Academic literature on the topic 'Methods of shield bonding'

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Journal articles on the topic "Methods of shield bonding"

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Shi, Shoukun, Da Wang, Zhiyun Li, Yan Jiang, Jinchao Yue, and Yibin Huang. "Shear Performance of New-to-Old Concrete Under Different Interface Treatments." Coatings 15, no. 7 (2025): 805. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070805.

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In shield tunneling, ensuring bonding performance at new-to-old concrete interfaces between segments and linings is crucial for composite lining stability. While extensive research exists on the mechanical bonding behavior of such interfaces, comparative studies on two prevalent treatment methods—scabbling and grooving—remain limited. This study systematically evaluates these techniques’ effects on interfacial bonding via direct shear tests, benchmarking against smooth-interface specimens. Complementary cohesive zone modeling simulations further analyze stress distribution and damage evolution
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Dang, H. Kien, and Mohamed A. Meguid. "Application of a multilaminate model to simulate the undrained response of structured clay to shield tunnelling." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 45, no. 1 (2008): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t07-066.

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A constitutive model based on the multilaminate framework has been implemented into a finite element program to investigate the effect of soil structure on the ground response to tunnelling. The model takes into account the elastic unloading–reloading, inherent and induced anisotropy, destructuration, and bonding effects. The model is successfully calibrated and used to investigate the undrained response of structured sensitive clay in the construction of the Gatineau tunnel in Gatineau, Quebec. Numerical results were compared to the field measurements taken during tunnel construction. To impr
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Lunca, Eduard, Silviu Vornicu, and Alexandru Sălceanu. "Numerical and Analytical Analysis of the Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields Generated by Three-Phase Underground Power Cables with Solid Bonding." Applied Sciences 13, no. 10 (2023): 6328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13106328.

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There is a special concern for measuring and simulating low-frequency magnetic fields generated by underground power cables, particularly in human exposure studies. In the present study, an accurate 2D finite element model for computing magnetic fields generated by three-phase underground power cables with solid bonding is proposed. The model is developed in ANSYS Maxwell 2D low-frequency electromagnetic field simulation software for a typical 12/20 kV (medium-voltage) three-phase underground power cable in both trefoil and flat formations, but it can be adapted to any cable system. Model vali
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Ohkage, Masayuki, Kei-ichi Okuyama, Soichiro Hori, and Tsumugi Ishida. "Heat Shield Properties of Lightweight Ablator Series for Transfer Vehicle Systems with Different Laminated Structures Under High Enthalpy Flow Environments." Aerospace 12, no. 4 (2025): 281. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12040281.

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The thermal protection system of a re-entry vehicle requires a high-heat-resistant heat shield to protect the spacecraft. Most of the ablative materials developed so far have high heat resistance but have technical issues such as long production times. In this study, we propose a new ablative material (LATS/PEEK) consisting of PEEK and carbon felt as a material that can solve these problems. PEEK has excellent properties such as a short production time and its ability to be produced using 3D printer technology. In addition, PEEK can be molded with a variety of fusion bonding methods, so it is
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Weinhold, Frank. "Anti-Electrostatic Pi-Hole Bonding: How Covalency Conquers Coulombics." Molecules 27, no. 2 (2022): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020377.

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Intermolecular bonding attraction at π-bonded centers is often described as “electrostatically driven” and given quasi-classical rationalization in terms of a “pi hole” depletion region in the electrostatic potential. However, we demonstrate here that such bonding attraction also occurs between closed-shell ions of like charge, thereby yielding locally stable complexes that sharply violate classical electrostatic expectations. Standard DFT and MP2 computational methods are employed to investigate complexation of simple pi-bonded diatomic anions (BO−, CN−) with simple atomic anions (H−, F−) or
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Ghanam, Muhannad, Frank Goldschmidtboeing, Thomas Bilger, Andreas Bucherer, and Peter Woias. "MEMS Shielded Capacitive Pressure and Force Sensors with Excellent Thermal Stability and High Operating Temperature." Sensors 23, no. 9 (2023): 4248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23094248.

