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Hidalgo, Nicho Eduardo Alejandro. "Toxicidad de la mezcla binaria de los plaguicidas metomilo y rotenona en la “lenteja de agua” Lemna minor (Linnaeus, 1758)." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Ricardo Palma, 2015. http://cybertesis.urp.edu.pe/handle/urp/698.
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Se evaluó la toxicidad individual y binaria de los plaguicidas metomilo y rotenona en la macrofita Lemna minor (Linnaeus, 1753) para determinar la acción sinérgica o antagónica de una mezcla equitóxica. Los ensayos se realizaron bajo condiciones de laboratorio (T 29 ± 2°C; H 48,6 ± 9,4 %) y los resultados fueron analizados con los programas estadísticos BMDS® y Probit para calcular la concentración efectiva media (CE50) a través de los parámetros Área de la Fronda (AF) y Nuevas Frondas (NF). Los resultados sugieren una mayor precisión al utilizar el Método del Punto de Referencia del programa BMDS® para el cálculo de la concentración efectiva. Adicionalmente, se calculó la concentración total de clorofila (CTC) y peso húmedo (PH) para determinar la inhibición del crecimiento (Ir). Del mismo modo, se realizó una comparación entre los valores NOAEL (nivel de efecto no observado) y LOAEL (nivel bajo de efecto observado) versus los valores de BMDL (límite inferior del punto de referencia) y BMD (nivel de variación en el punto de referencia), respectivamente. El análisis muestra que existe una mayor precisión al emplear los valores BMD y BMDL. La acción fitotóxica varió según el parámetro analizado. La CE50 mostró mayores valores en el parámetro NF (1079,22 mg·L-1 para rotenona; 7147,42 mg·L-1 para metomilo; 597,904 mg·L-1 mezcla binaria: metomilo y 298,93 mg·L-1 mezcla binaria: rotenona) que en el parámetro AF (782,173 mg·L-1 para rotenona; 6919,79 mg·L-1 para metomilo; 629,513 mg·L-1 mezcla binaria: metomilo y 314,754 mg·L-1 mezcla binaria: rotenona). Finalmente, el modelo de concentración-adición mostró que la acción fitotóxica de la mezcla de ambos plaguicidas en Lemna minor tiene un efecto sinérgico.
Macrophyte Lemna minor (Linnaeus, 1753) was used to evaluate the phytotoxicity of the individual and mix action of methomyl and rotenone pesticides under laboratory conditions (Temperature 29 ± 2°C; Humidity 48,6 9,4 %). The taken measures to establish half effective concentration (EC50) were the frond area (AF) and production of new fronds (NF). In this study, BMDS® and Probit stadistical data analyses were used to compare the results about effective concentration. Results suggest Benchmark dose method of BMDS® program was more effective than Probit program when EC50 were determined. Additionally, total chlorophyll concentration (CTC) and humidity weight (PH) parameters were calculated to determinate the growth inhibition (Ir). Likewise, NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level) and LOAEL (low observer adverse effect level) were compared with BMDL (lower bench mark dose) and BMD (Bench mark dose), respectively. BMD and BMDL values were more accurate than NOAEL and LOAEL values. Phytotoxic action varied according the parameter. EC50 values of Lemna minor showed poor sensibility to methomyl pesticide with an elevated concentration in both parameters (6919,79 mg•L-1 and 7147,42 mg•L-1 for AF and NF, respectively). Results of rotenone pesticide were lower than methomyl, with 1079,22 mg•L-1 (NF) and 782,173 mg•L-1 (AF). Finally, the mix toxicity was 597,904 mg•L-1 (methomyl: NF), 298,93 mg•L-1 (rotenone: NF), 629,513 mg•L-1 (methomyl: AF) and 314,754 mg•L-1 (rotenone: AF). For synergy calculation, Concentration-Adition value was used, concluding a higher synergism.
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SANTOS, Vanessa Corrêa. "Resistência de populações pernambucanas de traças-das-crucíferas, Plutella xylostella (L.,1758) (Lepidoptera : Plutellidae) a inseticidas." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2010. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6035.
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Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), popularly known as diamondback moth, is a major pest of brassicaceae crops (e.g., kale, cauliflower, broccoli, and cabbage) throughout the world. Several insecticides have been intensively used during several cultivation cycles and, even in some areas, up to 15 to 20 applications per season have been observed. Besides the problems they may cause to human and environmental health, the frequent use of these products has been associated to the evolution of resistance in P. xylostella populations to various insecticides such as the pyrethroids, carbamates, organophosphates, and even Bacillus thuringiensis. The current study objective was to identify the resistance in P. xylostella populations from Pernambuco State, when exposed to abamectin, methomyl, lufenuron, indoxacarb, and diafentiuron. Concentration-response regressions were established using 2nd-instar larvae of P. xylostella. All P. xylostella populations showed significant resistance ratio (RR) to at least one insecticide. The smallestCL50s values were estimated for abamectin, which varied from 0.01 to 0.74 mg/L and the highest CL50s were estimated for diafentiuron, which varied from 47.9 to 122.2 mg/L. The Bezerro County population presented the highest resistance ratios to indoxacarb (25.3-fold), abamectin (61.7-fold), and lufenuron (705.2-fold), compared to the reference population. TheBonito and Jupi Counties populations were 33.0- and 12.0-times more resistant to lufenuron and abamectina, respectively. These results demonstrate that intensive and indiscriminate use of insecticides in Pernambuco must be a concern, which suggests the immediate establishment of a resistance management program associated to integrated pest management in these areas.
Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), conhecida popularmente como traça-das-crucíferas é considerada a principal praga do cultivo de brássicas (ex: couve, couve-flor, brócolis e repolho) em todo o mundo. Diversos inseticidas têm sido utilizados intensivamente durante o ciclo da cultura, e em algumas áreas já foram detectadas 15 a 20 aplicações por ciclo. Além dos problemas gerados à saúde do agricultor e ao meio ambiente, o uso excessivo desses produtos tem proporcionado o aparecimento de populações resistentes deste inseto-praga a diversos compostos químicos, como é o caso dos inseticidas piretróides, carbamatos, organofosforados e Bacillus thuringiensis. O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar a resistência em populações de P. xylostella do Estado de Pernambuco, utilizando os inseticidas abamectina, metomil, lufenurom, diafentiuron e indoxacarbe. Curvas de concentração-resposta foram estabelecidas usando lagartas de 2º instar de P. xylostella. Todas as populações pernambucanas de P. xylostella apresentaram razão de resistência (RR) significativa a pelomenos um inseticida. As menores CL50s foram registradas para o inseticida abamectina, variando de 0,01 a 0,74 mg/L e as maiores CL50s foram para o inseticida diafentiuron, 47,9 a 122,2 mg/L. A população do município de Bezerros apresentou as maiores razões de resistência 25,3 a indoxacarbe, 61,7 a abamectina e 705,2 a lufenurom, quando comparadas àpopulação suscetível. A população do município de Bonito apresentou uma razão de resistência 33,0 a lufenurom e Jupi 12,0 para abamectina. Estes resultados demonstram que o uso intensivo e indiscriminado de inseticidas na região Agreste de Pernambuco é preocupante, sugerindo o estabelecimento de um programa de manejo da resistência associado ao manejo integrado de pragas nesta área.
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Santos, Paula Ivani Medeiros dos. "Avalia??o da toxicidade aguda do inseticida metomil e o seu efeito sobre a atividade da acetilcolinesterase do peixe Danio rerio." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2009. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/12489.
