Academic literature on the topic 'Metoda Chain Ladder'
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Journal articles on the topic "Metoda Chain Ladder"
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Novita, Mila, Shely Triana, and Suci Fratama Sari. "Mean Squared Error Metode Chain Ladder, Bornhuetter-Ferguson, dan Benktander dalam Prediksi Cadangan Klaim Asuransi Umum." Jurnal Riset dan Aplikasi Matematika (JRAM) 2, no. 2 (October 27, 2018): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jram.v2n2.p93-100.
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Sugianto, Antonius, Ngesti Yuwono, and Kristianus Satriawan. "PERANCANGAN KURSI TANGGA MENGGUNAKAN METODE QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT." Jurnal Muara Sains, Teknologi, Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan 4, no. 2 (October 29, 2020): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jmstkik.v4i2.7968.
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Limited space in carrying out activities demanded the availability of furniture that has multifunctional. The purpose of this research is to design a multi-functional Stair Chair. The method used is Quality Function Deployment. The Quality Function Deployment method is used to obtain the product variables desired by most prospective users so that expected design results can fulfill the consumer's wishes. Existing product variables are the description of the main aspects of designing a product i.e. function, shape, construction and material. The main aspects of this design should be considered in order to produce a product design that meets the criteria in designing the correct furniture techniques. The understanding of the importance of ergonomics and anthropometry is indispensable for the main purpose of product design that is appropriate to the wishes of consumers can be fulfilled. Comfort and security become something the parameters must be met. Suitability of the size of furniture with users should be noticed for comfort in use can be fulfilled. Application method of Quality Function Deployment recommends that the development of stair seat products should be aware of the variable needs of consumers who have high weight, namely using strong raw materials, using raw materials that are durable, Using a maximum construction of 2 types, the system of fix assembly. Keywords: design; ladder chair; multi function; quality function deployment ABSTRAKKeterbatasan ruang dalam melaksanakan aktivitas menuntut tersedianya furnitur yang memiliki multifungsi. Tujuan penelitian ini merancang Kursi Tangga yang memiliki multi fungsi. Metode yang digunakan adalah Quality Function Deployment. Metode Quality Function Deployment digunakan untuk mendapatkan variabel produk yang diinginkan oleh sebagian besar calon pemakai sehingga diharapkan hasil perancangan dapat memenuhi keinginan konsumen. Variabel produk yang ada merupakan penjabaran dari aspek utama dalam merancang sebuah produk yaitu fungsi, bentuk, konstruksi dan bahan. Aspek utama dalam perancangan ini harus diperhatikan agar menghasilkan rancangan produk yang memenuhi kriteria dalam teknik mendesain furniture yang benar. Pemahaman akan pentingnya ergonomi dan antropometri sangat diperlukan agar tujuan utama perancangan produk yang sesuai dengan keinginan konsumen dapat terpenuhi. Kenyamanan dan keamanan menjadi sesuatu parameter yang harus dipenuhi. Kesesuaian ukuran furniture dengan pengguna harus diperhatikan agar kenyamanan dalam pemakaian dapat terpenuhi. Aplikasi metode Quality Function Deployment merekomendasikan bahwa pengembangan produk Kursi Tangga harus memperhatikan variabel kebutuhan konsumen yang memiliki bobot tinggi yaitu menggunakan bahan baku yang kuat, menggunakan bahan baku yang awet, menggunakan konstruksi maksimal 2 jenis, sistem perakitan mati.
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Jumriani, Jumriani, Suriah Suriah, and Muhammad Rachmat. "Modifikasi Perilaku Penghentian Buang Air Besar Sembarangan dengan Metode Antecedent Behavior Consequence." Hasanuddin Journal of Public Health 1, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30597/hjph.v1i2.9236.
