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Journal articles on the topic 'Methyl paraben'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

M. Taibullah and H. Muhammad. ""THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PARABEN AND ITS EFFECTS ON HEALTH"." Bulletin of Toraighyrov University. Chemistry & Biology series, no. 1.2023 (March 29, 2023): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.48081/vboq5978.

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"Parabens are a group of alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and usually include methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, butyl paraben, isobutyl paraben, isopropyl paraben and benzyl paraben. Parabens (or their salts) are widely used as preservatives in cosmetics and medicine due to their relatively low toxicity and long history of safe use. Testing of parabens has shown, to varying degrees, that individual paraben compounds have weak estrogenic activity in some in vitro screening tests, such as estrogen receptor ligand binding, regulation of CAT gene expression, and proliferation of

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Jain, Ram B. "Impact of Pregnancy on the Levels of Parabens and Bisphenol A: Data from NHANES 2005–2010." Journal of Chemistry 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1529071.

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Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, regression models were fitted to assess the relationship between the levels of bisphenol A and selected parabens and pregnancy status among females 20–44 years old with adjustments made for factors that may affect the levels of these chemicals. Pregnancy did not affect the levels of bisphenol A, ethyl paraben, methyl paraben, and propyl paraben, but the pregnancy was found to be associated with increased levels of butyl paraben. Also, the levels of bisphenol A and butyl, ethyl, and methyl parabens increased as pregnancy prog

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3

Fayyaz, Susann, Reinhard Kreiling, and Ursula G. Sauer. "Application of grouping and read-across for the evaluation of parabens of different chain lengths with a particular focus on endocrine properties." Archives of Toxicology 95, no. 3 (2021): 853–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02967-0.

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AbstractThis article presents the outcomes of higher-tier repeated-dose toxicity studies and developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART) studies using Wistar rats requested for methyl paraben and propyl paraben under the European Union chemicals legislation. All studies revealed no-observed adverse effects (NOAELs) at 1000 mg/kg body weight/day. These findings (absence of effects) were then used to interpolate the hazard profile for ethyl paraben, further considering available data for butyl paraben. The underlying read-across hypothesis (all shorter-chained linear n-alkyl parabens are a ‘c

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4

Iancu, Vasile Ion, Jana Petre, Toma Galaon, Gabriela Geanina Vasile, and Gabriel Lucian Radu. "Investigation on Parabens Occurrence in Romanian WWTP Sludge by LC-MS/MS Method." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 11 (2018): 3248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.11.6723.

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A sensitive and precise method for detection of five parabens in sewage sludge was developed based on ultrasonic assistedextraction, SPE clean-up and LC-MS/MS. Most of the parameters that affect the extraction step such as type of solvent and volume, extraction time were optimized. For ultrasonic extraction it was used a mixture of methanol: acetone, then the extract was centrifuged in order to obtain clean supernatant and the extract was purified on polymericSPE cartridges. The parabens were separated on C18 column in 13 min at 18�C using a gradient of mobile phase of 0.01% acetic acid and ac

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Leung, Anne, Emma Rowan, Flavia Melati Chiappara, and Konstantinos Grintzalis. "The Impact of Parabens and Their Mixtures on Daphnids." Water 16, no. 23 (2024): 3409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16233409.

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Parabens are recognized as emerging contaminants. Used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, they present significant ecological risks to aquatic ecosystems. This study evaluated the effects of two parabens—methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (methylparaben) and propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (propylparaben)—both individually and as a mixture on daphnids. Through a series of controlled exposure experiments, phenotypic endpoints, including mortality, feeding behaviour, and enzymatic activity, were measured. The results demonstrate that propyl paraben and the mixture of propyl and methyl paraben exhibit

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6

Shin, Bohye, Jeoung A. Kwon, Eun Kyo Park, et al. "Prenatal Exposure to Parabens Affects Birth Outcomes through Maternal Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) Polymorphisms: From the Mothers and Kids Environmental Health (MAKE) Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (2021): 3012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063012.

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Introduction: Human exposure to parabens is very common in daily life, and prenatal exposure to these chemicals is associated with poor birth outcomes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of glutathione S-transferase (GST) polymorphisms on the association between prenatal exposure to parabens and birth outcomes. Methods: We conducted a multivariate analysis involving 177 subjects to determine the association between paraben concentrations and birth outcomes in mothers with GST mu 1 (GSTM1) and GST theta 1 (GSTT1) polymorphisms from 2017 to 2019. Furthermore, we deter

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Ahn, H. J., K. C. Choi, and E. B. Jeung. "131 EFFECT OF PARABENS ON THE DISRUPTION OF OVARIAN FOLLICLE MATURATION IN A NEONATAL FEMALE RAT MODEL." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 24, no. 1 (2012): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv24n1ab131.

