Relevant bibliographies by topics / Methylone

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Academic literature on the topic 'Methylone'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Methylone"

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Poyatos, Lourdes, Esther Papaseit, Eulalia Olesti, Clara Pérez-Mañá, Mireia Ventura, Xoán Carbón, Marc Grifell, et al. "A Comparison of Acute Pharmacological Effects of Methylone and MDMA Administration in Humans and Oral Fluid Concentrations as Biomarkers of Exposure." Biology 10, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10080788.

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Considered the β-keto analogue of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy), 3,4-Methylenedioxymethcathinone (methylone) is a synthetic cathinone. Over the years, methylone has been used as a substitute for conventional psychostimulants, such as MDMA. To date, little is known about the human pharmacology of methylone; the only available information has been provided by surveys or published intoxication reports. In the present observational–naturalistic study, we evaluate the acute subjective and physiological effects of methylone after oral self-administration in comparison to MDMA in healthy poly-drug users. Fourteen participants (10 males, 4 females) selected their single oral doses of methylone from 100 to 300 mg (n = 8, mean dose 187.5 mg) or MDMA from 75 to 100 mg (n = 6, mean dose 87.5 mg) based on their experience. Study variables were assessed at 0, 1, 2, and 4 h (h) and included vital signs (non-invasive blood pressure, heart rate, cutaneous temperature) and subjective effects using visual analogue scales (VAS), the 49-item Addiction Research Centre Inventory (ARCI) short form, and the Evaluation of the Subjective Effects of Substances with Abuse Potential (VESSPA-SSE) questionnaire. Additionally, oral fluid concentrations of methylone and MDMA were determined. Acute pharmacological effects produced by methylone followed the prototypical psychostimulant and empathogenic profile associated with MDMA, although they were less intense. Methylone concentrations in oral fluid can be considered a useful biomarker to detect acute exposure in oral fluid. Oral fluid concentrations of MDMA and methylone peaked at 2 h and concentrations of MDMA were in the range of those previously described in controlled studies. Our results demonstrate that the potential abuse liability of methylone is similar to that of MDMA in recreational subjects.
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Sadurní, L. Martínez, M. Grifell, L. Galindo, I. Ezquiaga, P. Quintana, M. Ventura, I. Fornís, et al. "Methylone consumption characterized through samples handled by users." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.129.

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IntroductionIn recent years, the increasing use tendency of NPS has motivated both awareness and concern about their identification and potential harmfulness. Synthetic cathinones represent a significant proportion of the NPS available and methylone is one of the most frequently found in Europe.ObjectivesThe aim of the present study is to determine methylone presence and characteristics from the samples analyzed by Energy Control between the years 2009 and 2015 in Spain.MethodsFrom all 21,198 samples analyzed from august 2009 to august 2015, only those in which methylone was found are studied (n = 140). The samples have been analyzed by Energy Control, a spanish harm-reduction NGO that offers to users the possibility of analyzing the substances they intend to consume. The analysis is done by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.ResultsFrom the 140 samples containing methylone, 87 were handled as methylone, 20 as MDMA, 8 as other synthetic cathinones and 25 as other substances. The peak of consume was registered in 2011 with 41 samples then the number decreased until 10 samples in 2015.ConclusionsResults suggest that methylone is most frequently handled as methylone or as MDMA and that its consumption could be decreasing. Further pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, clinical and epidemiological studies should be conducted to enhance the knowledge not only about methylone consumption, but also about synthetic cathinones in general in order to assess their potential risk and study the complications and its management.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Monteagudo, E., M. de Dios, A. Trabsa, M. Grifell, L. Galindo, P. Quintana, A. Palma, et al. "Is methylone a new public health threat in Spain?" European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): s871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1749.

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IntroductionDue to the continuous search for new, legal, less expensive, and more powerful highs by drug users, the synthesis of novel cathinone derivatives has become a fruitful industry, leading to a fast emergence of new alternative substances every year. Methylone (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylcathinone) is one of the substances that rapidly emerged as the main ingredient of “bath salts”, becoming readily accessible on the Internet. This fact has raised concerns about its potential harmfulness.ObjectivesThe aim of the present study is to analyze the presence of methylone in samples delivered to energy control from 2014 to 2015 in Spain.MethodsA total of 8324 samples were assessed from June 2014 to May 2015. Only those samples acquired as methylone were studied. They were analyzed by energy control, a Spanish harm reduction NGO that offers the possibility of analyzing the substances that users report. Analysis was done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.ResultsTen users reported to have acquired methylone (0.12%). The most used source for acquiring it was the Internet (60%). Other sources included a friend or relative (10%), home-delivered (10%) or undetermined (20%). There was no peak of consume as 50% were acquired in 2014 and 50% in 2015.DiscussionAccording to the results, the presence of methylone in our samples is extremely low. Therefore, despite the fact that methylone monitorization is ought to be carried out, this substance is not expected to be an emerging issue concerning Public Health and no further clinical research should be done.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Barrios, L., H. Grison-Hernando, D. Boels, R. Bouquie, C. Monteil-Ganiere, and R. Clement. "Death following ingestion of methylone." International Journal of Legal Medicine 130, no. 2 (June 13, 2015): 381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-015-1212-4.

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Centazzo, Nicole, Michael R. Chojnacki, Joshua S. Elmore, Raider Rodriguez, Teeshavi Acosta, Masaki Suzuki, Kenner C. Rice, Michael H. Baumann, and Marta Concheiro. "Brain Concentrations of Methylone and Its Metabolites after Systemic Methylone Administration: Relationship to Pharmacodynamic Effects." Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 377, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 398–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.121.000531.

