial politics and ideology, working from a fairly new innovation: the rock and roll record. Their DJ work became the model for contemporary hip hop artists. Instead of considering isolated train whistles or glass crashing (the technique of Murray the K) as sources for sampling, contemporary DJs and digital samplers cut and paste fragments from the history of popular music in order to compose new works, compositions which function as vehicles of cultural critique. Groups like Public Enemy and The Roots utilise their record collections to make political statements on drug usage, economic problems within the African-American community, and racism. For Tricia Rose, these artists are the cultural studies writers of the digital age. "Rappers are constantly taking dominant discursive fragments and throwing them into relief, destabilizing hegemonic discourses and attempting to legitimate counterhegemonic interpretations." (Rose 102) Remix The juxtaposition of these three events in 1964 marks an interesting place to consider the potential for new media and cultural studies. Such a juxtaposition answers the calls of Lawrence Grossberg, Cary Nelson, and Paula Treichler in their introduction to Cultural Studies, a collection of essays from the 1970s and 1980s. The editors suggest that cultural studies can be thought of, in some ways, as a collagist practice. The methodology of cultural studies provides an equally uneasy marker, for cultural studies in fact has no distinct methodology, no unique statistical, ethnomethodological, or textual analysis to call its own. Its methodology, ambiguous from the beginning, could best be seen as a bricolage. (2) For these editors, "Cultural studies needs to remain open to unexpected, unimagined, even uninvited possibilities" (3). To consider cultural studies from the perspective of 1964 is to evoke the unexpected, the unimagined, and the uninvited. It is to resituate the demands of cultural study within the context of new media - the legacy of Burroughs' cut-up reborn in the digital sampler. In response to the editors of Cultural Studies, I propose the practice of temporal juxtaposition as a way of critical writing. My initial juxtaposition of 1964 asserts that to teach such a practice, one must teach cutting and mixing. The Break The break, as a DJ method, is "any short captured sound whatsoever" (Eshun 14). The break motivates digital sampling; it provides the points from which samplers appropriate past works into their own: "Break beats are points of rupture in their former contexts, points at which the thematic elements of a musical piece are suspended and the underlying rhythms brought center stage. In the early stages of rap, these break beats formed the core of rap DJs' mixing strategies" (Rose 73-74). Breaks are determined by how DJs produce cuts in previously recorded music. "The cut is a command, a technical and conceptual operation which cuts the lines of association" (Eshun 16). For William Burroughs, cuts create shock in readers; they are tools for destroying ideology. "Once machine lines are cut, the enemy is helpless" (Ticket That Exploded 111). In Nova Express, Burroughs issues the command, "Cut word lines" (62). And in Naked Lunch, the cut provides a set of reading instructions, a way for readers to uncover Burroughs' own ideological positions. You can cut into Naked Lunch at any intersection point . . . I have written many prefaces. . . Naked Lunch is a blueprint, a How-To Book. (Naked Lunch 224 For Roland Barthes, a major influence on the founding of the Birmingham School, the How-To functioned as a place for cultural critique. Barthes felt that semiotic analysis could break ideological positions constructed in popular culture. Barthes used the How-To as one example of what he called mythologies, items of popular culture assumed to be natural but latent with ideological meanings. He treated the how-to tourist guide (how to enjoy yourself on vacation) as one such place for further analysis. The good natured image of "the writer on holiday" is therefore no more than one of these cunning mystifications which the Establishment practices the better to enslave its writers. (Barthes 30) Mythologies has inspired contemporary cultural studies. Dick Hebdige states that through Barthes' work, "It was hoped that the invisible temporary seam between language, experience and reality could be located and prised open through a semiotic analysis" (Hebdige 10). My juxtapositions of 1964, however, tell me that the How-To for cultural studies is cutting and pasting, not hermeneutical or semiotic analysis (i.e. What does this mean? What do these codes reveal?), which have long been cultural studies' focus. 1964 updates cultural studies practices by reinventing its methods of inquiry. 1964 forces academic study to ask: How would a contemporary cultural critic cut into cultural texts and paste selections into a new media work? The Sample Cuts and breaks become samples, authorial chosen selections. My sample comes from Walter Benjamin, an early DJ of media culture who discovered in 19th century Paris a source for a new compositional practice. Benjamin's unfinished Arcades project proposed that the task of the writer in the age of mechanical reproduction is to become a collector. "The collector was the true inhabitant of the interior" (Benjamin 168). Benjamin felt that the "poets find their refuse on the street" (79) preempting William Gibson's now often cited remark, "the street finds its own use for things" (Gibson 186) and modern DJs who build record collections by rummaging bargain street sales. I find in Benjamin's work a place to sample, a break for cutting into Burroughs' nova method. "The basic nova mechanism is very simple: Always create as many insoluble conflicts as possible and always aggravate existing conflict - This is done by dumping life forms with incompatible conditions of existence on the same planet" (Nova Express 53). Like Burroughs, Benjamin expressed interest in the ideological conflicts created through juxtaposition. His collections of the Parisian Arcades led to a cultural history different from that of the Frankfurt School. The Arcades' juxtapositions of consumer goods and artifacts opposed the Frankfurt School's understandings of Marxism and methods of critique. The conflict I create is that of incorporating the concerns of cultural studies into media study as an alternative practice. This practice is a system of sampling, cutting, breaking, and pasting. What might initially seem incompatible to cultural studies, I propose as a method of critique. My initial juxtaposition of 1964 becomes the first step towards doing so: I critique current cultural studies' methods of semiotic and hermeneutical analysis by way of the cut and mix I create. This Benjamin sample is pasted onto the Networked Writing Environment (NWE) at the University of Florida where I teach media classes in one of several computer networked classrooms. Working from a sampled Benjamin and the juxtaposition of the previously described temporal events of 1964, I see a place to rethink new media and cultural studies. The NWE's graphical user interface completes the cut. Our Unix operating system uses X Windows for desktop display. The metaphor of the X, the slash, the cut, becomes a place to rethink what cultural studies admits to be a cut-up, or a non-unified practice (as stated by Grossberg et al). The X also recalls the crossroads, the iconic marker of the place of decision. Standing at the crossroads, I envision the blues song of the same name, which in 1964 was cut from its Robert Johnson origins and remixed as a new recording by the Yardbirds. This decision shifts the focus of media study to cultural collections, their juxtapositions, and the alternative understandings that surface. The tools of technology (like those we use in the NWE: the Web, MOO, and e-mail) cut the structural dominance of critique and encourage us to make new pedagogical decisions, like juxtaposing a William Burroughs novel with the founding of the Birmingham School with the rise of the DJ. Putting these practices into the mix, we redefine cultural critique. 1964, then, is the place where cultural mixing begins. References Barthes, Roland. Mythologies. New York: Hill and Wang, 1957. Benjamin, Walter. Charles Baudelaire: A Lyric Poet in the Era of High Capitalism. Harry Zohn trans. London: NLB, 1973. Burroughs, William S. Naked Lunch. New York: Grove, 1982 (1959). _________________. Nova Express. New York: Grove, 1992 (1964). _________________. The Ticket That Exploded. New York: Grove, 1987 (1962). Burroughs, William S. and Byron Gysin. The Third Mind. New York: Viking Press, 1978. Eshun, Kodwo. More Brilliant Than the Sun. London: Quartet, 1999. Gibson, William. "Burning Chrome." Burning Chrome. New York: Ace Books, 1981. Grossberg, Lawrence, Cary Nelson, and Paula Treichler, eds. Cultural Studies. London: Routledge, 1992. Hall, Stuart. "Theoretical Legacies." Cultural Studies. Hall, Stuart and Paddy Whannel. The Popular Arts. New York: Pantheon, 1964. Hebdige, Dick. Subculture: The Meaning of Style. London and New York: Routledge, 1979. Poschardt, Ulf. DJ Culture. London: Quartet, 1998. Rose, Tricia. Black Noise: Black Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America.Hanover: Wesleyan University Press, 1994. Tosch, Nick. Unsung Heroes of Rock and Roll. New York: Da Capo Press, 1999. Wolfe, Tom. "The Fifth Beatle." The Kandy Kolored Tangerine Flake Streamlined Baby. New York: Pocket Books, 1965.

“Perhaps the only thing more counterfeit than Australian Idol co-host/FM radio jock Kyle Sandilands’s carotene tan is the myth of his significance.” So wrote Helen Razer in 2007 of radio host Kyle Sandilands in a piece entitled Kyle Sandilands, you are a big fake fake. In the years since Razer’s commentary, commentators and radio listeners have continued to question the legitimacy of Sandilands’s performance as a radio host, while his supporters have defended him on the basis that this performance is authentic (Wynn). References to him as “shock jock,” a term frequently associated with talkback radio, suggest Sandilands’s approach to performance is one of intended confrontation. However, the genre of radio to which his performance is associated is not talkback. It is chat-based programming, which relies on three tenets: orientation to the personal, use of wit, and risk of transgression. This paper examines the question: To what extent is Kyle Sandilands’s performance of authenticity oriented to the genre format? This paper argues that the overall success of Sandilands is supported by his mastery of the chat-based genre. The Radio Host, “Authenticity”, and PerformanceKyle Sandilands has been one of Australia’s most prominent and controversial radio hosts since the 1990s. In 2014, Sandilands was one half of Australia’s most successful breakfast team, hosting the nationally syndicated Kyle and Jackie O Show with fellow presenter Jacqueline Henderson on Kiis 1065 (Galvin, Top Radio). Sandilands’s persona has received significant attention within the mediasphere (Galvin, Kiss; Razer). Commentators argue that he is often “putting it on” or being overly dramatic in order to attract ratings. The following interaction is an example of on-air talk involving Sandilands (“Ronan Keating and Kyle Sandilands Fight On-Air”). Here, Sandilands and his co-host Jackie O are talking with singer Ronan Keating who is with them in the studio. Jackie plays Ronan a recording in which Sandilands makes fun of Keating:Kyle: ((On recorded playback)) Oh god. I don’t want to look like Ronan Keating, you two foot dwarf.