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Some coastal communities still have the habit of defecating in open areas such as on the beach or in the garden. That is because the public does not yet know about the poor behavior related to sanitation that will affect the quality of other public health. The purpose of this study is to apply the Antecedent Behavior Consequences chain method for modification of Open Defecation behavior in child targets. This research is a quantitative study using quasy experiment design with time series design. The population is all class IV-VI at SDN Tamalate who still defecate carelessly. A sample of 37 students. The sampling technique in this study was exhaustive sampling. Data analysis using t-dependent test, Mc. Nemar and chi square with a significant level of 0.05. The results of this study indicate that there is a difference in intention score with the statistical test results of 98.18%, with a knowledge score of 10.8% to 100%, the action score from never defecated by 0.0% to 86.5% with a value p=0,000. While those who have utilized the facilities amounted to 97.3%. Suggestions for the government, should collaborate with schools and health centers to replicate or implement learning while playing with the method of snakes and ladders in providing education, about stopping open defecation in children.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Metoda Chain Ladder"
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Žváčková, Lenka. "Rozšířená metoda Chain Ladder s využitím kovariancí." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-15751.
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This diploma thesis deals with technical reserves in non-life insurance, in particular with provisions for future claim payments for damages that have occurred, but has not yet been reported to the insurance company. This type of provision is known by the acronym IBNR. After the introductory section containing a general introduction to the issue of claims reserving in non-life insurance different approaches to modeling of IBNR reserves are briefly presented. Subsequently, full attention is given to Chain-ladder method, which is most frequently used in the actuarial practise for the purpose of claims reserving. This method is then presented progressively from its simplest form of a simple computing algorithm followed by Mack's stochastic model to the last theoretical part of this part describing extended form of Chain-ladder method with relations between different groups of insurance portfolio included. In the very last section, all the lessons are demonstrated on real data to give readers an idea of how the process of claims reserving works is in the common actuarial practice.
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Kozlová, Alena. "Trojúhelníková schémata v neživotním pojištění." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-124521.
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The thesis is about the arrangement of the last known claim values into the run-off triangle. This diagram is used in non-life insurance, mainly in methods for calculating technical claims reserves. Individual methods will be described in detail and consecutively applied on real data. The real data are a set of data with long tail. We are differentiating between easier deterministic and stochastic methods, which are more demanding for calculation. The results will be compared by basic statistical parameter of the analyzed data and at the end the best method will be chosen for the data.
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Sundberg, Victor. "Application and Bootstrapping of the Munich Chain Ladder Method." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-182136.
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Point estimates of the Standard Chain Ladder method (CLM) and of the more complex Munich Chain Ladder method (MCL) are compared to real data on 38 different datasets in order to evaluate if MCL produces better predictions on average with a dataset from an arbitrary insurance portfolio. MCL is also examined to determine if the future paid and incurred claims converge as time progresses. A bootstrap model based on MCL (BMCL) is examined in order to evaluate its possibility to estimate the probability density function (PDF) of future claims and observable claim development results (OCDR). The results show that the paid and incurred predictions by MCL converge. The results also show that when considering all datasets MCL produce on average better estimations than CLM with paid data but no improvement can be seen with incurred data. Further the results show that by considering a subset of datasets which fulfil certain criteria, or by only considering accident years after 1999 the percentage of datasets in which MCL produce superior estimations increases. When examining BMCL one finds that it can produce estimated PDFs of ultimate reserves and OCDRs, however the mean of estimate of ultimate reserves does not converge to the MCL estimates nor do the mean of the OCDRs converge to zero. In order to get the right convergence the estimated OCDR PDFs are centered and the mean of the BMCL estimated ultimate reserve is set to the MCL estimate by multiplication.Punktskattningar gjorda med Standard Chain Ladder (CLM) och den mer komplexa Munich Chain Ladder-metoden (MCL) jämförs med verklig data för 38 olika dataset för att evaluera om MCL ger bättre prediktioner i genomsnitt än CLM för en godtycklig försäkringsportfölj. MCLs prediktioner undersöks också för att se om de betalda och de kända skadekostnaderna konvergerar. En bootstrapmodell baserad på MCL (BMCL) undersöks för att utvärdera om möjligheterna att estimera täthetsfunktionen (probability density function, PDF) av framtida skadekostnader och av ”observable claim development results (OCDR)”. Resultaten visar att MCLs estimerade betalda och kända skadekostnader konvergerar. Resultaten visar även att när man evaluerar alla dataseten så ger MCL i genomsnitt bättre prediktioner än CLM med betald data, men ingen förbättring kan ses med CLM med känd skadekostnadsdata. Vidare visar resultaten även att genom att bara titta på dataset som uppfyller vissa krav, eller genom att bara använda olycksår efter 1999, så ökar andelen dataset där MCL ger bättre prediktioner än CLM.Vid evaluering av BMCL ser man att den kan producera estimerade PDF:er för ultimo-reserver och OCDR:er, men att medelvärdet av ultimo-reserv prediktionerna från BMCL inte konvergerar mot MCL-prediktionerna och att medelvärdet av OCDR:erna inte konvergerar mot noll. För att få rätt konvergens så centreras OCDR PDF:erna och ultimo-reservernas medelvärden sätts till motsvarande MCL-prediktionens värde genom multiplikation.