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Piao, Ying-Shan, Frank Scott Hall, Yuki Moriya, Miki Ito, Arihisa Ohara, Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri, Yukihiro Goda, et al. "Methylone-induced hyperthermia and lethal toxicity." Behavioural Pharmacology 26, no. 4 (June 2015): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/fbp.0000000000000135.

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Pearson, J. M., T. L. Hargraves, L. S. Hair, C. J. Massucci, C. Clinton Frazee, U. Garg, and B. R. Pietak. "Three Fatal Intoxications Due to Methylone." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 36, no. 6 (May 15, 2012): 444–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bks043.

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Kovács, Katalin, Anita Réka Tóth, and Éva Margit Kereszty. "A new designer drug: Methylone related death." Orvosi Hetilap 153, no. 7 (February 2012): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2012.29310.

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This report presents a fatal case related to the consumption of methylone, a relatively new cathinone type designer drug. A 16-year-old boy suddenly lost his consciousness in a party. Resuscitation had been continued for about 1.5 hours at the intensive care unit, but it was unsuccessful. His previous history included cardiac malformation detected at infancy and bronchial asthma had been diagnosed one year before his death. Signs of sudden cardiac death were observed during autopsy. Methylone intake was proved in blood and liver extract using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; its concentration was 272 ng/ml in the blood, and 387 ng/g in the liver. Pathohistology revealed microvascular steatosis in the liver, which raised the possibility of chronic use of toxic substances. In addition, striated heart muscle damage was observed, which could be due to the use of an amphetamine-like substance. The authors presume that steatosis of the heart muscle, congenital heart disease and bronchial asthma could be predisposing factors for sudden cardiac death that occurred in the presence of relatively low levels of methylone. Access to various designer drugs is easy, fast and broad. Consequently, the potential abuse or overdose should be taken into consideration in the emergency practice. The use of “non-illicit” drugs does not require formal intervention by the authorities, but the medical service must alarm the stakeholders. Orv. Hetil., 2012, 153, 271–276.
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Sogawa, Chiharu, Norio Sogawa, Kazumi Ohyama, Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri, Yukihiro Goda, Ichiro Sora, and Shigeo Kitayama. "Methylone and Monoamine Transporters: Correlation with Toxicity." Current Neuropharmacology 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157015911795017425.

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Carbone, Peter, David L. Carbone, Shaun Carstairs, and Scott A. Luzi. "Sudden Cardiac Death Associated With Methylone Use." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 138, suppl 2 (November 1, 2012): A320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/138.suppl2.50.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Methylone"

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Daniel, Jollee Jaye. "Adolescent Methylone Exposure and its Effects on Behavioural Development in Adulthood." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5460.

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Originally developed as an anti-depressant and later available as a ‘party-pill’ in New Zealand, methylone is currently classed as an illegal drug. This is due to findings of its similarity in chemical structure to that of Ecstasy (MDMA). Methylone is a relatively new drug into which little research has been conducted. Consequently, no known study has investigated the long-term effects on behavioural development arising from exposure during adolescence. The present thesis therefore aimed to identify long-term effects of chronic adolescent exposure to methylone on adult anxiety-like behaviours. This was achieved by the use of 80 rats (40 males: 40 females) and exposing them to either a methylone or saline treatment for ten consecutive days. Two different treatment age groups (early versus late adolescence) were examined and to ensure adequate comparisons could be made, two control groups were utilised. All rats were tested during adulthood in four specifically selected anxiety-measure tests; the open-field, preference for the light side of a light-dark box, acoustic startle and responsiveness to the novel arm of a Y-maze. The results suggested methylone-exposed rats displayed more anxiolytic behaviours than saline-treated rats. In the open field methylone exposed rats exhibited less ambulation than controls and those treated in early adolescence defecated more while rats treated in late adolescence occupied the corners of the apparatus more exhibiting higher anxiety-like behaviours. Exploratory behaviours in the Y-maze were decreased in methylone-treated rats, and those exposed in early adolescence entered the novel arm less often. However, acoustic startle results suggested methylone-exposed rats were less anxious as evidenced by a lower startle amplitude than controls. Overall, the results suggested differences in anxiety-like behaviours between methylone-exposed rats and controls. It did not appear that being exposed to methylone in early adolescence resulted in vast differences in anxiety-like behaviours than if exposure began in late adolescence.
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Allen, Serena. "The Combined Neuropharmacology and Toxicology of Major 'Bath Salts' Constituents MDPV, Mephedrone, and Methylone." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3431.