((pause))Ronan K: ((laughs)) Right (.) I don’t know how to take that.Kyle: Well I’m glad it ended there because I think it went on and on didn’t it? ((Looks at Jackie O))Jackie O: I was being kind. ((Looks at Ronan)). He went on and on.Kyle: That says something about…Ronan: Play it, play it [let me hear it]Kyle: [no no] I don’t have the rest. I don’t have the rest of [it]Ronan: [No] you do. Kyle: No I don’t have it on me. It would be here somewhere.Jackie O: [Ok this…]Ronan: You go on like you’re my friend, you know you text me, you say you love me and are playing all these songs and then on radio you rip the crap out of me.Kyle: I was just joking. I think I said something like his little white arms hanging out of his singlet…and something like that.Jackie O: OK this is getting awkward and going on. I thought you guys would have a laugh, and…Kyle: [It’s tongue in cheek]Ronan: [That’s’ not cool man]. That’s not cool. Look I popped in to see you guys. I’m going to New Zealand, and I’ve got one night here (.) I’ve got one day in Sydney and that’s the crap that you’re dealing me.((silence from all))Kyle: ((Looking at Jackie)) Good one Jackie. ((Looking at Ronan)) That’s not crap. That’s just radio banter. This segment illustrates that Sandilands recognises talk as performance when he defends his criticism of Keating as “just radio banter”, inferring that his comments are not real because they are performed for radio. The argument between Keating and Sandilands, reported in media outlets such as The Daily Mail and Daily Telegraph the following day, was significant because the two had been friends, something referred to a few minutes later by Keating:Ronan: You’ve changed, man. You’ve changed. I come back and you’re on a new station and all this and that. But you’ve changed…I knew you when you were a nice guy.This segment may or may not have been staged to illicit publicity, and it is one of many possible examples that could have been selected that involve an altercation between Sandilands and a guest. Its inclusion in this paper is to illustrate orientation by co-participants, including Sandilands, to a “real self” (one that has changed) and performance (talk for radio) as an example of talk.If one is to be a fake, as Helen Razer suggested of Kyle Sandilands, one needs to be measured against that which is authentic. Authenticity is not a static concept and accordingly, can be difficult to define. Are we talking about being authentic (real) or being sincere (honest), and what really is the difference? This is an important point, because I suspect we sometimes confuse or blur the lines between these two concepts when considering authenticity and performance in media contexts. Erickson examines the difference between sincerity and authenticity, arguing “authenticity is a self-referential concept; unlike sincerity, it does not explicitly include any reference to others,” while sincerity reflects congruity between what one says and how one feels (123). Authenticity is more relevant than sincerity within the cultural space because it is self-referential: it is about “one’s relationship to oneself,” whereby actors “exist by the laws of one’s own being” (Erickson 124).Authenticity and performance by radio hosts has been central to broadcast talk analysis since the 1980s (Tolson, Televised; Tolson, ‘Authentic’ Talk; Tolson, New Authenticity; Scannell; Shingler and Wieringa; Montgomery; Crisell; Tolson, ‘Being Yourself’). The practice of “performing authenticity” by program hosts is, therefore, well-established and consistent with broadcast talk as a discursive genre generally. Sociologist Erving Goffman specifically considered performativity in radio talk in his work, and his consideration of theatrical performance written early in his career provides a good starting point for discussion. Performance, Goffman argued, “may be defined as all the activity of a given participant on a given occasion which serves to influence in any way any of the other participants” (8). In performing, actors play a part or present a routine in such a way that the audience believes the character (Goffman).This presents an interesting dilemma for radio hosts, who act as facilitators between the institution (program) and the audience. Hosts talk—or interact—with their co-hosts and listeners. This talk is a performance for an overhearing audience, achieved (or performed) by facilitating interpersonal talk between two or three people. This talk is conversational, and requires the host to play on “interpersonality”—creating the sense of a close personal relationship with audience members by talking to “anyone as someone” (Scannell). A host is required to embody the character of the radio station, represent listeners (Shingler and Wieringa), and perform in a way that appears natural through conversational talk, all at the same time. A host also needs to display personality, possibly the most critical element in the success of a program.Authenticity, Shock-Value, and Radio GenreThe radio economy revolves around the personality of a celebrity host, and audiences expect celebrity hosts to which they listen to be playing a role despite appearing to be authentic (Stiernstedt). At the same time, radio hosts are aware of the “performed nature of the displayed self” (215). The audience familiar with a host or hosts expect some inconsistency in this playing of role: “The uncertainty such performances generate among the audience is intentional, and the motive of the producers is that it will encourage audiences to find ‘evidence’ of what ‘really happened’ on other media platforms” (Stiernstedt). There is much evidence of this in the mediasphere generally, with commentary on Sandilands and other “shock jocks” often featuring in entertainment and media sections of the general press. This coverage is often focused on examining hosts’ true personality in a “what’s behind the person” type of story (Overington; Bearup; Masters). Most research into host performance on radio has been conducted within the genre of talkback radio, and the celebrity talkback “shock jock” features in the literature on talkback (Turner; Douglas; Appleton; Salter; Ward). Successful radio hosts within this genre have fostered dramatic, often polarising, and quick-witted personas to attract listeners. Susan Douglas, in an article reflecting on the male hysteric shock jock that emerged in the US during the 1980s, argued that the talk format emerged to be inflammatory: “Talk radio didn’t require stereo or FM fidelity. It was unpredictable. It was incendiary. And it was participatory.” The term “shock jock” is now routinely used to describe talk-based hosts who are deliberately inflammatory, and the term has been used to describe Kyle Sandilands.Authenticity has previously been considered in Australian talkback radio, where there is a recognised “grey area between news presentation and entertainment” (Barnard 161). In Australia, the “Cash for Comment” episode involving radio talkback hosts John Laws and Alan Jones specifically exposed radio as entertainment (Turner; Flew). Laws and Jones were exposed as having commercial relationships that influenced the manner in which they dealt with political topics. That is, the hosts presented their opinions on specific topics as being authentic, but their opinions were exposed as being influenced by commercial arrangements. The debate that surrounded the issue and expectations associated with being a commercial radio host revealed that their performance was measured against a set of public standards (ie. a journalist’s code of ethics) to which the hosts did not subscribe. For example, John Laws argued that he wasn’t really a journalist, and therefore, could not be held to the same ethical standard as would be the case if he was. This is an example of hosts being authentic within the “laws of their own being;” that is, they were commercial radio hosts and were being true to themselves in that capacity.“Cash for Comment” therefore highlighted that radio presenters do not generally work to any specific set of professional codes. Rather, in Australia, they work to more general sector-based codes, such as the commercial and community broadcasting codes of practice set by the Australian Communications and Media Authority. These codes are quite generic and give no specific direction as to the role of radio presenters. Professor Graeme Turner argued at the time that the debate about “Cash for Comment” was important because the hosts were engaging in public discussion about policy, often interviewing politicians, a role normally associated with journalists. There was limited fall-out for Laws and Jones, but changes were made to disclosure requirements for commercial radio. There have been a number of attempts since to discipline radio hosts who seemingly fail to meet community and sector standards. These attempts have appeared tokenistic and there remains acceptance that talkback radio hosts should be opinionated, controversial, and potentially inflammatory. Research also tells us that callers within this genre are aware of the rules of interaction (O'Sullivan). However, it is important to understand that not all talk-based programming is talkback.The Case of Sandilands and Adherence to GenreAlthough he is often referred to as a “shock-jock”, Kyle Sandilands is not a talkback radio host. He is the host on a chat-based radio program, and the difference in genre is important. Chat-based programming is a speech genre based on wit, orientation to the personal, and the risk of transgression. Chat-based programming was originally theorised in relation to television by Andrew Tolson (Televised), but more recently, it has been applied it to breakfast programs on commercial radio (Ames, Community). Talkback segments are incorporated into chat-based programming, but overall, the type of talk and the basis of interaction throughout the show is very different. In chat-based programming, hosts work to foster and maintain a sense of listening community by taking on different roles—being a friend, host, counsellor, entertainer—depending on the type of talk being engaged with at the time (Ames, Host/Host). Like all forms of broadcast programming, chat-based radio is driven by the need to entertain, but the orientation to the personal and risk of transgression alter the way in which “being real” or “true to oneself” (and therefore authentic) is performed. For example, chat-based hosts orient to callers in a way that prioritises sociability (Ames, Community), which is in contrast to studies on talkback interaction that reveal an orientation to conflict (Hutchby). The key point here is that talk on chat-based programming is different to the talk that occurs on talkback.Kyle Sandilands’s ability and desire to outrage has possibly always been part of his on-air persona. He has made a staff member masturbate live, questioned a 14-year-old about her sexual experiences, called a journalist a “fat slag”, and insulted members of the radio industry and listening public. In an interview with Andrew Denton, Sandilands categorised himself as a fellow victim. He talked of his difficulties as a teenager and largely justified his on-air behaviour by saying he did not think of the consequences of his actions in the heat of the live moment:I just didn’t even think about that. Back in those days I would only think about what I thought was funny and entertaining and it wasn’t until reflection once it had gone to air then everyone flipped out and everyone started saying you know, oh this could have gone horribly wrong. (Sandilands)Sandilands’s self-categorisation actually meets the description of being a radio presenter, described by Stephen Barnard in Studying Radio, one of the early “how to be a radio presenter” texts released in the UK in 2000:Unlike music presenters, phone-in presenters do not work within the comforting disciplines of a prescribed format but are hired for their ability to think on their feet. Phone-in presenters have as much or as little leeway as station heads allow them, leading to widely diverging approaches and a continual testing of the limits of tolerance. (Barnard 161)Sandilands made specific reference to this in his interview with Denton, when he referred to tension between his practice and what station management wanted:I like to cut the rubbish out of what everyone else thinks people want. So radio to me in Sydney was for example very boring. It was you know someone in another room would