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Previous issue date: 2009-10-05Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
Methomyl (Lannate?) is an insecticide from the carbamate group, frequently used in pest control in various types of crops. This compound works inhibiting the activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. The use of physicochemical and ecotoxicological analysis is the most efficient strategy for the correct characterization and control of residues of metomil. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the acute toxicity of methomyl in 96 hours of exposure and, through a sublethal assay of 5 hours, to assess its effect on the activity of acetylcholinesterase present in brain and squeletic dorsal muscle of the Danio rerio fish. The results showed that the LC50-96 found to D. rerio was 3.4 mg/L and it was found through the average of four definitive tests. In vitro assays were used to test the inhibitory action of methomyl directly over soluble AChE, extracted from the squeletic dorsal muscle, with maximum inhibition of 68.57% to the insecticide concentrations of 0.2 mg/L. In sublethal tests with D. rerio, inhibitory effect of methomyl was found over the soluble form of AChE in the squeletic dorsal muscle, both in one and five hours of fish exposure to the insecticide. In both period, the average values of inhibition were around 61%. In the same condition, no significant inhibitory effect of methomyl soluble and membrane AChE of the D. rerio was observed in the 0.42, 0.85, 1.70 and 2.50 mg/L concentrations and in both times of fish exposure
O Metomil (Lannate?) ? um inseticida do grupo dos carbamatos utilizado no combate a pragas em diversos tipos de lavouras, sua forma de a??o ? atrav?s da inibi??o da enzima acetilcolinesterase. Para uma caracteriza??o adequada e controle de seus despejos, a estrat?gia mais eficiente ? o uso integrado de an?lises qu?micas, f?sicas e ecotoxicol?gicas. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a toxicidade aguda em 96h do metomil, e atrav?s de um ensaio subletal de cinco (5) horas, estimar o seu efeito sobre a atividade da acetilcolinesterase no c?rebro e m?sculo esquel?tico dorsal da esp?cie Danio rerio. Os resultados demonstraram que no Danio rerio o valor da CL-50-96h encontrada foi de 3,40 mg/L, obtida atrav?s da m?dia de quatro testes realizados. Nos ensaios in vitro foi atestada a a??o inibit?ria da metomil diretamente sobre a AChE sol?vel extra?da do m?sculo esquel?tico dorsal do D. rerio com uma inibi??o m?xima de 68,57 % para a concentra??o de 0,2 mg/L do inseticida. Nos testes subletais com D. rerio foi constatado o efeito inibit?rio do metomil sobre a forma sol?vel da AChE de m?sculo esquel?tico dorsal, tanto em uma como em cinco horas de exposi??o do peixe ao inseticida. Em ambos os hor?rios os valores m?dios de inibi??o foram em torno de 61%. Nas mesmas condi??es n?o foi observada inibi??o significativa da atividade da AChE de membrana do m?sculos. N?o foi observado efeito inibit?rio do metomil sobre as AChE sol?vel e de membrana de c?rebro de D. rerio, nas concentra??es 0,42, 0,85, 1,70, 2,50 mg/L e em ambos os hor?rios de exposi??o dos peixes
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Skandrani, Dalila. "Détermination des seuils de toxicité de divers insecticides (forme pure ou commerciale) sur cellules humaines en culture (A549, SH-SY5Y) : expression des gènes et protéines de stress (HSPs, GRPs,…)." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30233.
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Ce travail a eu pour but de déterminer les concentrations cytotoxiques de divers insecticides (molécule pure versus formulation commerciale) qui induisaient une inhibition de la prolifération de cellules d'origine pulmonaire (A549) ou neuronale (SH-SY5Y) et d'analyser les variations d'expression de gènes de stress par la technique des cDNA arrays et/ou des protéines (HSP, GRP) sur western blot. Il a été montré que les formulations pouvaient être jusqu'à 150 fois plus toxiques que les molécules pures. Dans les cellules A549, les insecticides ont induit une surexpression de la GRP78 et une sous-expression des HSPs. Le formetanate (pur ou commercial) a induit une surexpression des transcrits GADD153 et diverses GST et UDPGT. Le Dicarzol a induit une surexpression des transcrits SOD2 et TOP2AToxicity of several insecticides was determined in vitro on lung adenocarcinoma A549 and neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell lines, with the aim to find out, among stress proteins, reliable and sensitive markers of occupational or accidental exposure. Carbamates (formétanate, methomyl, pyrimicarb), organochlorines (dienochlor, endosulfan), pyrethroid (bifenthrin) and neonicotinoid (imidacloprid) insecticides were comparatively investigated either as pure chemical or as commercial formulations. Measurement of threshold concentrations (LOEC) leading to a significant decrease of the growth-rate in A549 cells showed that organochlorines were the most toxic whereas imidacloprid and methomyl were the less toxic. SH-SY5Y cells were found to be more sensitive than A549. When compared at similar concentration of active principle, commercial formulations were found to be twice to 100 times more aggressive than the respective pure active molecule. In A549, GRP78 stress protein was up-regulated by almost all the insecticides, commercial formulations being more efficient. No such effect was observed in SH-SY5Y. Conversely, cytosolic HSP72/73 stress proteins were somewhat underexpressed in all cases. .
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Santos, Janete Clair da Silva. "Desenvolvimento de metodologias voltamétricas para determinação simultânea de carbofurano e metomil usando eletrodo de diamante dopado com boro." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2016. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/9223.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Carbofuran (2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-7yl-methylcarbamate) is a kind of pesticide with nematicide and acaricide power, belonging to the chemical group of benzofuranyl methylcarbamate; methomyl {(R, S)-methyl-N- {[(methylamino) carbonyl] oxy} ethanimidothioate} is also a pesticide with acaricide power, it is inserted into the methylcarbamate oxime chemical group. They present high toxicity, and both are inserted in class I of toxicity and class II of environmental risks. In general, their detection and analytical determinations are carried with chromatographic methods, electrophoretic, fluorometric, spectrophotometric fluorescence X-rays and electroanalytical. In this study, one has made use of boron-doped diamond electrode due to its inherent properties: wide potential range and low adsorption of organic molecules. Thus, one has studied the electrochemical behavior of carbofuran and methomyl using cyclic voltammetry, square-wave voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, being developed methodologies for simultaneous studies by SWV and DPV. Throughout the pH analysis by SWV technique, one observed oxidation process of carbofuran (Ep1 ≈ + 1.3 V vs. EAg/AgCl) and the same process for the methomyl (Ep1 ≈ + 1.6 V vs. EAg/AgCl) in DDB cathodically polarized. A simultaneous methodology using SWV was developed, being the best analytical conditions: pH 1.0 (sulfuric ac. 0.1 mol L-1), f = 150 s-1, ΔEs = 4 mV, ΔEp = 30 mV, td = 10 s, obtaining a linear range of 2.5 x 10-6 to 7.9 x 10-5 mol L-1. Also, an alternative methodology has been developed with the DPV technique. The best VPD analysis conditions that provided the most sensitive voltammetric response were: pH 1.0 (sulfuric ac. 0.1 mol L-1), TI = 0.2, ΔEs = 4 mV, ΔEp = 50 mV, td = 10s, with a linear range of 2.48 x 10-4 to 1.42 x 10-4 mol L-1. This work shows that the two proposed methodologies are feasible. Keywords: methomyl, carbofuran, boron-doped diamond electrodes, voltammetry.
