Relevant bibliographies by topics / Methomyl

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Academic literature on the topic 'Methomyl'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Methomyl"

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Meng, Shunlong, Xi Chen, Chao Song, Limin Fan, Liping Qiu, Yao Zheng, Jiazhang Chen, and Pao Xu. "Effect of Chronic Exposure to Pesticide Methomyl on Antioxidant Defense System in Testis of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Its Recovery Pattern." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 8, 2021): 3332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083332.

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The chronic effect of environmental methomyl on the antioxidant system in testis of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and its recovery pattern was investigated. Tilapia were exposed to sublethal concentrations of 0.2, 2, 20 and 200 μgL−1 methomyl for 30 days and thereafter moved to methomyl-free water for 18 days. Antioxidant levels in testis, including glutathione peroxidase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione were measured every 6 days during the period of exposure, and at 18 days after being transferred to methomyl-free water. The results showed that lower methomyl concentration (0.2 μgL−1) had no effect on the above antioxidants, thus 0.2 μgL−1 could be seen as NOAEL for methomyl to tilapia. However, higher methomyl concentration of 2, 20 and 200 μgL−1 could significantly influence the above antioxidants. Glutathione peroxidase and oxidized glutathione increased significantly. On the contrary, reduced glutathione decreased significantly. Catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase increased at lower methomyl (2 and 20 μgL−1), but decreased at higher methomyl (200 μgL−1). The recovery test showed that oxidative damage caused by lower methomyl of 2 and 20 μgL−1 was reversible, and oxidative damage caused by higher methomyl of 200 μgL−1 was irreversible within 18 days of recovery period.
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Meng, Shunlong, Xi Chen, Chao Song, Limin Fan, Liping Qiu, Gengdong Hu, Jiazhang Chen, and Pao Xu. "Response of Sex Steroid Hormone Synthesis Substrates in Serum and Testes of Male Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Exposed to Methomyl and Its Recovery Pattern." Applied Sciences 11, no. 22 (November 20, 2021): 10997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112210997.

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The response of synthetic substrates of sex steroid hormones—cholesterol (CHO), pregnenolone (PREG), and progesterone (PROG)—in the serum and testes of male tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to the environmental estrogen pesticide methomyl (0.2, 2, 20, and 200 μg·L−1) was evaluated using static-water contact toxicity tests. The results showed that low methomyl concentrations (0.2 and 2 μg·L−1) had no significant effects on the contents of CHO, PREG, and PROG in the serum and testes of male tilapia (p > 0.05). Consequently, the concentration of 2 μg·L−1 could be used as a preliminary reference threshold for the non-effective dose of methomyl in male tilapia. Exposure to high methomyl concentrations (20 and 200 μg·L−1) significantly inhibited the levels of CHO, PREG, and PROG in the serum and testes of male tilapia (p < 0.05) and showed a dose–response relationship. Sex steroid hormone synthesis substrate damage to male tilapia caused by less than 20 μg·L−1 methomyl was reversible, while the damage caused by equal to or greater than 200 μg·L−1 methomyl was irreversible when tilapia were transferred to methomyl-free water for 18 days. Thus, a concentration of 200 μg·L−1 could be used as a reference threshold for irreversible damage caused by methomyl in male tilapia.
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A. Fetoh, Badr El-Sabah, Mahmoud M. Ramadan, and Abdelhadi A. I. Ali. "Chlorfenapyr and Methomyl Deterioration on Spinach Plants and Their Residual Effects in Vitro on Egyptian cotton Leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis)." Nutrition and Food Processing 4, no. 7 (November 13, 2021): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2637-8914/068.

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Field trials conducted to determine the degradation of chlorfenapyr and methomyl insecticides in/on spinach leaves. Spinach plants sprayed with chlorfenapyr (Challenger Super™ 24% SC) and methomyl (Neomyl™ 90% SP) at the rates of 50 cm3/100 L water and 715 g/ ha, respectively. The QuEChERS method used for the extraction and clean-up of the samples. Residue amounts determined at 2 h, 2, 4, 6, 9, 13 and 16 days after application by UHPLC-UV. The mean of recovery percentages was 98.78 and 99.05 % for chlorfenapyr and methomyl, respectively. The initial deposits of chlorfenapyr and methomyl on/in spinach leaves, two hours after a single application of the insecticides were 23.17 and 235.37 mg/kg, respectively. The percentages of dissipation of chlorfenapyr were 37.68, 55.29, 69.45, 84.45 and 96.83% for 2, 4, 6, 9 and 16 days after application. The corresponding dissipation percentages of methomyl were 38.27, 56.01, 71.44, 84.34 and 97.81%. The rates of degradation (k values) were 0.212 and 0.223, while the corresponding half-life times (t0.5) were 3.27 and 3.11 days with chlorfenapyr and methomyl, respectively. It could be recommended that single application of chlorfenapyr on Spinach plants at the early ages followed by single application of methomyl at least 17 days before harvest.
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Lin, Ziqiu, Wenping Zhang, Shimei Pang, Yaohua Huang, Sandhya Mishra, Pankaj Bhatt, and Shaohua Chen. "Current Approaches to and Future Perspectives on Methomyl Degradation in Contaminated Soil/Water Environments." Molecules 25, no. 3 (February 8, 2020): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030738.

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Methomyl is a broad-spectrum oxime carbamate commonly used to control arthropods, nematodes, flies, and crop pests. However, extensive use of this pesticide in agricultural practices has led to environmental toxicity and human health issues. Oxidation, incineration, adsorption, and microbial degradation methods have been developed to remove insecticidal residues from soil/water environments. Compared with physicochemical methods, biodegradation is considered to be a cost-effective and ecofriendly approach to the removal of pesticide residues. Therefore, micro-organisms have become a key component of the degradation and detoxification of methomyl through catabolic pathways and genetic determinants. Several species of methomyl-degrading bacteria have been isolated and characterized, including Paracoccus, Pseudomonas, Aminobacter, Flavobacterium, Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Serratia, Novosphingobium, and Trametes. The degradation pathways of methomyl and the fate of several metabolites have been investigated. Further in-depth studies based on molecular biology and genetics are needed to elaborate their role in the evolution of novel catabolic pathways and the microbial degradation of methomyl. In this review, we highlight the mechanism of microbial degradation of methomyl along with metabolic pathways and genes/enzymes of different genera.
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Derbalah, Aly, Ahmed Massoud, Ibrahim El-Mehasseb, Moustafa Saad Allah, Mohamed S. Ahmed, Ashraf Al-Brakati, and Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy. "Microbial Detoxification of Dimethoate and Methomyl Residues in Aqueous Media." Water 13, no. 8 (April 19, 2021): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13081117.