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In this paper, we present an innovative manufacturing process for the production of capacitive pressure and force sensors with excellent thermal stability for high-temperature applications. The sensors, which are manufactured from a stack of two silicon chips mounted via with gold–silicon (Au-Si) or aluminum–silicon (Al-Si) eutectic bonding, are shielded, miniaturized, and allow an operating temperature of up to 500 °C. Compared to conventional methods, the greatest benefit of the manufacturing process is that different sensor dimensions can be produced in the same batch for a wide measuring r
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Wang, Chang, Ian Rosbottom, Thomas D. Turner, et al. "Molecular, Solid-State and Surface Structures of the Conformational Polymorphic Forms of Ritonavir in Relation to their Physicochemical Properties." Pharmaceutical Research 38, no. 6 (2021): 971–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11095-021-03048-2.

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Abstract Purpose Application of multi-scale modelling workflows to characterise polymorphism in ritonavir with regard to its stability, bioavailability and processing. Methods Molecular conformation, polarizability and stability are examined using quantum mechanics (QM). Intermolecular synthons, hydrogen bonding, crystal morphology and surface chemistry are modelled using empirical force fields. Results The form I conformation is more stable and polarized with more efficient intermolecular packing, lower void space and higher density, however its shielded hydroxyl is only a hydrogen bond donor
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Pacek, D., P. Kolodziejczak, K. Grzelak, J. Torzewski, and P. Podgorzak. "The protective capability of the laser welded armour steel plates." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 234, no. 5 (2020): 711–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420720906429.

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Despite the intensive development of plastics and composite materials in the case of armours employed to protect vehicles, armour steel remains a material commonly and effectively used. This is especially evident in the base armour of armoured vehicles, where the body is made of welded armour steel plates. However, the area of joining both the weld and the heat affected zone are sensitive areas with the reduced protective capability. In the case of laser welding in comparison with methods such as shielded metal arc welding and gas metal arc welding, it is possible to narrow down the above ment
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Nemer, A. S. M., A. S. Brago, N. M. Razumov, E. V. Adzhieva, and S. N. Razumova. "Investigation of adhesive shear strength of universal adhesives for fixing ceramic braces." Medical alphabet, no. 30 (January 12, 2024): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2023-30-14-18.

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Relevance. At the present stage, the choice of high-quality adhesive material is an important task of dentistry. The choice of the ideal adhesive material remains an urgent task to this day.The aim of the study was to study in laboratory conditions the adhesive shear strength for fixing ceramic braces of a universal adhesive system containing 3D-SR monomer (Universal Bond II (Tokuyama Dental)) and adhesive cement ESTECEM II PLUS (Tokuyama Dental) before and after thermal cycling, with and without the use of varnish.Materials and methods. For the preparation of samples, removed teeth without ca
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Kuang, Jianjun, Yuanqing Chen, Xiaofei Li, Wei Guo, Jia Li, and Yiqun Huang. "Assessment of Reinforcement Effect of FRP-Strengthened Shield Segment Joint Based on the CZM Model." Advances in Civil Engineering 2024 (May 9, 2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/8888139.

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As the weakest link in the shield segment, the reinforcement and repair technology of shield segment joint has received widespread attention. In this study, an finite element model utilizing a cohesive zone model (CZM) was constructed to simulate the mechanical behavior of the shield segment joint during the whole fracture process. The proposed modeling method of joint allows multiple layers of steel bars to be stacked without interference by applying cohesive elements. Cohesive elements were employed to represent the mechanical response of potential fracture surfaces in concrete, as well as t
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Methods of shield bonding"

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Váša, Lukáš. "Parametry kabelových vedení." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442551.

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In recent years, the development trend of power grids character shows increased demand for using cables of both current overhead and newly constructed lines. In order to preserve reliable operation and to predict the maintenance requirements, it is crucial to regard not only the parameters certified by manufacturers, but also externalities induced by real environment and incorporate these externalities into cable models in simulation software. The diploma thesis deals with determining of characteristic parameters of single core cables in real environment, which are affected by real grounding m
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FRANCHINI, DAVIDE. "INVESTIGATION OF HALOGEN BONDING BY EXPERIMENTAL CHARGE DENSITY STUDIES AND THEORETICAL METHODS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/615439.

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In this thesis the results obtained during the three years of doctorate (2015-2018) will be illustrated. Although several different computational and crystallographic techniques have been exploited throughout my research activity, almost all projects were linked by a common thread: halogen bond (XB), a non-covalent interaction the nature of which will be briefly illustrated in the introduction section of the thesis together with a brief description of the state of art of the research on this interaction. Among XB project present in my PhD thesis, it is worth mentioning the presence of an exper
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Hudson, Athol Peter Gilfillan. "Comparative bond strengths of stainless steel orthodontic brackets bonded with different bonding agents." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4825_1256889166.

