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Journal articles on the topic 'Methylene oxidation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Urgoitia, Garazi, Raul SanMartin, María Herrero, and Esther Domínguez. "Recent Advances in Homogeneous Metal-Catalyzed Aerobic C–H Oxidation of Benzylic Compounds." Catalysts 8, no. 12 (December 8, 2018): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8120640.

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Csp3–H oxidation of benzylic methylene compounds is an established strategy for the synthesis of aromatic ketones, esters, and amides. The need for more sustainable oxidizers has encouraged researchers to explore the use of molecular oxygen. In particular, homogeneous metal-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of benzylic methylenes has attracted much attention. This account summarizes the development of this oxidative strategy in the last two decades, examining key factors such as reaction yields, substrate:catalyst ratio, substrate scope, selectivity over other oxidation byproducts, and reaction conditions including solvents and temperature. Finally, several mechanistic proposals to explain the observed results will be discussed.

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2

Lupaşcu, T., M. Ciobanu, V. Boţan, and A. Nistor. "Catalytic Oxidation of Methylene Blue." Chemistry Journal of Moldova 5, no. 2 (December 2010): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.19261/cjm.2010.05(2).04.

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The intact activated carbon CAN-8, obtained from nutshells by activation with water vapours, in the presence of oxygen and at relatively low temperatures, possesses catalytic activity, caused by the presence of alkaline functional groups on its surface, as well as by the formation, in these experimental conditions, of the OH radical, which has a high oxidation potential. After 25 cycles of the process of methylene blue oxidation, the data of chromatographic analyses indicate the presence of three organic components in the solution.

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3

Zhao, Jinpeng, Takeshi Nanjo, Emilio C. de Lucca, and M. Christina White. "Chemoselective methylene oxidation in aromatic molecules." Nature Chemistry 11, no. 3 (December 17, 2018): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41557-018-0175-8.

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4

Lupaşcu, T., M. Ciobanu, O. Bogdevici, and V. Boţan. "Products Derived from Catalytic Oxidation of Methylene Blue." Chemistry Journal of Moldova 6, no. 1 (June 2011): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.19261/cjm.2011.06(1).07.

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It was established that the process of catalytic oxidation of methylene blue, at low concentrations (20 mg/L), i.e. in real solutions, gives sulfates and nitrates and new product, which can be categorized, in their vast majority, as impurities, probably got from the vacuum distillation unit, which make up for only ~ 10 % of methylene blue used in the experiment. Methylene blue adsorption at the interface occurs in real solutions. In case of performing the process at methylene blue concentration of 120 mg/L, hemi-micelles are adsorbed at the interface and the OH• radical acts more effectively due to the presence at the interface of a greater number of dye molecules.

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5

KANG, M. "Methylene chloride oxidation on oxidative carbon-supported chromium oxide catalyst." Applied Catalysis A: General 266, no. 2 (July 2004): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2004.02.041.

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6

Stoyanova, Maria, and Stoyanka Christoskova. "Catalytic degradation of methylene blue in aqueous solutions over Ni- and Co- oxide systems." Open Chemistry 9, no. 6 (December 1, 2011): 1000–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-011-0086-7.

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AbstractThe oxidative catalytic degradation of the cationic dye methylene blue (MB) with NaOCl in aqueous solutions was studied using individual and iron modified Ni- and Co-oxide systems as catalysts. The adsorption extent and the contribution of the uncatalyzed oxidation on the overall degree of MB were determined. The results indicate that methylene blue—a representative of a class of dyestuffs resistant to biodegradation—could be successfully decolorized and degraded using nickel and cobalt oxide catalysts at room temperature. The highest catalytic activity manifests in the Co-oxide system which is consistent with the adsorption data. The oxidative degradation reaction proceeds via first-order kinetics. Temperature has a relatively small effect on the methylene blue degradation kinetics. The results obtained reveal that the catalysts investigated are suitable for oxidative destruction of methytlene blue dye in wastewaters.

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7

Perez-Benito, Joaquin F., and Donald G. Lee. "Oxidation of hydrocarbons. 15. A study of the oxidation of alkenes by methyltributylammonium permanganate." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 12 (December 1, 1985): 3545–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v85-582.

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A study of the reduction of methyltributylammonium permanganate by a large number of alkenes in methylene chloride has dispelled a current uncertainty concerning the nature of the inorganic product obtained. It is colloidal manganese dioxide and not a manganate(V) cyclic diester as previously supposed. This product is stabilized in methylene chloride solutions by adsorption of the alkene, which decreases its polarity at the solvent interphase. The solubility of the colloid is therefore a function of both the concentration and the identity of the alkene. In certain (atypical) cases, where acidic compounds are present, the product is further reduced to manganese(III).

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8

Sodeau, John R., and Lynden J. Whyte. "Oxidation of methylene in low-temperature matrices." Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 87, no. 23 (1991): 3725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/ft9918703725.

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9

Casarotto, Marco G., and Gerald J. Smith. "Methylene-blue-sensitized photo-oxidation of terpenes." Journal of Photochemistry 40, no. 1 (September 1987): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2670(87)87047-8.

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10

Shafikova, Elza U., Elena M. Tsyrlina, Leonid V. Spirikhin, Alsu A. Balandina, Shamil K. Latypov, Marat S. Yunusov, and Oleg G. Sinyashin. "Oxidative Transformations of Lappaconitine and 19-Oxolappaconine, Structural Revision of an obtained 8,9-Seco Product." Natural Product Communications 3, no. 10 (October 2008): 1934578X0800301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0800301001.

