Academic literature on the topic 'Methyl Alcohol Solution'
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Journal articles on the topic "Methyl Alcohol Solution"
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Cáceres-Alonso, Mercedes, Miguel Costas, Lina Andreoli-Ball, and Donald Patterson. "Steric effects on the self-association of branched and cyclic alcohols in inert solvents. Apparent heat capacities of secondary and tertiary alcohols in hydrocarbons." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 66, no. 4 (1988): 989–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v88-165.
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Apparent heat capacities have been measured for fifteen branched and cyclic alcohols in dilute n-decane solution at 25 °C. The alcohols were 2-methyl-2-propanol, cyclohexanol, 3-methyl-3-pentanol, trans-, cis-, and mixed isomer 2-methylcyclohexanol, 1-methylcyclohexanol, 3-ethyl-3-pentanol, cyclooctanol, 3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol, 5-decanol, 4-propyl-4-heptanol, cyclododecanol, 5-butyl-5-nonanol, and 8-hexadecanol (in n-hexane). Excess heat capacities CpE throughout the concentration range were measured at 25 °C for: 1-hexanol + n-hexadecane (n-C16) and + 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane (br-C16), 4-propyl-4-heptanol, and 1-decanol + n-decane, 3-methyl-3-pentanol + n-C16 and + br-C16 and at 27 °C for cyclohexanol + n-C16 and + br-C16. Also, for 3-methyl-3-pentanol + n-decane CpE was measured at 10, 25, 40, and 50 °C. For a series of isomeric alcohols, the apparent molar heat capacities show a maximum against concentration which decreases and moves to higher alcohol concentration as the hydroxyl group on the alcohol becomes increasingly hindered, effectively reducing the alcohol self-association capabilities. This situation is also reflected by the heat capacities of the pure alcohols which increase strongly in magnitude in going from a linear 1-alcohol to an isomeric alcohol which has its hydroxyl group on a quaternary carbon atom. CpE of the mixtures are negative at low alcohol concentrations turning positive at increasingly higher alcohol concentrations as the steric hindrance on the hydroxyl group increases. Throughout most of the concentration range CpE for the branched or cyclic alcohols is considerably more positive than for the corresponding isomeric 1 -alcohol. For the highly hindered 3-methyl-3-pentanol CpE(T) passes through a maximum. All of the above behaviour is explained by the Treszczanowicz–Kehiaian model for self-associated liquids + inert solvents which has been applied to the present data. Equilibrium constants have been obtained for alcohol association and are sensitive to alcohol structure. At low alcohol concentrations, while for the linear 1-alcohols tetramers are the predominant species and dimer are almost absent, for the corresponding isomeric alcohols the concentration of tetramers is severely reduced and the lower species, i.e. trimers and dimers, are more important. For the highly hindered alcohols, monomers are the predominant species in dilute solution reflecting the decrease in self-association ability that steric hindrance of the hydroxyl group imposes on them.
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Zuo, Xu, and Hongtao Kao. "Numerical simulation of CO2 absorption by AMP solution in structured packing with different parameter condition." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2024): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci231109062z.
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The FLUENT software is utilized in this research to simulate the carbon dioxide absorption process by 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propyl alcohol through numerical simulation. A mathematical model is established to represent the mass transfer process between the 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propyl alcohol solution and carbon dioxide. Various operating parameters, such as the molar fraction of the solution, gas mass fraction, pressure, and gas flow velocity, are investigated to calculate the absorption efficiency of carbon dioxide under different conditions. The distribution of the product reveals that the 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propyl alcohol carbamate product more readily infiltrates the surface of the unit model when the gas phase velocity is relatively low. In contrast, the product 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propyl alcohol carbamate tends to accumulate in the upper half of the unit model when the gas phase velocity is relatively high. Sixteen simulation conditions are summarized to determine the optimal parameters. These optimal parameters include a 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propyl alcohol molar fraction of 0.4, atmospheric pressure, a flue gas flow velocity of 0.0737 m/s, and a carbon dioxide mass fraction of 0.12. This research serves as a valuable reference for engineering applications related to carbon dioxide absorption using 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propyl alcohol solutions, providing essential technical support in the fight against climate change.
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Korobova, O. V., L. K. Samarska, S. L. Humenjuk, et al. "STUDY OF DIAZINONE IN MODEL PREPARATIONS BASED ON METHANOL AND ISOPROPANOL BY HIGHLY EFFICIENCY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC)." Scientific and Technical Bulletin оf State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medical Products and Fodder Additives аnd Institute of Animal Biology 22, no. 2 (2021): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36359/scivp.2021-22-2.20.
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The aim of the study was to investigate the stability of diazinon in two model mixtures in which the active substance content is 10%. Methyl and isopropyl alcohols were used as a basis for the production of model solutions with diazinon. According to the recipe of model drugs, methyl or isopropyl alcohols make up about half of the content of drug components.
 The diazinon content was determined by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on 3, 14 and 21 days for the model mixture with methyl alcohol and on 14 and 50 days for the mixture with isopropyl alcohol.
 A significant number of publications have been devoted to the study of the degradation of diazinon and other nonspecific organophosphorus pesticides under the influence of various factors. However, it remains relevant to study this process in mixtures of a certain composition, in particular in new veterinary drugs under development. This article presents a comparison of the results of determination the content of diazinon in model mixtures based on methyl and isopropyl alcohols.
 The analyzes were performed on a Knauer liquid chromatograph with a spectrophotometric detector equipped with a Luna® Omega Polar C 18 150 × 4.6 mm column filled with a 5 μm sorbent of Phenomenex particle size with a 4 × 3.0 mm universal C 18 protective column. Mobile phase: degassed mixture of acetonitrile: water in the ratio 65:35, flow rate 1.1 ml / min at a column temperature of 20 °C, detection at a wavelength of 245 nm, injection volume - 0.050 ml, time of one separation - 20 minutes.
 It was found that the content of diazinon on the 21st day of storage of the model mixture based on methyl alcohol is about 30 % of the applied, while on the 50th day of storage of the model mixture based on isopropyl alcohol – 97 %.
 As we found in previous studies, the use of methyl alcohol is a probable factor in the breakdown of diazinon in the drug. The appearance of the peak of one of the products of diazinon for 3 min of the chromatogram of solutions of the production experimental preparation and the model mixture made in the HPLC laboratory with the solvent methanol was noted. When replacing methanol with isopropanol, the chromatogram of the drug solution did not show the appearance of an additional peak, except for the peak identified as diazinon. The use of isopropyl alcohol does not reduce the concentration of diazinon in the model mixture, as in the case of methanol. The composition with isopropyl alcohol provides relative stability of the model mixture.
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Cheng-Gen, ZHANG, LI Wen-Zuo, and HUANG Ming-Bao. "Reaction of Methyl Alcohol with Thionyl Chloride in Solution." Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica 23, no. 03 (2007): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3866/pku.whxb20070322.
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Stephenson, W. Kirk, and Richard Fuchs. "Enthalpies of interaction of hydroxylic solutes with organic solvents." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 9 (1985): 2535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v85-419.