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Stahlberg, Eric Alan. "Application of multireference based correlation methods to the study of weak bonding interactions /." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487759436325374.

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Silvennoinen, H. (Hanna). "3D structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath Northern Fennoscandian shield." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2015. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526210681.

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Abstract The crustal and upper mantle structures of the Shield on the regional scale were investigated using the data of the POLENET/LAPNET passive seismic array and the previously published models of active and passive seismic experiments in the study area. This area is centred in northern Finland and it extends to surrounding areas in Sweden, Norway and northwestern Russia. The bedrock there is mostly of the Archaean origin and the lithosphere of the region was reworked by two orogenies during Palaeoproterozoic. One of the results of the thesis was a new map of the Moho depth of the study ar
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Shukla, Priyank <1984&gt. "Machine learning methods for prediction of disulphide bonding states of cysteine residues in proteins." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2588/1/shukla_priyank_tesi.pdf.

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The goal of this thesis work is to develop a computational method based on machine learning techniques for predicting disulfide-bonding states of cysteine residues in proteins, which is a sub-problem of a bigger and yet unsolved problem of protein structure prediction. Improvement in the prediction of disulfide bonding states of cysteine residues will help in putting a constraint in the three dimensional (3D) space of the respective protein structure, and thus will eventually help in the prediction of 3D structure of proteins. Results of this work will have direct implications in site-directed
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Shukla, Priyank <1984&gt. "Machine learning methods for prediction of disulphide bonding states of cysteine residues in proteins." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2588/.

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The goal of this thesis work is to develop a computational method based on machine learning techniques for predicting disulfide-bonding states of cysteine residues in proteins, which is a sub-problem of a bigger and yet unsolved problem of protein structure prediction. Improvement in the prediction of disulfide bonding states of cysteine residues will help in putting a constraint in the three dimensional (3D) space of the respective protein structure, and thus will eventually help in the prediction of 3D structure of proteins. Results of this work will have direct implications in site-directed
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Braydich, Michael Dennis. "A theoretical investigation of the bonding of methylene to metal dimers using the Fenske-Hall and X[alpha] methods /." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487584612161369.

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Wu, Xianghong. "Determination of near-surface, crustal and lithospheric structures in the Canadian Precambrian Shield using time-domain electromagnetic and magnetotelluric methods." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ62678.pdf.

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Lu, Chunmeng. "Development of novel micro-embossing methods and microfluidic designs for biomedical applications." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1156820643.

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Books on the topic "Methods of shield bonding"

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Evans, R. W. Electrical bonding: A survey of requirements, methods, and specifications. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Marshall Space Flight Center, 1998.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Electrical bonding: A survey of requirements, methods, and specifications. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998.

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Jordan, Ronald E. Esthetic composite bonding: Techniques and materials. 2nd ed. Mosby-Year Book, 1993.

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H, Morren Sybil, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Evaluation of rhenium joining methods. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Jane, Edwards. Music therapy and parent-infant bonding. Oxford University Press, 2011.

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Yamamoto, Makoto. Basic techniques for metal ceramics: An introduction to ceramic technique. Quintessence Pub., 1990.

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Roger, Miller W., Geological Survey (U.S.), and Saudi Arabia. Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources, eds. Hydrogeochemical survey of groundwater for selected areas in the Arabian Shield and in cover rocks, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1989.

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S, Mall, and Langley Research Center, eds. Mixed-mode cyclic debonding of adhesively bonded composite joints. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1985.

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S, Mall, and Langley Research Center, eds. Mixed-mode cyclic debonding of adhesively bonded composite joints. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1985.

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S, Mall, and Langley Research Center, eds. Mixed-mode cyclic debonding of adhesively bonded composite joints. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Methods of shield bonding"

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Overgaard, Jacob, and Bo B. Iversen. "Charge Density Methods in Hydrogen Bond Studies." In Structure and Bonding. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30802-4_28.

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Adams, Stefan, and R. Prasada Rao. "Understanding Ionic Conduction and Energy Storage Materials with Bond-Valence-Based Methods." In Structure and Bonding. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/430_2013_137.

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Könighofer, Bettina, Florian Lorber, Nils Jansen, and Roderick Bloem. "Shield Synthesis for Reinforcement Learning." In Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification and Validation: Verification Principles. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61362-4_16.