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Parabens are widely used as an antimicrobial agent in the preparation of cosmetic consumer products and pharmaceuticals. Parabens are esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid typically including methyl-, ethyl-, butyl-, isobutyl- and isopropyl-paraben. Recently, parabens have been shown to act as xenoestrogens, a class of endocrine disruptors. In this study, we hypothesised that parabens might disrupt ovarian follicle maturation in female Sprague-Dawley rats during the neonatal period. A total of 55 female rats were divided into 11 groups, each composed of 5 rats. The pups were given daily subcutane

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Muhamad Yusri, Nurin Farawani Binti, Noorashikin Binti Md Saleh, Tanusha Devi Elan Solan, and Muhammad Zulhaziman Mat Salleh. "A Vortex-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent for Parabens Extraction in Cosmetic Samples Coupled with High Performance Liquid Chromatography." Sains Malaysiana 53, no. 4 (2024): 851–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2024-5304-10.

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Parabens, commonly used preservatives in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical items, inhibit harmful germ growth. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) are intriguing for analyte extraction due to superior properties formed through hydrogen bond acceptors and donor interactions. However, the studies on the optimal DES-based extraction conditions for paraben-containing cosmetics and the accuracy of 'paraben-free' labels are limited. The most effective DES (DL-Menthol and decanoic acid, 1:2 molar ratio) was applied to cosmetic samples after heating at 80 °C following optimization parameters. FTIR study co

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Lavakumar, S., P. A. Vivekanand, and A. A. M. Prince. "Determination of Frequently Used Parabens in Shampoo and Conditioners using Validated HPLC Assay Method." Asian Journal of Chemistry 33, no. 7 (2021): 1651–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2021.23243.

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Parabens are esters of p-hydroxy benzoic acid and widely used as preservatives with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity in cosmetic, foods and pharmaceutical products. Methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl paraben are commonly used in many cosmetic products. The concentration level of these parabens was restricted to maximum 1%. Recently, many cosmetic products such as shampoo and hair conditioners are available in the Indian market with label claims "no-parabens in the products". A HPLC method is developed for determining four frequently used parabens namely, methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl

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Chirag Dhamsania and Sanghadiya Divyang G. "To control the para-Hydroxybenzoic Acid during the synthesis of Sodium Methyl Paraben Preservative." IJPAR JOURNAL 13, no. 4 (2024): 705–8. https://doi.org/10.61096/ijpar.v13.iss4.2024.705-708.

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Sodium Methyl Paraben (SMP) is the sodium salt of Methyl Paraben. Para-Hydroxybenzoic acid is most common Degradation impurity of Sodium Methyl Paraben. There are several mechanisms involves the formation of Para-Hydroxybenzoic Acid (PHBA) as an impurity during Sodium Methyl Paraben (SMP) synthesis. Mainly Parent paraben readily undergo base-catalyzed hydrolysis of the ester bond, forming PHBA. Solvent may affect the formation of PHBA, mainly the role of Methanol.

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Levchyk, Valentyna, and Marina Zui. "Gas Chromatographic determination of parabens after derivatization and dispersive microextraction." French-Ukrainian Journal of Chemistry 3, no. 2 (2015): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/fujcv3i2p72-79.

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In this study a dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method combines with an in situ derivatization. The proposed method is used for the extraction and pre-concentration of some preservatives including methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben and butyl paraben from different water matrices. The extracted compounds are monitored by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. Parabens are derivatizated by propionic anhydride. The effects of the extraction solvent type, extraction and acylation time, derivative agent volume, temperature, pH and the ionic strength of the solution on the

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Yılmaz, Pelin Kцseoğlu, and Mehmet Akif Tokat. "Simultaneous Determination Of Six Parabens In Cosmetics By A New High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method With Fluorescence Detection." Methods and Objects of Chemical Analysis 15, no. 1 (2020): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/moca.2020.27-32.