write out a joke, then someone would execute it and then you would hit the button and everyone would laugh and I just thought you know to me this isn’t, this isn’t real. I want to deal with real life stuff. The real life dramas that are going on in people's lives and a lot of the times radio station management will hate that cause they say no one wants to go to work in the morning and hear a woman crying her eyes out cause her husband’s cheated on her. But I do. I, I’d like to hear it. (Sandilands)Sandilands’s defence for his actions is based on wanting to be real and deal with “real” issues:this is the real society that we live in so you know I don’t and my interest is to let everyone know you know that yes, sometimes men do cheat; sometimes women cheat, sometimes kids are bad; sometimes kids get expelled. Sometimes a girl’s addicted to ice. (Sandilands)In one sense, his practice is consistent with what is expected of a radio host, but he pushes the limits when it comes to transgression. I would argue that this is part of the game, and it is one of the reasons people listen and engage with this particular format. However, what it is to be transgressive is very locally specific. What might be offensive to one person might not be to someone else. Humour is culturally specific, and while we don’t know whether listeners are laughing, the popularity of Kyle and Jackie O as a radio host team suggests that there is some attraction to their style—Sandilands’s antics included.The relationship between Sandilands and his audience and co-host is important to this discussion. Close analysis of anyKyle and Jackie O transcript can be revealing because it often highlights Sandilands’s overall deference and a self-effacing approach to his listeners. He makes excuses, and acknowledges he is wrong in a way that almost sets himself up as a “punching bag” for his co-host and listeners. He isdoing “being real.” We can see this in the interaction at the beginning of this paper, whereby his excuse was that the talk was “just radio banter.” The interaction between Sandilands and his co-host, and their listeners, serves to define the listening community of which they are a part (Ames, Host/Host). This community can be seen as “extraordinary”—based on “privatized isolation” that is a prerequisite for membership:The sense of universality of this condition, reflected in the lyrics of the music, the chatter of the DJs and the similarity of the concerns expressed by callers on phone-ins, ensures that solitary listening grants radio listeners membership to a unique type of club: a club where the members never meet or communicate directly. The club, of course, has its rules, its rituals, its codes of conduct and its abiding principles, beliefs and values. Club membership entails conformity to a consensual view. (Shingler and Wieringa 128)If you are not a listener of a particular listening community, then you’re not privy to those rules and rituals. The problem for Sandilands is that what is acceptable to his listening community can also be overheard by others. To his club, he might be acceptable—they know him for who he really is. As a host operating in chat-based formatting which relies on the possibility for transgression as a principle, he is expected to push boundaries as a performer. His persona is accepted by the station’s listeners who tune in every evening/afternoon (or whenever the program is broadcast across the network). His views and approach might be controversial, but they are normalised within the confines of the listening community:Radio presenters therefore do not construct a consensual view and impose it on their listeners. What they do is present what they perceive to be the views shared by the station and the listening community in general, and then make it as easy as possible for individual listeners to comply with these views (despite whatever specific reservations they may have). (Shingler and Wieringa 130)But to those who are not members of the listening community, his actions might be untenable. They do not hear the times when Sandilands takes on the role of “deviant host”, a host who will become an ally with a listener in a discussion if there is disagreement in talk which is a feature of this type of programming (Ames, Community). In picking out single elements of Sandilands’s awfulness, as happens when he oversteps the boundaries (and thus transgresses), there is potential to lose the sense of context that makes Sandilands acceptable to his program’s listeners. What we don’t hear, in the debates about whether his behaviour is or isn’t acceptable within the mediasphere, are the snippets of conversation where he demonstrates empathy, or is admonished by or defers to his co-host. The only time a non-listener hears about Kyle Sandilands is when he oversteps the boundary and his actions are questioned within the wider mediasphere. These questions are based on a broader sense of moral order than the moral order specifically applicable to the Kyle and Jackie O program.The debate about a listening community’s moral order that accepts Sandilands’s antics as normal is not one for this paper; the purpose of the paper is to explain the success of Sandilands’s approach in an environment where questions are raised about why he remains successful. Here we return to discussions of authenticity. Sandilands’s performance orients to being “real” in accordance with the “laws of one’s own being” (Erickson 124). The laws in this case are set by the genre being chat-based radio programming, and the moral order created within the program of which is a co-host.ConclusionRadio hosts have always “performed authenticity” as part of their role as a link between an audience and a station. Most research into the performance of radio hosts has been conducted within the talkback genre. Talkback is different, however, to chat-based programming which is increasingly popular, and the chat-based format in Australia is currently dominated by the host team known as Kyle and Jackie O. Kyle Sandilands’s performance is based on “being real”, and this is encouraged and suited to chat-based programming’s orientation to the personal, reliance on wit and humour, and the risk of transgression. While he is controversial, Sandliands’s style is an ideal fit for the genre, and his ability to perform to meet the genre provides some explanation for his success.ReferencesAmes, Kate. “Community Membership When ‘Telling Stories’ in Radio Talk: A Regional Case Study.” PhD Thesis. 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Human history has witnessed varied surveillance and counter-surveillance activities from time immemorial. Human beings could not surveille others effectively and accurately without the technology of their era. Technology is a tool that can empower both people and governments. The outcomes are different based on the users’ intentions and aims. 2,500 years ago, Sun Tzu noted that ‘If you know both yourself and your enemy, you can win numerous (literally, "a hundred") battles without jeopardy’. His words still ring true. To be a good surveiller and counter-surveiller it is essential to know both sides, and in order to be good at these activities access to technology is vital. There is no doubt that knowledge is power, and without technology to access the information, it is impossible to be powerful. As we become more expert at technology, we will learn what makes surveillance and counter-surveillance more effective, and will be more powerful.“Surveillance” is one of the most important aspects of living in the convergent media environment. This essay illustrates government surveillance and counter-surveillance during the Iranian Green Movement (2009) on social and mobile media. The Green Movement refers to a non-violent movement that arose after the disputed presidential election on June 2009. After that Iran was facing its most serious political crisis since the 1979 revolution. Claims of vote fraud triggered massive street protests. Many took to the streets with “Green” signs, chanting slogans such as ‘the government lied’, and ‘where is my vote?’ There is no doubt that social and mobile media has played an important role in Iran’s contemporary politics. According to Internet World Stats (IWS) Internet users in 2009 account for approximately 48.5 per cent of the population of Iran. In 2009, Iran had 30.2 million mobile phone users (Freedom House), and 72 cellular subscriptions for every 100 people (World Bank). Today, while Iran has the 19th-largest population in the world, its blogosphere holds the third spot in terms of number of users, just behind the United States and China (Beth Elson et al.). In this essay the use of social and mobile media (technology) is not debated, but the extent of this use, and who, why and how it is used, is clearly scrutinised.Visibility and Surveillance There have been different kinds of surveillance for a very long time. However, all types of surveillance are based on the notion of “visibility”. Previous studies show that visibility is not a new term (Foucault Discipline). The new things in the new era, are its scale, scope and complicated ways to watch others without being watched, which are not limited to a specific time, space and group, and are completely different from previous instruments for watching (Andrejevic). As Meikle and Young (146) have mentioned ‘networked digital media bring with them a new kind of visibility’, based on different kinds of technology. Internet surveillance has important implications in politics to control, protect, and influence (Marx Ethics; Castells; Fuchs Critique). Surveillance has been improved during its long history, and evolved from very simple spying and watching to complicated methods of “iSpy” (Andrejevic). To understand the importance of visibility and its relationship with surveillance, it is essential to study visibility in conjunction with the notion of “panopticon” and its contradictory functions. Foucault uses Bentham's notion of panopticon that carries within itself visibility and transparency to control others. “Gaze” is a central term in Bentham’s view. ‘Bentham thinks of a visibility organised entirely around a dominating, overseeing gaze’ (Foucault Eye). Moreover, Thomson (Visibility 11) notes that we are living in the age of ‘normalizing the power of the gaze’ and it is clear that the influential gaze is based on powerful means to see others.Lyon (Surveillance 2) explains that ‘surveillance is any collection and processing of personal data, whether identifiable or not, for the purpose of influencing or managing those whose data have been granted…’. He mentions that today the most important means of surveillance reside in computer power which allows collected data to be sorted, matched, retrieved, processed, marketed and circulated.Nowadays, the Internet has become ubiquitous in many parts of the world. So, the changes in people’s interactions have influenced their lives. Fuchs (Introduction 15) argues that ‘information technology enables surveillance at a distance…in real time over networks at high transmission speed’. Therefore, visibility touches different aspects of people’s lives and living in a “glasshouse” has caused a lot of fear and anxiety about privacy.Iran’s Green Movement is one of many cases for studying surveillance and counter-surveillance technologies in social and mobile media. Government Surveillance on Social and Mobile Media in Iran, 2009 In 2009 the Iranian government controlled technology that allowed them to monitor, track, and limit access to the Internet, social media and mobiles communication, which has resulted in the surveillance of Green Movement’s activists. The Iranian government had improved its technical capabilities to monitor the people’s behavior on the Internet long before the 2009 election. The election led to an increase in online surveillance. Using social media the Iranian government became even more powerful than it was before the election. Social media was a significant factor in strengthening the government’s