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The synthetic cathinones, 3,4- methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone), and 3,4- methylenedioxymethcathinone (methylone), gained worldwide notoriety as the psychoactive components of ‘bath salts;’ a marketing term used to circumvent federal drug laws and permit their legal sale. Previous studies have shown that these drugs share pharmacological characteristics with cocaine and the amphetamines, however, descriptions of their neurotoxic properties are limited. Moreover, while forensic analysis has revealed that the most frequently abused bath salts ‘brands’ contain binary and ternary mixtures of MDPV, mephedrone, and methylone, the majority of preclinical research has focused on explicating the individual effects of these drugs. Therefore, the present dissertation aimed to address this limitation and characterize the acute and chronic effects of combined synthetic cathinone exposure on dopaminergic tone in mesolimbic and nigrostriatal brain regions. To accomplish this, male Swiss-Webster mice were administered MDPV, mephedrone, and methylone, individually or concomitantly, 1 time or 7 times over the course of two weeks and the corresponding effects of each treatment on mesolimbic and nigrostriatal brain tissue levels of dopamine (DA) and DA metabolites were analyzed using a high performance liquid chromatography – electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) assay. Additionally, motor-stimulant activity was evaluated after both dosing regimens using locomotor activity assays, while immunoblot and immunostaining techniques were used to evaluate the chronic effects of co-synthetic cathinone exposure on tissue levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine transporter (DAT), monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Results from these studies provide evidence of a significant pharmacological interaction among major bath salt constituents, MDPV, mephedrone, and methylone. This was observed acutely as enhanced DA responses and chronically as functional toxicity at the DA synapse. Furthermore, such interactions may contribute to the deleterious effects reported by bath salt users. Together, these findings have shown that the composition of bath salts preparations can significantly influence their psychostimulant and toxic effects, substantiating the importance of modeling bath salts as drug mixtures.
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Troglin, Courtney G., J. Brooke Bouldin, Shannon Schreiner, Emily Perez, Stacy D. Ph D. Brown, and Brooks B. Ph D. Pond. "Pharmacokinetics of individual versus combined exposure to "bath salts" compounds MDPV, Mephedrone, and Methylone." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2019/schedule/182.

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Earlier this decade, “bath salts” were popularized as legal alternatives to the pyschostimulants cocaine and the amphetamines. These products contained synthetic cathinones including 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone), and 3,4-methylenedioxymethcathinone (methylone). Studies indicate that the cathinones have similar pharmacology to controlled psychostimulants, increasing levels of dopamine (DA) in the synaptic cleft. Most preclinical investigations have only assessed the effect of these synthetic cathinones independently; however, case reports and DEA studies indicate that “bath salts” often contain mixtures of these substances. Therefore, in a recent study by our laboratory, we examined effects of individual versus combined exposure to MDPV, mephedrone, and methylone. Interestingly, an enhanced effect on the levels of DA was observed, as well as significant alterations in locomotor activity following co-exposure to the cathinones. In this study, we examine whether the enhanced effects of the drug combination were due to pharmacokinetic (PK) interactions. It is known that many of the same cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes metabolize each of these three drugs. Therefore, it is probable that the drugs’ PK would differ when administered individually as compared to in combination. We hypothesize that combined exposure to MDPV, mephedrone, and methylone will result in increased drug concentrations and enhanced total drug concentrations when compared to individual administration. The pharmacokinetics of MDPV, mephedrone, and methylone in the brain and plasma were examined following intraperitoneal injection in mice. Briefly, adolescent male Swiss-Webster mice were injected intraperitoneally with either 10 mg/kg MDPV, 10 mg/kg mephedrone, 10 mg/kg methylone, or 10 mg/kg combined MDPV, mephedrone, and methylone. Following injection, brains and plasma were collected at the following time points: 1, 10, 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes. Samples were then flash-frozen and stored at -70°C until analysis. Drugs were extracted via solid-phase extraction and concentrations were determined using a previously validated and published high pressure-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Following intraperitoneal administration, all drugs quickly crossed the blood-brain barrier and entered the brain. Peak drug concentrations, time to peak concentration, drug half-lives, and total drug exposure (as measured by area under the curve) are compared when drugs were given individually versus in combination. These data provide insight into the consequences of co-exposure to popular “bath salt” products.
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Tran, Lily H., Serena A. Allen, Hannah V. Oakes, Russell W. Brown, and Brooks B. Pond. "Dopaminergic Effects of major Bath Salt Constituents 3, 4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), Mephedrone, and Methylone are Enhanced Following Co-exposure." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2019/schedule/139.

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An unprecedented rise in the availability of new synthetic drugs of abuse has been observed in the recent years. One of the most noted cases is that of a popularized designer drug mixture known as ‘bath salts’. Commonly obtained from various shops and on the internet, “bath salts” often contain the synthetic cathinones 3,4 methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), mephedrone, and methylone in diverse combinations. Individually, the synthetic cathinones are known to have similar pharmacology to controlled psychostimulants such as cocaine and the amphetamines, increasing the levels of dopamine (DA) in the synaptic cleft. DA is an important neurotransmitter that regulates a variety of behaviors and functions; neurons within the mesolimbic DA pathway (ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens) are involved in reward and motivation and are activated by these drugs of abuse. Additionally, psychostimulant-induced increases in DA in the nigrostriatal pathway (substantia nigra to corpus striatum) lead to increases in locomotor behavior. However, the majority of preclinical investigations have only assessed the effects of individual bath salt constituents and have provided little information regarding the possibility of significant drug interactions with the co-exposure of MDPV, mephedrone, and methylone. This study sought to evaluate and compare the effects of individual versus combined MDPV, mephedrone, and methylone on dopamine (DA) levels in discrete brain regions as well as motor stimulant responses in mice. Male adolescent Swiss-Webster mice received intraperitoneal injections of saline, MDPV, mephedrone, methylone (1.0 or 10.0 mg/kg), or the cathinone cocktail (MDPV + mephedrone + methylone at 1.0, 3.3, or 10 mg/kg). The effect of each treatment on DA and DA metabolite levels in mesolimbic and nigrostriatal brain tissue was quantified 15 min after a single exposure utilizing high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD). Additionally, locomotor activity was recorded in mice after acute (day 1) and chronic intermittent (day 7) dosing. The results demonstrate that MDPV, mephedrone, and methylone produce dose-related increases in the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal DA levels that are significantly enhanced following their co-administration. Additionally, a decrease in locomotor activity on day 1 that was exacerbated by day 7 was noted in mice treated with the cathinone cocktail and was not observed with any of the single agents. The decrease in locomotor activity was accompanied by an increase in stereotypic-like behavior including excessive grooming and even self-mutilation. Our findings demonstrate a significantly enhanced effect of MDPV, mephedrone, and methylone on both DA and its metabolites resulting in significant alterations in locomotor activity. This work provides insight into the potential enhanced risk of the use of these combination synthetic cathinone products.
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Pachhain, Sudhan. "Analysis of gene expression associated with drug-induced hyperthermia in rat." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1562330027757666.