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Heats of solution of m-cresol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, t-amyl alcohol, and model compounds (toluene, ethyl ether, n-butyl methyl ether, t-butyl methyl ether) in 17 organic solvents (n-heptane, cyclohexane, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, α,α,α-trifluorotoluene, triethylamine, butyl ether, ethyl acetate, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, benzene, toluene, mesitylene, t-butyl alcohol, 1-octanol, methanol, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol) have been combined with solute heats of vaporization to give solvation enthalpies (ΔH(v → S)). Dependencies of solute vs. model solvation enthalpy differences on solvent dipolarity–polarizability and hydrogen-bond-accepting basicity were determined via correlations with Taft–Kamlet solvatochromic parameters (π*, β, ξ).m-Cresol is a substantially stronger H-bond donor than 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, and t-amyl alcohol, and H-bonds to acceptor solvents including alcohols. Cresol acts as an H-bond acceptor with the strong H-bond donor solvent trifluoroethanol.
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Ma, Fengjie, Xiaolin Pu, Bo Wang, Jia Li, and Cheng Cao. "Preparation and evaluation of polyampholyte inhibitor DAM." RSC Adv. 7, no. 78 (2017): 49320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra08385h.
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In this study, polyampholyte inhibitor DAM was synthesized from three monomers, namely, diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, methyl allyl alcohol and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid, by aqueous solution polymerization.
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Minato, Jun-ichi, and Kun'ichi Miyazawa. "C60 fullerene tubes as removable templates." Journal of Materials Research 21, no. 2 (2006): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2006.0066.
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Crystalline microtubes (inner diameter 240–2100 nm) consisting of C60 fullerene molecules were prepared in the mixture of C60-saturated pyridine and isopropyl alcohol kept at 0 °C. Characterization by transmission electron microscopy showed a linear relationship between the outer diameter and the inner diameter for the C60 fullerene tubes. Optical observations suggested that the specimens already had tubular structure when they were grown in the solution. Deposition of guest crystals inside the C60 fullerene tubes was performed by the following procedure: (i) ultrasonic pulverization to obtain the C60 fullerene tubes with open ends, (ii) absorption of methyl alcohol solution of KBr into the tubes by the capillary attraction, and (iii) evaporation of methyl alcohol to precipitate KBr inside the tubes. Columnar KBr crystals were then obtained by dissolving the fullerene tube walls in toluene.
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Lahooti-Fard, Farzad, Mohammad Imani, and Ali Akbar Yousefi. "Solvent-dependent rheological behavior of concentrated solutions of a cationic acrylic terpolymer containing self-assembled chains." e-Polymers 15, no. 4 (2015): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2015-0057.
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AbstractIt has been proved that alcohol molecules exist as cyclic and chain aggregates of different sizes in pure or mixed solvent systems. Here, it will be shown that these aggregates can radically change the rheological properties of a concentrated polymer solution containing self-assembled chains. In a previous study by the same authors, the existence of self-assembled structures in dilute solution of poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate-co-butyl methacrylate) in an alcoholic solvent mixture was shown according to small angle X-ray scattering results, showing that these structure were much more compact than those in acetone. This finding is based on the role of alcohol aggregates as physical cross-linkers. Here, the existence of self-assembled structures in concentrated solutions of the same terpolymer was confirmed by atomic force microscopy and rheology results both in acetone (a good solvent) and in a solvent mixture composed of acetone, ethanol and 1-propanol. For the terpolymer solutions in the solvent mixture, very little decrease in complex viscosity and shear thickening were observed at high strains and frequencies, respectively. It can be concluded that the alcohol aggregates can cause the formation of strong self-assembled structures that can even resist high shear forces or strains.
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Umegaki, T., Y. Enomoto, and Y. Kojima. "Metallic ruthenium nanoparticles for hydrogenation of supercritical carbon dioxide." Catalysis Science & Technology 6, no. 2 (2016): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cy00994d.
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Lihanov, V. A., and O. P. Lopatin. "The toxicity study of diesel engines working on biofuels based on methyl alcohol." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 12, no. 3 (2018): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-66837.
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The paper substantiates the need for the use of biofuels based on methyl alcohol in diesel engines. At the same time, such environmentally friendly energy sources as methanol and methyl ether of rapeseed oil were investigated. The physical and chemical properties of these biofuels are presented. In order to develop, determine and optimize the composition of environmentally friendly biofuels for diesel engines, their tests were carried out when working on methanol with methyl ether of rapeseed oil and methanol-fuel emulsion. It was experimentally established that the use of environmentally friendly biofuels in diesel engines is possible in the form of alcohol-fuel emulsions (methyl alcohol - 25%, detergent-dispersing additive succinimide C-5A - 0.5%, water - 7%, diesel fuel - 67.5%) and in the form of a separate supply of methyl alcohol (88%) and methyl ether of rapeseed oil (12%). When using methanol as a biofuel for diesel engines, it is possible to significantly reduce the emissions of soot particles and nitrogen oxides due to the fact that during the combustion of alcohol in the combustion chamber of diesel, less intermediate products (in relation to diesel fuel) are formed, contributing to the birth of acetylene and aromatic hydrocarbons, which lead to the formation of soot. Methyl alcohol, with its simpler structure and small molecule sizes, is one of the determining factors for more “pure combustion” of fuel. Experimental studies of diesel engines on environmentally friendly biofuels of the above compositions were carried out and a promising solution to improve their environmental performance was justified. When the diesel engine is working on a methanol-fuel emulsion, the content of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gases is reduced by 41.3%, carbon black by 85.5%, carbon dioxide by 6.7%, carbon monoxide by 45.0%; when working on methanol and methyl ether of rapeseed oil, nitrogen oxides by 47.4%, carbon black by 90.4%, carbon oxide by 44.8%.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Methyl Alcohol Solution"
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Takky, Driss. "Effet de la structure moléculaire en electrocatalyse : étude mécanistique de l'oxydation des isomères du butanol en milieu aqueux sur diverses électrodes de metaux nobles." Poitiers, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987POIT2008.
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Lilly, Arnys Clifton. "Monte Carlo simulation of aqueous dilute solutions of polyhydric alcohols." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54388.
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In order to investigate the details of hydrogen bonding and solution molecular conformation of complex alcohols in water, isobaric-isothermal Monte Carlo simulations were carried out on several systems. The solutes investigated were ethanol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol and glycerol. In addition, propane, which does not hydrogen bond but does form water hydrates, was simulated in aqueous solution. The complex alcohol-water systems are very nonideal in their behavior as a function of solute concentration down to very dilute solutions. The water model employed was TIP4P water¹ and the intermolecular potentials employed are of the Jorgensen type² in which the interactions between the molecules are represented by interaction sites usually located on nuclei. The interactions are represented by a sum of Coulomb and Lennard-Jones terms between all intermolecular pairs of sites. Intramolecular rotations in the solute are modeled by torsional potential energy functions taken from ethanol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol for C-O and C-C bond rotations. Quasi-component pair correlation functions were used to analyze the hydrogen bonding. Hydrogen bonds were classified as proton acceptor and proton donor bonds by analyzing the nearest neighbor pair correlation function between hydroxyl oxygen and hydrogen and between solvent-water hydrogen and oxygen.