power. In the months after the election the virtual atmosphere became considerably more repressive. The intensified filtering of the Internet and implementation of more advanced surveillance systems strengthened the government’s position after the election. The Open Net Initiative revealed that the Internet censorship system in Iran is one of the most comprehensive and sophisticated censorship systems in the world. It emphasized that ‘Advances in domestic technical capacity have contributed to the implementation of a centralized filtering strategy and a reduced reliance on Western technologies’.On the other hand, the authorities attempted to block all access to political blogs (Jaras), either through cyber-security methods or through threats (Tusa). The Centre for Investigating Organized Cyber Crimes, which was founded in 2007 partly ‘to investigate and confront social and economic offenses on the Internet’ (Cyber Police), became increasingly important over the course of 2009 as the government combated the opposition’s online activities (Beth Elson et al. 16). Training of "senior Internet lieutenants" to confront Iran's "virtual enemies online" was another attempt that the Intelligence minister announced following the protests (Iran Media Program).In 2009 the Iranian government enacted the Computer Crime Law (Jaras). According to this law the Committee in Charge of Determining Unauthorized Websites is legally empowered to identify sites that carry forbidden content and report that information to TCI and other major ISPs for blocking (Freedom House). In the late fall of 2009, the government started sending threatening and warning text messages to protesters about their presence in the protests (BBC). Attacking, blocking, hacking and hijacking of the domain names of some opposition websites such as Jaras and Kaleme besides a number of non-Iranian sites such as Twitter were among the other attempts of the Iranian Cyber Army (Jaras).It is also said that the police and security forces arrested dissidents identified through photos and videos posted on the social media that many imagined had empowered them. Furthermore, the online photos of the active protesters were posted on different websites, asking people to identify them (Valizadeh).In late June 2009 the Iranian government was intentionally permitting Internet traffic to and from social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter so that it could use a sophisticated practice called Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) to collect information about users. It was reportedly also applying the same technology to monitor mobile phone communications (Beth Elson et al. 15).On the other hand, to cut communication between Iranians inside and outside the country, Iran slowed down the Internet dramatically (Jaras). Iran also blocked access to Facebook, YouTube, Wikipedia, Twitter and many blogs before, during and after the protests. Moreover, in 2009, text message services were shut down for over 40 days, and mobile phone subscribers could not send or receive text messages regardless of their mobile carriers. Subsequently it was disrupted on a temporary basis immediately before and during key protests days.It was later discovered that the Nokia Siemens Network provided the government with surveillance technologies (Wagner; Iran Media Program). The Iranian government built a complicated system that enabled it to monitor, track and intercept what was said on mobile phones. Nokia Siemens Network confirmed it supplied Iran with the technology needed to monitor, control, and read local telephone calls [...] The product allowed authorities to monitor any communications across a network, including voice calls, text messaging, instant messages, and web traffic (Cellan-Jones). Media sources also reported that two Chinese companies, Huawei and ZTE, provided surveillance technologies to the government. The Nic Payamak and Saman Payamak websites, that provide mass text messaging services, also reported that operator Hamrah Aval commonly blocked texts with words such as meeting, location, rally, gathering, election and parliament (Iran Media Program). Visibility and Counter-Surveillance The panopticon is not limited to the watchers. Similarly, new kinds of panopticon and visibility are not confined to government surveillance. Foucault points out that ‘the seeing machine was once a sort of dark room into which individuals spied; it has become a transparent building in which the exercise of power may be supervised by society as a whole’ (Discipline 207). What is important is Foucault's recognition that transparency, not only of those who are being observed but also of those who are observing, is central to the notion of the panopticon (Allen) and ‘any member of society will have the right to come and see with his own eyes how schools, hospitals, factories, and prisons function’ (Foucault, Discipline 207). Counter-surveillance is the process of detecting and mitigating hostile surveillance (Burton). Therefore, while the Internet is a surveillance instrument that enables governments to watch people, it also improves the capacity to counter-surveille, and draws public attention to governments’ injustice. As Castells (185) notes the Internet could be used by citizens to watch their government as an instrument of control, information, participation, and even decision-making, from the bottom up.With regards to the role of citizens in counter-surveillance we can draw on Jay Rosen’s view of Internet users as ‘the people formerly known as the audience’. In counter-surveillance it can be said that passive citizens (formerly the audience) have turned into active citizens. And this change was becoming impossible without mobile and social media platforms. These new techniques and technologies have empowered people and given them the opportunity to have new identities. When Thompson wrote ‘the exercise of power in modern societies remains in many ways shrouded in secrecy and hidden from the public gaze’ (Media 125), perhaps he could not imagine that one day people can gaze at the politicians, security forces and the police through the use of the Internet and mobile devices.Furthermore, while access to mobile media allows people to hold authorities accountable for their uses and abuses of power (Breen 183), social media can be used as a means of representation, organization of collective action, mobilization, and drawing attention to police brutality and reasons for political action (Gerbaudo).There is no doubt that having creativity and using alternative platforms are important aspects in counter-surveillance. For example, images of Lt. Pike “Pepper Spray Cop” from the University of California became the symbol of the senselessness of police brutality during the Occupy Movement (Shaw). Iranians’ Counter-Surveillance on Social and Mobile Media, 2009 Iran’s Green movement (2009) triggered a lot of discussions about the role of technology in social movements. In this regard, there are two notable attitudes about the role of technology: techno-optimistic (Shriky and Castells) and techno-pessimistic (Morozov and Gladwell) views should be taken into account. While techno-optimists overrated the role of social media, techno-pessimists underestimated its role. However, there is no doubt that technology has played a great role as a counter-surveillance tool amongst Iranian people in Iran’s contemporary politics.Apart from the academic discussions between techno-optimists and techno-pessimists, there have been numerous debates about the role of new technologies in Iran during the Green Movement. This subject has received interest from different corners of the world, including Western countries, Iranian authorities, opposition groups, and also some NGOs. However, its role as a means of counter-surveillance has not received adequate attention.As the tools of counter-surveillance are more or less the tools of surveillance, protesters learned from the government to use the same techniques to challenge authority on social media.Establishing new websites (such as JARAS, RASA, Kalemeh, and Iran green voice) or strengthening some previous ones (such as Saham, Emrooz, Norooz), also activating different platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube accounts to broadcast the voice of the Iranian Green Movement and neutralize the government’s propaganda were the most important ways to empower supporters of Iran’s Green Movement in counter-surveillance.‘Reporters Without Borders issued a statement, saying that ‘the new media, and particularly social networks, have given populations collaborative tools with which they can change the social order’. It is also mentioned that despite efforts by the Iranian government to prevent any reporting of the protests and due to considerable pressure placed on foreign journalists inside Iran, social media played a significant role in sending the messages and images of the movement to the outside world (Axworthy). However, at that moment, many thought that Twitter performed a liberating role for Iranian dissenters. For example, Western media heralded the Green Movement in Iran as a “Twitter revolution” fuelled by information and communication technologies (ICTs) and social media tools (Carrieri et al. 4). “The Revolution Will Be Twittered” was the first in a series of blog posts published by Andrew Sullivan a few hours after the news of the protests was released.According to the researcher’s observation the numbers of Twitter users inside Iran who tweeted was very limited in 2009 and social media was most useful in the dissemination of information, especially from those inside Iran to outsiders. Mobile phones were mostly influential as an instrument firstly used for producing contents (images and videos) and secondly for the organisation of protests. There were many photos and videos that were filmed by very simple mobile cell phones, uploaded by ordinary people onto YouTube and other platforms. The links were shared many times on Twitter and Facebook and released by mainstream media. The most frequently circulated story from the Iranian protests was a video of Neda Agha-Sultan. Her final moments were captured by some bystanders with mobile phone cameras and rapidly spread across the global media and the Internet. It showed that the camera-phone had provided citizens with a powerful means, allowing for the creation and instant sharing of persuasive personalised eyewitness records with mobile and globalised target populations (Anden-Papadopoulos).Protesters used another technique, DDOS (distributed denial of service attacks), for political protest in cyber space. Anonymous people used DDOS to overload a website with fake requests, making it unavailable for users and disrupting the sites set as targets (McMillan) in effect, shutting down the site. DDOS is an important counter-surveillance activity by grassroots activists or hackers. It was a cyber protest that knocked the main Iranian governmental websites off-line and caused crowdsourcing and false trafficking. Amongst them were Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Iran's supreme leader’s websites and those which belong to or are close to the government or security forces, including news agencies (Fars, IRNA, Press TV…), the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Justice, the Police, and the Ministry of the Interior.Moreover, as authorities uploaded the pictures of protesters onto different platforms to find and arrest them, in some cities people started to put the pictures, phone numbers and addresses of members of security forces and plain clothes police officers who attacked them during the protests and asked people to identify and report the others. They also wanted people to send information about suspects who infringed human rights. Conclusion To sum up, visibility, surveillance and counter-surveillance are not new phenomena. What is new is the technology, which increased their complexity. As Foucault (Discipline 200) mentioned ‘visibility is a trap’, so being visible would be the weakness of those who are being surveilled in the power struggle. In the convergent era, in order to be more powerful, both surveillance and counter-surveillance activities aim for more visibility. Although both attempt to use the same means (technology) to trap the other side, the differences are in their subjects, objects, goals and results.While in surveillance, visibility of the many by the few is mostly for the purpose of control and influence in undemocratic ways, in counter-surveillance, the visibility of the few by the many is mostly through democratic ways to secure more accountability and transparency from the governments.As mentioned in the case of Iran’s Green Movement, the scale and scope of visibility are different in surveillance and counter-surveillance. The importance of what Shaw wrote about Sydney occupy counter-surveillance, applies to other places, such as Iran. She has stressed that ‘protesters and police engaged in a dance of technology and surveillance with one another. Both had access to technology, but there were uncertainties about the extent of technology and its proficient use…’In Iran (2009), both sides (government and activists) used technology and benefited from digital networked platforms, but their levels of access and domains of influence were different, which was because the sources of power, information and wealth were divided asymmetrically between them. Creativity was important for both sides to make others more visible, and make themselves invisible. Also, sharing information to make the other side visible played an important role in these two areas. References Alen, David. “The Trouble with Transparency: The Challenge of Doing Journalism Ethics in a Surveillance Society.” Journalism Studies 9.3 (2008): 323-40. 