O carbofurano (metilcarbamato de 2,3-hidro-2,2-dimetilbenzofuran-7ila) é um pesticida com ação nematicida e acaricida pertencente ao grupo químico metilcarbamato de benzofuranila, e o metomil [(R, S)-metil-N-(metilcarbamoiloxi) tiocetimidato] é um inseticida e acaricida inserido no grupo químico metilcarbamato de oxima. Possuem alta toxicidade, tendo ambos: classe toxicológica I e classe ambiental II. Em geral, suas detecções e determinações analítica envolvem métodos cromatográficos, eletroforéticos, fluorimétricos, espectrofotométricos com fluorescência de raios-X e eletroanalíticos. Neste estudo se fez uso de um eletrodo de diamante dopado com boro devido às suas propriedades intrínsecas: ampla janela de potencial e baixa adsorção de moléculas orgânicas. Assim, foi estudado o comportamento eletroquímico de carbofurano e metomil usando voltametria cíclica, voltametria de onda quadrada e voltametria de pulso diferencial, sendo desenvolvido metodologias para estudos simultâneo por VOQ e VPD. Através do estudo de pH, realizado pela técnica VOQ, observou-se a oxidação do carbofurano (Ep1 ≈ + 1,3 V vs. EAg/AgCl) e a oxidação do metomil (Ep1 ≈ + 1,6 V vs. EAg/AgCl) em EDDB catódicamente polarizado. Uma metodologia simultânea empregando VOQ foi desenvolvida, sendo as melhores condições de análise: pH 1,0 (ácido sulfúrico 0,1 mol L-1), f = 150 s-1, ΔEs = 4 mV, ΔEp = 30 mV, td = 10 s, obtendo uma faixa linear de 2,5 x 10-6 a 7,9 x 10-5 mol L-1. Também foi desenvolvida uma metodologia alternativa com a técnica de VPD. As melhores condições de análise da VPD que proporcionaram a resposta voltamétrica mais sensível foram: pH 1,0 (ácido sulfúrico 0,1 mol L-1), IT = 0,2 s, ΔEs = 4 mV, ΔEp = 50 mV, td = 10 s, apresentando uma faixa linear 2,48 x 10-4 a 1,42 × 10-4 mol L-1. Os estudos mostram que as duas metodologias propostas são viáveis.
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Costa, Daniel Jackson Estevam da. "Metomil: investigação eletroquímica e desenvolvimento de metodologias voltamétricas usando eletrodo de diamante dopado com boro." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2013. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/7118.
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Previous issue date: 2013-09-17Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Methomyl is a carbamate insecticide widely used to control pests in crops. It is a potential contaminant in groundwater (half-life of 50 weeks) showing harmful effects to fish, aquatic invertebrates, and mammals, reported several cases of human poisoning, affecting the central nervous system. In general, involves the analytical chromatographic methods, fluorometric, spectrophotometric fluorescence X-rays, and the use of cyclic voltammetry and amperometric biosensors with gold electrode, demonstrating the use of electrochemical methods for determination of methomyl. This study made use of an electrode of boron-doped diamond due to its intrinsic properties: wide potential window and low adsorption of organic molecules. Thus, we studied the electrochemical behavior of methomyl using CV, SWV and DPV, being proposed methodologies for the determination of methomyl by SWV and DPV. Through the study of pH, determined by means of VPD were observed five oxidation processes (Ep1 + 1,2 V, Ep2 + 1,6 V, Ep3 + 1,8 V, Ep4 ≈ +1,5 V and Ep5 + 0,8 vs. EAg/AgCl) on DDB cathodically polarized, being more sensitive P2. A methodology was developed using VOQ, being the best analysis conditions: pH 3.0 (BR buffer 0.1 mol L-1), f = 35 s 1, Es = 4 mV, Ep = 40 mV, td = 10 s and = 1500 rpm, obtaining a linear range of 6,6 × 10 5 a 4,2 × 10 4 mol L-1, However, this method did not provide the acceptable recovery at the concentration studied level for methomyl, according to AOAC-I. The VPD technique was used as an alternative for the determination of methomyl. The best conditions for the analysis of VPD that provided the most sensitive voltammetric response were: pH 2.0 (BR buffer 0.1 mol L-1), IT = 0,2 s, Es = 4 mV, Ep = 50 mV, td =10 s and rpm. The material excellent response preconcentrate allowed the development of an analytical with a linearity range from 5.0 × 10-6 to 4.1 × 10-4 mol L-1 with limits of detection and quantification 1.2 × 10-6 and 4.1 × 10-6 mol L-1, respectively. The sensor showed good repeatability (RSD = 1.1%) and reproducibility (RSD = 1.7%), being feasible with recoveries around 87% for commercial formulations.
Metomil é um inseticida carbamato amplamente empregado no controle de pragas em culturas agrícolas. É um contaminante em potencial das águas subterrâneas (meia-vida de 50 semanas) apresentando efeitos nocivos aos peixes, invertebrados aquáticos e mamíferos, sendo relatados vários casos de envenenamento humano, prejudicando o sistema nervoso central. Em geral, sua determinação analítica envolve métodos cromatográficos, fluorimétricos, espectrofotométricos de fluorescência de raios X, além do uso de biossensores amperométricos e voltametria cíclica com eletrodo de ouro, demonstrando o uso de metodologias eletroquímicas para determinação de metomil. Neste estudo se fez uso de um eletrodo de diamante dopado com boro devido às suas propriedades intrínsecas: ampla janela de potencial e baixa adsorção de moléculas orgânicas. Assim, foi estudado o comportamento eletroquímico do metomil usando VC, VOQ e VPD, sendo propostas metodologias para a determinação de metomil por VOQ e VPD. Através do estudo de pH, realizado pela técnica VPD, foram observados cinco processos de oxidação (Ep1 + 1,2 V, Ep2 + 1,6 V, Ep3 + 1,8 V, Ep4 ≈ +1,5 V e Ep5 + 0,8 vs. EAg/AgCl) em DDB catodicamente polarizado, sendo P2 mais sensível. Uma metodologia empregando VOQ foi desenvolvida, sendo as melhores condições de análise: pH 3,0 (tampão BR 0,1 mol L 1), f = 35 s 1, Es = 4 mV, Ep = 40 mV, td = 10 s e = 1.500 rpm, obtendo uma faixa linear de 6,6 × 10 5 a 4,2 × 10 4 mol L-1, contudo esse método não apresentou recuperação aceitável para o nível de concentração de metomil estudado, conforme AOAC-I. A técnica de VPD foi utilizada como uma alternativa para a determinação de metomil. As melhores condições de análise da VPD que proporcionaram a resposta voltamétrica mais sensível foram: pH 2,0 (tampão BR 0,1 mol L 1), IT = 0,2 s, Es = 4 mV, Ep = 50 mV, td =10 s e rpm. A excelente resposta do material pré-concentrado permitiu o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia analítica com uma faixa de linearidade de 5,0 × 10-6 até 4,1 × 10-4 mol L 1 com limites de detecção e quantificação de 1,2 × 10 6 e 4,1 × 10 6 mol L 1, respectivamente. O sensor apresentou repetibilidade (DPR = 1,1%) e reprodutibilidade (DPR = 1,7%), mostrando-se viável com recuperações em torno de 87% para formulações comerciais.
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Kinder, James D. "Synthesis and characterization of methoxy-substituted tribenzocyclotriynes and their metal complexes." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1060108138.
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Coskun, Zuhal. "Synthesis And Characterization Of Zsm-35." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/4/1167535/index.pdf.
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Dongol, Krishna Gopal. "Methoxy and trifluoromethyl substituted benzocyclobutenone and benzocyclobutenedione chromium complexes." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=962063487.
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Houts, Frederick William. "Analysis of Methoxy-polyethylene Glycol-modified Human Serum Albumin." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1149010508.