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Schreiner, Shannon CA, J. Brooke Bouldin, Emily Perez, Stacy D. Brown, and Brooks B. Pond. "PHARMACOKINETICS OF SYNTHETIC CATHINONES FOUND IN "BATH SALTS" IN MOUSE BRAIN AND PLASMA USING LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY - MASS SPECTROMETRY." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2018/schedule/196.

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“Bath salts” and “plant food”, which were legally marketed synthetic cathinones, have a high potential for abuse. Several recent studies indicate that 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethcathinone (methylone), two common drugs of this type, have similar pharmacology to controlled psychostimulants such as cocaine, methamphetamine, and methylphenidate. MDPV acts as a norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) reuptake inhibitor via blockade of their transporters (DAT and NET), whereas methylone is a substrate for the NE, DA, and serotonin (5-HT) transporters, increasing the non-vesicular release of these monoamines. Both drugs cause significant increases in the levels of these neurotransmitters in the cleft. Increases in DA are associated with euphoric effects and thus promote drug abuse and addiction, hence the high addiction potential of MDPV and methylone. Indeed, MDPV is 50 times more potent at the DAT and 10 times more potent at the NET than cocaine. Here, we examined the pharmacokinetics of MDPV and methylone in the brain and plasma, following intraperitoneal injection in mice. These types of injections have similar pharmacokinetics to insufflation (snorting), which is the manner in which MDPV and methylone are commonly abused. Briefly, adolescent male Swiss-Webster mice were injected intraperitoneally with either 10 mg/kg MDPV or 10 mg/kg methylone, and brains and plasma were collected at the following time points: 1, 10, 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes. Samples were then flash-frozen and stored at -70°C until analysis. Samples were spiked with deuterium-labeled MDPV or methylone (internal standards), and the drugs were extracted from tissue using a previously published solid phase extraction method. Chromatographic separation of the compounds was achieved using a HILIC column with a gradient elution of acetonitrile and 5 mM ammonium formate at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Mass spectrometric detection utilized a Shimadzu IT-TOF system with the electrospray source running in positive mode. Data acquisition utilized a direct MS-MS method using a precursor ion of 276.3 m/z for MDPV and methylone. The calibration curve ranged from 100 ng/ml to 0.1 ng/ml. These conditions allowed for a lower limit of detection (LLOD) of less than or equal to 1 ng/mL and a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of less than or equal to 5 ng/mL for MDPV and methylone. MDPV and methylone peak concentrations in plasma were seen immediately at 1 min, while brain concentrations peaked at 15 min; however, MDPV reached higher concentrations in the brain the methylone. This is consistent with MDPV’s higher lipophilicity (logP value). In conclusion, the pharmacokinetic profile of these drugs reflects a quick uptake and distribution of the drugs to the brain, followed by the quick distribution out of the brain, which likely contributes to the binge use of these drugs.
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López, Arnau Raúl. "Nuevas drogas psicoestimulantes. Estudio farmacológico y neurotoxicológico de la metilona." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284625.