The results obtained for partial molar heats of solution are more negative than the experimental values by 3.0 to 14 kcal/mol. In solution, all solutes reached a contracted molecular geometry with the OH groups generally on one side of the molecule. There is a tendency for the solute OH groups to hydrogen bond with water, with more proton acceptor bonds than proton donor bonds. The water-solute binding energies correlate with experimental measurements of the water-binding properties of the solute.
1. Jorgensen, W.L. et al, J. Chem. Phys., 79, 926 (1983).
2. Jorgensen, W.L., J. Phys Chem., 87, 5304 (1983).<br>Ph. D.
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Okazaki, S., N. Yoshii, and K. Fujimoto. "Molecular dynamics study of free energy of transfer of alcohol and amine from water phase to the micelle by thermodynamic integration method." AIP Publishing, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20838.
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Мольченко, Світлана Миколаївна. "Технологія безвідходної нейтралізації жирів водно-спиртовими розчинами карбонатів лужних металів". Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2016. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/21781.
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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.18.06. – технологія жирів, ефірних масел і парфумерно-косметичних продуктів. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут" Міністерства освіти і науки України, м. Харків, 2016 р.
Дисертаційну роботу присвячено науковому обґрунтуванню перспективної технології безвідходної нейтралізації жирів.
Експериментально підтверджено, що жирні кислоти олії можуть бути нейтралізовані водно-етанольними розчинами карбонатів лужних металів до нормативних значень кислотного числа (< 0,2 мг КОН/г). Експериментальним шляхом та з використанням апроксимаційних поліномів визначено раціональні технологічні параметри нейтралізації жирних кислот соняшникової олії водно-спиртовими розчинами карбонатів лужних металів. Розраховано ефективні константи швидкості реакції та енергії активації за кожною стадією взаємодії жирних кислот з водно-етанольними розчинами карбонатів лужних металів. Науково обґрунтовано технологію одержання жирних кислот із соапстоку з використанням діоксиду вуглецю. За результатами експериментальних досліджень доведено, що розщепляння натрієвих або калієвих солей жирних кислот дією діоксиду вуглецю за визначеними раціональними умовами чиниться на глибину понад 90 %. Запропоновано технологію безвідходної нейтралізації жирів водно-етанольними розчинами карбонату натрію або калію з одержанням із соапстоку товарного продукту – жирних кислот, які відповідають вимогам нормативної документації. Доведено, що водно-етанольні розчини карбонатів лужних металів можуть бути використані як ефективні та економічно доцільні нейтралізуючі агенти в технології лужної нейтралізації жирів.<br>The thesis for the candidate of technical sciences degree in specialty 05.18.06. – Technology of fats, essential oils and perfume-cosmetic products. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 2016.
The thesis is dedicated to the scientific substantiation of the perspective non-waste fat neutralization technology. It was confirmed experimentally that oil fatty acids can be neutralized with water-ethanol solutions of alkali metal carbonate to the norms in the acid number (< 0.2 mg KOH/g). Rational technological parameters of sunflower oil fatty acids neutralization with water-alcohol solutions of alkali metal carbonates were defined experimentally and using polynomial approximation. Effective reaction rate constant and the activation energy for each stage of interaction between fatty acids and water-ethanol solutions of alkali metal carbonates were calculated. Technology of fatty acids obtaining from soapstock using carbon dioxide was proved scientifically. The results of experimental studies proved that the sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids decomposition with carbon dioxide in certain rational conditions can exerted at a depth of over 90 %. The technology of non-waste fat neutralization with sodium carbonate or potassium water-ethanol solution with obtaining from soapstock the marketable fatty acids product which meet the requirements of regulatory documents were developed. Alkali metal carbonate water-ethanol solutions were proven to be used as cost-effective neutralizing agents in the technology of alkaline fats neutralization.
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Мольченко, Світлана Миколаївна. "Технологія безвідходної нейтралізації жирів водно-спиртовими розчинами карбонатів лужних металів". Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2016. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/21779.
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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.18.06. – технологія жирів, ефірних масел і парфумерно-косметичних продуктів. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут" Міністерства освіти і науки України, м. Харків, 2016 р.
Дисертаційну роботу присвячено науковому обґрунтуванню перспективної технології безвідходної нейтралізації жирів.
Експериментально підтверджено, що жирні кислоти олії можуть бути нейтралізовані водно-етанольними розчинами карбонатів лужних металів до нормативних значень кислотного числа (< 0,2 мг КОН/г). Експериментальним шляхом та з використанням апроксимаційних поліномів визначено раціональні технологічні параметри нейтралізації жирних кислот соняшникової олії водно-спиртовими розчинами карбонатів лужних металів. Розраховано ефективні константи швидкості реакції та енергії активації за кожною стадією взаємодії жирних кислот з водно-етанольними розчинами карбонатів лужних металів. Науково обґрунтовано технологію одержання жирних кислот із соапстоку з використанням діоксиду вуглецю. За результатами експериментальних досліджень доведено, що розщепляння натрієвих або калієвих солей жирних кислот дією діоксиду вуглецю за визначеними раціональними умовами чиниться на глибину понад 90 %. Запропоновано технологію безвідходної нейтралізації жирів водно-етанольними розчинами карбонату натрію або калію з одержанням із соапстоку товарного продукту – жирних кислот, які відповідають вимогам нормативної документації. Доведено, що водно-етанольні розчини карбонатів лужних металів можуть бути використані як ефективні та економічно доцільні нейтралізуючі агенти в технології лужної нейтралізації жирів.<br>The thesis for the candidate of technical sciences degree in specialty 05.18.06. – Technology of fats, essential oils and perfume-cosmetic products. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 2016.
The thesis is dedicated to the scientific substantiation of the perspective non-waste fat neutralization technology. It was confirmed experimentally that oil fatty acids can be neutralized with water-ethanol solutions of alkali metal carbonate to the norms in the acid number (< 0.2 mg KOH/g). Rational technological parameters of sunflower oil fatty acids neutralization with water-alcohol solutions of alkali metal carbonates were defined experimentally and using polynomial approximation. Effective reaction rate constant and the activation energy for each stage of interaction between fatty acids and water-ethanol solutions of alkali metal carbonates were calculated. Technology of fatty acids obtaining from soapstock using carbon dioxide was proved scientifically. The results of experimental studies proved that the sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids decomposition with carbon dioxide in certain rational conditions can exerted at a depth of over 90 %. The technology of non-waste fat neutralization with sodium carbonate or potassium water-ethanol solution with obtaining from soapstock the marketable fatty acids product which meet the requirements of regulatory documents were developed. Alkali metal carbonate water-ethanol solutions were proven to be used as cost-effective neutralizing agents in the technology of alkaline fats neutralization.
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Singh, Sangeeta. "Correlation and prediction of the physical and excess properties of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulphate with several alcohols at T= (298.15 to 313.15) K." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/876.
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Submitted in fulfilment of the academic requirements for the Masters Degree in Technology: Chemistry,
Durban University of Technology,2013.<br>The thermodynamic properties of binary liquid mixtures using an ionic liquid (IL)
with alcohols were determined at different temperatures. The ionic liquid used was 1-butyl-3-
methylimidazolium methylsulphate [BMIM]+[MeSO4]-. Densities, speed of sound, and refractive
indices for the binary mixtures ([BMIM]+[MeSO4]- + methanol, or 1-propanol, or 2-propanol, or
1-butanol) were experimentally measured over the whole range of composition at T = (298.15,
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303.15, 308.15, and 313.15) K. From the experimental data, excess molar volumes, V m ,
E
, deviations in refractive
isentropic compressibilities, κ s , excess isentropic compressibilities, κ S
indices, ∆n, and molar refractions, R, were calculated. The excess partial molar volumes were
also calculated at T = 298.15 K.