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The extensive and random application of major organic pollutants, mainly pesticides, threatens ecosystems and human health. The present study was conducted to isolate and identify microorganisms from some water resources contaminated with pesticides. We investigated the ability of the identified microbes to grow in water spiked with dimethoate and methomyl. We also evaluated the potential effect of the identified microbial isolates on dimethoate and methomyl biodegradation in water. In addition, the total detoxification of dimethoate and methomyl residues in water after treatment with the most effective microbial isolates was confirmed using toxicity tests and analyzing biochemical parameters and histopathological changes in the kidney and liver of treated rats. The microbial isolates were identified as Xanthomonas campestris pv. Translucens and Aspergillus fumigates. Results showed that X. campestris pv. Translucens and A. fumigatus grow in media supplemented with dimethoate and methomyl faster than in other media without both pesticides. About 97.8% and 91.2% of dimethoate and 95% and 87.8% of methomyl (initial concentration of both 5 mg L−1) were biodegraded within 32 days of incubation with X. campestris pv. Translucens and A. fumigatus, respectively. There was no remaining toxicity in rats treated with dimethoate- and methomyl-contaminated water with respect to biochemical parameters and histopathological changes. Collectively, the identified bacterial isolate showed high potential for the complete degradation of dimethoate and methomyl residues in water.
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Nusair, SD, AN Joukhan, AH Bani Rashaid, and AM Rababa’h. "Methomyl induced effect on fortilin and S100A1 in serum and cardiac tissue: Potential biomarkers of toxicity." Human & Experimental Toxicology 38, no. 3 (November 25, 2018): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327118814153.

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Methomyl toxicity has been reported as a cause of several accidental and suicidal fatalities. The study is evaluating the effect of lethal methomyl toxicity on fortilin and S100A1 in serum and cardiac tissues. Adult 96 female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided equally into a control (euthanized by cervical dislocation) and a study group (overdosed with methomyl). The levels of fortilin and S100A1 in serum were measured antemortem (to establish the basal levels in serum) and postmortem (to evaluate changes after methomyl exposure) using enzyme-linked immunoassay. S100A1 was immunostained in sections from cardiac tissues. Both proteins in the control were not significantly different ( p > 0.05) compared with the antemortem levels. On the contrast, both biomarkers levels in the intoxicated group were remarkably higher ( p < 0.001) than the control and the antemortem levels. Ventricular tissues from the intoxicated rats presented depleted S100A1 immunostain in cardiomyocytes localized mainly in the epicardium with deeply stained adjacent cardiac fibroblasts. The cardiomyocytes were damaged with a prominent loss of striations compared to normal cardiac tissues from the control. The present outcomes explain to a certain degree the potential toxic effect of methomyl poisoning on the cardiac tissue. Both proteins could be added to the currently available battery of markers for assessing methomyl toxicity.
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Tomasevic, Andjelka, Milka Avramov-Ivic, Slobodan Petrovic, Mica Jovanovic, and Dusan Mijin. "A study of the electrochemical behavior of methomyl on a gold electrode in a neutral electrolyte." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 74, no. 5 (2009): 573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0905573t.

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A gold electrode was used for the qualitative and quantitative electrochemical determination of analytical methomyl in a neutral electrolyte (0.050 M NaHCO3) using cyclic linear sweep voltammetry. In the potential range from -800 mV vs. SCE to 1000 mV vs. SCE the analytical methomyl was quantitatively determined in the concentration range 4.0-16 mg L-1. In the potential range from -1300 mV vs. SCE to 1300 mV vs. SCE, methomyl was qualitatively determined by two anodic and four cathodic reactions. Cycling the potential in this range for 150 min caused the degradation of the molecule, which was confirmed by HPLC analysis. On the other hand, technical methomyl exhibited an inhibition of the gold electrode surface due to the impurities.
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Mansour, Sameeh A., Abdel-Tawab H. Mossa, and Tarek M. Heikal. "Effects of methomyl on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in rat erythrocytes: In vitro studies." Toxicology and Industrial Health 25, no. 8 (September 2009): 557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233709349829.

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Erythrocytes are a convenient model to understand the membrane oxidative damage induced by various xenobiotic pro-oxidants. This study was designed to investigate the possibility of methomyl (Lannate® 90% SP), S-methyl N-(methylcarbamoyloxy) thioacetimidate, to induce oxidative stress response in rat erythrocytes in vitro. Erythrocytes were incubated for 4 hours at 37°C with different concentrations (0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mM) of methomyl. The results showed that methomyl decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities and increased level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) as well as the percentage of haemolysis. The response occurred in a concentration-dependent manner. The study suggested that methomyl has the capability to induce oxidative damage as evidenced by increasing LPO and perturbations in various antioxidant enzymes.
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Britt E. Erickson. "EPA targets methomyl insecticide." C&EN Global Enterprise 100, no. 36 (October 10, 2022): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-10036-polcon3.

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Martinez-Chuecos, J., F. Molinero-Somolinos, J. Solé-Violàn, and R. Rubio-Sanz. "Management of Methomyl Poisoning." Human & Experimental Toxicology 9, no. 4 (July 1990): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719000900408.

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Eleven patients who suffered methomyl poisoning were admitted to the intensive care unit. All of them showed cholinergic symptoms similar to that produced by organophosphate insecticides but of lesser intensity. Plasma cholinesterase activity was normal in four patients and moderately lower in the remainder (always above 32%). All of the patients showed miosis and none presented with bradycardia. No complications were detected in the acute stage or on further examination a month later. The treatment applied was: (1) gastric lavage or washing the skin; (2) the administration of activated charcoal; (3) small doses of atropine according to symptoms (average of total dose 4.3 mg). All of the patients recovered within 24-48 h. In conclusion, we can assume that methomyl poisoning does not produce serious complications if moderate surveillance is assumed. Only small doses of atropine are required to counteract symptoms.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Methomyl"

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Hidalgo, Nicho Eduardo Alejandro. "Toxicidad de la mezcla binaria de los plaguicidas metomilo y rotenona en la “lenteja de agua” Lemna minor (Linnaeus, 1758)." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Ricardo Palma, 2015. http://cybertesis.urp.edu.pe/handle/urp/698.