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The oxidative transformations of lappaconitine and 19-oxolappaconine were studied. The product of oxidation of the latter with K2Cr2O7/30% H2SO4 in methylene chloride was proved to be 10,12-dihydro-8,9-seco-19-oxolappaconine in contrast to the earlier proposed structure of this compound.

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11

Li, Jin Lian, Hong Mei Zhang, Jin Huan Li, and Yan Guang Chen. "Studies on Degradation of Methylene Blue by Potassium Ferrate." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 2106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.2106.

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Methylene blue (MB) was examined for oxidation decoloration. Results indicated that the use of ferrate resulted in effectively removal of chroma which has been explained by oxidation and flocculation interactions. Reaction conditions were optimized concerning ferrate addition mass, reaction temperature and dye concentration. The optimization mass of ferrate and the optimization reaction temperature was observed with decoloration of methylene blue wastewater.

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12

Perez-Benito, Joaquin F., Enrique Brillas, and Conchita Arias. "Iodimetric determinations in organic solvents: Determination of manganese oxidation states in methylene chloride solutions." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 68, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 79–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v90-016.

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An iodimetric technique has been developed to quantitatively analyze the oxidants present in organic solutions. Addition of excess tetrabutylammonium iodide and excess glacial acetic acid results in the formation of tetrabutylammonium triiodide, whose concentration can be measured spectrophotometrically at 295 or 365 nm. Application of this technique to the determination of the final oxidation state of manganese in permanganate reactions in methylene chloride solutions is described. The equilibrium constant for formation of tetrabutylammonium triiodide in methylene chloride has been measured: K = (3.48 ± 0.12) × 104 at 25.0 °C. Keywords: iodimetric determinations, manganese oxidation states, methylene chloride, quaternary ammonium permanganate, quaternary ammonium triiodide.

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13

Liu, Jun Tan, Huan Gao, and Shi Jing Liu. "Decolorization of Methylene Blue Dye Wastewater by Fenton’s Reagent." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 1447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.1447.

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Using ·OH from Fenton’s reagent, the strong oxidation treatment of methylene blue dye wastewater can destruct the chromophore in organic compounds, and yield CO2, H2O and small molecule inorganic compounds by oxidative degradation finally. The influence of Fenton's reagent dosage, initial pH, and reaction time on the degradation effect was studied. The experimental results show that the decolorization rate of 100mL 20mg/L methylene blue dye wastewater can achieve 96% in the conditions of 0.02g FeSO4·7H2O, 1mL 30% H2O2, initial pH at 3.0 ~4.0, reaction time is 30 min, at room temperature. This treatment of dye wastewater is easy to operate and with good effect.

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14

Ni, Jizhi, Jun Ozawa, Kounosuke Oisaki, and Motomu Kanai. "Directing activator-assisted regio- and oxidation state-selective aerobic oxidation of secondary C(sp3)–H bonds in aliphatic alcohols." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 14, no. 19 (2016): 4378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ob00678g.

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15

Bertsch, Johannes, Christian Öppinger, Verena Hess, Julian D. Langer, and Volker Müller. "Heterotrimeric NADH-Oxidizing Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase from the Acetogenic Bacterium Acetobacterium woodii." Journal of Bacteriology 197, no. 9 (March 2, 2015): 1681–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00048-15.

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ABSTRACTThe methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) of acetogenic bacteria catalyzes the reduction of methylene-THF, which is highly exergonic with NADH as the reductant. Therefore, the enzyme was suggested to be involved in energy conservation by reducing ferredoxin via electron bifurcation, followed by Na+translocation by the Rnf complex. The enzyme was purified fromAcetobacterium woodiiand shown to have an unprecedented subunit composition containing the three subunits RnfC2, MetF, and MetV. The stable complex contained 2 flavin mononucleotides (FMN), 23.5 ± 1.2 Fe and 24.5 ± 1.5 S, which fits well to the predicted six [4Fe4S] clusters in MetV and RnfC2. The enzyme catalyzed NADH:methylviologen and NADH:ferricyanide oxidoreductase activity but also methylene-tetrahydrofolate (THF) reduction with NADH as the reductant. The NADH:methylene-THF reductase activity was high (248 U/mg) and not stimulated by ferredoxin. Furthermore, reduction of ferredoxin, alone or in the presence of methylene-THF and NADH, was never observed. MetF or MetVF was not able to catalyze the methylene-THF-dependent oxidation of NADH, but MetVF could reduce methylene-THF using methyl viologen as the electron donor. The purified MTHFR complex did not catalyze the reverse reaction, the endergonic oxidation of methyl-THF with NAD+as the acceptor, and this reaction could not be driven by reduced ferredoxin. However, addition of protein fractions made the oxidation of methyl-THF to methylene-THF coupled to NAD+reduction possible. Our data demonstrate that the MTHFR ofA. woodiicatalyzes methylene-THF reduction according to the following reaction: NADH + methylene-THF → methyl-THF + NAD+. The differences in the subunit compositions of MTHFRs of bacteria are discussed in the light of their different functions.IMPORTANCEEnergy conservation in the acetogenic bacteriumAcetobacterium woodiiinvolves ferredoxin reduction followed by a chemiosmotic mechanism involving Na+-translocating ferredoxin oxidation and a Na+-dependent F1FoATP synthase. All redox enzymes of the pathway have been characterized except the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). Here we report the purification of the MTHFR ofA. woodii, which has an unprecedented heterotrimeric structure. The enzyme reduces methylene-THF with NADH. Ferredoxin did not stimulate the reaction; neither was it oxidized or reduced with NADH. Since the last enzyme with a potential role in energy metabolism ofA. woodiihas now been characterized, we can propose a quantitative bioenergetic scheme for acetogenesis from H2plus CO2in the model acetogenA. woodii.