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In this study, a new high performance liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, isopropyl paraben, butyl paraben and benzyl paraben in cosmetics. Separations were achieved using a C18 guard column (2.1 Ч 10 mm, 3 µm) and a C18 analytical column (2.1 Ч 150 mm, 3 µm). Isocratic elution was applied with a mobile phase consisting of 45 % aqueous o-phosphoric acid solution (0.08 %) and 55 % methanol/water mixture (90 : 10 v/v). The excitation and the emission wavelengths w

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Dominguez, Joaquin R., Teresa Gonzalez, Eduardo M. Cuerda-Correa, and Maria J. Muñoz-Peña. "Combating paraben pollution in surface waters with a variety of photocatalyzed systems: Looking for the most efficient technology." Open Chemistry 17, no. 1 (2019): 1317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0133.

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AbstractThe constant presence of parabens in natural surface waters has raised a growing concern of the potential long-term toxic effects that parabens may have in wildlife, mainly as endocrine disruptors. The present report describes the results of a study in which different photocatalyzed systems, such as photo-Fenton, Fenton, UV-H2O2, UV-TiO2 and UV-TiO2-H2O2, were applied to the removal of these recalcitrant pollutants in some surface waters, including natural (e.g. rivers) and man-made (e.g. reservoirs and wastewater treatment plants). Degradation of four widely-used parabens (methyl-para

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14

Gonkowski, Slawomir, Julia Martín, Irene Aparicio, Juan Luis Santos, Esteban Alonso, and Liliana Rytel. "Evaluation of Parabens and Bisphenol A Concentration Levels in Wild Bat Guano Samples." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (2023): 1928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031928.

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Parabens and bisphenol A are synthetic compounds found in many everyday objects, including bottles, food containers, personal care products, cosmetics and medicines. These substances may penetrate the environment and living organisms, on which they have a negative impact. Till now, numerous studies have described parabens and BPA in humans, but knowledge about terrestrial wild mammals’ exposure to these compounds is very limited. Therefore, during this study, the most common concentration levels of BPA and parabens were selected (such as methyl paraben—MeP, ethyl paraben—EtP, propyl paraben—Pr

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15

AKSHAYAA, ARAVINDH, and VAIBHAV GUPTA. "PRESERVATIVE PRECISION: A NOVEL UV METHOD FOR METHYL PARABEN QUANTIFICATION IN DRUG FORMULATIONS." Quantum Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 4, no. 1 (2025): 61–69. https://doi.org/10.55197/qjmhs.v4i1.135.

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A simple, precise, and sensitive UV spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the quantitative determination of methyl paraben in pharmaceutical formulations. The method utilized methanol as a solvent, with methyl paraben exhibiting maximum absorption at 256 nm. The linearity range was established as 1-5 µg/mL, with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. Method validation was performed according to ICH guidelines, demonstrating acceptable precision, accuracy, and sensitivity. The limits of detection and quantification were determined to be 0.071 µg/mL and 0.2154 µg/mL, respectivel

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Kuntala, Sri Vidya, Priyanka Amula, Priyanka Adepu, Varshini Boini, and A. Ravi kiran. "Simultaneous Estimation of Luliconozole and Methyl Paraben in Pharmaceutical Formulation by UV Spectroscopy using Absorption Ratio Method." YMER Digital 21, no. 07 (2022): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.07/05.

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For the simultaneous quantification of luliconazole (LUZU) and methyl paraben (MP) in formulation, a straightforward, precise UV spectrophotometric approach was developed and validated. The method was developed using absorbance ratio method. For luliconazole and methyl paraben, the absorbance was measured at 297 nm and 274 nm, respectively. The method was discovered to be linear, sensitive, exact and accurate. ICH guidelines were followed in developing the procedure. Keywords: Q- absorbance ratio method, methyl paraben, luliconazole, and UV spectrophotometric method.

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Rustiah, Wa Ode, Ani Kartini, and Novi Astrid. "IDENTIFIKASI ZAT METHYL PARABEN PADA PENCUCI ORGAN WANITA." Jurnal Medika 3, no. 2 (2018): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.53861/jmed.v3i2.150.

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Pencuci organ wanita adalah salah satu produk kosmetik yang banyak beredar di pasaran saat ini. Didalam kosmetik terdapat zat tambahan yang digunakan untuk mengawetkan kosmetik. Zat methyl paraben merupakan salah satu zat pengawet yang paling sering digunakan sebagai pengawet kosmetik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya zat methyl paraben pada pencuci organ wanita, penelitian ini bersifat observasi laboratorik, dengan tekhnik pengambilan sampel secara accidental sampling. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT) dengan jumla

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Evans, Wendy A., Peter J. Davies, and Christopher McRae. "The occurrence of methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl parabens in the urban rivers and stormwaters of Sydney, Australia." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 2, no. 4 (2016): 733–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ew00240k.