8 Dec. 2013 ‹http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14616700801997224#.UqRFSuIZsqN›. 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In 2013, the Capricornia Arts Mob (CAM), an Indigenous collective of artists situated in Rockhampton, central Queensland, Australia, successfully tendered for one of three public art projects that were grouped under the title Flood Markers (Roberts; Roberts and Mackay; Robinson and Mackay). Commissioned as part of the Queensland Government's Community Development and Engagement Initiative, Flood Markers aims to increase awareness of Rockhampton’s history, with particular focus on the Fitzroy River and the phenomena of flooding. Honouring Land Connections is CAM’s contribution to the project and consists of several “memory poles” that stand alongside the Fitzroy River in Toonooba Park. Rockhampton lies on Dharumbal Country with Toonooba being the Dharumbal name for the Fitzroy River and the inspiration for the work due to its cultural significance to the Aboriginal people of that region. The name Toonooba, as well as other images and icons including boomerangs, spears, nets, water lily, and frogs, amongst others, are carved, burnt, painted and embedded into the large ironbark poles. These stand with the river on one side and the colonial infrastructure of Rockhampton on the other (see fig. 1, 2 and 3).Figure 1 Figure 2Figure 3Within this article, we discuss Honouring Land Connections as having two main functions which contribute to its significance as Indigenous cultural expression and identity affirmation. Firstly, the memory poles (as well as the process of sourcing materials and producing the final product) are a manifestation of Country and a representation of its stories and lived memories. Honouring Land Connections provides a means for Aboriginal people to revel in Country and maintain connections to a vital component of their being as Indigenous. Secondly, by revealing Indigenous stories, experiences, and memories, Honouring Land Connections emphasises Indigenous voices and perspectives within a place dominated by Eurocentric outlooks and knowledges. Toonooba provides the backdrop on which the complexities of cultural and identity formation within settler-colonial spaces are highlighted whilst revelling in continuous Indigenous presence.Flood Markers as ArtArtists throughout the world have used flood markers as a means of visual expression through which to explore and reveal local histories, events, environments, and socio-cultural understandings of the relationships between persons, places, and the phenomena of flooding. Geertz describes art as a social text embedded within wider socio-cultural systems; providing insight into cultural, social, political, economic, gendered, religious, ethnic, environmental, and biographical contexts. Flood markers are not merely metric tools used for measuring the height of a river, but rather serve as culture artefacts or indexes (Gell Art and Agency; Gell "Technology of Enchantment") that are products and producers of socio-culture contexts and the memories and experiences embedded within them. Through different methods, mediums, and images, artists have created experiential and intellectual spaces where those who encounter their work are encouraged to engage their surroundings in thought provoking and often-new ways.In some cases, flood markers have brought attention to the “character and natural history” of a particular place, where artists such as Louise Lavarack have sought to provoke consciousness of the movement of water across flood plains (Lavarack). In other works, flood markers have served as memorials to individuals such as Gilbert White whose daughter honoured his life and research through installing a glass spire at Boulder Creek, Colorado in 2011 (White). Tragedies such as Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans in 2005 have also been commemorated through flood markers. Artist Christopher Saucedo carved 1,836 waves into a freestanding granite block; each wave representing a life lost (University of New Orleans). The weight of the granite symbolises the endurance and resilience of those who faced, and will continue to face, similar forces of nature. The Pillar of Courage erected in 2011 in Ipswich, Queensland, similarly contains the words “resilience, community, strength, heroes, caring and unity” with each word printed on six separate sections of the pillar, representing the six major floods that have hit the region (Chudleigh).Whilst these flood markers provide valuable insights into local histories, specific to each environmental and socio-cultural context, works such as the Pillar of Courage fail to address Indigenous relationships to Country. By framing flooding as a “natural disaster” to be overcome, rather than an expression of Country to be listened to and understood, Euro and human-centric perspectives are prioritised over Indigenous ways of knowing and being. Indigenous knowledges however encourages a reorientation of Eurocentric responses and relationships to Country, and in doing so challenge compartmentalised views of “nature” where flooding is separated from land and Country (Ingold Perception; Seton and Bradley; Singer). Honouring Land Connections symbolises the voice and eternal presence of Toonooba and counters presentations of flooding that depict it as historian Heather Goodall (36) once saw “as unusual events of disorder in which the river leaves its proper place with catastrophic results.”Country To understand flooding from Indigenous perspectives it is first necessary to discuss Country and apprehend what it means for Indigenous peoples. Country refers to the physical, cosmological, geographical, relational, and emotional setting upon which Indigenous identities and connections to place and kin are embedded. Far from a passive geographic location upon which interactions take place, Country is an active and responsive agent that shapes and contextualises social interactions between and amongst all living beings. Bob Morgan writes of how “Country is more than issues of land and geography; it is about spirituality and identity, knowing who we are and who we are connected to; and it helps us understand how all living things are connected.” Country is also an epistemological frame that is filled with knowledge that may be known and familiarised whilst being knowledge itself (Langton "Sacred"; Rose Dingo; Yunupingu).Central to understanding Country is the fact that it refers to a living being’s spiritual homeland which is the ontological place where relationships are formed and maintained (Yunupingu). As Country nurtures and provides the necessities for survival and prosperity, Indigenous people (but also non-Indigenous populations) have moral obligations to care for Country as kin (Rose Nourishing Terrains). Country is epistemic, relational, and ontological and refers to both physical locations as well as modes of “being” (Heidegger), meaning it is carried from place to place as an embodiment within a person’s consciousness. Sally Morgan (263) describes how “our country is alive, and no matter where we go, our country never leaves us.” Country therefore is fluid and mobile for it is ontologically inseparable to one’s personhood, reflected through phrases such as “I am country” (B. Morgan 204).Country is in continuous dialogue with its surroundings and provides the setting upon which human and non-human beings; topographical features such as mountains and rivers; ancestral beings and spirits such as the Rainbow Snake; and ecological phenomena such as winds, tides, and floods, interact and mutually inform each other’s existence (Rose Nourishing Terrains). For Aboriginal people, understanding Country requires “deep listening” (Atkinson; Ungunmerr), a responsive awareness that moves beyond monological and human-centric understandings of the world and calls for deeper understandings of the mutual and co-dependant relationships that exist within it. The awareness of such mutuality has been discussed through terms such as “kincentrism” (Salmón), “meshworks” (Ingold Lines), “webs of connection” (Hokari), “nesting” (Malpas), and “native science” (Cajete). Such concepts are ways of theorising “place” as relational, physical, and mental locations made up of numerous smaller interactions, each of which contribute to the identity and meaning of place. Whilst each individual agent or object retains its own autonomy, such autonomy is dependent on its wider relation to others, meaning that place is a location where “objectivity, subjectivity and inter-subjectivity converge” (Malpas 35) and where the very essence of place is revealed.Flooding as DialogueWhen positioned within Indigenous frameworks, flooding is both an agent and expression of Toonooba and Country. For the phenomenon to occur however, numerous elements come into play such as the fall of rain; the layout of the surrounding terrain; human interference through built weirs and dams; and the actions and intervention of ancestral beings and spirits. Furthermore, flooding has a direct impact on Country and all life within it. This is highlighted by Dharumbal Elder Uncle Billy Mann (Fitzroy Basin Association "Billy Mann") who speaks of the importance of flooding in bringing water to inland lagoons which provide food sources for Dharumbal people, especially at times when the water in Toonooba is low. Such lagoons remain important places for fishing, hunting, recreational activities, and cultural practices but are reliant on the flow of water caused by the flowing, and at times flooding river, which Uncle Mann describes as the “lifeblood” of Dharumbal people and Country (Fitzroy Basin Association "Billy Mann"). Through her research in the Murray-Darling region of New South Wales, Weir writes of how flooding sustains life though cycles that contribute to ecological balance, providing nourishment and food sources for all beings (see also Cullen and Cullen 98). Water’s movement across land provokes the movement of animals such as mice and lizards, providing food for snakes. Frogs emerge from dry clay plains, finding newly made waterholes. Small aquatic organisms flourish and provide food sources for birds. Golden and silver perch spawn, and receding