For the binary systems, ([BMIM]+[MeSO4]- + methanol, or 1-propanol, or 2-propanol, or
E
E
E
1-butanol) V m and κ S
are always negative and V m decrease slightly when the temperature
increases. The refractive index deviation at T = (298.15, 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15) K is
positive over the whole composition range. The measured negative values for excess molar
volume of these mixtures ([BMIM]+[MeSO4]- + methanol, or 1-propanol, or 2-propanol, or
1-butanol) indicate strong ion-dipole interactions and packing between alcohols and IL are
present.
The Redlich-Kister smoothing polynomial equation was satisfactorily applied for the
E
E
fitting of the V m , κ S
, and ∆n data to give the fitting parameters and the root-mean-square
deviations. The Lorentz-Lorenz (L-L) equation was also used to correlate the volumetric
property and predict the density or refractive index of the binary mixtures of ionic liquid and the
organic solvents. The Lorentz-Lorenz approximation gives a higher σ when used to correlate the
iiiexcess molar volumes for the mixtures ([BMIM]+[MeSO4]- + methanol, or 1-propanol, or
2-propanol, or 1-butanol). The L-L equation gives good results for the prediction of density and
refractive index. The results are discussed in terms of solute-solute, solute-solvent and solvent-
solvent interactions.
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Chiu, Hsine-Chang, and 邱顯昶. "Using the Excitation Surface Plasma Waves by the Method of Optical Frustrated Total Internal Reflection to the Alcohol Solution Detection." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96381085405355384778.
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碩士<br>清雲科技大學<br>電子工程所<br>99<br>This study optical frustrated total internal reflection method and Kretschmann configuration are used to excite surface plasma waves in this study. We find the best configuration surface plasma resonance angle of the alcohol solution. This thesis also applied Fresnel formula to derive the three layers reflectance formula. MATLAB software was used to simulate the whole studies. Methanol and ethanol as the analytes of this thesis.Surface plasma wave is measured by the surface plasma wave measurement system. The system can sensitively measure the different types of alcohols absorption depth and the resonance angle of surface plasma wave.
Books on the topic "Methyl Alcohol Solution"
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Neidle, Marks. Surface Tension of Aqueous Solutions of Ethyl, Methyl and Amyl Alcohols, and of Acetic and Formic Acids. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2023.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Methyl Alcohol Solution"
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Li, Jie Jack, Chris Limberakis, and Derek A. Pflum. "Reductions." In Modern Organic Synthesis in the Laboratory. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195187984.003.0010.
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The Barton deoxygenation (or Barton–McCombie deoxygenation) is a two-step reaction sequence for the reduction of an alcohol to an alkane. The alcohol is first converted to a methyl xanthate or thioimidazoyl carbamate. Then, the xanthate or thioimidazoyl carbamate is reduced with a tin hydride reagent under radical conditions to afford the alkane. Trialkylsilanes have also been used as the hydride source. Reviews: (a) McCombie, S. W. In Comprehensive Organic Synthesis; Trost, B. M.; Fleming, I., Eds.; Pergamon Press: Oxford, U. K., 1991; Vol. 8, Chapter 4.2: Reduction of Saturated Alcohols and Amines to Alkanes, pp. 818–824. (b) Crich, D.; Quintero, L. Chem. Rev. 1989, 89, 1413–1432. To a solution of the â-hydroxy-N-methyl-O-methylamide (0.272 g, 1.55 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) (30 mL) were added carbon disulfide (6.75 mL, 112 mmol) and iodomethane (6.70 mL, 108 mmol) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at this temperature for 0.25 h, and then sodium hydride (60% suspension in mineral, 136.3 mg, 3.4 mmol) was added. After 20 min at 0 °C, the reaction was quenched by slow addition to 60 g of crushed ice. (Caution: hydrogen gas evolution!). The mixture was raised to room temperature and separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH2Cl2 (4 × 15 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried (Na2SO4</aub>), concentrated in vacuo, and purified (SiO2, 5% EtOAc in hexanes) to afford 0.354 g (86%) of the xanthate. To a solution of the xanthate (2.95 g, 11.1 mmol) in toluene (100 mL) was added tributyltin hydride (15.2 mL, 56.6 mmol) and 2,2´-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN, 0.109 g, 0.664 mmol). The reaction mixture was then heated to reflux for 1 h. The mixture was cooled, concentrated in vacuo, and purified (SiO2, 100% hexanes to remove tin byproducts, followed by 10% EtOAc in hexanes to elute product) to afford 1.69 g (96%) of the N-methyl-O-methylamide.
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Zong, Liang, Jingning Zhang, Dan Li, et al. "A Rhodamine-Based Probe for Detection of Nerve Agents Simulants." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde210333.
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In this paper, a rhodamine-based fluorescent and chromogenic probe, N-(Rhodamine B)-lactam-2-aminobenzyl alcohol (RB-AB), was designed to detect nerve agent simulants. We firstly synthesized RB-AB probe by using rhodamine B and 2-aminobenzyl alcohol as main materials. Secondly, the RB-AB probe was applied to evaluate its ability to detect two nerve agent simulants, diethyl chloride phosphate (DCP) and methyl ethyl chloride phosphate (MECP). It was assumed that RB-AB could react with the nerve agent simulants through the benzyl alcohol group and then undergoes structural changes. As a result, the RB-AB detection solution shows fluorescent and color changes during detecting process. The maximum intensity of fluorescence emission increases with the addition of DCP or MECP in a dose-dependent manner. The LOD (limit of detection) of the probe is about 20 ppm for DCP. Moreover, a significant pink color change can be observed in the RB-AB system within a few seconds when detecting DCP or MECP. In conclusion, a rhodamine-based molecule as a fluorescent and chromogenic probe was developed for detecting nerve agent simulants. The RB-AB probe solutions can give rapid and off-on type optical changes including color and fluorescence when reacting with DCP or MECP. We anticipate that RB-AB probe can be used as a helpful tool for visual and fluorescent detection of nerve agents when meeting with terrorist attacks involving with these agents so that effective measures could be promptly taken to cope with the crises.
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Romagnoli, Marcello, and Veronica Testa. "Perspective Chapter: Methanol as a Fuel for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs) - Principles and Performance." In Methanol Fuel - New Developments, Perspectives and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1002872.
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Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol (CH3OH), is a colorless, flammable, and volatile liquid produced commercially through the catalytic reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen or by gasification. Despite toxicity and serious health effects, methanol has recently gained attention as a feedstock for chemical synthesis, a solvent in industrial processes, an antifreeze agent, a potential solution for sustainable energy production, and as a potential alternative fuel for biofuel in automotive diesel engines in diesel vehicle applications. This is attributed to its notable energy density and convenient manageability when contrasted with hydrogen, a fuel more commonly employed in various other types of fuel cells. Proper handling and safety precautions are necessary when employing methanol as a fuel in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) in portable electronic devices, backup power systems, and remote power generation applications. The performance of DMFCs is largely determined by the efficiency of the anode and cathode reactions, as well as the conductivity of the electrolyte. In the quest for more environmentally friendly and sustainable options, the uses of methanol are undergoing dynamic advancements, providing solutions that address both current energy demands and overarching environmental objectives.