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Solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) identified ethyl-paraben in Sydney's urban streams at greater concentrations than other parabens. Results were comparatively higher than studies from cities with combined sewer/stormwater systems.

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Genuis, Stephen J., Detlef Birkholz, Luke Curtis, and Court Sandau. "Paraben Levels in an Urban Community of Western Canada." ISRN Toxicology 2013 (December 17, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/507897.

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With effective antibacterial and antifungal properties, commercially used parabens are synthetic compounds widely utilized as preservatives in cosmetics, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and as an additive in some foodstuffs. While long regarded as relatively safe and nontoxic, recent research has demonstrated xenoestrogenic properties of anthropogenic parabens with early evidence that paraben exposure may be linked to breast cancer, thyroid dysfunction, allergy, and obesity. In an attempt to determine the prevalence of paraben exposure in a Canadian urban community, a sample of conven

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Javed, Muhammad Faisal, Manzar Zahra, Iqra Javed, Shahbaz Ahmad, Tayyaba Jabeen, and Muhammad Ahmad. "Development and validation of RP HPLC method for the estimation of methyl paraben sodium and propyl paraben sodium in iron protein succinylate syrup." Acta Chromatographica 35, no. 1 (2023): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1326.2022.00990.

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AbstractA new precise, selective and reliable reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been developed and validated for the determination of Methyl paraben sodium (MPS) and Propyl paraben sodium (PPS) (preservatives) in Iron protein succinylate syrup. Optimized conditions were; Methanol: Water (65: 35) as mobile phase, UV/Vis detector at the wavelength of 254 nm and flow rate was set at 1.3 ml min−1. By applying the set of conditions, separation of components was carried out in less than 7 min for both the analytes. The method was validated according to Inter

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Ali, Sher M. "Rapid Quantitative Method for Simultaneous Determination of Benzoic Acid, Sorbic Acid, and Four Parabens in Meat and Nonmeat Products by Liquid Chromatography." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 68, no. 3 (1985): 488–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/68.3.488.

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Abstract A liquid chromatographic (LC) method for the simultaneous determinations of benzoic acid, sorbic acid, and methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl parabens (methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl-p-hydroxybenzoates) in meat and nonmeat products was developed. Benzoic acid, sorbic acid, and parabens were extracted from meat and nonmeat products with 70% ethanol. After filtration, extracts were analyzed by reverse phase liquid chromatography. Homogeneously ground samples of fresh sausage and hamburger were fortified with benzoic acid, sorbic acid, and each paraben at 5 different concentrations. Aver

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Valkova, Nelly, François Lépine, Claude Bollet, Maryse Dupont, and Richard Villemur. "prbA, a Gene Coding for an Esterase Hydrolyzing Parabens in Enterobacter cloacae and Enterobacter gergoviae Strains." Journal of Bacteriology 184, no. 18 (2002): 5011–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.18.5011-5017.2002.

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ABSTRACT The new gene prbA encodes an esterase responsible for the hydrolysis of the ester bond of parabens in Enterobacter cloacae strain EM. This gene is located on the chromosome of strain EM and was cloned by several PCR approaches. The prbA gene codes for an immature protein of 533 amino acids, the first 31 of which represent a proposed signal peptide yielding a mature protein of a putative molecular mass of 54.6 kDa. This enzyme presents analogies with other type B carboxylesterases, mainly of eukaryotic origin. The cloning and expression of the prbA gene in a strain of Escherichia coli

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Hidalgo, Asunción María, Gerardo León, María Dolores Murcia, María Gómez, Elisa Gómez, and José Luis Gómez. "Using Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes to Remove Emerging Pollutants from Aqueous Solutions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8 (2021): 4036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084036.

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Currently, there is great concern about global water pollution. Wastewater generally contains substances called emerging pollutants, and if the removal of these pollutants is not given sufficient attention, the pollutants can enter into the water cycle and reach the water supply for domestic use, causing adverse effects on the well-being of people. In order to avoid this menace, a multitude of techniques to reduce the high concentration levels of these substances dissolved in water are being researched and developed. One of the most-used techniques for this goal is the physical-chemical separa

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Hsieh, Chi-Zhong, Wu-Hsun Chung, and Wang-Hsien Ding. "Experimental design approaches to optimize ultrasound-assisted simultaneous-silylation dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the rapid determination of parabens in water samples." RSC Advances 11, no. 38 (2021): 23607–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra04195a.