waters promote germination and growth. Aboriginal artist Ron Hurley depicts a similar cycle in a screen-print titled Waterlily–Darambal Totem. In this work Hurley shows floodwaters washing away old water lily roots that have been cooked in ant bed ovens as part of Dharumbal ceremonies (UQ Anthropology Museum). The cooking of the water lily exposes new seeds, which rains carry to nearby creeks and lagoons. The seeds take root and provide food sources for the following year. Cooking water lily during Dharumbal ceremonies contributes to securing and maintaining a sustainable food source as well as being part of Dharumbal cultural practice. Culture, ecological management, and everyday activity are mutually connected, along with being revealed and revelled in. Aboriginal Elder and ranger Uncle Fred Conway explains how Country teaches Aboriginal people to live in balance with their surroundings (Fitzroy Basin Association "Fred Conway"). As Country is in constant communication, numerous signifiers can be observed on land and waterscapes, indicating the most productive and sustainable time to pursue certain actions, source particular foods, or move to particular locations. The best time for fishing in central Queensland for example is when Wattles are in bloom, indicating a time when fish are “fatter and sweeter” (Fitzroy Basin Association "Fred Conway"). In this case, the Wattle is 1) autonomous, having its own life cycle; 2) mutually dependant, coming into being because of seasonal weather patterns; and 3) an agent of Country that teaches those with awareness how to respond and benefit from its lessons.Dialogue with Country As Country is sentient and responsive, it is vital that a person remains contextually aware of their actions on and towards their surroundings. Indigenous peoples seek familiarity with Country but also ensure that they themselves are known and familiarised by it (Rose Dingo). In a practice likened to “baptism”, Langton ("Earth") describes how Aboriginal Elders in Cape York pour water over the head of newcomers as a way of introducing them to Country, and ensuring that Country knows those who walk upon it. These introductions are done out of respect for Country and are a way of protecting outsiders from the potentially harmful powers of ancestral beings. Toussaint et al. similarly note how during mortuary rites, parents of the deceased take water from rivers and spit it back into the land, symbolising the spirit’s return to Country.Dharumbal man Robin Hatfield demonstrates the importance of not interfering with the dialogue of Country through recalling being told as a child not to disturb Barraru or green frogs. Memmott (78) writes that frogs share a relationship with the rain and flooding caused by Munda-gadda, the Rainbow Snake. Uncle Dougie Hatfield explains the significance of Munda-gadda to his Country stating how “our Aboriginal culture tells us that all the waterways, lagoons, creeks, rivers etc. and many landforms were created by and still are protected by the Moonda-Ngutta, what white people call the Rainbow Snake” (Memmott 79).In the case of Robin Hatfield, to interfere with Barraru’s “business” is to threaten its dialogue with Munda-gadda and in turn the dialogue of Country in form of rain. In addition to disrupting the relational balance between the frog and Munda-gadda, such actions potentially have far-reaching social and cosmological consequences. The rain’s disruption affects the flood plains, which has direct consequences for local flora and transportation and germination of water lily seeds; fauna, affecting the spawning of fish and their movement into lagoons; and ancestral beings such as Munda-gadda who continue to reside within Toonooba.Honouring Land Connections provided artists with a means to enter their own dialogue with Country and explore, discuss, engage, negotiate, and affirm aspects of their indigeneity. The artists wanted the artwork to remain organic to demonstrate honour and respect for Dharumbal connections with Country (Roberts). This meant that materials were sourced from the surrounding Country and the poles placed in a wave-like pattern resembling Munda-gadda. Alongside the designs and symbols painted and carved into the poles, fish skins, birds, nests, and frogs are embalmed within cavities that are cut into the wood, acting as windows that allow viewers to witness components of Country that are often overlooked (see fig. 4). Country therefore is an equal participant within the artwork’s creation and continuing memories and stories. More than a representation of Country, Honouring Land Connections is a literal manifestation of it.Figure 4Opening Dialogue with Non-Indigenous AustraliaHonouring Land Connections is an artistic and cultural expression that revels in Indigenous understandings of place. The installation however remains positioned within a contested “hybrid” setting that is informed by both Indigenous and settler-colonial outlooks (Bhabha). The installation for example is separated from the other two artworks of Flood Markers that explore Rockhampton’s colonial and industrial history. Whilst these are positioned within a landscaped area, Honouring Land Connections is placed where the grass is dying, seating is lacking, and is situated next to a dilapidated coast guard building. It is a location that is as quickly left behind as it is encountered. Its separation from the other two works is further emphasised through its depiction in the project brief as a representation of Rockhampton’s pre-colonial history. Presenting it in such a way has the effect of bookending Aboriginal culture in relation to European settlement, suggesting that its themes belong to a time past rather than an immediate present. Almost as if it is a revelation in and of itself. Within settler-colonial settings, place is heavily politicised and often contested. In what can be seen as an ongoing form of colonialism, Eurocentric epistemologies and understandings of place continue to dominate public thought, rhetoric, and action in ways that legitimise White positionality whilst questioning and/or subjugating other ways of knowing, being, and doing (K. Martin; Moreton-Robinson; Wolfe). This turns places such as Toonooba into agonistic locations of contrasting and competing interests (Bradfield). For many Aboriginal peoples, the memories and emotions attached to a particular place can render it as either comfortable and culturally safe, or as unsafe, unsuitable, unwelcoming, and exclusionary (Fredericks). Honouring Land Connections is one way of publicly asserting and recognising Toonooba as a culturally safe, welcoming, and deeply meaningful place for Indigenous peoples. Whilst the themes explored in Honouring Land Connections are not overtly political, its presence on colonised/invaded land unsettles Eurocentric falsities and colonial amnesia (B. Martin) of an uncontested place and history in which Indigenous voices and knowledges are silenced. The artwork is a physical reminder that encourages awareness—particularly for non-Indigenous populations—of Indigenous voices that are continuously demanding recognition of Aboriginal place within Country. Similar to the boomerangs carved into the poles representing flooding as a natural expression of Country that will return (see fig. 5), Indigenous peoples continue to demand that the wider non-Indigenous population acknowledge, respect, and morally responded to Aboriginal cultures and knowledges.Figure 5Conclusion Far from a historic account of the past, the artists of CAM have created an artwork that promotes awareness of an immediate and emerging Indigenous presence on Country. It creates a space that is welcoming to Indigenous people, allowing them to engage with and affirm aspects of their living histories and cultural identities. Through sharing stories and providing “windows” into Aboriginal culture, Country, and lived experiences (which like the frogs of Toonooba are so often overlooked), the memory poles invite and welcome an open dialogue with non-Indigenous Australians where all may consider their shared presence and mutual dependence on each other and their surroundings.The memory poles are mediatory agents that stand on Country, revealing and bearing witness to the survival, resistance, tenacity, and continuity of Aboriginal peoples within the Rockhampton region and along Toonooba. Honouring Land Connections is not simply a means of reclaiming the river as an Indigenous space, for reclamation signifies something regained after it has been lost. What the memory poles signify is something eternally present, i.e. Toonooba is and forever will be embedded in Aboriginal Country in which we all, Indigenous and non-Indigenous, human and non-human, share. The memory poles serve as lasting reminders of whose Country Rockhampton is on and describes the life ways of that Country, including times of flood. Through celebrating and revelling in the presence of Country, the artists of CAM are revealing the deep connection they have to Country to the wider non-Indigenous community.ReferencesAtkinson, Judy. Trauma Trails, Recreating Song Lines: The Transgenerational Effects of Trauma in Indigenous Australia. Spinifex Press, 2002.Bhabha, Homi, K. The Location of Culture. Taylor and Francis, 2012.Bradfield, Abraham. "Decolonizing the Intercultural: A Call for Decolonizing Consciousness in Settler-Colonial Australia." Religions 10.8 (2019): 469.Cajete, Gregory. Native Science: Natural Laws of Interdependence. 1st ed. 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&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Introduction It has frequently been noted that ICTs and social networking applications have blurred the once-clear boundary between work, leisure and entertainment, just as they have collapsed the distinction between public and private space. While each individual has a sense of what “home” means, both in terms of personal experience and more conceptually, the following three examples of online interaction (based on participants’ interest, or involvement, in activities traditionally associated with the home: pet care, craft and cooking) suggest that the utilisation of online communication technologies can lead to refined and extended definitions of what “home” is. These examples show how online communication can assist in meeting the basic human needs for love, companionship, shelter and food – needs traditionally supplied by the home environment. They also provide individuals with a considerably expanded range of opportunities for personal expression and emotional connection, as well as creative and commercial production, than that provided by the purely physical (and, no doubt, sometimes isolated and isolating) domestic environment. In this way, these case studies demonstrate the interplay and melding of physical and virtual “home” as domestic practices leach from the most private spaces of the physical home into the public space of the Internet (for discussion, see Gorman-Murray, Moss, and Rose). At the same time, online interaction can assert an influence on activity within the physical space of the home, through the sharing of advice about, and modeling of, domestic practices and processes. A Dog’s (Virtual) Life The first case study primarily explores the role of online communities in the formation and expression of affective values and personal identity – as traditionally happens in the domestic environment. Garber described the 1990s as “the decade of the dog” (20), citing a spate of “new anthropomorphic” (22) dog books, Internet “dog chat” sites, remakes of popular classics such as Lassie Come Home, dog friendly urban amenities, and the meteoric rise of services for pampered pets (28-9). Loving pets has become a lifestyle and culture, witnessed and commodified in Pet Superstores as well as in dog collectables and antiques boutiques, and in publications like The Bark (“the New Yorker of Dog Magazines”) and Clean Run, the international agility magazine, Website, online book store and information gateway for agility