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16

Andranovich, T., and M. J. Kelner. "In vitro oxidation of uric acid in serum by methylene blue." Clinical Chemistry 32, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 177–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/32.1.177.

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Abstract Methylene blue oxidizes uric acid to allantoin in vitro, analogous to the reaction between uric acid and phosphotungstate, although the rate is considerably slower. The reaction requires oxygen and produces hydrogen peroxide. As little as 10 micromol of methylene blue per liter in a serum sample will produce a measurable difference in the apparent uric acid concentration within 4 h at room temperature. Methylene blue may be administered for various medical reasons. If uric acid is to be measured in such sera, the procedure should be performed within 30 min, whatever method of analysis is used.

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17

Meek, Laura, and Daniel J. Arp. "The Hydrogenase Cytochrome b Heme Ligands of Azotobacter vinelandii Are Required for Full H2 Oxidation Capability." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 12 (June 15, 2000): 3429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.12.3429-3436.2000.

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ABSTRACT The hydrogenase in Azotobacter vinelandii, like other membrane-bound [NiFe] hydrogenases, consists of a catalytic heterodimer and an integral membrane cytochrome b. The histidines ligating the hemes in this cytochrome b were identified by H2 oxidation properties of altered proteins produced by site-directed mutagenesis. Four fully conserved and four partially conserved histidines in HoxZ were substituted with alanine or tyrosine. The roles of these histidines in HoxZ heme binding and hydrogenase were characterized by O2-dependent H2 oxidation and H2-dependent methylene blue reduction in vivo. Mutants H33A/Y (H33 replaced by A or Y), H74A/Y, H194A, H208A/Y, and H194,208A lost O2-dependent H2 oxidation activity, H194Y and H136A had partial activity, and H97Y,H98A and H191A had full activity. These results suggest that the fully conserved histidines 33, 74, 194, and 208 are ligands to the hemes, tyrosine can serve as an alternate ligand in position 194, and H136 plays a role in H2 oxidation. In mutant H194A/Y, imidazole (Imd) rescued H2 oxidation activity in intact cells, which suggests that Imd acts as an exogenous ligand. The heterodimer activity, quantitatively determined as H2-dependent methylene blue reduction, indicated that the heterodimers of all mutants were catalytically active. H33A/Y had wild-type levels of methylene blue reduction, but the other HoxZ ligand mutants had significantly less than wild-type levels. Imd reconstituted full methylene blue reduction activity in mutants H194A/Y and H208A/Y and partial activity in H194,208A. These results indicate that structural and functional integrity of HoxZ is required for physiologically relevant H2 oxidation, and structural integrity of HoxZ is necessary for full heterodimer-catalyzed H2 oxidation.

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18

Bonadies, Francesco, and Carlo Bonini. "Oxidation of Active Methylene Compounds by Pyridinium Chlorochromate." Synthetic Communications 18, no. 13 (September 1988): 1573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00397918808081315.

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19

Asghar, H. M. A., T. Ahmad, S. N. Hussain, and H. Sattar. "Electrochemical Oxidation of Methylene Blue in Aqueous Solution." International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications 6, no. 5 (October 2015): 352–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijcea.2015.v6.508.

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20

Ramshaw, John A. M., Laurie J. Stephens, and Peter A. Tulloch. "Methylene blue sensitized photo-oxidation of collagen fibrils." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology 1206, no. 2 (June 1994): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-4838(94)90212-7.

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21

Mohamed, R. M., I. A. Mkhalid, E. S. Baeissa, and M. A. Al-Rayyani. "Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue by Fe/ZnO/SiO2Nanoparticles under Visiblelight." Journal of Nanotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/329082.

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The photocatalytic activity of Fe/ZnO/SiO2catalysts under visible-light irradiation for the degradation of methylene blue was evaluated. The effect of pH, illumination time, amount of catalyst loaded, and initial dye concentration on the degradation efficiency of methylene blue was investigated. The results reveal that the optimum photocatalytic oxidation conditions of methylene blue are as follows:pH=4and illumination time is 30 min, the amount of catalyst loading is 0.075 g/L and 50 ppm methylene blue dye concentration. Under these conditions, the removal efficiency of methylene blue was 100%.

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22

Martin, Hubert, and Rudolf Herrmann. "Oxidation of Imines by Selenium Dioxide." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 41, no. 10 (October 1, 1986): 1260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1986-1012.

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AbstractThe oxidation of imines containing a α-methylene group by selenium dioxide is investigated. The products are shown to be a-imino carbonyl compounds by spectroscopic methods. The reactivity of various imines is discussed.

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23

Liu, Ya-Nan, Xiao Zhou, Xin Wang, Kuang Liang, Zheng-Kun Yang, Cong-Cong Shen, M. Imran, Shafaq Sahar, and An-Wu Xu. "Hydrogenation/oxidation induced efficient reversible color switching between methylene blue and leuco-methylene blue." RSC Advances 7, no. 48 (2017): 30080–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra04498d.