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Coomber, Stuart David. "Vibrational spectroscopy of thin films and monolayers." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285641.
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Adnan, Rohana. "Theoretical studies and structural analysis of models of surface organometallic centres." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327328.
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Sun, Jian-Sheng. "Etats excites et relaxation de la 2-methoxy,6-chloro,9-aminoacridine : interactions d'oligonucleotides lies a la 2-methoxy,6-chloro,9-aminoacridine et d'acides nucleiques." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066634.
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Muret, Patrice. "Contributions pour une meilleure optimisation de la 5-methoxy-psoralene uvatherapie." Besançon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BESA3711.
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Hashizume, Katsumi. "Studies of 2-Methoxy-3-alkylpyrazines in Wines and Wine Grapes." Kyoto University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/149942.
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Jeong, Gloria Young Ju. "Neutrophil-mediated damage to cardiac myocytes: inhibition by 4-methoxy nitroxide." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27283.
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Inflammation following acute myocardial infarction (AMI), leads to the recruitment of neutrophils to affected heart cells and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) produced by neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO) can further damage cardiac cells. This process involves activation of MAP kinases via enhanced tyrosine kinase (TK) and decreased protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) activities that promote an imbalance in cellular phosphorylation.
Inhibition of neutrophil-MPO by low molecular weight nitroxides may prevent this secondary damage and re-balance intracellular signalling. Cardiac myocyte-like H9c2 cells were coincubated with isolated human neutrophils that were either (i) untreated (control); (ii) activated with chemical stimulants or (iii) pre-treated with 4-Methoxynitroxide (MetT, 25 μM). Cells were co-cultured for 4 h and harvested. These were taken for genetic, biochemical
and molecular analysis. Exposure of H9c2 cells to activated neutrophils resulted in a weak trend to decreased cell viability vs the control. Cells treated with activated neutrophils also showed increased TK activity as judged by enhanced phosphorylation of MAP kinases p38 and ERK1/2 vs the control as assessed by Western blotting and immunofluorescent microscopy. Total PTP activity decreased in parallel with increased MAP kinase activity in the same H9c2 cells exposed to activated neutrophils. By contrast, pre-incubation of cells with MetT ameliorated increases in MAP kinase activity and restored PTP activity to baseline. Levels of mRNA for pro-inflammatory tumour necrosis factor, NFκB and antioxidants superoxide dismutase-1 were up-regulated in the presence of activated neutrophils, and pre-treatment with MetT inhibited these gene responses. Overall, the adverse effects of neutrophil-derived HOCl on cultured cardiac myocytes were ameliorated with a pharmacological dose of MetT suggesting that nitroxides may be beneficial in the setting of AMI.
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Craven, Philip. "The total synthesis of 4-methoxy-6-methylheptadienoic acid natural products." Thesis, University of York, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3841/.
Full textAbstract:
The total synthesis and first structural confirmation of the natural product (±)-cuevaene A I, isolated from Streptomyces sp. HKI 0180, and studies towards the total synthesis of natural products JBIR-23 V and 24 VI, isolated from Streptomyces sp. AK-AB27, are described herein. Chapter 1 gives background to these and related natural products. The previous synthesis of I and the resultant structural ambiguity are also discussed. In Chapter 2, the available methods of forming tetrahydrobenzofuran-1-ols are reviewed before the synthesis of the key aldehyde intermediate II from phenol IV via ketone III is discussed. The triene sidechain was then installed in a stepwise manner through a series of olefination reactions to achieve the total synthesis of I. The structural confirmation of I was then achieved through the comparison of NMR spectroscopic data with the raw isolation data. The key intermediate for the total synthesis of JBIR-23 V and 24 VI was identified as epoxyquinol VII and Chapter 3 discusses the investigations into its synthesis. Chapter 4 discusses two complementary methodologies developed to provide access to 4-methoxypentadienoates X, as seen in the sidechain of natural products I, V and VI, from the analogous γ,δ-epoxydienoates VIII through an initial epoxide opening and subsequent elimination of the resulting alcohols IX. The selectivity and substrate scope of the two processes is then investigated.
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Strait, Matthew John. "The Effect of Liquid or Dry Honey as a Partial Replacement for Sugar on the Baking and Keeping Qualities of Fat Reduced Muffins." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36875.
Full textAbstract:
The food industry has responded to the American Heart Association's overwhelming concerns about the complications of obesity with an array of fat reduced products that maintain the functionality of fat in given systems. In baked products, it appears that no one single ingredient effectively mimics these functions. The present study investigated the effect of liquid or dry honey as a partial replacement for sugar on the baking and keeping qualities of fat reduced muffins. The fat reduced muffins also utilized a hydrocolloid fat replacer, bacterial and fungal amylases, and an emulsifier (DATEM).
Results showed that both liquid and dry honey significantly (p<0.05) increased crust and crumb color at all replacement levels, however the use of 25% liquid honey was shown to favorably increase the crust color of fat reduced muffins. Volume was not significantly (p>0.05) affected but appeared to decrease with the addition of honey due to either premature starch gelatinization or a decrease in batter pH. The addition of honey increased moisture content, and decreased water activity, but did not decrease firmness or staling rates especially after prolonged frozen storage. Sensory panelists noted that the addition of liquid or dry honey increased the cohesive forces and decreased tenderness. The addition of moisture to the fat reduced system did not appear to improve the perceived moistness of the product.Master of Science
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Stakhursky, Vadim L. "Vibronic structure and rotational spectra of radicals in degenerate electronic state. Case of CH3 O and asymmetrically deuterated isotopomers (CHD2 O and CH2 DO)." The Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1117634691.
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Bassili, Victor Antoine. "Catalytic amination of 1-methoxy-2-propanol : reaction pathway and kinetic modelling /." Zürich, 1991. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=9351.
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Dalfidan, Cagla. "Chemoenzymatic Synthesis Of 2-ethyl-5-hydroxy-3-methoxy-cyclopent-2-enone." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606916/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Chiral hydroxylated cyclopentane derivatives are important precursors for biologically active compounds. Synthesis of these types of compounds in optically pure form found increased interest in pharmaceutical chemistry. 2-ethyl-cyclopentane-1.3-dione was acetoxylated using manganese III acetate at preferred positions. Enzyme catalyzed enantioselective hydrolysis or enantioselective acetoxylation of hydrolyzed acetoxy derivatives gives the corresponding hydroxylated diketones in optically pure form.
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Coote, Susannah C. "Synthesis and organolithium-mediated reactions of β-methoxy aziridines : scope and synthetic applications." Thesis, University of York, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441092.
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Liu, Xianming. "Rotationally resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectrum of jet- cooled methoxy and methylthio radicals /." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148768304937798.
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Chua, Han Chow. "Pharmacology profile of 2′-methoxy-6-methylflavone and kavain at recombinant GABAA receptors." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/15232.
Full textAbstract:
GABAA receptors (GABAARs) are a class of physiologically and therapeutically important ligand-gated ion channels. These pentameric receptors occur ubiquitously in the brain with diverse subunit composition, which confers highly complex pharmacology to this receptor class. An impressive range of clinically used therapeutics such as anxiolytics, anaesthetics, sedative hypnotics and anticonvulsants are known to bind to distinct sites found on GABAARs to modulate receptor function. Numerous experimental approaches have been used over the years to elucidate the binding sites of these drugs, but unequivocal identification is challenging due to subtype- and ligand-dependent pharmacology. This thesis focuses on two compounds with anxiolytic effects (2′-methoxy-6-methylflavone and kavain) which are believed to be mediated via GABAARs. However, as the subunit requirement for their actions at GABAARs is poorly understood, we sought to investigate this using electrophysiological and mutational approaches on various human recombinant GABAAR subtypes expressed in Xenopus oocytes.