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Se evaluó la toxicidad individual y binaria de los plaguicidas metomilo y rotenona en la macrofita Lemna minor (Linnaeus, 1753) para determinar la acción sinérgica o antagónica de una mezcla equitóxica. Los ensayos se realizaron bajo condiciones de laboratorio (T 29 ± 2°C; H 48,6 ± 9,4 %) y los resultados fueron analizados con los programas estadísticos BMDS® y Probit para calcular la concentración efectiva media (CE50) a través de los parámetros Área de la Fronda (AF) y Nuevas Frondas (NF). Los resultados sugieren una mayor precisión al utilizar el Método del Punto de Referencia del programa BMDS® para el cálculo de la concentración efectiva. Adicionalmente, se calculó la concentración total de clorofila (CTC) y peso húmedo (PH) para determinar la inhibición del crecimiento (Ir). Del mismo modo, se realizó una comparación entre los valores NOAEL (nivel de efecto no observado) y LOAEL (nivel bajo de efecto observado) versus los valores de BMDL (límite inferior del punto de referencia) y BMD (nivel de variación en el punto de referencia), respectivamente. El análisis muestra que existe una mayor precisión al emplear los valores BMD y BMDL. La acción fitotóxica varió según el parámetro analizado. La CE50 mostró mayores valores en el parámetro NF (1079,22 mg·L-1 para rotenona; 7147,42 mg·L-1 para metomilo; 597,904 mg·L-1 mezcla binaria: metomilo y 298,93 mg·L-1 mezcla binaria: rotenona) que en el parámetro AF (782,173 mg·L-1 para rotenona; 6919,79 mg·L-1 para metomilo; 629,513 mg·L-1 mezcla binaria: metomilo y 314,754 mg·L-1 mezcla binaria: rotenona). Finalmente, el modelo de concentración-adición mostró que la acción fitotóxica de la mezcla de ambos plaguicidas en Lemna minor tiene un efecto sinérgico. Macrophyte Lemna minor (Linnaeus, 1753) was used to evaluate the phytotoxicity of the individual and mix action of methomyl and rotenone pesticides under laboratory conditions (Temperature 29 ± 2°C; Humidity 48,6 9,4 %). The taken measures to establish half effective concentration (EC50) were the frond area (AF) and production of new fronds (NF). In this study, BMDS® and Probit stadistical data analyses were used to compare the results about effective concentration. Results suggest Benchmark dose method of BMDS® program was more effective than Probit program when EC50 were determined. Additionally, total chlorophyll concentration (CTC) and humidity weight (PH) parameters were calculated to determinate the growth inhibition (Ir). Likewise, NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level) and LOAEL (low observer adverse effect level) were compared with BMDL (lower bench mark dose) and BMD (Bench mark dose), respectively. BMD and BMDL values were more accurate than NOAEL and LOAEL values. Phytotoxic action varied according the parameter. EC50 values of Lemna minor showed poor sensibility to methomyl pesticide with an elevated concentration in both parameters (6919,79 mg•L-1 and 7147,42 mg•L-1 for AF and NF, respectively). Results of rotenone pesticide were lower than methomyl, with 1079,22 mg•L-1 (NF) and 782,173 mg•L-1 (AF). Finally, the mix toxicity was 597,904 mg•L-1 (methomyl: NF), 298,93 mg•L-1 (rotenone: NF), 629,513 mg•L-1 (methomyl: AF) and 314,754 mg•L-1 (rotenone: AF). For synergy calculation, Concentration-Adition value was used, concluding a higher synergism.
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SANTOS, Vanessa Corrêa. "Resistência de populações pernambucanas de traças-das-crucíferas, Plutella xylostella (L.,1758) (Lepidoptera : Plutellidae) a inseticidas." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2010. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6035.