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Tahir, Mr Abu. "Pharmaceutical Calculations." In Edited Book of Pharmaceutics – I [According to Latest Syllabus of B. Pharm-I Semester of Pharmacy Council of India]. Iterative International Publishers, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/nbennurepch6.
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Pharmaceutical calculations are essential skills for pharmacists, ensuring accurate preparation and dispensing of medications. One fundamental aspect is understanding weights and measures, using both the Imperial and Metric systems. The Imperial system includes units like pounds and ounces, while the Metric system, preferred in pharmaceuticals, uses grams and milliliters for precision. Calculations involving percentage solutions are common in pharmacy practice. For example, to prepare a 10% w/v (weight/volume) solution, one would dissolve 10 grams of a solute in enough water to make 100 milliliters of solution. This ensures the correct concentration for therapeutic efficacy. Allegation is a method used to mix solutions of different concentrations to achieve a desired concentration. For instance, mixing a 20% w/v solution and a 5% w/v solution to make 100 ml of a 15% w/v solution can be calculated using the allegation method, determining the precise volumes needed from each concentration. Proof spirit calculations are used in the preparation of alcoholic solutions. Proof spirit is a term used to describe a mixture of alcohol and water, typically 50% alcohol by volume. To determine the amount of 95% ethanol needed to prepare 500 ml of proof spirit, specific calculations are applied to adjust for the desired concentration. Isotonic solutions are vital for preparing medications that match the osmolarity of body fluids. Calculations based on freezing point depression help achieve this. For example, to prepare an isotonic solution of sodium chloride, one can use the known freezing point depression of 0.52°C for a 0.9% NaCl solution. By adjusting concentrations, pharmacists ensure the solution will not cause cellular damage upon administration
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Li, Jie Jack, Chris Limberakis, and Derek A. Pflum. "Functional Group Manipulations." In Modern Organic Synthesis in the Laboratory. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195187984.003.0008.
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CBr4–Ph3P is very straightforward and widely used. Workup and purification can be messy at times because of the by-product, Ph3PO. To a mixture of the alcohol (0.800 g, 3.36 mmol) and carbon tetrabromide (1.337 g, 4.03 mmol) in CH2Cl2 at 0 ºC was added a solution of PPh3 (1.319 g, 5.03 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (3 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, concentrated under reduced pressure, and purified by column chromatography to afford the bromide (0.941 g, 93% yield). Reference: Hu, T.-S.; Yu, Q.; Wu, Y.-L.; Wu, Y. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 853–861. A two-step sequence consisting of mesylate formation followed by treatment with LiBr can also be used. This procedure involves two steps, but workup and purification are very straightforward. The bromide can be carried out to the next step without further purification in many cases. To a solution of 5-hydroxymethyl-1-methylcyclopentene (3.8 g, 34 mmol) in CH2 Cl2 (50 mL) at 0 ºC was added triethylamine (5.2 mL, 37 mmol) followed by methanesulfonyl chloride (2.9 mL, 37 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 0 ºC for 5 h and then water was added. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ether. The combined organic extracts were dried over MgSO4 and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give 6.4 g (98%) of (2-methylcyclopent-2- enyl)methyl methanesulfonate, which was used in the next step without further purification. A solution containing the mesylate (6.4 g, 34 mmol) in acetone (70 mL) was treated with lithium bromide (8.89 g, 102 mmol). The mixture was heated at reflux for 6 h, cooled to room temperature, diluted with water, extracted with ether, and the combined ethereal extracts were dried over MgSO4. Removal of the solvent under reduced pressure gave 4.6 g (78%) of 5-bromomethyl-1-methylcyclopentene, which was used in the next step without further purification.
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Taber, Douglass. "The Wood Synthesis of Welwitindolinone A Isonitrile." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199764549.003.0095.
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Welwitindolinone A Isonitrile 3 is the first of a family of oxindole natural products isolated from the cyanobacteria Hapalosiphon welwischii and Westiella intricate on the basis of their activity for reversing multiple drug resistance (MDR). A key transformation in the total synthesis of 3 reported (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 2087) by John L. Wood, now at Colorado State University, was the chlorination of 1, that in one step established both the axial secondary chloro substituent and the flanking chiral quaternary center. The starting material for the synthesis of 3 was the diene acetonide 5, readily prepared from the Birch reduction product 4. Intermolecular ketene cycloaddition proceeded with high regio- and diastereoselectivity, to give the bicyclooctenone 6. The triazene-bearing Grignard reagent 7 added to the ketone 6 with the anticipated high diastereocontrol, to give, after reduction and protection, the cyclic urethane 8. Selective oxidation of the diol derived from 8 followed by silylation delivered the enone 9. Conjugate addition of hydride followed by enolate trapping gave the trifl ate 10. Pd-catalyzed meth-oxycarbonylation established the methyl ester 11. Addition of CH3MgBr to 11 gave 1, setting the stage for the establishment of the two key stereogenic centers of 2 and so of 3. The transformation of 1 to 2 was envisioned as being initiated by formation of a bridging chloronium ion. Pinacol-like 1,2-methyl migration then proceeded to form the trans diaxial product, moving the ketone-bearing branch equatorial. In addition to being an elegant solution of the problem of how to establish the axial chloro substituent of 3, this strategy might have some generality for the stereocontrolled construction of other alkylated cyclic quaternary centers. Reduction of the ketone 2 and dehydration of the resulting alcohol led, after deprotection and oxidation, to the ketone 12. Protection followed by β-elimination gave the enone 13. Direct reductive amination of 13 failed, but reduction of the methoxime was successful, giving, after acylation, the formamide 14. Reductive N-O bond cleavage followed by deprotection and isonitrile formation then set the stage for the planned intramolecular acylation to complete the synthesis of Welwitindolinone A Isonitrile 3.
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Taber, Douglass F. "The Baran Synthesis of Vinigrol." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199965724.003.0091.
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The diterpene vinigrol 3, isolated from Virgaria nigra F-5408, has eluded total synthesis for more than 20 years. Attempts to construct the four-carbon bridge on a preformed cis-decalin have been unavailing. Phil S. Baran of Scripps/La Jolla solved (Angewandte Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 3054; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 17066) this problem by adding the extra C-C bond of 1, which could then be cleaved in course of a Grob fragmentation, leading to 2. The preparation of 1 started with the dihydroresorcinol derivative 4. Diels-Alder addition of the ester 5 gave 6, with a modest 2:1 dr. Addition of allyl MgCl to the derived aldehyde 7 proceeded with 6:1 dr. The resulting triene was conformationally sufficiently constrained that cyclization to 8 proceeded at room temperature over 2 weeks, or more conveniently at 105°C for 90 minutes. With 8 in hand, oxidation to the ketone allowed installation of the additional methyl group of 9. Desilylation followed by OH-directed reduction set the relative configuration of 1 correctly for the Grob fragmentation to the Z -alkene 2. There were two remaining problems in the synthesis. The alkene of 2 had to be converted to the methylated tertiary alcohol, and the ketone had to be elaborated to the ene diol. Though seemingly straightforward, the congested tricyclic skeleton of 2 made many common transformations difficult. The solution to the first problem was found in the selective dipolar addition of bromonitrile oxide. Reduction of the ketone then enabled HO-directed hydrogenation of the alkene, which otherwise was resistant. Dehydration followed by reduction with LiAlH4 gave the desired methyl group bearing a primary amine, which was removed by free radical reduction of the corresponding isonitrile, to give 12. With 12 in hand, the end of the synthesis appeared to be in sight. In fact, the reduction of a variety of oxidized intermediates proved difficult. In the end, a sequence that did not require reduction proved effective. Dihydroxylation of 12 gave a diol, selective oxidation of which delivered the α-hydroxy ketone 13. Formation of the trisylhydrazone followed by Shapiro reaction gave the intermediate alkenyl anion, which was trapped with formaldehyde to give the long-sought vinigrol 3.