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La metilona (3,4-metilendioximetcatinona), también conocida como M1, MDMC, bk-MDMA o “Ease” es un psicoestimulante y entactógeno de la familia de las catinonas, también incluida dentro del grupo de las fenetilaminas o de las β-ceto anfetaminas. Cabe destacar que la metilona posee una gran similitud estructural con la MDMA o “éxtasis” (Figura 20), de la cual sólo difiere por la presencia de un grupo cetona en la posición β del anillo de fenetilamina. La mayoría de estas catinonas poseen una similitud estructural con otros derivados anfetamínicos, como la MDMA o la metanfetamina por lo que sus efectos psicoestimulantes y empatógenicos podrían ser similares a los producidos por éstos (Schifano et al., 2011). Concretamente, la metilona, objeto de la presente Tesis Doctoral, es una sustancia relativamente nueva, y por ello, la información disponible es muy limitada. El rápido aumento del consumo/abuso de esta sustancia, juntamente con los serios efectos sobre la salud, exige un mejor conocimiento tanto de su perfil farmacocinético como farmacodinámico. No podemos subestimar tampoco el potencial de la metilona para producir efectos a largo plazo de índole neurotóxica. En nuestro modelo in vitro, utilizando sinaptosomas de rata, tanto la butilona como la mefedrona y la metilona produjeron una reducción concentración-dependiente de la captación de [3H]5-HT, [3H]DA y [3H]NA, además tanto el componente de membrana como el componente vesicular están involucrados en el efecto inhibitorio final de estas catinonas. Cuando a los animales se les administró, 30 minutos antes de la catinona, ketanserina (antagonista 5- HT2A) o haloperidol (antagonista no-selectivo dopaminérgico), se inhibió el aumento de la actividad locomotora inducido por las catinonas, sugiriendo la implicación tanto del sistema serotoninérgico como del dopaminérgico. La afinidad de estos compuestos por los receptores 5-HT2A respalda tal hipótesis. Sin embargo, su relativa baja afinidad por los receptores D2 nos permite descartar un efecto directo sobre este tipo de receptores, lo cual nos lleva a creer que este tipo de sustancias al producir un aumento de la concentración de DA extracelular, será ésta la que finalmente interactúe con este tipo de receptores. El tiempo de semivida de la metilona tras la administración oral fue significativamente más elevado que tras la administración intravenosa, lo que nos lleva a pensar que su farmacocinética se ajusta a un modelo flipflop. La ruta metabólica propuesta consta de, en primer lugar, una reacción de desmetilación, dando lugar a la correspondiente amina primaria, la metilendioxicatinona (MDC), estructuralmente relacionada con uno de los metabolitos activos de la MDMA, la MDA. Además creemos que la metilona puede ser sustrato de una hidroxilación alifática, dando lugar a la 3’-hidroxi-metilendioximetcatinona (3’-OH-MDMC). También se identificaron dos metabolitos hidroxilados, la 4-hidroxi-3- metoximetcatinona (4-OH-3-MeO-MC) y la 3-hidroxi-4- metoximetcatinona (3-OH-4-MeO-MC). Los cambios neuroquímicos inducidos por metilona son más aparentes cuando ésta es administrada 4 veces al día cada 3 horas, mostrando una disminución de los marcadores de los terminales neuronales serotoninérgicos en corteza frontal e hipocampo, juntamente con una activación astroglial en la región del giro dentado y la CA1 del hipocampo una semana después del tratamiento. A diferencia de la neurotoxicidad especie-dependiente de la MDMA, la metilona induce alteraciones en el cerebro de rata que no difieren cualitativamente de las observadas en ratón utilizando un régimen de administración similar. La metilona produce, en ratón, efectos depresivos tras un régimen de administración neurotóxico. Tras un tratamiento similar en rata, la metilona provoca una disfunción en la memoria referencial.
A decrease in the illegal availability of chemical compounds used for the synthesis of methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or Ecstasy, coupled with a more than 50% decrease in the purity of ecstasy or cocaine (Measham et al., 2010; Winstock et al., 2011), has resulted in the appearance on the black market of a new generation of designer drugs known as ‘cathinones’ or ‘beta-keto amphetamines’ (the latter name deriving from the characteristic presence of a ketone in the side chain). These derivatives include a wide range of substances such as butylone, ethylone, methylone and mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone). Butylone, mephedrone and methylone caused hyperlocomotion, which was prevented with ketanserin or haloperidol. Methylone was the most potent compound inhibiting both [3H]5-HT and [3H]dopamine uptake. Mephedrone was found to be the cathinone derivative with highest affinity for vesicular monoamine transporter-2 causing the inhibition of dopamine uptake. The affinity of cathinones for 5-HT2A receptors was similar to that of MDMA. Oral administration of methylone induced a dose-dependent increase in locomotor activity in rats. The plasma concentrations after i.v. administration were described by a two-compartment model. For oral administration, peak methylone concentrations were achieved between 0.5 and 1 h and fitted to a flip-flop model. Absolute bioavailability was about 80%. We have identified four Phase I metabolites after oral administration. The major metabolic routes are N-demethylation, aliphatic hydroxylation and O-methylation of a demethylenate intermediate. Repeated methylone administration induced hyperthermia and a significant loss in rodent body weight. Methylone induced transient dopaminergic (frontal cortex) and serotoninergic (hippocampus) impairment in mice. We found evidence of astrogliosis in the CA1 and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. The animals also showed an increase in immobility time in the forced swim test, pointing to a depressive-like behavior. We also determined a serotonergic impairment in methylone-treated rats, especially in the frontal cortex, where it was accompanied by astrogliosis. Some serotonergic alterations were also present in the hippocampus and striatum. No significant neurotoxic effect on the dopaminergic system was identified. Methylone-treated rats only displayed impairments in the probe trial of the Morris water maze, which concerns reference memory, while the spatial learning process seemed to be preserved.
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DEMBELE, YENIMEGUE-ALBERT. "Synthese asymetrique d'alpha-methylene gamma-butyrolactames." Nantes, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NANT2045.

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L'utilisation d'(alpha-bromomethyl) acrylates d'alkyles et d'imines en presence de zinc dans des conditions appropriees demeure la meilleure voie d'acces aux alpha-methylene gamma-butyrolactames. Au cours de cette etude, nous avons realise la premiere synthese totalement selective d'alpha-methylene gamma-butyrolactames secondaires chiraux, avec de bons rendements chimiques par transfert de chiralite lors du couplage d'organozinciques derives d'alpha-bromomethyl) acrylates, et d'une imine portant une copule chirale issue d'un alpha-aminoester ou d'un beta-aminoalcool
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GRUIEC, ANNE. "Halogenation, arylation, alkylation et lactonisation des 3-hydroxy 2-methylene propanoates de methyle et de leurs nitriles en presence de sels metalliques deposes sur un support solide." Rennes 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991REN10055.

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On montre, en utilisant comme substrat les 3-hydroxy 2-methylene propanoates de methyle et les nitriles correspondants que la reactivite des halogenures de cu#+#2, co#+#2, fe#+#3, zn#+#2 et mn#+#2, depose sur un support solide inorganique est plus grande que la reactivite des sels purs. Une etude electrochimique du bromure cuivrique depose sur silica gel montre que le sel est dans un etat hautement divise. Le melange se comporte comme une source d'ions bromure vis-a-vis du substrat organique. Ces halogenures metalliques deposes sur silica gel ont permis de realiser avec les esters et nitriles utilises comme substrat, des substitutions nucleophiles avec transposition allylique, des reactions de friedel et crafts (phenylation avec transposition allylique, reaction de ritter, synthese de lactones en particulier avec fecl#3 et fecl#3/sio#2). L'acetate de cobalt depose sur silica gel catalyse la condensation de l'acetylacetate de methyle avec les 3-hydroxy 2-methylenes propanoates de methyle pour conduire aux dihydrofurannes. On montre que le chauffage avec un four a micro-ondes en presence d'une petite quantite de solvant peu volatil permet de reduire de facon significative la duree de la reaction et d'ameliorer les rendements
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Provencal, Nadine. "The methylome of early adversity and aggression." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=114317.