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Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), popularly known as diamondback moth, is a major pest of brassicaceae crops (e.g., kale, cauliflower, broccoli, and cabbage) throughout the world. Several insecticides have been intensively used during several cultivation cycles and, even in some areas, up to 15 to 20 applications per season have been observed. Besides the problems they may cause to human and environmental health, the frequent use of these products has been associated to the evolution of resistance in P. xylostella populations to various insecticides such as the pyrethroids, carbamates, organophosphates, and even Bacillus thuringiensis. The current study objective was to identify the resistance in P. xylostella populations from Pernambuco State, when exposed to abamectin, methomyl, lufenuron, indoxacarb, and diafentiuron. Concentration-response regressions were established using 2nd-instar larvae of P. xylostella. All P. xylostella populations showed significant resistance ratio (RR) to at least one insecticide. The smallestCL50s values were estimated for abamectin, which varied from 0.01 to 0.74 mg/L and the highest CL50s were estimated for diafentiuron, which varied from 47.9 to 122.2 mg/L. The Bezerro County population presented the highest resistance ratios to indoxacarb (25.3-fold), abamectin (61.7-fold), and lufenuron (705.2-fold), compared to the reference population. TheBonito and Jupi Counties populations were 33.0- and 12.0-times more resistant to lufenuron and abamectina, respectively. These results demonstrate that intensive and indiscriminate use of insecticides in Pernambuco must be a concern, which suggests the immediate establishment of a resistance management program associated to integrated pest management in these areas.
Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), conhecida popularmente como traça-das-crucíferas é considerada a principal praga do cultivo de brássicas (ex: couve, couve-flor, brócolis e repolho) em todo o mundo. Diversos inseticidas têm sido utilizados intensivamente durante o ciclo da cultura, e em algumas áreas já foram detectadas 15 a 20 aplicações por ciclo. Além dos problemas gerados à saúde do agricultor e ao meio ambiente, o uso excessivo desses produtos tem proporcionado o aparecimento de populações resistentes deste inseto-praga a diversos compostos químicos, como é o caso dos inseticidas piretróides, carbamatos, organofosforados e Bacillus thuringiensis. O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar a resistência em populações de P. xylostella do Estado de Pernambuco, utilizando os inseticidas abamectina, metomil, lufenurom, diafentiuron e indoxacarbe. Curvas de concentração-resposta foram estabelecidas usando lagartas de 2º instar de P. xylostella. Todas as populações pernambucanas de P. xylostella apresentaram razão de resistência (RR) significativa a pelomenos um inseticida. As menores CL50s foram registradas para o inseticida abamectina, variando de 0,01 a 0,74 mg/L e as maiores CL50s foram para o inseticida diafentiuron, 47,9 a 122,2 mg/L. A população do município de Bezerros apresentou as maiores razões de resistência 25,3 a indoxacarbe, 61,7 a abamectina e 705,2 a lufenurom, quando comparadas àpopulação suscetível. A população do município de Bonito apresentou uma razão de resistência 33,0 a lufenurom e Jupi 12,0 para abamectina. Estes resultados demonstram que o uso intensivo e indiscriminado de inseticidas na região Agreste de Pernambuco é preocupante, sugerindo o estabelecimento de um programa de manejo da resistência associado ao manejo integrado de pragas nesta área.
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Santos, Paula Ivani Medeiros dos. "Avalia??o da toxicidade aguda do inseticida metomil e o seu efeito sobre a atividade da acetilcolinesterase do peixe Danio rerio." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2009. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/12489.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
Methomyl (Lannate?) is an insecticide from the carbamate group, frequently used in pest control in various types of crops. This compound works inhibiting the activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. The use of physicochemical and ecotoxicological analysis is the most efficient strategy for the correct characterization and control of residues of metomil. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the acute toxicity of methomyl in 96 hours of exposure and, through a sublethal assay of 5 hours, to assess its effect on the activity of acetylcholinesterase present in brain and squeletic dorsal muscle of the Danio rerio fish. The results showed that the LC50-96 found to D. rerio was 3.4 mg/L and it was found through the average of four definitive tests. In vitro assays were used to test the inhibitory action of methomyl directly over soluble AChE, extracted from the squeletic dorsal muscle, with maximum inhibition of 68.57% to the insecticide concentrations of 0.2 mg/L. In sublethal tests with D. rerio, inhibitory effect of methomyl was found over the soluble form of AChE in the squeletic dorsal muscle, both in one and five hours of fish exposure to the insecticide. In both period, the average values of inhibition were around 61%. In the same condition, no significant inhibitory effect of methomyl soluble and membrane AChE of the D. rerio was observed in the 0.42, 0.85, 1.70 and 2.50 mg/L concentrations and in both times of fish exposure
O Metomil (Lannate?) ? um inseticida do grupo dos carbamatos utilizado no combate a pragas em diversos tipos de lavouras, sua forma de a??o ? atrav?s da inibi??o da enzima acetilcolinesterase. Para uma caracteriza??o adequada e controle de seus despejos, a estrat?gia mais eficiente ? o uso integrado de an?lises qu?micas, f?sicas e ecotoxicol?gicas. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a toxicidade aguda em 96h do metomil, e atrav?s de um ensaio subletal de cinco (5) horas, estimar o seu efeito sobre a atividade da acetilcolinesterase no c?rebro e m?sculo esquel?tico dorsal da esp?cie Danio rerio. Os resultados demonstraram que no Danio rerio o valor da CL-50-96h encontrada foi de 3,40 mg/L, obtida atrav?s da m?dia de quatro testes realizados. Nos ensaios in vitro foi atestada a a??o inibit?ria da metomil diretamente sobre a AChE sol?vel extra?da do m?sculo esquel?tico dorsal do D. rerio com uma inibi??o m?xima de 68,57 % para a concentra??o de 0,2 mg/L do inseticida. Nos testes subletais com D. rerio foi constatado o efeito inibit?rio do metomil sobre a forma sol?vel da AChE de m?sculo esquel?tico dorsal, tanto em uma como em cinco horas de exposi??o do peixe ao inseticida. Em ambos os hor?rios os valores m?dios de inibi??o foram em torno de 61%. Nas mesmas condi??es n?o foi observada inibi??o significativa da atividade da AChE de membrana do m?sculos. N?o foi observado efeito inibit?rio do metomil sobre as AChE sol?vel e de membrana de c?rebro de D. rerio, nas concentra??es 0,42, 0,85, 1,70, 2,50 mg/L e em ambos os hor?rios de exposi??o dos peixes
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Skandrani, Dalila. "Détermination des seuils de toxicité de divers insecticides (forme pure ou commerciale) sur cellules humaines en culture (A549, SH-SY5Y) : expression des gènes et protéines de stress (HSPs, GRPs,…)." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30233.

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Ce travail a eu pour but de déterminer les concentrations cytotoxiques de divers insecticides (molécule pure versus formulation commerciale) qui induisaient une inhibition de la prolifération de cellules d'origine pulmonaire (A549) ou neuronale (SH-SY5Y) et d'analyser les variations d'expression de gènes de stress par la technique des cDNA arrays et/ou des protéines (HSP, GRP) sur western blot. Il a été montré que les formulations pouvaient être jusqu'à 150 fois plus toxiques que les molécules pures. Dans les cellules A549, les insecticides ont induit une surexpression de la GRP78 et une sous-expression des HSPs. Le formetanate (pur ou commercial) a induit une surexpression des transcrits GADD153 et diverses GST et UDPGT. Le Dicarzol a induit une surexpression des transcrits SOD2 et TOP2A
Toxicity of several insecticides was determined in vitro on lung adenocarcinoma A549 and neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell lines, with the aim to find out, among stress proteins, reliable and sensitive markers of occupational or accidental exposure. Carbamates (formétanate, methomyl, pyrimicarb), organochlorines (dienochlor, endosulfan), pyrethroid (bifenthrin) and neonicotinoid (imidacloprid) insecticides were comparatively investigated either as pure chemical or as commercial formulations. Measurement of threshold concentrations (LOEC) leading to a significant decrease of the growth-rate in A549 cells showed that organochlorines were the most toxic whereas imidacloprid and methomyl were the less toxic. SH-SY5Y cells were found to be more sensitive than A549. When compared at similar concentration of active principle, commercial formulations were found to be twice to 100 times more aggressive than the respective pure active molecule. In A549, GRP78 stress protein was up-regulated by almost all the insecticides, commercial formulations being more efficient. No such effect was observed in SH-SY5Y. Conversely, cytosolic HSP72/73 stress proteins were somewhat underexpressed in all cases. .
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Santos, Janete Clair da Silva. "Desenvolvimento de metodologias voltamétricas para determinação simultânea de carbofurano e metomil usando eletrodo de diamante dopado com boro." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2016. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/9223.