products and services. Available online resources for dog lovers have similarly increased rapidly during the decade since Garber’s book was published, with the virtual world now catering for serious hobby trainers, exhibitors and professionals as well as the home-based pet lover. At a recent survey, Yahoo Groups – a personal communication portal that facilitates social networking, in this case enabling users to set up electronic mailing lists and Internet forums – boasted just over 9,600 groups servicing dog fanciers and enthusiasts. The list Dogtalk is now an announcement only mailing list, but was a vigorous discussion forum until mid-2006. Members of Dogtalk were Australian-based “clicker-trainers”, serious hobbyist dog trainers, many of whom operated micro-businesses providing dog training or other pet-related services. They shared an online community, but could also engage in “flesh-meets” at seminars, conferences and competitive dog sport meets. An author of this paper (Rutherford) joined this group two years ago because of her interest in clicker training. Clicker training is based on an application of animal learning theory, particularly psychologist E. F. Skinner’s operant conditioning, so called because of the trademark use of a distinctive “click” sound to mark a desired behaviour that is then rewarded. Clicker trainers tend to dismiss anthropomorphic pack theory that positions the human animal as fundamentally opposed to non-human animals and, thus, foster a partnership (rather than a dominator) mode of social and learning relationships. Partnership and nurturance are common themes within the clicker community (as well as in more traditional “home” locations); as is recognising and valuing the specific otherness of other species. Typically, members regard their pets as affective equals or near-equals to the human animals that are recognised members of their kinship networks. A significant function of the episodic biographical narratives and responses posted to this list was thus to affirm and legitimate this intra-specific kinship as part of normative social relationship – a perspective that is not usually validated in the general population. One of the more interesting nexus that evolved within Dogtalk links the narrativisation of the pet in the domestic sphere with the pictorial genre of the family album. Emergent technologies, such as digital cameras together with Web-based image manipulation software and hosting (as provided by portals like Photobucket and Flickr ) democratise high quality image creation and facilitate the sharing of these images. Increasingly, the Dogtalk list linked to images uploaded to free online galleries, discussed digital image composition and aesthetics, and shared technical information about cameras and online image distribution. Much of this cultural production and circulation was concerned with digitally inscribing particular relationships with individual animals into cultural memory: a form of family group biography (for a discussion of the family photograph as a display of extended domestic space, see Rose). The other major non-training thread of the community involves the sharing and witnessing of the trauma suffered due to the illness and loss of pets. While mourning for human family members is supported in the off-line world – with social infrastructure, such as compassionate leave and/or bereavement counselling, part of professional entitlements – public mourning for pets is not similarly supported. Yet, both cultural studies (in its emphasis on cultural memory) and trauma theory have highlighted the importance of social witnessing, whereby traumatic memories must be narratively integrated into memory and legitimised by the presence of a witness in order to loosen their debilitating hold (Felman and Laub 57). Postings on the progress of a beloved animal’s illness or other misfortune and death were thus witnessed and affirmed by other Dogtalk list members – the sick or deceased pet becoming, in the process, a feature of community memory, not simply an individual loss. In terms of such biographical narratives, memory and history are not identical: “Any memories capable of being formed, retained or articulated by an individual are always a function of socially constituted forms, narratives and relations … Memory is always subject to active social manipulation and revision” (Halbwachs qtd. in Crewe 75). In this way, emergent technologies and social software provide sites, akin to that of physical homes, for family members to process individual memories into cultural memory. Dogzonline, the Australian Gateway site for purebred dog enthusiasts, has a forum entitled “Rainbow Bridge” devoted to textual and pictorial memorialisation of deceased pet dogs. Dogster hosts the For the Love of Dogs Weblog, in which images and tributes can be posted, and also provides links to other dog oriented Weblogs and Websites. An interesting combination of both therapeutic narrative and the commodification of affect is found in Lightning Strike Pet Loss Support which, while a memorial and support site, also provides links to the emerging profession of pet bereavement counselling and to suppliers of monuments and tributary urns for home or other use. loobylu and Narratives of Everyday Life The second case study focuses on online interactions between craft enthusiasts who are committed to the production of distinctive objects to decorate and provide comfort in the home, often using traditional methods. In the case of some popular craft Weblogs, online conversations about craft are interspersed with, or become secondary to, the narration of details of family life, the exploration of important life events or the recording of personal histories. As in the previous examples, the offering of advice and encouragement, and expressions of empathy and support, often characterise these interactions. The loobylu Weblog was launched in 2001 by illustrator and domestic crafts enthusiast Claire Robertson. Robertson is a toy maker and illustrator based in Melbourne, Australia, whose clients have included prominent publishing houses, magazines and the New York Public Library (Robertson “Recent Client List” online). She has achieved a measure of public recognition: her loobylu Weblog has won awards and been favourably commented upon in the Australian press (see Robertson “Press for loobylu” online). In 2005, an article in The Age placed Robertson in the context of a contemporary “craft revolution”, reporting her view that this “revolution” is in “reaction to mass consumerism” (Atkinson online). The hand-made craft objects featured in Robertson’s Weblogs certainly do suggest engagement with labour-intensive pursuits and the construction of unique objects that reject processes of mass production and consumption. In this context, loobylu is a vehicle for the display and promotion of Robertson’s work as an illustrator and as a craft practitioner. While skills-based, it also, however, promotes a family-centred lifestyle; it advocates the construction by hand of objects designed to enhance the appearance of the family home and the comfort of its inhabitants. Its specific subject matter extends to related aspects of home and family as, in addition to instructions, ideas and patterns for craft, the Weblog features information on commercially available products for home and family, recipes, child rearing advice and links to 27 other craft and other sites (including Nigella Lawson’s, discussed below). The primary member of its target community is clearly the traditional homemaker – the mother – as well as those who may aspire to this role. Robertson does not have the “celebrity” status of Lawson and Jamie Oliver (discussed below), nor has she achieved their market saturation. Indeed, Robertson’s online presence suggests a modest level of engagement that is placed firmly behind other commitments: in February 2007, she announced an indefinite suspension of her blog postings so that she could spend more time with her family (Robertson loobylu 17 February 2007). Yet, like Lawson and Oliver, Robertson has exploited forms of domestic competence traditionally associated with women and the home, and the non-traditional medium of the Internet has been central to her endeavours. The content of the loobylu blog is, unsurprisingly, embedded in, or an accessory to, a unifying running commentary on Robertson’s domestic life as a parent. Miles, who has described Weblogs as “distributed documentaries of the everyday” (66) sums this up neatly: “the weblogs’ governing discursive quality is the manner in which it is embodied within the life world of its author” (67). Landmark family events are narrated on loobylu and some attract deluges of responses: the 19 June 2006 posting announcing the birth of Robertson’s daughter Lily, for example, drew 478 responses; five days later, one describing the difficult circumstances of her birth drew 232 comments. All of these comments are pithy, with many being simple empathetic expressions or brief autobiographically based commentaries on these events. Robertson’s news of her temporary retirement from her blog elicited 176 comments that both supported her decision and also expressed a sense of loss. Frequent exclamation marks attest visually to the emotional intensity of the responses. By narrating aspects of major life events to which the target audience can relate, the postings represent a form of affective mass production and consumption: they are triggers for a collective outpouring of largely homogeneous emotional reaction (joy, in the case of Lily’s birth). As collections of texts, they can be read as auto/biographic records, arranged thematically, that operate at both the individual and the community levels. Readers of the family narratives and the affirming responses to them engage in a form of mass affirmation and consumerism of domestic experience that is easy, immediate, attractive and free of charge. These personal discourses blend fluidly with those of a commercial nature. Some three weeks after loobylu announced the birth of her daughter, Robertson shared on her Weblog news of her mastitis, Lily’s first smile and the family’s favourite television programs at the time, information that many of us would consider to be quite private details of family life. Three days later, she posted a photograph of a sleeping baby with a caption that skilfully (and negatively) links it to her daughter: “Firstly – I should mention that this is not a photo of Lily”. The accompanying text points out that it is a photo of a baby with the “Zaky Infant Sleeping Pillow” and provides a link to the online pregnancystore.com, from which it can be purchased. A quotation from the manufacturer describing the merits of the pillow follows. Robertson then makes a light-hearted comment on her experiences of baby-induced sleep-deprivation, and the possible consequences of possessing the pillow. Comments from readers also similarly alternate between the personal (sharing of experiences) to the commercial (comments on the product itself). One offshoot of loobylu suggests that the original community grew to an extent that it could support specialised groups within its boundaries. A Month of Softies began in November 2004, describing itself as “a group craft project which takes place every month” and an activity that “might give you a sense of community and kinship with other similar minded crafty types across the Internet and around the world” (Robertson A Month of Softies online). Robertson gave each month a particular theme, and readers were invited to upload a photograph of a craft object they had made that fitted the theme, with a caption. These were then included in the site’s gallery, in the order in which they were received. Added to the majority of captions was also a link to the site (often a business) of the creator of the object; another linking of the personal and the commercial in the home-based “cottage industry” sense. From July 2005, A Month of Softies operated through a Flickr site. Participants