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24

Amelia, Shinta, Wahyudi Budi Sediawan, Zahrul Mufrodi, and Teguh Ariyanto. "MODIFICATION OF IRON OXIDE CATALYSTS SUPPORTED ON THE BIOMASS BASED ACTIVATED CARBON FOR DEGRADATION OF DYE WASTEWATER." Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan 7, no. 2 (January 9, 2019): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jbat.v7i2.17174.

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Methylene blue is one of the dyes in textile industries which has a negative impact on the environment. This compound is very stable, so it is difficult to degrade naturally. Methylene blue can be harmful to the environment if it is in a very large concentration, because it can increase the value of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) which can damage the balance of environment ecosystem. Adsorption method by using activated carbon as the adsorbent is one of the most efficient and effective techniques in dye removal due to its large adsorption capacity. However, the adsorption method using activated carbon only removes the pollutant compounds to other media or phases. Other method that can be used includes Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs). This method has the advantage of being able to degrade harmful compounds in the waste through oxidation (oxidative degradation) processes. One method of AOPs is the process by using Fenton reagents. This study was aimed to prepare and characterize iron oxide/porous activated carbon catalyst. The type of porous activated carbon used was carbon from biomass derived carbon with microporous character. This biomass carbon is obtained from renewable natural products, namely coconut shell.The kinetics and adsorption models in the material will be derived and evaluated from the research data. Based on the research, it can be concluded that catalytic degradation is very effective for degradation of dye wastewater. Methylene blue degradation increases with the use of Fe2O3/activated carbon catalyst and the addition of hydrogen peroxide as the Fenton reagent. In addition, the pore structure difference in the catalyst also had a significant effect on the methylene blue degradation reaction resulting in increased capacity of methylene blue degradation reactions.

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25

Anjana, S., S. Donring, P. Sanjib, B. Varghese, and Narasimha N. Murthy. "Controlling the oxidation of bis-tridentate cobalt(ii) complexes having bis(2-pyridylalkyl)amines: ligand vs. metal oxidation." Dalton Transactions 46, no. 33 (2017): 10830–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7dt01792h.

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26

Lee, Donald G., and Joaquin F. Perez-Benito. "Oxidation of hydrocarbons. 14.Autocatalysis during the oxidation of 1-tetradecene by methyltributylammonium permanganate." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 6 (June 1, 1985): 1275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v85-217.

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Autocatalysis has been detected during the reaction of methyltributylammonium permanganate with 1-tetradecene in methylene chloride solutions. Activation of permanganate by adsorption on colloidal particles of the product, manganese dioxide, appears to be responsible for the observed autocatalysis. Permanganate so activated can then be reduced either by reaction with the alkene or by thermal decomposition.

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27

Peixoto, P. A., M. Cormier, J. Ekosso Epane, A. Jean, J. Maddaluno, and M. De Paolis. "Metal-free aerobic C–H oxidation of cyclic enones." Org. Chem. Front. 1, no. 7 (2014): 748–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4qo00125g.

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28

Sumegová, Lenka, Ján Derco, and Michal Melicher. "Influence of reaction conditions on the ozonation process." Acta Chimica Slovaca 6, no. 2 (October 1, 2013): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acs-2013-0026.

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Abstract This paper is focused on the influence of granulated activated carbon (GAC) and zeolite as catalysts as well as influences of temperature and pH on the ozonation process. From obtained results it can be concluded that the addition of granulated activated carbon and zeolite to model wastewater has a positive effect on the efficiency and degradation rate of methylene blue oxidation with ozone. The highest oxidation efficiency was observed in the alkaline pH range for which radical reaction mechanism of ozone is characteristic. From the results obtained during the study of the effect of temperature on the ozonation process it follows that both the efficiency and the rate of oxidation of methylene blue grow with increasing temperature.

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29

Van Humbeck, Jeffrey. "Directing Methylene Oxidation towards Azaheterocycles by Transition-Metal and Organic Catalysis." Synlett 29, no. 13 (May 2, 2018): 1669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1609716.

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A combination of transition-metal and organic catalysis has been used to deliver a system that can selectively oxidize benzylic methylene groups adjacent to azaheterocycles in preference to other positions that are typically more reactive. Here, we provide more background and context that describes what inspired our approach to catalyst development.1 Introduction2 Site-Selective Methylene Oxidation3 Literature Inspiration for Design Plan4 Combined Ligand/Metal/HAT Catalyst Effects5 Perspectives for Future Work

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30

Lee, Sangbin, and Jae-Woo Park. "Hematite/Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanofilm for Fenton and Photocatalytic Oxidation of Methylene Blue." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (April 3, 2020): 2866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072866.