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Maseras, Feliu. "Hybrid Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Methods in Transition Metal Chemistry." In Organometallic Bonding and Reactivity. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-69707-1_5.

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Brooks, Charles L. "Semiclassical Methods for Large Molecules of Biological Importance." In Theoretical Models of Chemical Bonding. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58177-9_2.

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Demaison, Jean, and Natalja Vogt. "Models of Chemical Bonding and “Empirical” Methods." In Lecture Notes in Chemistry. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60492-9_8.

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Guo, David, Huanhuan Feng, and Fengyuan Li. "Shield tunnelling technology in soft-hard heterogeneous strata." In Tunnelling into a Sustainable Future – Methods and Technologies. CRC Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003559047-355.

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Tossell, J. A. "Quantum Mechanical Models and Methods in Mineralogy." In Chemical Bonding and Spectroscopy in Mineral Chemistry. Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4838-9_1.

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Charles, Harry K. "Advanced Wire Bonding Technology: Materials, Methods, and Testing." In Materials for Advanced Packaging. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45098-8_4.

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Charles, Harry K. "Advanced Wire Bonding Technology: Materials, Methods, and Testing." In Materials for Advanced Packaging. Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78219-5_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Methods of shield bonding"

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Du, Yanxia, Liyang Wang, Jiejun Wang, and Minxu Lu. "Researches on Mitigation Methods of Interference Caused by Cathodic Protection System." In CORROSION 2015. NACE International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2015-05884.

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Abstract Three mitigation methods for different types of interference caused by impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system were studied through indoor experiments, including bond resistor, galvanic anode and metallic shield. The influences of bond resistance, location and material of galvanic anode, as well as location and connecting method of metallic shield on mitigation effects and stray current quantity were studied in the experiments. Based on experimental results, the applicable conditions and problems needed to be noted for different mitigation methods were proposed, which can
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Nikolov, Nikola, Velichko Atanasov, and Dimo Stoilov. "Methods for Metal Screens Bonding of High Voltage Cable Lines." In 2024 16th Electrical Engineering Faculty Conference (BulEF). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/bulef63204.2024.10794862.

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Liu, Xiaoze, Ting Sun, Tianyang Xu, et al. "SHIELD: Evaluation and Defense Strategies for Copyright Compliance in LLM Text Generation." In Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.emnlp-main.98.

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Cheng, Zhi-Qi, Yifei Dong, Aike Shi, et al. "SHIELD: LLM-Driven Schema Induction for Predictive Analytics in EV Battery Supply Chain Disruptions." In Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Industry Track. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.emnlp-industry.24.

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Xu, Zheqi, Yao Zheng, Lin Tan, et al. "Optimization of Bonding Methods for Controlling Sn Spillage in Fine Pitch Microbump Applications." In 2024 25th International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology (ICEPT). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icept63120.2024.10668710.

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Dikvall, T., and M. Marchner. "EMP Leakage through the Joints of a Shield. Development of Methods for the Measurement of Shielding Effectiveness." In 7th International Zurich Symposium and Technical Exhibition on Electromagnetic Compatibility. IEEE, 1987. https://doi.org/10.23919/emc.1987.10778940.

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Wu, Maojin, Song Qiu, Bangji Wang, and Qingxiang Liu. "A Novel Cost-Efficient Die-Level SiC MOSFET TDDB Testing Methods Based on Paralleling Wire Bonding." In 2024 6th International Conference on System Reliability and Safety Engineering (SRSE). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/srse63568.2024.10772515.

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Norsworthy, Richard, and Chris Work. "Developing and Testing a New Rock Shield Material to Protect the Pipe Coating." In CORROSION 2019. NACE International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2019-12932.

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Abstract This paper will provide a brief history of rock shields and discuss the different types, application methods, and testing parameters common to the industry. One critical issue is the lack of industry standards related to testing of rock shield materials. The paper will also describe a new development in the rock shield market that can improve installation efficiency saving the contractor, and ultimately the owner, both time and money. Additionally, a rock shield must be considered a component of the piping protection system which includes the cathodic protection and coating. The CP cu
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Osvoll, Harald, and Svenn Magne Wigen. "Methods for Cathodic Protection of FPSO’S. Where Do We Go?" In CORROSION 2006. NACE International, 2006. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2006-06107.