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Andow, D. A., and T. J. Stodola. "Detecting Subtle Effects of Diet Preservatives on European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 36, no. 3 (2001): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-36.3.285.

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A wheat germ-casien-agar diet for rearing European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner, contains five preservatives, sorbic acid (0.055% w/w), para-hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester (methyl paraben, 0.144% w/w), propionic acid (0.488% w/w), aureomycin (0.292% w/w), and phosphoric acid (0.084% w/w). We conducted studies to determine if the first four of these preservatives can be reduced. In the first experiment we eliminated simultaneously propionic acid and aureomycin and either retained all sorbic acid and methyl paraben or reduced them by 50% or eliminated them as well. The diet with full

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Jasjit, Kaur Randhawa and Adeshwinder Kaur. "Genotoxic Effect of Paraben and Oxybenzone on Root Tips of Allium cepa." Environmental Science Archives 2, no. 1 (2023): 4–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7497818.

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Paraben is widely used as preservative in foodstuffs, cosmetics and pharmaceutical drugs. Oxybenzone is the most popular UV filter in skin protecting formulations or sunscreens. When washed into the water bodies both paraben and oxybenzone act as environmental contaminants. Though there are reports on cytotoxicity of Paraben and Oxybenzone on aquatic animals, studies on genotoxic and cytotoxic behavior of these on plant cells are few. This study aims to investigate cytotoxic and genotoxic impacts of Oxybenzone, Methyl paraben and Propyl paraben on root tip cells of <em>Allium cepa, </em>using

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Højsager, Frederik Damsgaard, Henriette Boye Kyhl, Hanne Frederiksen, et al. "Prenatal Exposure to Butyl Paraben Is Associated With Fat Percentage in 7-Year-Old Boys." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 106, no. 7 (2021): e2633-e2638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgab167.

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Abstract Context Parabens are used as preservatives in consumer products but are suspected of having endocrine-disrupting properties. A recent study reported an association between in utero exposure to butyl paraben and overweight in childhood, with a stronger trend in girls. Objective We therefore studied the association between parabens in maternal urine in third trimester and fat percentage in children aged 7 years. Design, Setting, and Participants We used data from the Odense Child Cohort, a mother-child cohort with enrollment from 2010 to 2012, in which the children are followed. Paraben

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Petric, Zvonimir, Julia Ružić, and Irena Žuntar. "The controversies of parabens – an overview nowadays." Acta Pharmaceutica 71, no. 1 (2021): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acph-2021-0001.

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AbstractEffects of paraben toxicity, i.e., endocrine-disruption properties, are in the focus of researchers for decades, but still – they are a hot subject of debate. Parabens are aliphatic esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, which are widely used as antimicrobial agents for the preservation of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and foods. Mostly used parabens are methyl-, ethyl-, propyl- and butylparaben. Although the toxicity of parabens is reported in animals and in in vitro studies, it cannot be taken for granted when discussing hazards for human health due to an unrealistic exposure -safety profile.

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Juncan, Anca Maria, Luca Liviu Rus, Veronica Isabela Craciun, Andreea Loredana Vonica Tincu, and Claudiu Morgovan. "Application of a Multifunctional Additive in Cosmetic Preparations for Safe Preservation." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 7 (2019): 2429–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.7.7355.

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The aim of this study is represented by the description and the selection of an alternative preservative complex, it�s application in the development and formulation of a moisturizer and the comparative study of the efficacy of the cosmetic formulation, versus a traditional preserved cosmetic cream. For an adecvate preservation of the moisturizing cream there was used comparatively, the alternative preservation system Dermosoft LP (Caprylyl Glycol, Glycerin, Glyceryl Caprylic, Phenylpropanol), and the traditional preservative Salinip (Phenoxyethanol, Methyl Paraben, Propyl Paraben, Ethyl Parab

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Islam, Md Samiul, Nisat Zahan, Md Shahadat Hossain, and Abu Shara Shamsur Rouf. "Determination of Preservatives in Fruit Juice Products Available in Bangladesh by a Validated RP HPLC Method." Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 18, no. 2 (2019): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v18i2.43262.