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Hematite (α-Fe2O3)/graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanofilm catalysts were synthesized on fluorine-doped tin oxide glass by hydrothermal and chemical vapor deposition. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses of the synthesized catalyst showed that the nanoparticles of g-C3N4 were successfully deposited on α-Fe2O3 nanofilm. The methylene blue degradation efficiency of the α-Fe2O3/g-C3N4 composite catalyst was 2.6 times greater than that of the α-Fe2O3 single catalyst under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The methylene blue degradation rate by the α-Fe2O3/g-C3N4 catalyst increased by 6.5 times after 1 mM of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was added. The photo-Fenton reaction of the catalyst, UV, and H2O2 greatly increased the methylene blue degradation. The results from the scavenger experiment indicated that the main reactants in the methylene blue decomposition reaction are superoxide radicals photocatalytically generated by g-C3N4 and hydroxyl radicals generated by the photo-Fenton reaction. The α-Fe2O3/g-C3N4 nanofilm showed excellent reaction rate constants at pH 3 (Ka = 6.13 × 10−2 min−1), and still better efficiency at pH 7 (Ka = 3.67 × 10−2 min−1), compared to other methylene blue degradation catalysts. As an immobilized photo-Fenton catalyst without iron sludge formation, nanostructured α-Fe2O3/g-C3N4 are advantageous for process design compared to particle-type catalysts.

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31

Vasilyeva, Marina S., and Vladimir S. Rudnev. "Manganese-Containing Nanostructured Oxide Coatings on Titanium Formed by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation." Defect and Diffusion Forum 386 (September 2018): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.386.349.

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Nanostructured manganese-containing oxide coatings on titanium were formed by method of plasma electrolytic oxidation in tetraborate aqueous electrolyte containing manganese acetate with and without the acetonitrile addition. These oxide layers with high content of manganese and coated by ordered "leaf-like" mesh nanostructures are formed in the electrolyte without acetonitrile addition. The oxide layers are displayed high acitivity towards oxidation CO and photoactivity in the degradation reaction of methylene blue. The addition of acetonitrile into electrolyte results in the change in the morphology of the coating surface, a significant reduction in the manganese content and, as a consequence, practical loss of activity in the oxidation of CO in CO2 and a reduction in the photocatalytic activity in the decomposition of methylene blue.

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32

Teramae, Shota, Akane Kito, Tomoteru Shingaki, Yu Hamaguchi, Yuuki Yano, Takamori Nakayama, Yuko Kobayashi, et al. "Methylene chain ruler for evaluating the regioselectivity of a substrate-recognising oxidation catalyst." Chemical Communications 55, no. 58 (2019): 8378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc03041g.

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We designed and synthesised Ru porphyrin 1a as an oxidation catalyst with substrate recognition sites. The 1a catalysed oxidation of substrate 7 selectively oxidised the central position of the methylene chain, affording ketone 8 as the major product.

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33

Oliveira, Henrique S., Luiz C. A. Oliveira, Márcio C. Pereira, José D. Ardisson, Patterson P. Souza, Patrícia O. Patrício, and Flávia C. C. Moura. "Nanostructured vanadium-doped iron oxide: catalytic oxidation of methylene blue dye." New Journal of Chemistry 39, no. 4 (2015): 3051–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4nj02063d.

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34

Qiu, Yang, Rachel J. Perry, João-Paulo G. Camporez, Xian-Man Zhang, Mario Kahn, Gary W. Cline, Gerald I. Shulman, and Daniel F. Vatner. "In vivo studies on the mechanism of methylene cyclopropyl acetic acid and methylene cyclopropyl glycine-induced hypoglycemia." Biochemical Journal 475, no. 6 (March 20, 2018): 1063–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20180063.

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Exposure to the toxins methylene cyclopropyl acetic acid (MCPA) and methylene cyclopropyl glycine (MCPG) of unripe ackee and litchi fruit can lead to hypoglycemia and death; however, the molecular mechanisms by which MCPA and MCPG cause hypoglycemia have not been established in vivo. To determine the in vivo mechanisms of action of these toxins, we infused them into conscious rodents and assessed rates of hepatic gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis, hepatic acyl-CoA and hepatic acetyl-CoA content, and hepatocellular energy charge. MCPG suppressed rates of hepatic β-oxidation as reflected by reductions in hepatic ketogenesis, reducing both short- and medium-chain hepatic acyl-CoA concentrations. Hepatic acetyl-CoA content decreased, and hepatic glucose production was inhibited. MCPA also suppressed β-oxidation of short-chain acyl-CoAs, rapidly inhibiting hepatic ketogenesis and hepatic glucose production, depleting hepatic acetyl-CoA content and ATP content, while increasing other short-chain acyl-CoAs. Utilizing a recently developed positional isotopomer NMR tracer analysis method, we demonstrated that MCPA-induced reductions in hepatic acetyl-CoA content were associated with a marked reduction of hepatic pyruvate carboxylase (PC) flux. Taken together, these data reveal the in vivo mechanisms of action of MCPA and MCPG: the hypoglycemia associated with ingestion of these toxins can be ascribed mostly to MCPA- or MCPG-induced reductions in hepatic PC flux due to inhibition of β-oxidation of short-chain acyl-CoAs by MCPA or inhibition of both short- and medium-chain acyl-CoAs by MCPG with resultant reductions in hepatic acetyl-CoA content, with an additional contribution to hypoglycemia through reduced hepatic ATP stores by MCPA.

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35

Bian, Siyao, Shuang Xu, Zhibing Yin, Sen Liu, Jihui Li, Shuying Xu, and Yucang Zhang. "An Efficient Strategy for Enhancing the Adsorption Capabilities of Biochar via Sequential KMnO4-Promoted Oxidative Pyrolysis and H2O2 Oxidation." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 2, 2021): 2641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052641.