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Acts of violence account for 1.43 million deaths worldwide annually and individual acts of aggression account for the majority of these lives lost. Longitudinal studies on the development of physical aggression have found that while children start using physical aggression very early in life, the majority of them learn to use alternative behaviors during childhood and adolescence. The challenge is that a minority of children (3-7%) maintain chronic levels of physical aggression. While we know that genetic factors and early social experiences are involved in the development of aggression, the main question is "What is the mechanism that registers the response to early life adversity as well as stores life-long and system-wide programs of aggressive phenotypes?" Evidence in animals and in humans has emerged suggesting that epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, are responsive to adverse environments and are maintained until adulthood. Epigenetic mechanisms are known to serve as long-lasting regulators of gene expression programs. This doctoral thesis delineates the effects of early adversity in a rhesus macaque model of maternal deprivation on DNA methylation patterns in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and in T cells to compare the central and the peripheral epigenetic marks of social experience. Moreover, it determines the associations between DNA methylation patterns in T cells and childhood physical aggression in men. Whole genome methylation analyses using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation followed by hybridization to genome-wide promoter microarrays were used to assess the DNA methylation profiles in adult monkeys who were randomized into differential rearing groups (maternal versus surrogate-peer rearing) in their first year of life. We show that differential rearing leads to differential DNA methylation profiles in both the PFC and T cells. These differentially methylated promoters tend to cluster by chromosomal region and by gene function in both tissues, suggesting that the response to early adversity is genome- and system-wide. These results support the use of peripheral tissues in human studies examining epigenetic and phenotypic consequences of social adversity. We then used peripheral blood samples from adult men who were on a chronic physical aggression trajectory from childhood to adolescence (CPA) and compared them to a control group from the same background. ELISA analysis of plasma levels of 10 inflammatory cytokines identified that men from the CPA group had lower plasma levels of five cytokines (IL-1α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10). Moreover, interrogation of the state of DNA methylation across the entire genomic loci containing these five cytokines and cytokine regulator genes (NFkB1, NFAT5 and STAT6) revealed significant associations between differential DNA methylation and CPA. Using whole genome methylation analysis in these men from either CPA or control groups, we revealed associations between physical aggression and DNA methylation in specific gene promoters that tended to cluster into distinct chromosomal regions as well as in relevant gene function categories known to be involved in aggression. In summary, my study demonstrates that adverse social experiences and adverse social phenotypes are associated with altered DNA methylation patterns across the genome. My findings are consistent with the hypothesis that DNA methylation is a mechanism that registers the response to early life adversity in the genome and has a long-lasting association with aggressive phenotypes in humans. Moreover, the finding of DNA methylation alterations in relevant immune genes and immune signaling pathways further supports the hypothesis that the epigenetic programs associated with aggression are not limited to the brain and occur in the immune system as well. This is consistent with several studies that indicate peripheral immune components playing a role in regulating behavioral states.
Les actes de violence représentent 1,43 millions de morts par an dans le monde. Des études longitudinales sur le développement de l'agressivité physique (AP) ont montré que bien que les enfants commencent à se servir de l'AP très tôt dans leur vie, la majorité d'entre eux apprennent à utiliser des comportements alternatifs au cours de l'enfance. Le problème est qu'une minorité d'enfants (3-7%) maintiennent des niveaux d'AP élevés. Bien que nous sachions que les facteurs génétiques ainsi que les premiers contacts sociaux sont impliqués dans le développement de l'AP, la question principale demeure:«Quel sont les mécanismes qui sont capable d'enregistrer la réponse à l'adversité social à l'enfance, de la conserver durant la vie et de programmer les phénotypes agressifs?» Des évidences chez les animaux et l'homme ont émergé suggérant que des mécanismes épigénétiques, tels que la méthylation de l'ADN, réagissent aux environnements adverses et se maintiennent jusqu'à l'âge adulte. Les mécanismes épigénétiques sont aussi connus pour réguler les programmes d'expression génique. Cette thèse de doctorat détermine les effets de l'adversité au début de la vie sur les profils de méthylation de l'ADN du cortex préfrontal (CPF) et des cellules T afin de comparer les marques épigénétiques centrales et périphériques des contacts sociaux chez le macaque rhesus. De plus, elle détermine les associations entre les profils de méthylation de l'ADN dans les cellules T et l'AP à l'enfance chez l'homme. Des analyses de la méthylation du génome entier utilisant l'immunoprécipitation de l'ADN méthylé suivie par l'hybridation sur micropuces de promoteurs, ont servie à mesurer les profils de méthylation de singes adultes qui ont été randomisés dans des groupes d'élevage différents (élevé par leur mère versus par des pairs). Nous montrons que les différentes conditions d'élevage conduisent à des profils de méthylation différents à la fois dans le CPF et dans les cellules T. Ces promoteurs différentiellement méthylés tendent à être regroupés par région chromosomique et par fonction génique dans les deux tissus, suggérant que la réponse à l'adversité se produit à une échelle génomique et systémique. Nous avons ensuite utilisé des échantillons de sang provenant d'hommes adultes qui étaient sur une trajectoire d'AP chronique de l'enfance à l'adolescence (APC) et nous les avons comparés à un groupe control ayant les mêmes origines. L'analyse du niveau plasmatique de 10 cytokines par une méthode immuno-enzymatique indique que les hommes du groupe APC ont des niveaux plasmatiques plus faibles pour cinq cytokines (IL-1α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8 et IL-10). L'interrogation du niveau de méthylation de l'ADN des loci génomiques de ces cinq cytokines et de leurs régulateurs révèle des associations significatives entre la méthylation et l'APC. En utilisant des analyses génomiques de la méthylation de l'ADN chez ces hommes, nous avons révélé des associations entre l'AP et la méthylation dans plusieurs promoteurs. Ces promoteurs tendent à se regrouper dans des régions chromosomiques distinctes ainsi que dans des catégories fonctionnelles déjà connues pour être impliquées dans l'AP. En résumé, mon étude doctorale démontre que les expériences sociales et les phénotypes adverses sont associés à des profils de méthylation de l'ADN altérés au travers du génome. Mes données soutiennent l'hypothèse que la méthylation de l'ADN est un mécanisme qui enregistre la réponse à l'adversité au début de la vie et qu'il s'associe de façon continue avec les phénotypes d'agressivité chez l'homme. De plus, la découverte que ces altérations surviennent à l'intérieur de gènes et de fonctions du système immunitaire supporte l'hypothèse que les programmes épigénétiques associés avec l'AP ne sont pas limités au cerveau mais se produisent également dans le système immunitaire. Ceci est cohérent avec plusieurs études qui indiquent que le système immunitaire joue un rôle dans la régulation des comportements.
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Books on the topic "Methylone"