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Carbofuran (2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-7yl-methylcarbamate) is a kind of pesticide with nematicide and acaricide power, belonging to the chemical group of benzofuranyl methylcarbamate; methomyl {(R, S)-methyl-N- {[(methylamino) carbonyl] oxy} ethanimidothioate} is also a pesticide with acaricide power, it is inserted into the methylcarbamate oxime chemical group. They present high toxicity, and both are inserted in class I of toxicity and class II of environmental risks. In general, their detection and analytical determinations are carried with chromatographic methods, electrophoretic, fluorometric, spectrophotometric fluorescence X-rays and electroanalytical. In this study, one has made use of boron-doped diamond electrode due to its inherent properties: wide potential range and low adsorption of organic molecules. Thus, one has studied the electrochemical behavior of carbofuran and methomyl using cyclic voltammetry, square-wave voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, being developed methodologies for simultaneous studies by SWV and DPV. Throughout the pH analysis by SWV technique, one observed oxidation process of carbofuran (Ep1 ≈ + 1.3 V vs. EAg/AgCl) and the same process for the methomyl (Ep1 ≈ + 1.6 V vs. EAg/AgCl) in DDB cathodically polarized. A simultaneous methodology using SWV was developed, being the best analytical conditions: pH 1.0 (sulfuric ac. 0.1 mol L-1), f = 150 s-1, ΔEs = 4 mV, ΔEp = 30 mV, td = 10 s, obtaining a linear range of 2.5 x 10-6 to 7.9 x 10-5 mol L-1. Also, an alternative methodology has been developed with the DPV technique. The best VPD analysis conditions that provided the most sensitive voltammetric response were: pH 1.0 (sulfuric ac. 0.1 mol L-1), TI = 0.2, ΔEs = 4 mV, ΔEp = 50 mV, td = 10s, with a linear range of 2.48 x 10-4 to 1.42 x 10-4 mol L-1. This work shows that the two proposed methodologies are feasible. Keywords: methomyl, carbofuran, boron-doped diamond electrodes, voltammetry.
O carbofurano (metilcarbamato de 2,3-hidro-2,2-dimetilbenzofuran-7ila) é um pesticida com ação nematicida e acaricida pertencente ao grupo químico metilcarbamato de benzofuranila, e o metomil [(R, S)-metil-N-(metilcarbamoiloxi) tiocetimidato] é um inseticida e acaricida inserido no grupo químico metilcarbamato de oxima. Possuem alta toxicidade, tendo ambos: classe toxicológica I e classe ambiental II. Em geral, suas detecções e determinações analítica envolvem métodos cromatográficos, eletroforéticos, fluorimétricos, espectrofotométricos com fluorescência de raios-X e eletroanalíticos. Neste estudo se fez uso de um eletrodo de diamante dopado com boro devido às suas propriedades intrínsecas: ampla janela de potencial e baixa adsorção de moléculas orgânicas. Assim, foi estudado o comportamento eletroquímico de carbofurano e metomil usando voltametria cíclica, voltametria de onda quadrada e voltametria de pulso diferencial, sendo desenvolvido metodologias para estudos simultâneo por VOQ e VPD. Através do estudo de pH, realizado pela técnica VOQ, observou-se a oxidação do carbofurano (Ep1 ≈ + 1,3 V vs. EAg/AgCl) e a oxidação do metomil (Ep1 ≈ + 1,6 V vs. EAg/AgCl) em EDDB catódicamente polarizado. Uma metodologia simultânea empregando VOQ foi desenvolvida, sendo as melhores condições de análise: pH 1,0 (ácido sulfúrico 0,1 mol L-1), f = 150 s-1, ΔEs = 4 mV, ΔEp = 30 mV, td = 10 s, obtendo uma faixa linear de 2,5 x 10-6 a 7,9 x 10-5 mol L-1. Também foi desenvolvida uma metodologia alternativa com a técnica de VPD. As melhores condições de análise da VPD que proporcionaram a resposta voltamétrica mais sensível foram: pH 1,0 (ácido sulfúrico 0,1 mol L-1), IT = 0,2 s, ΔEs = 4 mV, ΔEp = 50 mV, td = 10 s, apresentando uma faixa linear 2,48 x 10-4 a 1,42 × 10-4 mol L-1. Os estudos mostram que as duas metodologias propostas são viáveis.
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Costa, Daniel Jackson Estevam da. "Metomil: investigação eletroquímica e desenvolvimento de metodologias voltamétricas usando eletrodo de diamante dopado com boro." Universidade Federal da Paraí­ba, 2013. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/7118.