continued to submit photos of their craft objects (with captions), but also had access to a group photograph pool and public discussion board. This extension simulates (albeit in an entirely visual way) the often home-based physical meetings of craft enthusiasts that in contemporary Australia take the form of knitting, quilting, weaving or other groups. Chatting with, and about, Celebrity Chefs The previous studies have shown how the Internet has broken down many barriers between what could be understood as the separate spheres of emotional (that is, home-based private) and commercial (public) life. The online environment similarly enables the formation and development of fan communities by facilitating communication between those fans and, sometimes, between fans and the objects of their admiration. The term “fan” is used here in the broadest sense, referring to “a person with enduring involvement with some subject or object, often a celebrity, a sport, TV show, etc.” (Thorne and Bruner 52) rather than focusing on the more obsessive and, indeed, more “fanatical” aspects of such involvement, behaviour which is, increasingly understood as a subculture of more variously constituted fandoms (Jenson 9-29). Our specific interest in fandom in relation to this discussion is how, while marketers and consumer behaviourists study online fan communities for clues on how to more successfully market consumer goods and services to these groups (see, for example, Kozinets, “I Want to Believe” 470-5; “Utopian Enterprise” 67-88; Algesheimer et al. 19-34), fans regularly subvert the efforts of those urging consumer consumption to utilise even the most profit-driven Websites for non-commercial home-based and personal activities. While it is obvious that celebrities use the media to promote themselves, a number of contemporary celebrity chefs employ the media to construct and market widely recognisable personas based on their own, often domestically based, life stories. As examples, Jamie Oliver and Nigella Lawson’s printed books and mass periodical articles, television series and other performances across a range of media continuously draw on, elaborate upon, and ultimately construct their own lives as the major theme of these works. In this, these – as many other – celebrity chefs draw upon this revelation of their private lives to lend authenticity to their cooking, to the point where their work (whether cookbook, television show, advertisement or live chat room session with their fans) could be described as “memoir-illustrated-with-recipes” (Brien and Williamson). This generic tendency influences these celebrities’ communities, to the point where a number of Websites devoted to marketing celebrity chefs as product brands also enable their fans to share their own life stories with large readerships. Oliver and Lawson’s official Websites confirm the privileging of autobiographical and biographical information, but vary in tone and approach. Each is, for instance, deliberately gendered (see Hollows’ articles for a rich exploration of gender, Oliver and Lawson). Oliver’s hip, boyish, friendly, almost frantic site includes the what are purported-to-be self-revelatory “Diary” and “About me” sections, a selection of captioned photographs of the chef, his family, friends, co-workers and sponsors, and his Weblog as well as footage streamed “live from Jamie’s phone”. This self-revelation – which includes significant details about Oliver’s childhood and his domestic life with his “lovely girls, Jools [wife Juliette Norton], Poppy and Daisy” – completely blurs the line between private life and the “Jamie Oliver” brand. While such revelation has been normalised in contemporary culture, this practice stands in great contrast to that of renowned chefs and food writers such as Elizabeth David, Julia Child, James Beard and Margaret Fulton, whose work across various media has largely concentrated on food, cooking and writing about cooking. The difference here is because Oliver’s (supposedly private) life is the brand, used to sell “Jamie Oliver restaurant owner and chef”, “Jamie Oliver cookbook author and TV star”, “Jamie Oliver advertising spokesperson for Sainsbury’s supermarket” (from which he earns an estimated £1.2 million annually) (Meller online) and “Jamie Oliver social activist” (made MBE in 2003 after his first Fifteen restaurant initiative, Oliver was named “Most inspiring political figure” in the 2006 Channel 4 Political Awards for his intervention into the provision of nutritious British school lunches) (see biographies by Hildred and Ewbank, and Smith). Lawson’s site has a more refined, feminine appearance and layout and is more mature in presentation and tone, featuring updates on her (private and public) “News” and forthcoming public appearances, a glamorous selection of photographs of herself from the past 20 years, and a series of print and audio interviews. Although Lawson’s children have featured in some of her television programs and her personal misfortunes are well known and regularly commented upon by both herself and journalists (her mother, sister and husband died of cancer) discussions of these tragedies, and other widely known aspects of her private life such as her second marriage to advertising mogul Charles Saatchi, is not as overt as on Oliver’s site, and the user must delve to find it. The use of Lawson’s personal memoir, as sales tool, is thus both present and controlled. This is in keeping with Lawson’s professional experience prior to becoming the “domestic goddess” (Lawson 2000) as an Oxford graduated journalist on the Spectator and deputy literary editor of the Sunday Times. Both Lawson’s and Oliver’s Websites offer readers various ways to interact with them “personally”. Visitors to Oliver’s site can ask him questions and can access a frequently asked question area, while Lawson holds (once monthly, now irregularly) a question and answer forum. In contrast to this information about, and access to, Oliver and Lawson’s lives, neither of their Websites includes many recipes or other food and cooking focussed information – although there is detailed information profiling their significant number of bestselling cookbooks (Oliver has published 8 cookbooks since 1998, Lawson 5 since 1999), DVDs and videos of their television series and one-off programs, and their name branded product lines of domestic kitchenware (Oliver and Lawson) and foodstuffs (Oliver). Instruction on how to purchase these items is also featured. Both these sites, like Robertson’s, provide various online discussion fora, allowing members to comment upon these chefs’ lives and work, and also to connect with each other through posted texts and images. Oliver’s discussion forum section notes “this is the place for you all to chat to each other, exchange recipe ideas and maybe even help each other out with any problems you might have in the kitchen area”. Lawson’s front page listing states: “You will also find a moderated discussion forum, called Your Page, where our registered members can swap ideas and interact with each other”. The community participants around these celebrity chefs can be, as is the case with loobylu, divided into two groups. The first is “foodie (in Robertson’s case, craft) fans” who appear to largely engage with these Websites to gain, and to share, food, cooking and craft-related information. Such fans on Oliver and Lawson’s discussion lists most frequently discuss these chefs’ television programs and books and the recipes presented therein. They test recipes at home and discuss the results achieved, any problems encountered and possible changes. They also post queries and share information about other recipes, ingredients, utensils, techniques, menus and a wide range of food and cookery-related matters. The second group consists of “celebrity fans” who are attracted to the chefs (as to Robertson as craft maker) as personalities. These fans seek and share biographical information about Oliver and Lawson, their activities and their families. These two areas of fan interest (food/cooking/craft and the personal) are not necessarily or always separated, and individuals can be active members of both types of fandoms. Less foodie-orientated users, however (like users of Dogtalk and loobylu), also frequently post their own auto/biographical narratives to these lists. These narratives, albeit often fragmented, may begin with recipes and cooking queries or issues, but veer off into personal stories that possess only minimal or no relationship to culinary matters. These members also return to the boards to discuss their own revealed life stories with others who have commented on these narratives. Although research into this aspect is in its early stages, it appears that the amount of public personal revelation either encouraged, or allowed, is in direct proportion to the “open” friendliness of these sites. More thus are located in Oliver’s and less in Lawson’s, and – as a kind of “control” in this case study, but not otherwise discussed – none in that of Australian chef Neil Perry, whose coolly sophisticated Website perfectly complements Perry’s professional persona as the epitome of the refined, sophisticated and, importantly in this case, unapproachable, high-end restaurant chef. Moreover, non-cuisine related postings are made despite clear directions to the contrary – Lawson’s site stating: “We ask that postings are restricted to topics relating to food, cooking, the kitchen and, of course, Nigella!” and Oliver making the plea, noted above, for participants to keep their discussions “in the kitchen area”. Of course, all such contemporary celebrity chefs are supported by teams of media specialists who selectively construct the lives that these celebrities share with the public and the postings about others’ lives that are allowed to remain on their discussion lists. The intersection of the findings reported above with the earlier case studies suggests, however, that even these most commercially-oriented sites can provide a fruitful data regarding their function as home-like spaces where domestic practices and processes can be refined, and emotional relationships formed and fostered. In Summary As convergence results in what Turow and Kavanaugh call “the wired homestead”, our case studies show that physically home-based domestic interests and practices – what could be called “home truths” – are also contributing to a refiguration of the private/public interplay of domestic activities through online dialogue. In the case of Dogtalk, domestic space is reconstituted through virtual spaces to include new definitions of family and memory. In the case of loobylu, the virtual interaction facilitates a development of craft-based domestic practices within the physical space of the home, thus transforming domestic routines. Jamie Oliver’s and Nigella Lawson’s sites facilitate development of both skills and gendered identities by means of a bi-directional nexus between domestic practices, sites of home labour/identity production and public media spaces. As participants modify and redefine these online communities to best suit their own needs and desires, even if this is contrary to the stated purposes for which the community was instituted, online communities can be seen to be domesticated, but, equally, these modifications demonstrate that the activities and relationships that have traditionally defined the home are not limited to the physical space of the house. While virtual communities are “passage points for collections of common beliefs and practices that united people who were physically separated” (Stone qtd in Jones 19), these interactions can lead to shared beliefs, for example, through advice about pet-keeping, craft and cooking, that can significantly modify practices and routines in the physical home. Acknowledgments An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Association of Internet Researchers’ International Conference, Brisbane, 27-30 September 2006. 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