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Kulkarni, Sunil, Ajaygiri K. Goswami, and Ghayas A. Usmani. "Characterization and Comparison of Various Blends of Honge Oil Methyl Ester (Biodiesel) With Diesel Fuel." In Biomass and Bioenergy Solutions for Climate Change Mitigation and Sustainability. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5269-1.ch016.
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The Honge oil, known as pongamia oil, is one of the most widely used lamp oils around the world. It is also used in leather tanning, in soap making, and as a lubricant. The Honge oil methyl ester can be used as an alternative fuel for diesel. The transesterification of methanol and Honge oil in the presence of base catalyst results in Honge oil methyl ester. In the current work, the Honge oil methyl-ester known as biodiesel was produced. It was mixed with petroleum diesel fuel in different proportions. Various physical and petroleum properties were investigated for Honge oil biofuel and also for various diesel and ester mixtures. The optimum parameters were temperature was 65oC, catalyst quantity, 0.4 grams and oil: alcohol ratio, 1:6. The blends of 10%, 20%, and 30% compositions were most suitable as potential alternative fuel. Different proportions of biodiesel ester in diesel fuel have been also compared with petroleum diesel fuel to identify a suitable blend having good engine fuel potential.
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Tinker, Peter B., and Peter Nye. "Solute Interchange between Solid, Liquid, and Gas Phases in the Soil." In Solute Movement in the Rhizosphere. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195124927.003.0007.
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We noted in chapter 1 that the concentration of solute in the soil solution is buffered by solute adsorbed on the soil surfaces. We also show in chapter 4 that the overall mobility of ions is related to their amounts and mobilities in the solid and solution. In this chapter, we focus on the soil solution concentration, primarily to show how the factors controlling it can be incorporated in models of the growth of crops and the leaching of nutrients or pollutants, such as those described in chapters 10 and 11. We examine the general principles governing the interchange of solutes between all phases in the soil, dealing first with inorganic ions, especially plant nutrients and heavy metals; and later with organic solutes, including biocides, which may also occur in the vapour phase. We also consider the reactions between metal ions and other organic or inorganic ions in solution to form complexes, such as CuOH+. The method of displacing the pore solution from a column of soil with ethanol, introduced by Ischtscherikow (1907), has been examined by Moss (1963, 1969). He found, in accord with theory (section 3.1.3), that the activity ratios (K)/(Ca + Mg)1/2 and (K)/(Ca)1/2 determined in the displaced solutions remained constant over considerable changes in soil moisture level to the point of saturation. He also found that the activity ratio (K)/(Ca + Mg)1/2 in the extracts from a wide range of soils agreed well with the activity ratio determined by the null point method of Beckett & Craig (1964). In this method, the soil is shaken with dilute CaCl2 solution containing graded amounts of potassium, and the activity ratio at which the soil does not gain or lose potassium to the solution is determined. Ethanol appears to displace solution from the fine as well as the coarse pores, and successive fractions, devoid of alcohol, have the same composition. For small samples of soil, it is more convenient to add a heavy liquid that is immiscible with water, and extract the solution by centrifuging (Kinniburgh & Miles 1983). Suction methods are useful for following changes in composition of moist soils. They should be used with care since they change the pressure of CO2 and hence the concentration of the bicarbonate ion.
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Khemakhem, Sabeur. "Preparation and Evaluation of Hydrophobic Grafted Ceramic Membrane: For Application in Water Desalination." In Wastewater Treatment. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104899.
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A new inorganic hydrophobic porous membrane was prepared and applied in desalination with the air-gap membrane distillation process. Ceramic supports from low-cost natural Tunisian sand have been elaborated by the extrusion method. The microfiltration layer has been elaborated from ZrO2 powder by slip casting technical using a solution of water, sand powder, and polyvinyl alcohol solution. The hydrophobic surface of the active layer was elaborated by grafting 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane on the ceramic microfiltration membrane surface (Tunisian Sand/Zirconia), to prepare a hydrophobic surface. The contact angle method allows showing the hydrophobic nature on the grafted membrane surface since it increases from 25° before grafting to values exceeding 140° after grafting. The efficiency of the grafting process was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The membrane permeability varies from 700 l.h−1.m−2 before grafting to 10 l.h−1.m−2 after grafting. The new hydrophobic membrane seems to be promising in the field of membrane distillation. Salt retention higher than 98% was obtained using a modified microfiltration ceramic membrane.
Conference papers on the topic "Methyl Alcohol Solution"
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Bockris, John O'm, and Bo Yang. "Adsorption and Corrosion Inhibition of Acetylenic Alcohols and Some Related Compounds on Iron in Acid Solutions: a Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Study." In CORROSION 1989. NACE International, 1989. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1989-89626.
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Abstract The adsorption process of 1-octyn-3-ol, 1-propyn-3-ol, 1-butyn-3-ol, 1-hexyn-3-ol, 1-phenyl-2-propyn-1-ol, 3-methyl-1-penten-4-yn-3-ol, 1,5-hexadien-3-ol and 3-hexanol on iron electrode in acid solutions (H2SO4 and HC1) have been examined by time-resolved in-situ automatic ellipsometry. The time, concentration and potential dependencies of the adsorption, the subsequent structure transition and polymer growth of the adsorbed layers formed by these compounds on iron were determined. In-situ multiple wavelength ellipsometry in the visible region, XPS and ex-situ FTIR reflection-absorption spectroscopy were also used to characterize the adsorbed layers. The effects of chloride ions on the adsorption process were determined by ellipsometry and XPS. Polarization measurements by potential step method together with corrosion rate determination by Stern-Geary method were used to access the corrosion inhibition performance of each compound. It is found that: The adsorbability of the compounds on iron has the following order: 1-octyn-3-ol &gt; 1-phenyl-2-propyn-1-ol » 1-hexyn-3-ol » 1-propyn-3-ol, 1-butyn-3-ol &gt; 3-methyl-1-penten-4-yn-3-ol » 1,5-hexadien-3-ol &gt; 3-hexanol.The Inhibition ability of the compounds for the anodic reaction (iron dissolution) has the following sequence: 1-propyn-3-ol &gt; 1-phenyl-2-propyn-1-ol &gt; 3-butyn-1-ol &gt; 1-hexyn-3-ol &gt; 3-methyl-1-penten-4-yn-3-ol » 1,5-hexadien-3-olFor the cathodic reaction (hydrogen evolution), the inhibition ability has the following order: 1-phenyl-2-propyn-1-ol &gt; 1-hexyn-3-ol &gt; 1-propyn-3-ol &gt; 3-butyn-1-ol &gt; 3-methyl-1-penten-4-yn-3-ol &gt; 1,5-hexadien-3-ol Thus, there is a direct correspondence between surface coverage and inhibition of hydrogen evolution on iron for the compounds studied; but there is no similar relationship for iron dissolution reaction. Instead, for the latter reaction, a small molecule, such as propynol, may cover the active sites more closely, therefore inhibiting iron dissolution more effectively.