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In this study, sequential KMnO4-promoted oxidative pyrolysis and H2O2 oxidation were employed to upgrade the adsorption capacities of durian shell biochar for methylene blue (MB) and tetracycline (TC) in an aqueous solution. It was found that the KMnO4/H2O2 co-modification was greatly influenced by pyrolysis temperature and the optimal temperature was 300 °C. Moreover, a low concentration of H2O2 enabled the improvement of the adsorption capabilities greatly with the catalysis of pre-impregnated manganese oxides, addressing the shortcoming of single H2O2 modification. The co-modified biochar exhibited high adsorption capabilities for MB and TC, remarkably surpassed KMnO4- and H2O2- modified biochars as well as pristine biochar. The increase of adsorption capabilities could be mainly contributed to the incorporation of MnOx and carboxyl by KMnO4-promoted oxidative decomposition and Mn-catalyzed H2O2 oxidation. This would provide a novel and efficient method for preparing highly adsorptive biochar using sequential KMnO4-promoted oxidative pyrolysis and H2O2 oxidation.

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36

Chen, M. S., and M. C. White. "Combined Effects on Selectivity in Fe-Catalyzed Methylene Oxidation." Science 327, no. 5965 (January 28, 2010): 566–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1183602.

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37

Michálek, Juraj, Kseniya Domnina, Veronika Kvorková, Kristína Šefčovičová, Klaudia Mončeková, and Maroš Soldán. "Heterogeneous Fenton-Like Oxidation of Methylene Blue Using Alternative Catalysts." Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology 29, no. 48 (June 1, 2021): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rput-2021-0009.

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Abstract The usage of the low-cost catalysts for methylene blue removal from wastewater was investigated. Heterogeneous Fenton-like process consists of the use of a hydrogen peroxide solution, and an iron-rich catalyst, red mud and black nickel mud were used for that purpose. The factors such as the catalyst dose and the hydrogen peroxide solution volume were monitored. The results of experiments showed that the degradation of methylene blue dye in Fenton-like oxidation process using selected catalysts can be described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The highest dye removal efficiency (87.15 %) was achieved using the black nickel mud catalyst after 30 minutes of reaction.

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38

Sterckx, Hans, Johan De Houwer, Carl Mensch, Ignacio Caretti, Kourosch Abbaspour Tehrani, Wouter A. Herrebout, Sabine Van Doorslaer, and Bert U. W. Maes. "Mechanism of the CuII-catalyzed benzylic oxygenation of (aryl)(heteroaryl)methanes with oxygen." Chemical Science 7, no. 1 (2016): 346–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sc03530a.

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39

Zheng, Chunming, Xiangzhi Cheng, Peipei Chen, Chuanwu Yang, Shoumin Bao, Jun Xia, Minglin Guo, and Xiaohong Sun. "Ordered mesoporous hematite promoted by magnesium selective leaching as a highly efficient heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst." RSC Advances 5, no. 51 (2015): 40872–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra03019f.

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40

Song, Dongbao, Junfeng Li, Weiwei Liu, Zhaoyang Wang, Chun Zhao, Jie Yang, Junhong Tao, and Xiaoya Deng. "Performance of Modified Graphite Felt as Cathode in the Electro-Fenton System." Science of Advanced Materials 12, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 350–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2020.3545.

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The graphite felt (GF) was modified by the impregnation method and the potentiostatic oxidation method to improve its application performance in the electro-Fenton (E-Fenton) system. Sulfuric acid and ammonia water were used as modifying reagents. After the GF was modified, its conductivity, adsorption performance and hydrogen peroxide production performance were improved. The original graphite felt (GF0) and the modified GF were used as cathode to degrade methylene blue in the E-Fenton system to explore the practical application performance. The reaction kinetics of the methylene blue degradation process was fitted. The results showed the degradation of methylene blue followed the first-order kinetics. The GF was modified by the potentiostatic oxidation with ammonia as modifying reagent (GFEN) had the best application performance in the E-Fenton system. Degradation of methylene blue for 30 min, the reaction rate constant of GFEN cathode system was 1.71 times higher than GF0 cathode system. The GFEN electrode was reused 10 times in the E-Fenton system, the removal rate of methylene blue was only decreased by 7.14%, and the current was only decreased by 4 mA, which showed its good stability. Finally, the comparison of the electrical energy per order (EE/O) values showed that GFEN can significantly improve the current efficiency of the E-Fenton system.

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41

Vorholt, Julia A., Marina G. Kalyuzhnaya, Christoph H. Hagemeier, Mary E. Lidstrom, and Ludmila Chistoserdova. "MtdC, a Novel Class of Methylene Tetrahydromethanopterin Dehydrogenases." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 17 (September 1, 2005): 6069–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.17.6069-6074.2005.

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ABSTRACT Novel methylene tetrahydromethanopterin (H4MPT) dehydrogenase enzymes, named MtdC, were purified after expressing in Escherichia coli genes from, respectively, Gemmata sp. strain Wa1-1 and environmental DNA originating from unidentified microbial species. The MtdC enzymes were shown to possess high affinities for methylene-H4MPT and NADP but low affinities for methylene tetrahydrofolate or NAD. The substrate range and the kinetic properties revealed by MtdC enzymes distinguish them from the previously characterized bacterial methylene-H4MPT dehydrogenases, MtdA and MtdB. While revealing higher sequence similarity to MtdA enzymes, MtdC enzymes appear to fulfill a function homologous to the function of MtdB, as part of the H4MPT-linked pathway for formaldehyde oxidation/detoxification.