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The aim of this study was to investigate whether fruit juices available in markets of Bangladesh contain any preservative. A specific RP-HPLC method was developed, validated and applied to identify and quantify preservatives including benzoic acid, sorbic acid, methyl paraben and propyl paraben simultaneously in 50 different products. These additives were separated by C18 column in mobile phase composed of methanol and acetate buffer (pH 4.4) in the ratio of 50:50 with a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min, and detected at 254 nm. Linearities for benzoic acid, sorbic acid, methyl paraben and propyl parabe

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Tzanavaras, Paraskevas, Theano Karakosta, Pantelis Rigas, Demetrius Themelis, and Anastasia Zotou. "Isocratic liquid chromatographic determination of three paraben preservatives in hygiene wipes using a reversed phase core-shell narrow-bore column." Open Chemistry 10, no. 5 (2012): 1459–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-012-0091-5.

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AbstractThe first HPLC method for the separation of three paraben preservatives (methyl-, ethyl- and propyl parabens) using a core-shell analytical column is reported in this study. The separation was completed in less than 8 min at a low flow rate of 0.4 mL min−1 and an isocratic mobile phase containing 20% acetonitrile as organic modifier. The backpressure was HPLC equipment. The proposed analytical procedure was validated for linearity (0.5–20 µg L−1), limits of detection (15–43 µg L−1) and quantification (50–142 µg L−1), selectivity, within day (1.3–1.5%) and day-to-day (3.4–4.6%) precisio

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Amin, Mohammad Mehdi, Majid Hashemi, Karim Ebrahimpour, and Afsane Chavoshani. "Determination of parabens in wastewater and sludge in a municipal wastewater treatment plant using microwaveassisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry." Environmental Health Engineering and Management 6, no. 3 (2019): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ehem.2019.24.

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Background: Due to the complexities involved in the extraction of micropollutants, the information regarding micropollutants like paraben in wastewater and sludge is scarce. The aim of this study was to adopt a microwave-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction (MADLLME) method for the extraction of parabens in municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Methods: A mixed stock solution of methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and butyl-parabens with concentration of 10 mg/mL were prepared in methanol. To validate this method, the limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), linearit

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Özakın, Süleyman. "pH effect on paraben stability for parenteral drug formulation." Journal of Research in Pharmacy 29, no. 1 (2025): 280–86. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1643757.

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The pH optimization and EDTA are widely used in pharmaceutical formulations. The aim of the research work was to evaluate the pH effect and develop a including stable paraben pharmaceutical product. pH of final product is most important critical quality attributes (CQA). Variability pH of formulation is affecting paraben stability. Therefore, chemical stability may affect paraben assay, so this CQA was be evaluated throughout parenteral formulation. A total of four formulations were designed to the stability study. To improve the stability of paraben formulations (T1-T4) were evaluated with di

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Sonar, S. P., S. B. Gondkar, and R. B. Saudagar. "Formulation and Evaluation of Liquid Filled Hard Gelatin Capsule of Febuxostat." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 5 (2019): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i5.3579.

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Liquid filled hard gelatin capsule are well recognized as a solid dosage form for convenient administration of drugs orally in a liquid form. This liquid composition available help the most challenging drug compounds in capsules has increased significantly in recent years. The drugs which have low solubility, poor bioavailability, low melting point, critical stability are the perfect candidate for liquid filling in capsule. The current study presents the formulation aspects, filling and sealing aspects of capsule, evaluation parameters of the liquid filled hard gelatin capsule using Febuxostat

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Watanabe, Tadashi, Junko Shibuya, and Akiko Nakajima. "Stability of methyl paraben in cosmetics." Journal of Society of Cosmetic Chemists of Japan 24, no. 3 (1991): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5107/sccj.24.207.

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Sudha, T., K. Manthena, VR Ravikumar, and V. Ganesan. "High performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of ambroxol hydrochloride in presence of antimicrobial preservatives in oral liquid formulation." Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 18, no. 1 (2015): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v18i1.23505.

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A simple gradient reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of ambroxol hydrochloride in presence of antimicrobial preservatives in oral liquid formulation. The chromatographic separation was achieved by an Inertsil C8 (250 X 4.6 mm, 5? particle size) column using gradient technique. The eluents were detected at 245 nm with photodiode array detector. The optimized mobile phase consisted of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid as a mobile phase A and a mixture of mobile phase A and acetonitrile in the ratio of 76:24 % v/v as mobile phase B. Ambroxol

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Dualde, Pablo, Nuria León, Yovana Sanchis, et al. "Biomonitoring of Phthalates, Bisphenols and Parabens in Children: Exposure, Predictors and Risk Assessment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (2021): 8909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178909.