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Methomyl is a carbamate insecticide widely used to control pests in crops. It is a potential contaminant in groundwater (half-life of 50 weeks) showing harmful effects to fish, aquatic invertebrates, and mammals, reported several cases of human poisoning, affecting the central nervous system. In general, involves the analytical chromatographic methods, fluorometric, spectrophotometric fluorescence X-rays, and the use of cyclic voltammetry and amperometric biosensors with gold electrode, demonstrating the use of electrochemical methods for determination of methomyl. This study made use of an electrode of boron-doped diamond due to its intrinsic properties: wide potential window and low adsorption of organic molecules. Thus, we studied the electrochemical behavior of methomyl using CV, SWV and DPV, being proposed methodologies for the determination of methomyl by SWV and DPV. Through the study of pH, determined by means of VPD were observed five oxidation processes (Ep1  + 1,2 V, Ep2  + 1,6 V, Ep3  + 1,8 V, Ep4 ≈ +1,5 V and Ep5  + 0,8 vs. EAg/AgCl) on DDB cathodically polarized, being more sensitive P2. A methodology was developed using VOQ, being the best analysis conditions: pH 3.0 (BR buffer 0.1 mol L-1), f = 35 s 1, Es = 4 mV, Ep = 40 mV, td = 10 s and  = 1500 rpm, obtaining a linear range of 6,6 × 10 5 a 4,2 × 10 4 mol L-1, However, this method did not provide the acceptable recovery at the concentration studied level for methomyl, according to AOAC-I. The VPD technique was used as an alternative for the determination of methomyl. The best conditions for the analysis of VPD that provided the most sensitive voltammetric response were: pH 2.0 (BR buffer 0.1 mol L-1), IT = 0,2 s, Es = 4 mV, Ep = 50 mV, td =10 s and rpm. The material excellent response preconcentrate allowed the development of an analytical with a linearity range from 5.0 × 10-6 to 4.1 × 10-4 mol L-1 with limits of detection and quantification 1.2 × 10-6 and 4.1 × 10-6 mol L-1, respectively. The sensor showed good repeatability (RSD = 1.1%) and reproducibility (RSD = 1.7%), being feasible with recoveries around 87% for commercial formulations.
Metomil é um inseticida carbamato amplamente empregado no controle de pragas em culturas agrícolas. É um contaminante em potencial das águas subterrâneas (meia-vida de 50 semanas) apresentando efeitos nocivos aos peixes, invertebrados aquáticos e mamíferos, sendo relatados vários casos de envenenamento humano, prejudicando o sistema nervoso central. Em geral, sua determinação analítica envolve métodos cromatográficos, fluorimétricos, espectrofotométricos de fluorescência de raios X, além do uso de biossensores amperométricos e voltametria cíclica com eletrodo de ouro, demonstrando o uso de metodologias eletroquímicas para determinação de metomil. Neste estudo se fez uso de um eletrodo de diamante dopado com boro devido às suas propriedades intrínsecas: ampla janela de potencial e baixa adsorção de moléculas orgânicas. Assim, foi estudado o comportamento eletroquímico do metomil usando VC, VOQ e VPD, sendo propostas metodologias para a determinação de metomil por VOQ e VPD. Através do estudo de pH, realizado pela técnica VPD, foram observados cinco processos de oxidação (Ep1  + 1,2 V, Ep2  + 1,6 V, Ep3  + 1,8 V, Ep4 ≈ +1,5 V e Ep5  + 0,8 vs. EAg/AgCl) em DDB catodicamente polarizado, sendo P2 mais sensível. Uma metodologia empregando VOQ foi desenvolvida, sendo as melhores condições de análise: pH 3,0 (tampão BR 0,1 mol L 1), f = 35 s 1, Es = 4 mV, Ep = 40 mV, td = 10 s e  = 1.500 rpm, obtendo uma faixa linear de 6,6 × 10 5 a 4,2 × 10 4 mol L-1, contudo esse método não apresentou recuperação aceitável para o nível de concentração de metomil estudado, conforme AOAC-I. A técnica de VPD foi utilizada como uma alternativa para a determinação de metomil. As melhores condições de análise da VPD que proporcionaram a resposta voltamétrica mais sensível foram: pH 2,0 (tampão BR 0,1 mol L 1), IT = 0,2 s, Es = 4 mV, Ep = 50 mV, td =10 s e rpm. A excelente resposta do material pré-concentrado permitiu o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia analítica com uma faixa de linearidade de 5,0 × 10-6 até 4,1 × 10-4 mol L 1 com limites de detecção e quantificação de 1,2 × 10 6 e 4,1 × 10 6 mol L 1, respectivamente. O sensor apresentou repetibilidade (DPR = 1,1%) e reprodutibilidade (DPR = 1,7%), mostrando-se viável com recuperações em torno de 87% para formulações comerciais.
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Kinder, James D. "Synthesis and characterization of methoxy-substituted tribenzocyclotriynes and their metal complexes." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1060108138.

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Coskun, Zuhal. "Synthesis And Characterization Of Zsm-35." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/4/1167535/index.pdf.

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Dongol, Krishna Gopal. "Methoxy and trifluoromethyl substituted benzocyclobutenone and benzocyclobutenedione chromium complexes." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=962063487.

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Houts, Frederick William. "Analysis of Methoxy-polyethylene Glycol-modified Human Serum Albumin." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1149010508.

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Books on the topic "Methomyl"

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Pesticide chemical runaway reaction pressure vessel explosion: (two killed, eight injured). [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, 2011.

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Machotka, Otakar. Mravní problém ve světle sociologie: Názory, methody, kritika. Ann Arbor, Mich: UMI Books on Demand, 2006.

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Alberto Methol Ferré: Su pensamiento en Nexo. Buenos Aires: Editorial Dunken, 2010.

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Minkwitz, D. Ersatzstoffe für 2-Methoxy-ethylacetat und 2-Ethoxy-ethylacetat. Dortmund: Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz, 1988.

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Minkwitz, D. Ersatzstoffe für 2-Ethoxy-ethanol und 2-Methoxy-ethanol. Dortmund: Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz, 1986.

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Hans-Jörg, Sandkühler, ed. Geschichtlichkeit der Philosophie: Theorie, Methodol[o]gie und Methode der Historiographie der Philosophie. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1991.

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Harrison, Mary-Ann. Changes in open field behavior following brief exposures to chaos-patterned magnetic fields and the psychedelic drug 5-methoxy-n, n-dimethyltryptamine. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, Behavioural Neuroscience Program, 2001.

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Methomyl. World Health Organization, 1996.

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Methomyl Health and Safety Guide (Health & Safety Guide: 97). World Health Organization, 1995.

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Laghezza, Antonio. 7 Methoxy DMT-F. Independently Published, 2021.

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Book chapters on the topic "Methomyl"

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Van Scoy, April R., Monica Yue, Xin Deng, and Ronald S. Tjeerdema. "Environmental Fate and Toxicology of Methomyl." In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 93–109. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4717-7_3.

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Kulkarni, Amritha G., and Basappa B. Kaliwal. "Bioremediation of Methomyl by Escherichia coli." In Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology, 75–86. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7425-2_4.

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Lázár, Károly, Andjelka Tomašević, Goran Bošković, and Ernő Kiss. "Comparison of Fe-AlPILC and Fe-ZSM-5 catalysts used for degradation of methomyl." In ISIAME 2008, 525–31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01370-6_69.

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Moussa, I., C. Ouzzani, J. F. Bonavent, A. Bervillé, and A. Ghazi. "Maize Mitochondria Fl-Atpase Inhibition by the Cochliobolus Heterostrophus Race T-Toxin and Methomyl." In Phytotoxins and Plant Pathogenesis, 239–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73178-5_18.