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Barmatov, Evgeny, Trevor Hughes, and Michaela Nagl. "Performance of Organic Corrosion Inhibitors on Carbon Steels and High Alloys in 4M Hydrochloric Acid." In CORROSION 2015. NACE International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2015-05893.
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Abstract Matrix acidizing of oil and gas reservoirs is a widely established technique to increase hydrocarbon production. Strong mineral acids such as HCl or HCl/HF mixtures are injected into the well at high concentrations. For this application, corrosion inhibitors are enabling because uninhibited matrix acidizing treatment fluids would induce severe corrosion of downhole equipment. A broad range of organic film-forming corrosion inhibitors have been developed to retard the acid corrosion of coiled tubing and casing through which the acidizing fluids are injected. In this paper, the corrosion inhibition of polymerizable organic corrosion inhibitors for a coiled tubing low carbon steel, medium carbon steel, high alloy (UNS S42000) and Duplex (UNS S32205) casing steels in 4M hydrochloric acid solution at 80°C was investigated by weight loss technique. This paper summarizes structure-property relationships for various polymerizable organic corrosion inhibitors, including acetylenic alcohols and derivatives of cinnamic acid, i.e. trans-cinnamaldehyde and cinnamonitrile. The influence of metal composition on the efficiency of film forming corrosion inhibitors and the synergetic behavior with quaternary ammonium cations is discussed.
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Barmatov, Evgeny, Jill Geddes, Trevor Hughes, and Michaela Nagl. "Research on Corrosion Inhibitors for Acid Stimulation." In CORROSION 2012. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01573.
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Abstract In the Oil & Gas industry, formation treatment with acids is an established method to stimulate carbonates or dissolve fines. Either organic acids such as citric or acetic acid or mineral acids such as HCl or HF are injected into the well at high concentrations. In the absence of corrosion inhibitors, the generalized corrosion rate increases exponentially with acid concentration and temperature. This can be reduced to an acceptable level by adding appropriate concentrations of inhibitor products in order to protect and prolong the useful lifetime of the hardware present in the well. Currently, inhibitor packages demonstrate high efficiency with carbon steels and at temperatures below 150°C. An overview of commonly applied acid corrosion inhibitors will be presented and a comparison is made between published data and data measured in-house. Some common pitfalls associated with the evaluation of acid corrosion inhibitors are highlighted. Weight loss analysis is a widely used method for assessing the efficiency of corrosion inhibitors. The effects of surface roughness and acid volume to metal surface area ratio are reviewed for gravimetric experiments in solutions of 14 and 28 wt. % hydrochloric acid at 78°C. Results on low carbon steel Coiled Tubing (CT) coupons that were either glass bead blasted, pickled or polished are reported. This paper also investigates the inhibiting effect of different classes of corrosion inhibitors in 14 wt. % HCl at 78°C using electrochemical methods (linear polarization resistance and Tafel extrapolation method) and evaluates the synergetic behavior of acetylenic alcohols with quaternary ammonium cations (QUATs).
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Soriaga, Manuel P., G. M. Berry, C. Bhardwaj, et al. "Chemisorption of Organic Molecules on Metal Electrode Surfaces." In CORROSION 1990. NACE International, 1990. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1990-90300.
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Abstract The chemisorption of various organic functional groups from aqueous solutions onto smooth single-crystal and polycrystalline electrodes, and the resistance of the resulting monolayer intermediates towards electrochemical oxidation have been studied; these investigations were motivated by the need to understand, at the atomic level, metal passivation by monolayer organic coatings. The electrodes employed were Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt, and Au whose anodic dissolution is preceded by surface-oxide formation even in highly acidic media. Resistance towards anodic oxidation can thus be associated with the retardation of the formation of surface metal oxides, and the degree of retardation can be taken as one measure of the passivation properties of the organic monolayer. Thirty-eight organic compounds containing at least one surface-active functional group were investigated: alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, heterocyclic aromatics, alcohols, phenols, sulfides, amines, amides, nitriles, CO, aldehydes, carboxylates, esters, and their selected derivatives. Experimental measurements were based primarily upon thin-layer electrochemical methods; selected interfacial systems were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy. The preliminary data suggest the following trends: (i) The stronger the organic monolayer is chemisorbed, the more efficient its corrosion inhibition, (ii) The strength of chemisorption of a given functional group varies with electrode material in the order Pt &gt; Pd ≥ Rh ≥ Ir &gt; Au. (iii) For a given electrode material, the strength of organic chemisorption decreases as -SH &gt; aromatic N &gt; aromatic ring ≥ alkyne &gt; alkene &gt;R2S ≥ aryl -CN &gt; aliphatic N &gt; -OH &gt; alkyl -CN &gt; -COOH. (iv) For a specific surface-active substituent, the higher the molecular weight of the parent organic compound, the better the corrosion inhibition, (v) The more reactive the metal, the greater the extent of organic chemisorption-induced passivation.
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Sato, Junya, Hideaki Watanabe, Hiroyuki Masui, and Shiho Kuroda. "Approaches and cleaning mechanisms to remove stubborn stains using Methyl Ester Ethoxylate surfactant." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/theq1330.
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Research shows that people are increasingly valuing quality of life, for which reducing housework is key. In laundry, one challenge is stubborn stains like permanent marker and collar/cuff darkening/yellowing. While a common solution is to apply detergent directly to such stains, this takes time, effort (scrubbing), and often does not remove satisfactorily. Although more surfactant in detergent generally produces higher detergency, Alcohol Ethoxylate changes to hexagonal phase when its concentration reaches 30%, limiting surfactant concentration. Alternatively, Methyl Ester Ethoxylate (MEE) has a bent molecular geometry, keeping it in lamellar phase when 30-70% concentrated, so we examined its potential to increase surfactant concentration.We first tested MEE's effectiveness on permanent marker stains. After applying a 30% MEE solution and leaving it for 30 minutes, detergency was 30% and the fabric did not appear clean. Yellowing or permanent marker stains are caused by polymerized sebum and resin components, so we theorized that surfactant alone could not fully emulsify them. Hence, we switched focus to the solubility parameter (SP value). When we applied an agent with a similar SP value as the permanent marker stain together with the detergent and left it for 30 minutes, detergency increased to around 40%. Furthermore, after extending application time to 6-12 hours, the detergency of applying surfactant alone increased to 70%, but the combination of agent and extended application time increased it to 85%, achieving an overwhelmingly clean appearance. This suggests that detergency factors include effectiveness of application time and polarity transformation due to water volatilization. Therefore, we believe that extended application of MEE is a simple method to achieve thorough cleanliness, which can reduce housework. In this report, we discuss stain dissolution after detergent application and the corresponding change of detergent state during extended application. We also report on application examples incorporating washing machine programs.