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Abstract For many years Impressed Current (ICCP) has been the most common Cathodic Protection (CP) solution for ships. Examples of Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO’s) units are converted tankers or new build ships produced by the same companies building the tankers. The same CP design concept as the ship specifications regarding anode number and anode shield sizes has been adopted for the FPSO’s despite the significant longer operational life with no dry docking. Design evaluations and actual experience have shown that the long design life up to 30 years for an FPSO has created
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Kroon, David H. "Life-Cycle Cost Comparisons of Corrosion Protection Methods for Ductile Iron Pipe." In CORROSION 2005. NACE International, 2005. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2005-05037.

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Abstract Various corrosion protection technologies are used for prevention of external corrosion on ductile iron pipe in soil environments. Example approaches are provided with guidance to ensure cost-effective solutions. These include: shop coated pipe, shop coated pipe with polyethylene encasement, joint bonding and corrosion monitoring systems, stray current control, life extension cathodic currents, cathodic protection with polyethylene encasement, cathodic protection of shop coated pipe and cathodic protection of pipe with a wax tape coating. Life-cycle cost analyses of alternative strate
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Reports on the topic "Methods of shield bonding"

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Soydemir, Gökçe, and Orestis Panagopoulos. Construction Contracting in the Zero Emission Transportation Sector: Evidence from Underrepresented Businesses. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2024.2348.

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This study investigates the degree to which underrepresented construction contractors face challenges in California's zero-emission transportation sector to devise a simpler and more efficient bonding structure. Using a survey dispersed over underrepresented businesses across the state, the study provides several suggestions for a statewide bonding program that caters to the needs of contractors. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are used in the study. The survey data are evaluated using econometric tools to analyze whether there are any statistically significant associations between c
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Mahmoud, Hussam, Guillermo Riveros, Lauren Hudak, and Emad Hassan. Experimental fatigue evaluation of underwater steel panels retrofitted with fiber polymers. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46647.

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Many steel structures are susceptible to fatigue loading and damage that potentially threaten their integrity. Steel hydraulic structures (SHS) experience fatigue loading during operation and exposure to harsh environmental conditions that can further reduce fatigue life through stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue, for example. Dewatering to complete inspections or repairs to SHS is time consuming and leads to economic losses, and current repair methods, such as rewelding, often cause new cracks to form after relatively few cycles, requiring repeated inspection and repair. The use
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Chutimaworapan, Suchada. Fast release solid dispersion system of nifedipine. Chulalongkorn University, 1999. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.1999.28.

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Nifedupine solid dispersions in polyethylene glycols (PEG4000 and PEG6000), poloxamers (poloxamer188 poloxamer288 and poloxamer407), [beta]-cyclodextrin (BCD) and 2-hydroxypropyl-[beta]-cyclodextrin (HPBCD), at the drug:carrier ratio if 1:1, 1:3, 1:5, and 1:10 were investigated. The systems were prepared by melting, solvent and kneading method and compared to physical mixtures. It was found that the drug:carrier ratio of 1:10 and by melting and solvent methods showed most conspicuous dissolution rates in most systems (p&lt;0.05). The most markedly improved rate was exhibited from the poloxamer
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Karstensen, Johannes, Alexandra Andrae, Ludwig Bitzan, et al. Student cruise: Observing techniques for Physical Oceanographers Cruise No. AL529. GEOMAR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_al529.

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Oct. 07 2019 – Oct. 10, 2019 Kiel (Germany) – Kiel (Germany) MNF-Pher-110The main purpose of the ALKOR cruise AL529 was the training of students in observational techniques applied by physical oceanographers. The students who participated in the trip attend the module "Measurement Methods of Oceanography" which is offered in the Bachelor program "Physics of the Earth System" at CAU Kiel. During the AL529 the students were instructed in instrument calibration and in the interpretation of measurement data at sea. In addition, the students had the opportunity to learn about working and living at
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Investigation on Design and Analysis of Passenger Car Body Crash-Worthiness in Frontal Impact Using Radioss. SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-28-0498.

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Increasing advancement in automotive technologies ensures that many more lightweight metals become added to the automotive components for the purpose of light weighting and passenger safety. The accidents are unexpected incidents most drivers cannot be avoided that trouble situation. Crash studies are among the most essential methods for enhancing automobile safety features. Crash simulations are attempting to replicate the circumstances of the initial crash. Frontal crashes are responsible for occupant injuries and fatalities 42% of accidents occur on frontal crash. This paper aims at studyin
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