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Hidaka, Hisao, Teruo Kurihara, and Nick Serpone. "Photo-assisted Mineralization of the Agrochemical Pesticides Oxamyl and Methomyl and the Herbicides Diphenamid and Asulam." In Nanostructure Science and Technology, 321–44. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-48444-0_14.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Methoxyl Group." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 456. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_7386.

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Chen, C. L. "Determination of Methoxyl Groups." In Methods in Lignin Chemistry, 465–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74065-7_32.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "Methoxy PEG." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 350. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_6467.

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Irvine, William M. "Methoxy Radical." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1556. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_5107.

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Irvine, William M. "Methoxy Radical." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_5107-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Methomyl"

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Veshchemova, T. E., and G. V. Masaltsev. "EVALUATION OF TOXICITY AND ANTICHOLINESTERASE EFFECT OF A METHOMYL-CONTAINING DRUG WHEN ADMINISTERED TO LABORATORY ANIMALS VIA VARIOUS ROUTES." In The 4th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» International Youth Forum (OHIYF-2022). FSBSI «IRIOH», 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-6-9-2022-1-44-48.

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Despite a wide range of insecticidal activity and high efficiency, carbamate insecticides require a highly professional approach to its use due to inherent high toxicity to bees, warm-blooded animals and humans, and undesirable feature of its exhibiting toxic properties not immediately, but after prolonged systematic contact. The goal of this work was to evaluate the toxicity of the methomyl-based drug (25% of the active substance) and its anticholinesterase effect in animal experiments when administered via various routes (rats and rabbits). Materials and methods: Experimental toxicological studies were carried out in accordance with the methodological documents: Guidelines for the hygienic assessment of new pesticides, Guideline R 1.2.3156-13 "Assessment of the toxicity and danger of chemicals and their mixtures for human health." Results: Acute oral and dermal toxicity thresholds, possible irritation and cumulative properties of the formation were evaluated. According to the results, the methomyl-based drug exhibits the highest toxicity when administered intragastrically. When applied to mucous membranes of the eye, the it causes symptoms characteristic of carbamate poisoning. When applied to intact skin of laboratory animals, the drug does not exhibit toxic effects.
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Nabilah, Uray, Azis Sitanggang, and Eko Purnomo. "Rheology of Sunflower, Citrus and Apple Low Methoxyl Pectin." In The Food Ingredient Asia Conference (FiAC). SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010568600003108.

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Lloyd, Max, Rebekah Stein, Daniel Stolper, Korbinian Thalhammer, Richard Barclay, Scott Wing, David Stahle, and Todd Dawson. "Plant photorespiration reconstructed with isotopic clumping in wood methoxyl groups." In Goldschmidt2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.12334.

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Thiemann, Thies, Nuha al Soom, and Saber Elsuccary. "Preparation of methoxy-substituted para-benzoquinones." In The 20th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-20-a007.

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Milanovic, Žiko, Marko Antonijevic, Ana Kesic, Dusan Dimic, and Jelena Đorovic Jovanovic. "ANTIOKSIDATIVNI KAPACITET ANTRAHINONA IZ BILJKE RUBIA CORDIFOLIA LINN." In XXVI savetovanje o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.487m.

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In this study, the antioxidant and antiradical capacities of anthraquinones from Rubia cordifolia Linn were determined using the DFT method. The thermodynamically most favorable reaction pathways of antioxidant mechanisms were defined, as well as the most favorable antiradical reaction mechanisms for the deactivation of methylperoxyl and methoxy radicals. The calculations were done in the gas phase. HAT is thermodynamically the most favorable mechanism of antioxidant action of the studied anthraquinones, while the most probable mechanism of deactivation of methylperoxyl and methoxy radicals is the SPLET mechanism.
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Kusumaningrum, Vivi Ambar, Ahmad Hanapi, Rachmawati Ningsih, Sri Ani Nafiah, and Ainun Nadhiroh. "Synthesis, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity of 2-methoxy-4 - ((4-methoxy phenyl imino) -methyl) phenol compounds." In International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Social Science (ICONETOS 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210421.042.

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STADLBAUER, Wolfgang, Guy Enoua, Günther Lahm, and Georg Uray. "Fluorescence Properties of 6-Methoxy-4-p-toluenesulfonyl-carbostyrils and 6-Methoxy-4-p-toluenesulfonyloxy-carbostyrils." In The 15th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-15-00783.

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Long, George R., Russell D. Johnson, and Jeffrey W. Hudgens. "Detection of Gas Phase Methoxy Radicals by Resonance Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization Spectroscopy." In Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/laca.1987.tub5.

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Resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) spectra of CH3O and CD3O between 350-270 nm are reported. The Methoxy radicals were generated by the reaction of F atoms with CH3OH, CH3OD, and CD3OD in a flow reactor. Two band systems are observed in this region. The most prominent feature of the first resides at 320.6 nm in CH3O and at 319.3 nm in CD3O. The second band system consists of two intense transitions at 295.2 nm and 291.5 nm for CH3O and 294.5 nm and 290.7 nm for CD3O. Mass spectra of both isotopic analogues showed that the methoxy molecular ions do not fragment.
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Zyuzin, Igor. "SYNTHESIS OF 2,2-BIS(METHOXY-NNO-AZOXY)ETHYL NITRAMINES VIA THE 2,2-BIS(METHOXY-NNO-AZOXY)ETHYL TRIFLUOUROACETATE." In Chemistry of nitro compounds and related nitrogen-oxygen systems. LLC MAKS Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m786.aks-2019/325-328.

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Stanton, John, Daniel Neumark, Takatoshi Ichino, Jongjin Kim, Marissa Weichman, and Lan Cheng. "AB INITIO SIMULATION OF THE PHOTOELECTRON SPECTRUM FOR METHOXY RADICAL." In 70th International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15278/isms.2015.th01.

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Reports on the topic "Methomyl"

1

Shomer, Ilan, Louise Wicker, Uzi Merin, and William L. Kerr. Interactions of Cloud Proteins, Pectins and Pectinesterases in Flocculation of Citrus Cloud. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580669.bard.