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Exposure to emerging contaminants, such as phthalates, bisphenols and parabens in children has been associated with possible neurodevelopment and endocrine alterations. In the present study, the biomonitoring of biomarkers in children (5–12 years old) from the Valencia Region (Spain) have been implemented using urines from the BIOVAL program. More than 75% of the children studied (n = 562) were internally exposed (>LOQ) to bisphenols and parabens, and the whole population assessed (n = 557) were exposed to at least one phthalate. The geometric means (GM) of the concentrations of bisphenol A

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Dzięcioł, M., J. Politowicz, A. Szumny, and W. Niżański. "Methyl paraben as a sex pheromone in canine urine – is the question still open?" Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 17, no. 4 (2014): 601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjvs-2014-0090.

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Abstract The literature concerning the issue of canine sex pheromones includes reports presenting completely conflicting opinions about the chemical composition of the canine urine in the context of semiochemical communication. At present, the predominant report cited by many different authors is the article published in Science in 1979 by Goodwin at al., presenting methyl p-hydroxybenzoate (methyl paraben) as the main canine sex pheromone. While it has been proved that pure methyl paraben lacks semiochemical activity as do commercially available products containing this substance (Eau D’Estru

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Oliveira, Maria Manuel, Fátima Martins, Mónica G. Silva, Elisete Correia, Romeu Videira, and Francisco Peixoto. "Use of Parabens (Methyl and Butyl) during the Gestation Period: Mitochondrial Bioenergetics of the Testes and Antioxidant Capacity Alterations in Testes and Other Vital Organs of the F1 Generation." Antioxidants 9, no. 12 (2020): 1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9121302.

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Since the mid-1920s, parabens have been widely used as antimicrobial preservatives in processed foods and beverages, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetic products. Paraben use continues to generate considerable controversy, both in the general population and in the scientific community itself. The primary purpose of our study was to determine whether parabens (methyl and butyl at concentrations of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight by subcutaneous injection) during pregnancy of adult female Wistar rats can have an impact on the F1 generation. As far as we know, we are the first to demonstrate that using p

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MOIR, CATHERINE J., та MICHAEL J. EYLES. "Inhibition, Injury, and Inactivation of Four Psychrotrophic Foodborne Bacteria by the Preservatives Methyl ρ-Hydroxybenzoate and Potassium Sorbate". Journal of Food Protection 55, № 5 (1992): 360–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-55.5.360.

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The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of methyl ρ-hydroxybenzoate (methyl paraben) and potassium sorbate for four psychrotrophic bacteria were compared at pH 5 and 6 and at 5 and 30°C. The bacteria tested were Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas putida, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Aeromonas hydrophila. L. monocytogenes was generally the most resistant and A. hydrophila the least resistant to the preservatives. The differences between the bacteria were substantial. The MICs of the two preservatives were similar at pH 5, but at pH 6 the MICs of paraben were well below those of sorbate, e

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Wangqian, Guo. "Effect of Methyl Paraben on Sludge Reduction." Science Discovery 6, no. 3 (2018): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.sd.20180603.16.

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Nath, Naba K., Himanshu Aggarwal, and Ashwini Nangia. "Crystal Structure of Methyl Paraben Polymorph II." Crystal Growth & Design 11, no. 4 (2011): 967–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg2001909.

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Ishiwatari, S., T. Suzuki, T. Hitomi, T. Yoshino, S. Matsukuma, and T. Tsuji. "Effects of methyl paraben on skin keratinocytes." Journal of Applied Toxicology 27, no. 1 (2006): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jat.1176.

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Pazos, Rebecca, Cristina Palacios, and Adriana Campa. "Urinary Paraben Concentration and Its Association with Serum Triglyceride Concentration in 2013-2014 NHANES Participants: A Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2020 (September 15, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8196014.

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Background. Alkyl esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid, colloquially known as parabens, are types of preservatives found in multiple foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products to which Americans are exposed daily. It is unclear if parabens exhibit endocrine-disrupting properties. Parabens may interact with triglycerides in adipose tissue and impact lipid metabolism. Objective. To evaluate the association between urinary paraben concentrations and serum triglyceride concentrations. Design. A cross-sectional study. Setting. The Mobile Examination Centers affiliated with 2013-2014 NHAN

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Abdul Majeed Khorsheed Ahmed, Abdulla Salim Khazaal, and Alyea Hussain Ahmed. "Spectrophotometric Determination of Methyl Paraben in Pharmaceutical Formulations by Oxidative Coupling Reaction." Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 21, no. 6 (2023): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v21i6.1085.