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42

Nguyen, T. B., L. Ermolenko, and A. Al-Mourabit. "Redox condensation of o-halonitrobenzene with 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: involvement of an unexpected auto-catalyzed redox cascade." Chemical Communications 52, no. 27 (2016): 4914–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc01436d.

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43

Vorholt, Julia A., Ludmila Chistoserdova, Mary E. Lidstrom, and Rudolf K. Thauer. "The NADP-Dependent Methylene Tetrahydromethanopterin Dehydrogenase in Methylobacterium extorquens AM1." Journal of Bacteriology 180, no. 20 (October 15, 1998): 5351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.20.5351-5356.1998.

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ABSTRACT An NADP-dependent methylene tetrahydromethanopterin (H4MPT) dehydrogenase has recently been proposed to be involved in formaldehyde oxidation to CO2 inMethylobacterium extorquens AM1. We report here on the purification of this novel enzyme to apparent homogeneity. Via the N-terminal amino acid sequence, it was identified to be themtdA gene product. The purified enzyme catalyzed the dehydrogenation of methylene H4MPT with NADP+rather than with NAD+, with a specific activity of approximately 400 U/mg of protein. It also catalyzed the dehydrogenation of methylene tetrahydrofolate (methylene H4F) with NADP+. With methylene H4F as the substrate, however, the specific activity (26 U/mg) and the catalytic efficiency (V max/Km ) were approximately 20-fold lower than with methylene H4MPT. Whereas the dehydrogenation of methylene H4MPT (E0 = −390 mV) with NADP+ (E0 = −320 mV) proceeded essentially irreversibly, the dehydrogenation of methylene H4F (E0 = −300 mV) was fully reversible. Comparison of the primary structure of the NADP-dependent dehydrogenase fromM. extorquens AM1 with those of methylene H4F dehydrogenases from other bacteria and eucarya and with those of methylene H4MPT dehydrogenases from methanogenic archaea revealed only marginally significant similarity (<15%).

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44

Nashmi, Ola A., Nada N. Abdulrazzaq, and Ahmed A. Mohammed. "Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution by ozone microbubbles." Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences 27, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2020.27.3.004.

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In this work, ozone microbubbles (OMBs) technique was used to remove methylene blue dye (MB) from water in a semi- batch reactor. The removal efficiency of methylene blue dye were investigated under various reaction conditions such as effect of initial solution pH, ozone generation rate, initial methylene blue dye concentration and determination of mass transfer coefficient. The removal of methylene blue by Ozonation microbubbles were very high at the acidic media and upon increasing ozone generation rate from 0.498 to 0.83 mg s−1, the removal efficiency dramatically increased from 8 to 98%.The overall rate of the oxidation reaction fitted well a second order kinetic model. The results demonstrated that ozone microbubbles were effective in terms of the elimination of methylene blue concentration and its complete mineralization.

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45

Le, Thu-Huong, Thu Hong Anh Ngo, Van Thuan Doan, Le Minh Tri Nguyen, and Manh Cuong Le. "Preparation of Manganese Dioxide Nanoparticles on Laterite for Methylene Blue Degradation." Journal of Chemistry 2019 (September 5, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1602752.

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The laterite-coating manganese dioxide nanoparticle material (M2) prepared by the immersion method was used for the efficient removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. The adsorption and heterogeneous Fenton catalytic oxidation experiments of M2 were investigated by changing the effective factors such as time, pH, amount of M2, and concentration of MB. The adsorption data of M2 showed good fitting with the Langmuir isotherm, suggesting that the adsorption of MB on the surface of M2 is a heterogeneous and physical adsorption process. Degradation of MB was also carried out to evaluate the heterogeneous Fenton catalytic oxidation characterization of a new catalytic oxidation material (M2). The results show that the M2 material has both adsorption and heterogeneous Fenton catalytic oxidation. However, the heterogeneous Fenton catalytic oxidation of the M2 material is the main performance. Hence, our groups have investigated the ability of the catalytic column treatment with high efficiency of 98–100% and the degradation efficiency after the sample running through the column almost does not change much. This proves that heterogeneous Fenton catalytic activity of the catalytic column is completely unaffected and reused many times after oxidizing MB. Specifically, even if the M2 material is reused for five times, the degradation efficiency still reaches 98.86%.

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46

Fukahori, S., T. Fujiwara, R. Ito, and N. Funamizu. "Sulfonamide antibiotic removal and nitrogen recovery from synthetic urine by the combination of rotating advanced oxidation contactor and methylene urea synthesis process." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 2 (May 5, 2015): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.182.

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The combination of nitrogen recovery and pharmaceutical removal processes for livestock urine treatment were investigated to suppress the discharge of pollutants and recover nitrogen as resources. We combined methylene urea synthesis from urea and adsorption and photocatalytic decomposition of sulfonamide antibiotic using rotating advanced oxidation contactor (RAOC) contained for obtaining both safe fertilizer and reclaimed water. The methylene urea synthesis could recover urea in synthetic urine, however, almost all sulfonamide antibiotic was also incorporated, which is unfavorable from a safety aspect if the methylene urea is to be used as fertilizer. Conversely, RAOC could remove sulfonamide antibiotic without consuming urea. It was also confirmed that the methylene urea could be synthesized from synthetic urine treated by RAOC. Thus, we concluded that RAOC should be inserted prior to the nitrogen recovery process for effective treatment of urine and safe use of methylene urea as fertilizer.