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The overall objective was to understand the cloud flocculation of citrus juice by characterization of the interactions between proteins and pectins, and to determine the role of PE isozymes in catalyzing this phenomenon. Specific objectives were to: 1. identify/characterize cloud-proteins in relation to their coagulable properties and affinity to pectins; 2. to determine structural changes of PME and other proteins induced by cation/pectin interactions; 3. localize cloud proteins, PME and bound protein/pectates in unheated and pasteurized juices; 4. to create "sensitized" pectins and determine their effect on clarification. The original objectives were not changed but the methods and approach were modified due to specific research requirements. Two i postulates were: 1. there is a specific interaction of cloud proteins with de-esterified regions of ! pectin and this contributes to cloud loss; 2. isozymes of pectin-methyl-esterase (PME) vary in efficiency to create sensitized pectins. The appearance of citrus fruit juice is an important quality factor and is determined by the color and turbidity that .are conferred by the suspended particles, i.e., by the cloud and its homogeneity. Under some circumstances the cloud tend to flocculate and the juice clarifies. The accepted approach to explain the clarification is based on pectin demethoxylation by PME that promotes formation of Ca-pectate. Therefore, the juice includes immediate heat-inactivation upon ~ squeezing. Protein coagulation also promotes cloud instability of citrus fruit extracts. However, the clarification mechanism is not fully understood. Information accumulated from several laboratories indicates that clarification is a more complex process than can be explained by a single mechanism. The increasing trend to consume natural-fresh juice emphasizing the importance of the knowledge to assure homogeneity of fresh juice. The research included complementary directions: Conditions that induce cloud-instability of natural- juice [IL]. Evaluate purification schemes of protein [USA]. Identifications of proteins, pectin and neutral sugars ([IL]; Structure of the cloud components using light and electron microscopy and immuno-labeling of PME, high-methoxyl-pectin (HMP) and low-methoxyl-pectin (LMP); Molecular weight of calcium sensitized pectins [US]; Evaluation of the products of PME activity [US]. Fractions and size distribution and cloud components [IL-US]. The optimal pH activity of PME is 7 and the flocculation pH of the cloud is 3-4. Thus, the c roles of PME, proteins and pectins in the cloud instability, were studied in pH ranges of 2- 7. The experiments led to establish firstly repeatable simulate conditions for cloud instability [IL]. Thermostable PME (TS-PE) known to induce cloud instability, but also thermolabile forms of PME (TL-PE) caused clarification, most likely due to the formation and dissolution of inactive :. PE-pectin complexes and displacement of a protective colloid from the cloud surface [US]. Furthermore, elimination of non-PME protein increases TS-PE activity, indicating that non-PME proteins moderate PME activity [US]. Other experiments Concomitantly with the study of the PME activity but promotes the association of cloud-proteins to pectin. Adjusting of the juice pH to f 7 retains the cloud stability and re-adjusting of the pH to 40% DE reacts to immuno-labeling in the cloud fragments, whereas
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2

Percec, Virgil, Dimitris Tomazos, and Reginal A. Willingham. The Influence of the Polymer Backbone Flexibility on the Phase Transitions of Side Chain Liquid Crystal Polymers Containing 6-(4-Methoxy-Beta-Metylstyryl) Phenoxy)Hexyl Side Groups. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada208821.

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3

Jander, Georg, and Daniel Chamovitz. Investigation of growth regulation by maize benzoxazinoid breakdown products. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600031.bard.

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Introduction Previous research had suggested that benzoxazinoids, a class of defensive metabolites found in maize, wheat, rye, and wild barley, are not only direct insect deterrents, but also influence other areas of plant metabolism. In particular, the benzoxazinoid 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxa- zin-3(4H)- one (DIMBOA) was implicated in: (i) altering plant growth by interfering with auxin signaling, and (ii) leading to the induction of gene expression changes and secondary plant defense responses. The overall goal of this proposal was to identify mechanisms by which benzoxazinoids influence other aspects of plant growth and defense. Specifically, the following hypotheses were proposed to be tested as part of an approved BARD proposal: Benzoxazinoid breakdown products directly interfere with auxin perception Global changes in maize and barley gene expression are induced by benzoxazinoid activation. There is natural variation in the maize photomorphogenic response to benzoxazinoids. Although the initial proposal included experiments with both maize and barley, there were some technical difficulties with the proposed transgenic barley experiments and most of the experimental results were generated with maize. Summary of major findings Previous research by other labs, involving both maize and other plant species, had suggested that DIMBOA alters plant growth by interfering with auxin signaling. However, experiments conducted in both the Chamovitz and the Jander labs using Arabidopsis and maize, respectively, were unable to confirm previously published reports of exogenously added DIMBOA effects on auxin signaling. Nevertheless, analysis of bx1 and bx2 maize mutant lines, which have almost no detectable benzoxazinoids, showed altered responses to blue light signaling. Transcriptomic analysis of maize mutant lines, variation in inbred lines, and responses to exogenously added DIMBOA showed alteration in the transcription of a blue light receptor, which is required for plant growth responses. This finding provides a novel mechanistic explanation of the trade-off between growth and defense that is often observed in plants. Experiments by the Jander lab and others had demonstrated that DIMBOA not only has direct toxicity against insect pests and microbial pathogens, but also induces the formation of callose in both maize and wheat. In the current project, non-targeted metabolomic assays of wildtype maize and mutants with defects in benzoxazinoid biosynthesis were used to identify unrelated metabolites that are regulated in a benzoxazinoid-dependent manner. Further investigation identified a subset of these DIMBOA-responsive compounds as catechol, as well as its glycosylated and acetylated derivatives. Analysis of co-expression data identified indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase (IGPS) as a possible regulator of benzoxazinoid biosynthesis in maize. In the current project, enzymatic activity of three predicted maize IGPS genes was confirmed by heterologous expression. Transposon knockout mutations confirmed the function of the maize genes in benzoxazinoid biosynthesis. Sub-cellular localization studies showed that the three maize IGPS proteins are co-localized in the plastids, together with BX1 and BX2, two previously known enzymes of the benzoxazinoid biosynthesis pathway. Implications Benzoxazinoids are among the most abundant and effective defensive metabolites in maize, wheat, and rye. Although there is considerable with-in species variation in benzoxazinoid content, very little is known about the regulation of this variation and the specific effects on plant growth and defense. The results of this research provide further insight into the complex functions of maize benzoxazinoids, which are not only toxic to pests and pathogens, but also regulate plant growth and other defense responses. Knowledge gained through the current project will make it possible to engineer benzoxazinoid biosynthesis in a more targeted manner to produce pest-tolerant crops without negative effects on growth and yield.
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