1

Illing, H. P. A. Dichloromethane (methylene chloride). London: HMSO, 1985.

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Organisation, International Labour, United Nations Environment Programme, and World Health Organization, eds. Methylene chloride health and safety guide. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1987.

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Leeming, Peter. 2-methylene-1,3-dioxolanes: Mechanistic and synthetic studies. Salford: University of Salford, 1994.

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Nefedov, O. M. Khimii͡a︡ karbenov. Moskva: Khimii͡a︡, 1990.

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Jurga, Stefan, and Jan Barciszewski, eds. The DNA, RNA, and Histone Methylomes. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14792-1.

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V, Kazimirchik I., Lukin K. A, and Nefedov O. M, eds. T͡S︡ikloprisoedinenie dikhlorkarbena k olefinam. Moskva: "Nauka", 1985.

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Webb, Michelle. Structure and function of the EcoR1241 DNA methylase. Portsmouth: University of Portsmouth, School of Biological Sciences, 1995.

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Mernagh, Darren Richard. Studies on EcoR124I methylase and its interaction with DNA. Portsmouth: University of Portsmouth, School of Biological Sciences, 1995.

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U, Schubert, ed. Advances in metal carbene chemistry. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989.

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Metal carbenes in organic synthesis. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Methylone"

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Kiyatkin, Eugene A., and Suelynn E. Ren. "MDMA, Methylone, and MDPV: Drug-Induced Brain Hyperthermia and Its Modulation by Activity State and Environment." In Neuropharmacology of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS), 183–207. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7854_2016_35.

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Irvine, William M. "Methylene." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_1808-4.

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Irvine, William M. "Methylene." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1559. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_1808.

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Irvine, William M. "Methylene." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1041. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_1808.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Methylene Blue." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 458. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_7416.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Methylene Chloride." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 458. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_7417.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Methylene Group." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 458. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_7418.

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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Methylene Blue." In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 1639. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43978-4_4062.

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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Methylene Blue." In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27769-6_4062-1.

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Clifton, Jack, and Jerrold B. Leikin. "Methylene Blue." In Critical Care Toxicology, 2867–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17900-1_161.

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Conference papers on the topic "Methylone"

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Pires, Filipa, Margarida Coelho, Paulo A. Ribeiro, and Maria Raposo. "Methylene Blue." In Special Session on Advanced Optical Materials. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005843303790383.

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Kornhauser, Alan A. "Aqua-Ammonia as an Environmentally Acceptable Low Temperature Brine." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62684.

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In many industrial processes, cooling with brines is preferable to cooling with an evaporating refrigerant. For medium and high temperatures (above about −35°C/−30°F), aqueous solutions of calcium chloride, sodium chloride, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and methanol have typically been used. For very low temperatures (down to about −80°C/-110°F) halocarbon refrigerants methylene chloride and trichloroethylene have generally been used. In recent years, both methylene chloride and trichloroethylene have come under increasingly strict regulation because of their toxicity. While many plants continue to use these brines, most are searching for alternates. This study was begun in response to the needs of a plant that was replacing methylene chloride with aqueous calcium chloride. The high viscosity of the calcium chloride brine caused design and operational problems. The above-mentioned brines, as well as aqua-ammonia, polydimethylsiloxane, and d-limonene, were compared for cost, toxicity, flammability, environmental safety, and energy efficiency. The energy efficiency comparison included comparisons of heat transfer coefficient, mass flow rate, volume flow rate, frictional pressure drop, inertial pressure drop, and pumping power. The comparisons indicated that aqua-ammonia was the best choice as a replacement for methylene chloride and trichloroethylene in some temperature ranges.
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Macaulay, Erin C., Hester E. Roberts, Suzan Al-Momani, Noelyn A. Hung, Tania L. Slatter, Celia Devenish, and Ian M. Morison. "Methylome meets maternity ward." In BCB '15: ACM International Conference on Bioinformatics, Computational Biology and Biomedicine. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2808719.2811419.