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Reinaud, Olivia. "Nouvelles methodes d'alkylation regioselective d'orthoquinones originales : synthese de differentes classes de produits naturels quinoniques." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066200.
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Acord, Douglas A. "The synthesis and study of 5-oxime-2-methoxy-1,3-xylyl-18-crown-5." Muncie, Ind. : Ball State University, 2009. http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/634.
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Narbad, Arjan. "The metabolism of methoxy- and ethoxyethanol and of methanol and acetate by facultative methylotrophs." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.232885.
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Zogka, Antonia. "Atmospheric degradation of a series of methoxy and ethoxy acetates and n-pentyl acetate." Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2071/document.
Full textAbstract:
Dans le cadre du projet DISPATMO (étude de prévision des risques de pollution liés à la dispersion atmosphérique de produits chimiques), des études de risques liés aux incendies et explosions dus aux produits chimiques ont été menées. L’objectif de cette thèse était de réaliser une étude cinétique et mécanistique approfondie afin de déterminer la dégradation en phase gazeuse de l'un des principaux constituants du solvant Tiflex, acétate de 1-méthoxy-2-propyle (MPA), par les radicaux OH et les atomes de Cl. En outre, les constantes de vitesse de réaction de OH et Cl avec une série d' acétates d’alcoxyle largement utilisés dans l'industrie du revêtement et la peinture, l'acétate de méthoxy-2-butyle (2MBA), l'acétate de méthoxy-3-butyle (3MBA), l'acétate de méthoxy-éthyle (MEA), l'acétate d'éthoxy-éthyle (EEE) et l’acétate de n-pentyle (n-PA), ont été déterminées. Les expériences ont été conduites en utilisant la technique de photolyse laser pulsée couplée à la fluorescence induite par laser, un réacteur à écoulement à basse pression couplé à un spectromètre de masse et une chambre de simulation atmosphérique couplé à GC-FID, FTIR et GC-MS en utilisant les méthodes absolue et relative. Les données cinétiques ont été utilisées pour déterminer les expressions Arrhenius pour évaluer le devenir environnemental des composés étudiés tels que leur durée de vie et le potentiel de formation d'ozone. D'autre part, le mécanisme réactionnel a été étudié et les principaux produits de dégradation et leurs rendements ont été déterminés en présence de NO. Les spectres d’absorption UV-Vis de MPA, 2MBA et 3MBA ont également été déterminés afin d'évaluer le potentiel de photolyse de ces composés dans l’atmosphère. Les paramètres cinétiques et mécanistiques ainsi que les durées de vie troposphérique déterminés sont utilisés comme données d'entrée dans les modèles de simulation atmosphériques photochimiques et dans les modèles de dispersion atmosphérique de produits chimiques pour évaluer leur impact atmosphériqueIn the context of DISPATMO project (forecast study of pollution risks related to the atmospheric dispersal of chemicals), risk studies linked to the fires and the explosions due to chemical storage were conducted. The purpose of this thesis was to perform a thorough kinetic and mechanistic study to determine the gas phase degradation of one of the main component of Tiflex solvent, the 1-methoxy 2-propyl acetate (MPA). Furthermore, the rate coefficients of OH and Cl with a series of alkoxy acetates widely used in painting and coating industries, 2-methoxy-butyl acetate (2MBA), 3-methoxybutyl acetate (3MBA), methoxy ethyl acetate (MEA), ethoxy ethyl acetate (EEA) and n-pentyl acetate (n-PA), were determined. The experiments were performed employing the pulsed laser photolysislaser induced fluorescence technique, a low pressure flow tube reactor coupled with a quadrupole mass spectrometer and an atmospheric simulation chamber coupled with a GC-FID, a FTIR and a GC-MS using complementary absolute and relative rate methods. The kinetic data were used to derive the Arrhenius expressions as well as to evaluate the environmental fate of the studied compounds such as their lifetimes and the Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential. Besides, the reaction mechanism was investigated, while the major degradation products and their yields were determined in presence of NO. In addition, the UV-Vis absorption cross sections of MPA, 2MBA and 3MBA were measured in order to evaluate their potential photolysis in the atmosphere. The investigation of the chemical processes and the tropospheric lifetimes of the compounds are used as input data in photochemical atmospheric simulation models and in chemical agent atmospheric dispersion models to evaluate their atmospheric impact
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Prasad, Chaturvedula V. "Annulation and cycloaromatization reactions of 3-aryl (alkyl) thio-1-trimethylsiloxy-1-methoxy-1,3-butadienes." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75442.
Full textAbstract:
The title compounds were synthesized from methyl 3-aryl(alkyl)thio crotonic acids by deprotonation followed by silylation. The reactions of dienes with a number of carbonyl electrophiles under Lewis-acid catalysed conditions were investigated. The dienes exclusively give $ gamma$-alkylated products. The thio substituent enhances the $ gamma$-selectivity.The reactions of dienes with a number of 1,3-dicarbonyl equivalents have been studied and a cycloaromatization reaction has been developed for the regiocontrolled synthesis of aryl sulfides in a 3C + 3C combination. The role of dienes in Diels-Alder reactions has also been investigated.
A new 4C + 2C annulation reaction has been developed based on the propensity of dienes to undergo Michael reaction with $ alpha$,$ beta$-unsaturated ketones under Lewis-acid catalysed conditions. These Michael adducts in turn were cyclized either with potassium tert-butoxide or with lithium thiophenoxide. Further, the tandem Michael-Claisen annulation reaction can be controlled to give either cis- or trans-fused 9-methyldecalin system with three carbonyl groups which are differently masked. The chemoselective transformations of the carbonyl groups were also described.
30
Berthet, Jean-Claude CeÌdric. "Modelling of relaxation processes in polymers in the glassy state : methoxy group rotation in PVME." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418769.
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HEBERT, SEBASTIEN. "Etude mecanistique de la reaction d'oxydecarboxylation de l'acide 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy mandelique en vanilline." Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066834.
Full textAbstract:
Ce travail de these a eu pour objectif une meilleure comprehension mecanistique de la reaction d'oxydecarboxylation de l'acide 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy mandelique en vanilline en presence de cobalt (+ 2) et de dioxygene. Les resultats de cette etude, obtenus a partir de la variation de la quantite initiale de catalyseur (le cobalt (+ 2)) et de la basicite initiale du milieu reactionnel, mettent en jeu 2 cycles catalytiques. Cette sequence fait apparaitre la formation des deux produits secondaires (l'acide vanillique et l'espece dimere dehydro-divanilline) detectes au cours des differents essais realises. De plus, cette sequence reactionnelle fait intervenir la retention de l'atome d'hydrogene en position benzylique du derive mandelique lors de son oxydecarboxylation en vanilline, ecartant ainsi l'hypothese du role d'intermediaire joue par le derive glyoxylique correspondant. Enfin, l'utilisation de l'electrochimie aussi bien comme technique analytique que preparative pour l'etude de la reaction de l'acide 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy mandelique en vanilline, a fourni des resultats confortant la sequence proposee precedemment pour la meme reaction realisee en presence de dioxygene et de cobalt (+ 2).
32
Xu, Ting. "Initial Studies on a Novel Target-Promoted DNA Alkylation System." Available to VCU users online at:, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/1373.
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MacDonald, Neala Leigh. "The effect of 6-methoxy-2(3)-benzoxazolinone on the reproductive ecology of Peromyscus maniculatus borealis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0021/MQ28613.pdf.