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A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of Methyl Paraben via oxidative coupling with the 2,4-Dinitrophynel hydrazine in the presence of N-bromosuccinimid in a basic medium, Absorbance of the obtained coloured products was measured at the corresponding optimum wavelengths (600 nm), Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentration of 2.0-20 μg.ml-1, and The molar absorptivity of (6253 L.mole-1.cm-1), Sandell,s sensitity index of (0.02433 µg.cm-2). The detection limits were (0.34 μg.ml-1), with a linear regression correlation coefficient of (0.9947) and re

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Hyun, S. H., and E. B. Jeung. "242 POTENTIAL ESTROGENIC EFFECT(S) OF PARABENS AT THE NEONATAL STAGE OF AN IMMATURE FEMALE RAT MODEL." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 1 (2010): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv22n1ab242.

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In this study, to examine the estrogenic activity effects of parabens on hormonal responsiveness and on change in the morphology of reproductive target tissues during a critical development stage in female rats, analyses for parabens including methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, isopropyl-, butyl-, and isobutylparaben were performed in an immature female Sprague-Dawley rat model. Two hundred female immature rats (n = 10/group) were orally treated with these parabens from postnatal day 21 to 40 in a dose-dependent manner based on our previous study [62.5, 250, and 1000 mg/kg of body weight (BW) per day].

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Abd El-Hay, Soad S., and Mostafa S. Mohram. "Development and Validation of New RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Methyl and Propyl Parabens with Levetiracetam in Pure Form and Pharmaceutical Formulation." Chromatography Research International 2016 (July 25, 2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4909547.

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A simple and robust high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method is described for the assay for levetiracetam (LTC), methyl paraben (MHB), and propyl paraben (PHB) either in their pure form or in commercial Levepsy® syrup. The method is selective and stability indicating and all chromatographic conditions were studied to obtain adequate separation of LTC, MHB, and PHB from their degradation products and from excipients. The HPLC separation was carried out on a RP C18 Hypersil BDS analytical column (150 mm × 4.6 mm ID) using gradient elution system. The mobile phase flow rate was 1.5 mL

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Neri, Ilaria, Sonia Laneri, Ritamaria Di Lorenzo, Irene Dini, Giacomo Russo, and Lucia Grumetto. "Parabens Permeation through Biological Membranes: A Comparative Study Using Franz Cell Diffusion System and Biomimetic Liquid Chromatography." Molecules 27, no. 13 (2022): 4263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134263.

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Parabens (PBs) are used as preservatives to extend the shelf life of various foodstuffs, and pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations. In this work, the membrane barrier passage potential of a subset of seven parabens, i.e., methyl-, ethyl-, propyl- isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, and benzyl paraben, along with their parent compound, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, were studied. Thus, the Franz cell diffusion (FDC) method, biomimetic liquid chromatography (BLC), and in silico prediction were performed to evaluate the soundness of both describing their permeation through the skin. While BLC allowed the ach

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Islam, Nazmul, Rausan Zamir, Md Omar Faruque, and Md Safiur Rahman. "Presence of methyl paraben in anti-diabetic herbal preparations." Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Science 48, no. 1-2 (2023): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v48i1-2.64513.

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Plant-based hypoglycemic therapeutics have been increasing in consumption due to the escalation of type 2 diabetes and its related complications. However, the safety of the preparations is little understood. Parabens (alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid) are widely used as preservatives in these pharmaceuticals. However, the presence of methylparaben in formulations raises anxiety due to its potential endocrine disruption functions. Endocrine disruption could lead to undesirable health abnormalities and carcinogenic, estrogenic, and adverse reproductive effects. The present investigation dir

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Valkova, Nelly, François Lépine, Loredana Valeanu, et al. "Hydrolysis of 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid Esters (Parabens) and Their Aerobic Transformation into Phenol by the Resistant Enterobacter cloacae Strain EM." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 6 (2001): 2404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.6.2404-2409.2001.

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ABSTRACT Enterobacter cloacae strain EM was isolated from a commercial dietary mineral supplement stabilized by a mixture of methylparaben and propylparaben. It harbored a high-molecular-weight plasmid and was resistant to high concentrations of parabens. Strain EM was able to grow in liquid media containing similar amounts of parabens as found in the mineral supplement (1,700 and 180 mg of methyl and propylparaben, respectively, per liter or 11.2 and 1.0 mM) and in very high concentrations of methylparaben (3,000 mg liter−1, or 19.7 mM). This strain was able to hydrolyze approximately 500 mg

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