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Saltonstall, Christopher B., John C. Duda, Patrick E. Hopkins, and Pamela M. Norris. "Assesment of Vibrational Coupling at Solid-SAM Junctions." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44314.

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Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have recently garnered much interest due to their unique electrical and chemical properties. The limited literature detailing SAM thermal properties has suggested that thermal boundary conductance (TBC) at solid-SAM junctions is not only low, but also insensitive to changes in SAM length as the number of methylene groups (-CH2-) along alkanedithiol chains is varied from 8 to 10. The present study investigates the vibrational spectra of alkanedithiol SAMs as a function of the number of methylene groups forming the molecule backbone via Hartree-Fock methods and the subsequent effects on TBC calculated using a diffuse scattering model. In particular, the vibrational overlap between the alkanedithiol and Au is studied. It is found that despite the addition of 9 new vibrational modes per added methylene group, only one of those modes is elastically accessible to Au. It is believed that this “vibrational inaccessibility” is the cause of the insensitivity of thermal conductance to molecule length.
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Hofacker, Scott A. "Non-Methylene Chloride Paint Removers." In SAE Airframe/Engine Maintenance & Repair Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/983117.

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Rosa, G. S., B. D. Zorzi, K. Machry, P. Krolow, C. M. Moura, and E. G. Oliveira. "Experimental investigation of drying of malt bagasse." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7785.

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The aim of this work was to investigate the convective drying process of malt bagasse and to evaluate the influence of this process on the application of this residue as adsorbent in methylene blue removel by adsorption process. The experimental system for drying was a fixed bed dryer with parallel airflow, with operating conditions: air temperature in the range of 40 to 90 oC and air veocity of 2 m/s. The adsorption experiments were perfomed with solution of methylene blue at 70 ppm concentration. The drying kinetics showed a constant drying rate period followed by a falling drying rate. The results obtained for the dye removal efficiency were 56% for in natura sample and in the range of 81.69% to 93.99% for dried samples.Keywords: dryin; malt bagasse; adsorption
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Repici, A., C. Hassan, R. Bisschops, P. Bhandari, E. Dekker, M. Rutter, J. East, et al. "METHYLENE BLUE-MMX FOR SCREENING COLONOSCOPY." In ESGE Days 2019. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1681506.

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Genina, Elina A., Alexey N. Bashkatov, and Valery V. Tuchin. "Methylene blue diffusion in skin tissue." In SPIE Proceedings, edited by Ruikang K. Wang, Jeremy C. Hebden, Alexander V. Priezzhev, and Valery V. Tuchin. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.572047.

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Fujiwara, Tamio, Hiroshi Ohue, and Takumi Urata. "Demonstration of the Enhanced Mixing and Reaction Ability of an Alternate Pumping Microreactor With Visualization of the Mixing Field and the Reaction Field." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30059.

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In order to enhance the mixing and reaction capabilities of micromixers and microreactors, we had proposed a novel system termed alternate pumping microreactor (APMR) and had demonstrated that the APMR could generate a thin-layered structure under a particular pumping condition. This flow pattern should enhance the abovementioned capabilities. In this paper, we visualized the dilution process of methylene blue solution with water in the APMR and established a method to obtained the concentration field from the captured image according to the relation between the methylene blue concentration and the saturation of the captured color. To assess the reaction field, visualization of the reaction of ferrous sulphate and potassium thiocyanate was adopted. These visualization results suggested that the APMR enhanced the mixing and reacting capabilities and the time and channel length required for the reaction to complete were two order orders of magnitude lesser than those in the case of the ordinary reactor.
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Zhang, Xiheng, Li Zhang, Liwei Hou, and Lihua Dong. "Persulfate-enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue." In 2016 5th International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environment Engineering (ICSEEE 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icseee-16.2016.111.

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Reports on the topic "Methylone"

1

Mhike, Morgen. Characterization of Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate Protein Conjugates. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1843.

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DuBois, D. A., and R. H. Neilson. Addition Reactions of a Silylated Imino(Methylene)Phosphorane. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada203987.

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Alcaraz, A., R. L. Ward, S. S. Hulsey, and B. D. Andresen. A preliminary study of extraction solvents for CW-agents and their decomposition products [3:1 (methylene chloride:isopropanol) vs. methylene chloride]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/71303.

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Salerno, R. F., J. V. Dichiaro, E. E. Egleston, and J. W. Koons. An investigation of nonchlorinated substitute cleaning agents for methylene chloride. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5061449.

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Pesce-Rodriguez, Rose. Solubility of RDX, PETN and Boric Acid in Methylene Chloride. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada532998.

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Vassileva, Paunka, Dimitrinka Voykova, Ivan Uzunov, and Snejanka Uzunova. Methylene Blue Adsorption by Triticum monococcum L. Husks Based Materials. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2018.09.05.

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Luey, K. T., D. J. Coleman, and G. K. Ternet. Replacement of Methylene Chloride in NVR and Paint Removal Applications. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada387567.

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Boddu, Veera, Marsha T. Dunstan, Michelle Hanson, Dave Franklin, Joyce Baird, Tony Pollard, and John Larkins. Evaluation of Methylene Chloride Emission Control Technologies at Anniston Army Depot. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada590999.

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Author, Not Given. Molecular Quantum Mechanics 2010: From Methylene to DNA and Beyond Conference Support. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1079680.

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Tollison, Kerri, Greg Drake, Tom Hawkins, Adam Brand, and Milton McKay. The Synthesis and Characterization of Methylene Bisoxyamine CH2(-O-NH2)2 Salts. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada409718.

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