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Raucoules, Daniel. "Catabolites plasmatiques des monoamines et depressions : etude preliminaire." Aix-Marseille 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX20954.
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Viljoen, Francois Petrus. "Quantification of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol in human saliva by an optimised HPLC method with electrochemical detection." Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/17.
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Yang, Jiong. "The total syntheses of jatrophatrione, citlalitrione, and sclerophytin A; Studies toward the enantioselective synthesis of fomannosin; Photochemical rearrangement of 4-methoxy-4-vinyl-2-cyclopentenones." The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1062130125.
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Nöbel, Nico. "Aufbau eines Screeningverfahrens zur Durchmusterung von Variantenbibliotheken der T7-RNA-Polymerase hinsichtlich des Einbaus 2’-Methoxy-modifizierter Nucleotide." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-78148.
Full textAbstract:
Thema dieser Arbeit ist die evolutive Optimierung der T7-RNA-Polymerase. Zur
Stabilisierung technischer oder therapeutischer RNA-Moleküle gegenüber RNAsen wäre es
wünschenswert eine RNA-Polymerase zu generieren, welche RNA vollständig aus 2’-
modifizierten Nucleotiden synthetisieren kann. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein kombiniertes
Selektions- und Screeningverfahren zur Durchmusterung von Variantenbibliotheken der T7-
RNA-Polymerase hinsichtlich des Einbaus von 2’-Methoxy-modifizierten Nucleotiden in
RNA entwickelt. Es wurden ein gut handhabbarer, cis-regulierter Expressionsvektor sowie ein
Selektionsplasmid erzeugt, die zusammen in E. coli ein in-vivo-Selektionssystem bilden, mit
dessen Hilfe man Zellen, welche T7-RNA-Polymerase-Aktivität zeigen anhand ihrer grünen
Fluoreszenz identifizieren konnte. Durch error-prone PCR wurden Mutantenbibliotheken
generiert, und diese in das Selektionssystem eingesetzt. So konnte die Anzahl der potentiell
zu testenden Varianten erheblich gesenkt werden. Zur Bestimmung der T7-RNA-Polymerase-
Aktivität mit 2’-Methoxy-modifizierten Nucleotiden wurde ein Fluoreszenz-basierendes
Assay etabliert. Dieses Assay, das nicht mit radioaktiv-markierten Nucleotiden arbeitete und
keinen gelelektrophoretischen Separationsschritt benötigte, konnte in allen Schritten zur
parallelen Bearbeitung von 96 Proben in einem Mikrotiterplatten-Format angepasst werden,
so dass es prinzipiell hochdurchsatzfähig war und sich zum Screening umfangreicher
Variantenbibliotheken eignete. Die Assay-Reaktion kann dabei auch unkompliziert auf ein
Screening von RNA- oder DNA-Polymerase-Bibliotheken hinsichtlich anderer Eigenschaften
der Polymerase-Aktivität übertragen werden.
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Wu, Tzu-Wei, and 吳姿緯. "Screening of methomyl-degrading bacteria from river." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06754759076839347191.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄師範大學
生物科技系
99
River biofilm is a microbial community attaching on biotic and abiotic substrates. It has special contribution to river self-purification. Many studies have found that river biofilms were able to degrade organic pollutants. Methomyl is a carbamate pesticide, and one of the commonly used pesticides. Thus, contamination of methomyl in the aquatic environment may cause toxic effects on environmental organisms and adverse effects on ecosystems. This study would like to investigate the ability of bacteria in natural river biofilms to degrade methomyl and screen bacteria with degradation potential for methomyl. Natural river biofilms were colonized on ceramic discs for 21 days in Tsen-Wen River. Screening culturing was performed for 28 days after collecting natural river biofilms. The degradation test was run for 7 days after screening culturing. Concentrations of methomyl were measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that river biofilms on ceramic discs after screening culturing could remove 90.6% of added methomyl in 7 days. After 28-day screening culturing, river biofilms on ceramic discs were removed and attached on loofa sponges (bacterial mixtures A). The bacterial mixtures A could remove 92.16% of added methomyl. After 28-day screening culturing and 7-day degradation test, river biofilms on ceramic discs were removed and attached om loofa sponges (bacterial mixtures B). The bacterial mixtures B could removed 92.4% of added methomyl. The results suggested that long time screening culturing could increase capacity of bacterial mixtures to remove methomyl. The bacterial mixtures A and B were preserved at 25℃, 4℃ and -20℃ for one and three months. The highest capacity of bacterial mixtures A to remove methomyl was preserved at -20℃ for 3 months among those preserved at different conditions, but lower than that of non-preserved bacterial mixtures A. For bacterial mixtures B, the highest capacity to remove methomyl was preserved at -20℃ for one month, but lower than that of non-preserved bacterial mixtures B. Bacterial diversity did not correlated with their ability to remove methomyl. The results indicated that bacterial mixtures preserved at different conditions would cause in a decrease in their methomyl-removal capacity. Three bacterial species were isolated from river biofilms. Only one species identified as Sphingomonas sp. showed ability to remove methomyl with removal rate of 32.51%. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis results showed that bacterial diversity decrease with an increase in screening culturing time for river biofilms. The survival bacterial species after screening culturing may be tolerant to methomyl and have potential for degrading methomyl. The experimental data fitted well with zero order model. Bacterial mixtures on ceramic discs showed the highest capacity to remove methomyl and had degradation half-life of 3.2 days. Concentration of methomyl in river water was estimated as 194 μg/L according to Fugacity model. If river water was contaminated with 194 μg/L of methomyl, it could be removed by bacterial mixtures on ceramic discs, bacterial mixtures A, bacterial mixtures B, and Sphingomonas sp. within 0.8, 1.2, 1.8 or 2.3 hours, respectively.
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Liao, Ming-Chu, and 廖明竹. "Degradation of Methomyl and Parathion by Fenton's process." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/68788835992665739743.
Full textAbstract:
碩士明志科技大學
生化工程研究所
97
The purpose of this study is to investigate the chemical degradation of the organophosphorus pesticide of parathion and carbamate insecticide of methomyl in the aqueous phase through the Fenton process. With the employment of batch Fenton process, the degradation of the compounds of interest at different pH, initial concentration, humic acid concentration, and Fenton reagent dosages was evaluated. Additionally, the degradation of parathion and methomyl was also studied using dual wavelength UV radiation of 185nm and 254nm. This study found that dual wavelength radiation for 1 hour only had limited effect for parathion and methomyl removal, i.e., 10% and 20%, respectively. The methomyl degradation through Fenton process varies as a function of pH: pH 3＞pH 8＞pH 7＞pH 2≧pH 6＞pH 4＞pH 5. The parathion degradation variation at different pH were also observed: pH 3＞pH 2＞pH 8＞pH 7＞pH 4≧pH 5＞pH 6. The Fenton process was found more effective to remove parathion and methomyl at pH 3 compared to pH 7. However, the optimal dosage of Fenton reagents was investigated at pH 7 because the pH value for effluent discharge and receiving water bodies is regulated around neutral range by Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration. At pH 7, the optiaml dosage of Fenton reagents (i.e., molar concentration ratio of H2O2 to Fe2+) for parathion is equal to 3, which results in 50% removal of parathion. Similarly, the optimal dosage for methomyl is 2, which results in 80% removal of methomyl. This study also found that the presence of humic substance has significant impact on pesticide degradation through Fenton process. At pH 3, the existence of humic substance suppressed the methomyl and parathion degradation through Fenton process. At pH 7, the humic substance enhanced their degradation on the contrary.