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Johansson, Annelie. "Claims Reserving on Macro- and Micro-Level." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-173113.
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Three methods for claims reserving are compared on two data sets. The first two methods are the commonly used chain ladder method that uses aggregated payments and the relatively new method, double chain ladder, that apart from the payments data also uses the number of reported claims. The third method is more advanced, data on micro-level is needed such as the reporting delay and the number of payment periods for every single claim. The two data sets that are used consist of claims with typically shorter and longer settlement time, respectively. The questions considered are if you can gain anything from using a method that is more advanced than the chain ladder method and if the gain differs from the two data sets. The methods are compared by simulating the reserves distributions as well as comparing the point estimates of the reserve with the real out-of-sample reserve. The results show that there is no gain in using the micro-level method considered. The double chain lad- der method on the other hand performs better than the chain ladder method. The difference between the two data sets is that the reserve in the data set with longer settlement times is harder to estimate, but no difference can be seen when it comes to method choice.Tre reservsättningsmetoder jämförs på två dataset. De första två metoderna är den välkända chain ladder-metoden som använder sig av aggregerade utbetalningar samt den relativt nya metoden double chain ladder som förutom utbetalningarna använder sig av antalet anmälda skador. Den tredje metoden baseras på mikro-nivå och kräver information om varje enskild skada, såsom anmälningstid och antalet utbetalningsperioder. De två dataseten som används är ett som innehåller skador med typiskt kortare avvecklingstider och ett som innehåller skador med typiskt längre avvecklingstider. Frågorna som behandlas är om man vinner något på att använda en mer avancerad metod än chain ladder och om det skiljer sig åt mellan dataseten. Metoderna jämförs genom simulering av reserven, men också genom att jämföra punktskattningar med den verkliga reserven. Resultaten visar att man I detta fall inte vinner något på att använda mikro-metoden. Double chain ladder å andra sidan presterar bättre än chain ladder. Skillnaden mellan de två dataseten är att det är svårare att estimera reserven när avvecklingstiden är längre, men ingen skillnad ses när det gäller val av metod
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Martin, Peter. "Loss Reserving Chain Ladder Methods Applied to a Small Midwestern Insurance Company." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27866.
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Estimating future losses is integral to setting aside appropriate reserves in the insurance industry. This study analyzes different Chain Ladder reserving methods based on weighted-least square regression that consider different function of weights. These methods are tested on 78 NAIC fully developed loss triangles. While the CRE Chain Ladder method is selected based on its performance, this method does not work well for a small number of NAIC companies that may have erratic changes in their loss trends. For these outliers, two other methods were explored for the early development years; the nearest neighbor technique and mixture of linear regressions. A recommendation is then made to a small Midwestern insurance company on the best methodology to use for estimating the loss reserves based on the actual data provided. These results can be useful to any other insurance company currently using Chain Ladder methods in loss reserving practices.
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Kuang, Di. "The chain ladder method and its extensions for forecasting reserves in general insurance." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531972.