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Zhu, Beibei, and Hongtao Gao. "Molecular Dynamics Simulation for the Impact of N-Decanol Surfactants on the Liquid-Vapor Interface of Lithium Bromide Aqueous Solution." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22746.
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In order to investigate the effect of n-decanol, a kind of alcohol surfactants, on the absorption of water vapor into lithium bromide aqueous solution, this study focused on microscopic structure of the liquid-vapor interface of the electrolyte solution, the impact of n-decanol molecules on the interfacial properties and the absorption dynamic process employing the method of molecular dynamics simulation. The liquid-vapor configuration of lithium bromide aqueous solution added with four concentration of n-decanol can be analyzed by examining the density profile, the radial distribution functions and orientational order parameter. The computed results revealed that n-decanol molecules tended to adsorb at the interface with the methyl group pointing into the vapor phase and hydrophilic hydroxyl group pointing into the liquid phase which do much help to form a hydrogen bond network with water, and the tendency of this kind of preferred orientation became distinct with the increase of the amount of n-decanol. The hydrocarbon chains of n-decanol molecules were inclined to close to stay upright near the interface while the monolayer of n-decanol came into being near the interface. Ions were repelled from the surface. The direct interactions between hydroxyl hydrogen of n-decanol and anion exist, and there are much stronger electrostatic interactions between oxygen of n-decanol and cation. The dynamic process of the absorption of water into aqueous electrolyte solution with or without n-decanol was explored by molecular dynamics simulation under non equilibrium conditions. The simulation results showed that in comparison to the lithium bromide aqueous solution without n-decanol, the electrolyte aqueous solution with n-decanol can absorb more water molecules distinctly for 100 ps.
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Fischer, G., J. Akkara, F. Aranda, J. Roach, D. Kaplan, and D. V. G. L. N. Rao. "Third-order nonlinear optical interaction in bioengineered polymers." In OSA Annual Meeting. Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1991.fg3.
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A series of polymers and copolymers were synthesized from benzidine and para substituted phenols by the horseradish peroxidase catalyzed reaction in dioxane. Third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility χ(3) was measured for all these bioengineered polymers in a solution of dimethyl sulfoxide and methyl alcohol (in the ratio 4:1), using the technique of degenerate four-wave mixing. The source used for the measurements was a frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser giving 17-ps pulses. The vertically polarized output at 532 nm was split into three beams which are spatially and temporally overlapped in the sample contained in a cuvette of 1- or 2-mm light path. The χ(3) values of polymers were obtained by comparison with a reference sample of CS2. The molecular hyperpolarizability (γ) was obtained from the polymer solution measurements, and the macroscopic value χ(3) for the pure polymer was calculated. χ(3) values of polymers were in the range of 10-9 to 10-8 esu, three to four orders larger compared to the monomers. Relative magnitude of the electronic and orientation contributions to the nonlinearity were determined by changing the probe polarization from parallel to perpendicular orientation with respect to the pump beams. The phase-conjugate signal was also measured as a function of probe delay with respect to pump beams.
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Vilcena, Laimdota, Zane Zelca, and Silvija Kukle. "BETULIN INTEGRATION METHOD INTO SOLUTIONS FOR NEEDLELESS ELECTROSPINNING." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/6.1/s24.01.
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The aim of the research is to develop a method for betulin integration into electrospinning solutions to electrospun qualitative nanofibers webs morphology with high surface area and increase bioavailability. The main challenge in this study is to prepare betulin - containing electrospinning solutions with suitable concentrations due to limited betulin solubility in water and low alcohol concentrations. Tree concentrations of betulin extracts were obtained. The operation sequence to obtain electrospinning solutions was developed - the betulin powder was dissolved with ethanol then the resulting solution was combined with the 8 - 10 wt% polyvinyl alcohol solution to prepare several types of spinning solutions to acquire nanofibers with needleless electrospinning equipment. The electrical conductivity and viscosity of solutions were measured to select the most appropriate solution proportions for the electrospinning process. The SEM micrographs were analysed to characterize morphology and diameters of fibers webs, the FTIR analyse was used to approve the presence of betulin in the chemical composition of the samples. The method for betulin integration into electrospinning solutions is prepared, and tree betulin � containing nanofibers webs are obtained with higher betulin concentration in nanofibers � 5.01 wt%. Fibers morphology is without defects, 10 wt% PVA solution results in nanofibers average diameters of 556-595 nm and decrease with higher betulin additive to 213 - 236 nm. The FTIR analyse approves, that samples contain betulin (wave numbers 1006-1126 cm-1 with a peak at 1086 and decrease at about 1055 cm-1). Obtained nanofibers samples with betulin can use in medicine and cosmetics for skin care and treatment. A polymer matrix filled with biologically active compounds is an efficient method for transporting them to the target location.
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Puduppakkam, Karthik V., and Ellen Meeks. "Capturing Combustion Chemistry of Carbon-Neutral Transportation Fuels with a Library of Model Fuels." In 2023 JSAE/SAE Powertrains, Energy and Lubricants International Meeting. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-32-0001.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Carbon-neutral (CN) fuels will be part of the solution to reducing global warming effects of the transportation sector, along with electrification. CN fuels such as hydrogen, ammonia, biofuels, and e-fuels can play a primary role in some segments (aviation, shipping, heavy-duty road vehicles) and a secondary role in others (light-duty road vehicles). The composition and properties of these fuels vary substantially from existing fossil fuels. Fuel effects on performance and emissions are complex, especially when these fuels are blended with fossil fuels.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Predictively modeling the combustion of these fuels in engine and combustor CFD simulations requires accurate representation of the fuel blends. We discuss a methodology for matching the targeted fuel properties of specific CN fuels, using a blend of surrogate fuel components, to form a fuel model that can accurately capture fuel effects in an engine simulation. Fuel components are drawn from a database of surrogates, the Ansys Model Fuel Library (MFL) [<span class="xref">1</span>], for this purpose. The database has 73 surrogate components, including <i>n</i>-alkane, <i>iso</i>-alkane, naphthene, aromatic, alkene, <i>iso</i>-alkene, alcohol, ether, cyclic ether, methyl ester, ketone and acid chemical classes, in addition to hydrogen, CO and ammonia. This wide range of components makes it possible to assemble fuel models for hydrogen, ammonia, biofuels, e-fuels, existing fossil-fuels, and any blends thereof. The database of surrogate components includes kinetics derived from self-consistent rate rules that capture combustion behavior, including autoignition, flame propagation and emissions of soot, NOx, CO and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC). We include details of representative validation studies for the kinetics of individual components and some blends, comparing to fundamental experiments. Accompanying software tools for targeted mechanism reduction make the chemistry applicable for engineering CFD simulations. The accurate representation of fuel properties and kinetics of CN fuels from this database facilitates predictive engine simulations, toward the optimization of both fuels and engines.</div></div>
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Guangchao, Wang, Zhao Xuyong, Li Lin, and Guo Yongcai. "One evaluation method for uniformity of blended tobacco silk based on alcohol solution." In ICAIIS 2021: 2021 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Information Systems. ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3469213.3471314.
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