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Huang, Ya-Hui, and 黃雅慧. "The Research in Preparation Microcapsules of Methomyl and Methyl eugenol." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35999135361167806737.
Full textAbstract:
碩士朝陽科技大學
應用化學系碩士班
89
Abstract This research involves the microencapsulation of methomyl through “interfacial polymerization” to make a capsule suspension (CS) of 10% active ingredient. The reaction employs active ingredient as organic phase, anionic surfactant in water as aqueous solution, diisocyanate as the hydrophobic monomer and diamine as the hydrophilic monomer. The microcapsule product was examined on its physical and chemical properties to assure its quality. The particle size of 90% of this CS was below 10μm. The dispersibility was good after the CS was added into water. After the dispersion is completed, the capsule particle suspended very well in the water within 1 hour and gave only 5% separation after 24-hour standing. The temperature-cycle test showed the stability of this CS with no crystalline formed. The 1-year storage of this CS at ambient temperature showed no crystal and no aggregation formed. The content of active ingredient (a.i.) in the CS was examined under accelerated aging condition at 50 degrees Centigrade. Two-week aging gave a.i. remaining at 96.2%. Four-week aging, however, showed only 30% a.i. left, which indicated the CS is not thermally stable. The second part of this research involves the study of controlled-release rate of the microcapsule. Methyl eugenol was encapsulated with polymer walls at two different thickness. The realases of methy1 eugenol were measured under air stream, dry nitrogen stream and reduced pressure, respectively. While the releases of methy1 eugenol form the capsule under ai and dry nitrogen did not show reasonable pattern, the release rate under reduced pressure was more conclusive. The time needed to release all content of methyl eugenol as uncapsulated technical, thin-wall capsule and thick-wall capsule were 20,24 and 34 hours, respectively.
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Huang, Kai-Yang, and 黃凱揚. "Methomyl-Resistant Mechanisms of the Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15512287320277786725.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
昆蟲學研究所
99
Oriental fruit flies (Bactrocera dorsalis) are notorious agricultural pests, methomyl has been used to manage B. dorsalis in Taiwan since 1995. Unfortunately, several times of methomyl resistance has been observed in B. dorsalis from field investigation in 2002. In this study, the synergism bioassay, metabolic enzyme activity, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and the ace gene (which can encode AChE protein) molecular assays were used to explore the possible methomyl resistant mechanisms in the methomyl-resistant strain (Meth-R, 140-fold resistance ratio) of B. dorsalis. A well-documented fenitrothion-resistant strain (Fenit-R, 538-fold resistance ratio) was used to compare with the Meth-R and susceptible strains on AChE assays. Synergism tests indicated synergistic ratios toward methomyl at 4.04-fold with piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and 4.82-fold with triphenyl phosphate (TPP) on Meth-R, and there was a 1.7-fold diethyl maleate (DEM) synergistic ratio on Meth-R as compared to the results of the susceptible strain. Enzyme activity results supported the theory that Meth-R had greater activity, close to 1.5-fold in ESTs (by α- or β-naphthyl acetate as the substrates), 1.5- to 2-fold in GSTs (by CDNB or DCNB as the substrates), and 4-fold in MFOs (by 7-ethoxycoumarin as the substrates) over the susceptible strain, which suggests that mixed function oxidases (MFOs), esterases (ESTs), and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are involved in methomyl resistance. No significant difference was found on the AChE activity, AChE inhibition (by using methomyl and paraoxon as inhibitors), and quantitative PCR (qPCR) of ace gene between the Meth-R and susceptible strains. The AChE of the Fenit-R strain was found to be insensitive to the paraoxon inhibitor. Although a point mutation (T659A) located at the post-translational modification region was discovered on the ace gene of the Meth-R; T659A also occurred in the susceptible strain, but with lower gene frequency (susceptible strain: homozygous genotype of T = 0.27, heterozygous = 0.55, homozygous genotype of A = 0.18; Meth-R strain: TA = 0.16; AA = 0.84). T659A might slightly influence the hydrophobicity of AChE precursor protein due to an increase of the hydrophobic results on the C-terminal region. However, there was no correlation between the Meth-R and susceptible strains or among different genotypes of T659A on the results of AChE activity or AChE inhibition assays. As a result, our study indicates that the possible methomyl resistance is the metabolic mechanism in B. dorsalis. The mechanism in methomyl resistance is different from the well-known altered target-site mechanism in organophosphate resistance in Bactrocera spp.
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Lin, Ming-Shian, and 林明賢. "Effect of methomyl poisoning dose on the variation of its concentration in rats over time." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50859325923536897833.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
化學工程學系所
104
In order to understand the change which pesticide poisoning in rats in this paper, combining forensic toxicology and pharmacokinetics is the idea to design this experiment. Use gastric tube to deliver pesticide methomyl into SD rat’s stomach by different doses. The purpose is to study the residual concentration with time of methomyl in the rat’s body. And the result may be used as pesticide poisoning autopsy judging reference for forensic community. Use a commercial pesticide 24 % methomyl solution to implement the experiment. Methomyl concentration in the gastric contents gradually decrease with time increasing. The concentration in organs besides lung increase first and then decrease over time. The highest concentration approximately reach in 7 to 14 days. The reason is to deduce from diffusion along the concentration gradient, death cycle, degradation and destruction of poison and the action of microorganisms.The influence of diffusion along the concentration gradient, death cycle and the action of microorganisms is more powerful than degradation and destruction of poison in 1 to 14 days in poisoning. After 14 days, the influence of the degradation and destruction of poison is more powerful than the inference of diffusion along the concentration gradient, death cycle and the action of microorganisms. Therefore, the concentration of organs slowly decrease.Besides because the diffusion along the concentration gradient of stomach contents spread out, so the concentration of the stomach contents is downward trend. The result show that feed animals methomyl of poisoning fatal dose will bring about the concentration of the stomach contents decrease and the concentration distribution in other organs are not the same.
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Pan, Shu-Chin, and 潘素琴. "Induction of erythrocyte alterations in the Japanese Medaka , Oryzias latipes , by common pesticides（methomyl and butachlor）." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99675268113602369052.
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碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
環境生物與漁業科學學系
93
Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the toxic effects of two common pesticides ( insecticide and herbicide) on Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes). The micronucleus tests examined after 96 hours exposure of 3 different concentrations(1.0, 2.0, 3.0 ppm) of Methomyl and Butachlor, were studied in order to find out the risk of aquatic ecosystems due to the genotoxicity of pesticides. The results are summarized as follow: 1. The occurrence frequencies of micronucleus were slightly increased with dose- dependent response in methomyl experiments. 2. After exposure in common pesticides, erythrocytes were induced to cellular transformations: spherocytes, anisocytosis, echinocytes, vacuolation and haemolysis. 3. Nuclear abnormalities other than micronuclei were found such as notched nuclei, blebbed nuclei, diffused nuclear amterial and enucleated cells. Key words: Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes), pesticide, herbicide, micronucleus
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Lin, Yi-Hui, and 林宜慧. "Detection of skin sensitization capacity of methomyl, azinphos-methyl and mixed pesticides by local lymph node assay (LLNA)." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11335413695038373988.