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47

Sivasankari, G., K. Sivasankari, T. Nalini, P. Padmapriya, and M. Nadhiya. "Selective Determination of Dopamine in Presence of Ascorbic Acid Using Nafion Coated Methylene Blue Functionalized Graphite Electrode." Asian Journal of Chemistry 31, no. 10 (August 30, 2019): 2185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2019.22078.

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An electrochemical sensor has been developed using methylene blue (MB) unctionalized graphite for the selective determination of dopamine in the presence of ascorbic acid. The immobilization of methylene blue on graphite was done by carbodiimide coupling method. The methylene blue functionalized graphite was characterized by SEM, FTIR spectroscopy and UV-visible spectroscopy. The immobilization of methylene blue functionalized graphite (MB-G) on the electrode surface was made by drop casting a small volume of MB-G dispersed methanol solution on the electrode surface. About 5 L of 0.5 % Nafion solution was also dropcasted for the stability and selectivity. The MB-G modified electrode was characterized by cyclic voltammetry. The modified electrode promotes the electrocatalytic oxidation of dopamine at a lower potential of 160 mV. The selective determination of dopamine in the presence of 100 times higher concentration of ascorbic acid was achieved by differential pulse voltammetry. The modified electrode offered a simple, selective and sensitive determination of low levels of dopamine. Also the oxidation over potential was reduced to an extent of 360 mV comparing with the bare graphite electrode. The proposed sensor has the advantage of easy fabrication, low cost, good sensitivity, reproducibility and stability.

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48

Hancock, Robert D., Arthur E. Martell, Dian Chen, Ramunas J. Motekaitis, and Derek McManus. "Design of ligands for the complexation of Fe(II)/Fe(III) in the catalytic oxidation of H2S to sulfur." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 75, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): 591–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v97-070.

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Examination of the stability constants of Fe(II) and Fe(III) chelates of a wide variety of ligands that contain only acetate and amino groups shows a linear correlation. A separate linear correlation displaced toward the ferric ion was obtained for those ligands that contain more basic phenolate donor groups. The ligands of the latter group generally are unsuited to the oxidation of H2S to sulfur, while ligands in the first correlation are suitable for that purpose. Ligands that do not contain α-methylene groups are relatively resistant to oxidative degradation. Molecular mechanics is employed to compare the Fe(III) complexes of three such ligands, dipicolinic acid (DIPIC), pyridine-2-phosphonic-6-carboxylic acid (2PP6C), and 2-carboxy-8-hydroxyquinoline (CHOX). The calculations show that there is considerable strain in the formation of the Fe(II) and Fe(III) complexes of these ligands, both with respect to the O–O distance and the O-Fe-O angle. The relatively high stability of the CHOX complex compared to that of DIPIC, therefore, is due mainly to the higher basicity of the phenolate oxygen compared to the carboxylate groups of DIPIC. The higher stability of the Fe(III) complex of 2PP6C relative to that of DIPIC is due to the higher basicity and charge of the phosphonate group compared to a carboxylate group of DIPIC that it replaces. In spite of the lack of α-methylene groups in CHOX, the ligand undergoes rapid oxidative degradation when its iron chelate is used as a catalyst for the oxidation of H2S to sulfur by air. However, the oxidation products were found to also be effective catalysts for this process. Keywords: hydrogen sulfide, oxidation catalysis, dipicolinic acid, pyridine-2-phosphonic-6-carboyxlic acid, 2-carboxy-8-hydroxyquinoline.

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49

Bal, Selma, and Sedat Salih Bal. "Cobalt(II) and Manganese(II) Complexes of Novel Schiff Bases, Synthesis, Charcterization, and Thermal, Antimicrobial, Electronic, and Catalytic Features." Advances in Chemistry 2014 (August 21, 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/506851.

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Carbazoles containing two new Schiff bases (Z,Z)-N,N′-bis[(9-ethyl-9H-carbazole-3-yl)methylene]propane-1,3 diamine (L1) and (Z,Z)-N,N′-bis[(9-ethyl-9H-carbazole-3-yl)methylene]-2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine (L2) and their Co(II) and Mn(II) complexes were synthesized and characterized using various spectroscopic methods and thermal analysis, which gave high thermal stability results for the ligands and their cobalt complexes. The title compounds were examined for their antimicrobial and antifungal activities, which resulted in high activity values for the ligands and their manganese complexes. Oxidation reactions carried out on styrene and cyclohexene revealed that the complex compounds were the most effective catalysts for styrene oxidation, giving good selectivities than those of cyclohexene oxidation. Electronic features of the synthesized compounds were also reported within this work.

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50

Wang, Xi-quan, Song-fu Han, Qing-wen Zhang, Nan Zhang, and Dan-dan Zhao. "Photocatalytic oxidation degradation mechanism study of methylene blue dye waste water with GR/iTO2." MATEC Web of Conferences 238 (2018): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823803006.

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Graphene/titania multiplex photo-catalyst was prepared through hydrothermal method. Methylene blue with initial concentration of 20 mg/L in aqueous solution was treated by photocatalytic oxidation and the degradation process was investigated by UV/Vis spectrum, FTIR and GC-MS Spectra analysis. The results indicated that the conjugate structure of N-S heterocyclic compound was broken and aromatic ring was oxidized to open the ring. The methylene blue molecules were finally mineralized to H2O and CO2 in the photocatalytic degradation process.

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