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碩士國立中興大學
獸醫學系暨研究所
99
Several types of pesticides, such as organophosphates and carbamate have a high risk of affecting human health, causing allergic rhinitis or allergic contact dermatitis. In recent years, allergic contact dermatitis has become an important subject in human life. In order to detect the potential chemicals allergens, the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) has been developed and provided quantitative data suitable for dose response assessment. In this study, we designed to detect the potential skin sensitization of methomyl, azinphos-methyl technical pesticides, and 4 mixed pesticides by LLNA. The 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) was used as positive control, and the 10% dibutyl phthalate (DBP) was added to increase the lymph node cells proliferative responses. The result of LLNA tests demonstrated methomyl, azinphos-methyl and other 3 mixed pesticides (include chlorpyrifos+cypermethrim, imidacloprid+carbofuran and imidacloprid+deltamethrin) with a low or negative skin sensitizing activity. DNCB and a mixed pesticide (carbendazim + hexaconazole) had a stimulated index (SI) more than 3. However, there was only a slightly increase or even reduction of the response after added 10% DBP. For the single pesticide of carbendazim and hexaconazole, the LLNA results showed that SI value were less than 3. In conclusion, methomyl and azinphos-methyl do not induce dermal sensitizing effects. In addition, not all of the skin sensitization of tested pesticides were augmented by DBP which may be regarded as partial enhances. For the mixed pesticides, we consider that the mixture of two pesticides may able to affect the skin sensitization. In order to avoid the potential hazard of pesticide allergens, appropriate protective measures should be taken for farmer and pesticide applicator, and we suggest the mixed pesticide products must provide the detailed skin sensitization information when registered.
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CHEN, TSAI PEI, and 蔡佩貞. "Study on Enzymatic Activity of Pectinase for Degrading Methoxyl-Pectin." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16332946904886826967.
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碩士大葉大學
生物產業科技學系
94
In this study, pectinase (pectolytic enzymes; PLEs including pectinlyase, polygalacturonase, pectinesterase) was used to study its enzymatic activity for degrading methoxyl-pectin. For both high and low methoxyl-group pectins (HMGP and LMGP, respectively), the optimal reaction temperature and time for PLEs was 60℃ and first 30 min, respectively. For HMGP and LMGP, the optimal reaction pH of PLEs was 5.0 and 4.0, respectively. The enzymatic activity of PLEs decreased significantly when the reaction pH was above pH 6.0 and the temperature was above 70℃. This result may be due to its acidity and denaturation. For the stability test, the optimal temperature of PLEs thermostability was at 30~40℃, while the PLEs was stable at the pH range of the buffer solution from 3.0 to 5.0 at room temperature and its activity retained about 80~90% after 120 min incubation at this temperature. The storage temperature (4℃ and 30℃) of PLEs was also investigated. PLEs still conserved about 80% activity during 7 days at 4℃, but the activity of PLEs after 4-day storage at 30℃ decreased significantly from about 95% to below 40%. For HMGP and LMGP gels, the Km and Vm constants of PLEs were 0.16mg/mL HMGP gel and 2.31mg/mL reducing sugar per min and 1.53mg/mL LMGP gel and 7.71mg/mL reducing sugar per min, respectively.
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Marathe, Rohini. "Development of controlled release antimicrobial films from low methoxyl pectin." 2008. http://hdl.rutgers.edu/1782.2/rucore10001600001.ETD.17160.
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Chen, Chia-Lin, and 陳嘉林. "An Analysis of Micro Direct Methonal." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6gfd29.
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碩士國立交通大學
管理學院碩士在職專班科技管理組
93
This thesis reports on a portfolio analysis for the possible strategic development for Taiwan’s micor DMFC (micro direct methanol fuel cell) industry. An attempt is made to provide concrete policy recommendations, as demanded among different stages of micro DMFC industrial development, to the government. The micro DMFC industry is segmented into three product/market areas, namely, micro DMFC key component industry, and micro DMFC system design and manufacture industry. The portfolio model entails a 2-dimensional analysis, in which the technological capacity and the industrial value chain of the industry are used as, respectively, the vertical and horizontal axes. Three research methods are used for data collection, which include literature review, expert interview, and general survey. The results indicate that the key component industry is now positioned in the technology import stage of the technological capacity, and the research and development phase of the industrial value chain. The system design and manufacture industry is now positioned at the technology improvement stage, and the design phase of the industrial value chain. Evaluating the Industrial Innovation Requirements and policy tools leads to a recommendation that the most critical categories of policy instruments be Scientific and Technical Development, Education and Training, Political, and Procurement. The government should establish the integrated technology institute for key component development, system design research, product test and quality verify, to encourage knowledge diffusion and accumulation. Enhance development for multi-domain skill of engineer. Deregulation of methanol transportation and strengthen to demonstrative promotion. Moreover, the government should promote the micro DMFC inside of portable 3C product into the all the government purpose of purchase.
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Cheng, Shien-Min, and 鄭先萌. "Effects of the Gelling Conditions on the Gelation of Low Methoxyl Pectin." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/28962941615516857416.
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碩士國立中興大學
食品科學系
89
High concentration of sucrose（＞65﹪）and low pH value（2.7~3.4）are required for the production of pectin gelling products by using HMP（high methoxyl pectin）. However, lower sucrose concentration is favorable in food production since it could lead to the reduction of calorie and benefit human health. The gelation of LMP（low methoxyl pectin） is formed by the cross-linking of divalent metal ions. There is a possibility to use LMP to replace HMP in order to reduce the sucrose content in pectin gel food products. The goal of this study was to produce pectin gel with low-sugar contents by using the conditions of different LMP concentration, sucrose concentration, pH value and calcium chloride concentration（CCD）. Gel strength, water activity, syneresis, Hunter L, a, b value and TPA（texture profile analysis） values of gel samples were determined , and data were analyzed with a four-variable and three-level design by using response surface methodology（RSM）. It could be found from the results that the concentration of CCD and LMP were the critical factors in LMP gelation. Although the effect of sucrose was weaker than CCD and LMP, it was also an important co-solute to help the gelation of LMP. Compared with HMP gel, LMP gel had higher springiness, water activity but lower hardness, gel strength, and fracturability. In addition, LMP possessed unstable structure and quality. Therefore, its application to food processing still needs further research.
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Huang, Yeun-Chih, and 黃允志. "Effects of GPEUC ( 1-[(4-allyl-2-methoxy-) phenoxy]-3-[(2- methoxy phenoxyethyl)-amino]-propanol ) on cardiovascular system." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/90560911198536886108.
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Shieh, Shuenn-Jye, and 謝順吉. "Effect of functional sugar replacer on the thermal gelation of high methoxyl pectin." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83125064988393477728.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
食品科學系
85
Large amounts (at least 55%) of sugar (sucrose) are required as the cosolute for gelation of high methoxyl pectin (HMP). The effective replacement of sucrose by other low-calorie replacers would be significantly favorable to human health. However, besides gelation, sucrose also provides sweetness, shelf life, and improves a number of properties such as bulking and lowering water activity in the gelled product. Therefore, several sugar replacers with similar functional properties were selected to replace sucrose in this study. The samples were formed by thermal gelation and the substitute effects of individual sugar replacers were evaluated by physical measurements including gel strength, Hunter L, a, b values, and Instron texture profile analysis (TPA). The results indicated that among the sugar bulking agents tested, sorbitol and xylitol possessed more effects on HMP gelation and significantly lowered the water activity. In addition, there were higher lightness and no browning reaction in the gels formed by sorbitol and xylitol. Response surface methodology (RSM) and a three-variable and three-level design were then used to determine the optimum processing conditions of the HMP gelled products based on the responses of physical measurements and sensory evaluation. The optimum processing condition was found to be citric acid 0.0025 M, sorbitol 28.6 %, and xylitol 32.5 %. After storage at 4℃for three months, it was also found that there was no significant change in water activity and appearance except slight increases of hardness and springiness values, and the products became more acceptable to the mass panel.