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Sloma, Przemyslaw. "Contribution to the weak convergence of empirical copula process : contribution to the stochastic claims reserving in general insurance." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066563/document.
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Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous nous intéressons à la convergence faible du processus empirique pondéré des copules. Nous fournissons la condition suffisante pour que cette convergence ait lieu vers un processus Gaussien limite. Nos résultats sont obtenus dans un espace de Banach L^p. Nous donnons des applications statistiques de ces résultats aux tests d'adéquation (tests of goodness of fit) pour les copules. Une attention spéciale est portée aux tests basées sur des statistiques de type Cramér-von Mises.Dans un second temps, nous étudions le problème de provisionnement stochastique pour une compagnie d'assurance non-vie. Les méthodes stochastiques sont utilisées afin d'évaluer la variabilité des réserves. Le point de départ pour cette thèse est une incohérence entre les méthodes utilisées en pratique et celles publiées dans la littérature. Pour remédier à cela, nous présentons un outil général de provisionnement stochastique à horizon ultime (Chapitre 3) et à un an (Chapitre 4), basé sur la méthode Chain LadderThe aim of this thesis is twofold. First, we concentrate on the study of weak convergence of weighted empirical copula processes. We provide sufficient conditions for this convergence to hold to a limiting Gaussian process. Our results are obtained in the framework of convergence in the Banach space $L^{p}$ ($1\leq p <\infty $). Statistical applications to goodness of fit (GOF) tests for copulas are given to illustrate these results. We pay special attention to GOF tests based on Cramér-von Mises type statistics. Second, we discuss the problem of stochastic claims reserving in general non-life insurance. Stochastic models are needed in order to assess the variability of the claims reserve. The starting point of this thesis is an observed inconsistency between the approaches used in practice and that suggested in the literature. To fill this gap, we present a general tool for measuring the uncertainty of reserves in the framework of ultimate (Chapter 3) and one-year time horizon (Chapter 4), based on the Chain-Ladder method
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Barnouski, Jebidiah Lee. "Using one-year claim development to chose a large claim reserving technique." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11589.
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Mestrado em Ciências ActuariaisNeste relatório será também explicado ao seu leitor o que é que está na base da separação dos sinistros graves dos restantes, bem como dos métodos frequentemente utilizados para o cálculo de reservas para sinistros com danos corporais. Será também exposto o processo de gestão de sinistros graves actualmente utilizado em Portugal e nas restantes sucursais da Liberty. Para chegar à conclusão de qual o melhor método a sugerir serão primeiramente completados os triângulos tanto de pagamentos ocorridos como de frequências esperadas. As reservas agregadas serão depois obtidas utilizando três métodos diferentes, Chain Ladder, Cape Cod e Benktander. Por forma a estimar o desvio padrão associado a cada método utilizado serão simulados diferentes cenários e calculada a diferença entre as reservas agregadas obtidas para 2014 e 2015 (exceptuando o período de 2015 correspondente ao qual em 2014 não foi possível recolher valores de reservas). A esta técnica é dado o nome de OCD, isto é, The One-Year Claim Development. De entre os três métodos utilizados será eleito aquele cuja medida de sensibilidade para um ano (média dos desvios padrão obtidos) for menor, e consequentemente considerar-se-á esse o melhor método para tratar sinistros graves em Portugal. Devo ainda referir que a leitura e compreensão deste relatório pressupõe o conhecimento prévio das bases da actividade seguradora no ramo automóvel, bem como do processo de cálculo de reservas matemáticas.
This report will arrive at a conclusion by explaining to the reader the basic reasoning behind splitting large claims as well as the most common methods for BI reserving. It is assumed that the reader has fundamental understanding of the insurance industry, motor insurance and BI, and the reserving process. It is necessary to explain the practices used by Portugal and other Liberty International countries to form an opinion of those practices by applying them to Portugal's claim information. Furthermore, the question of whether to split large claims or not will be thoroughly evaluated. Finally, there will be an aggregate suggestion as to the best splitting practice and reserving methodology specific for Liberty Seguros Portugal. To do this, several shocked scenarios will be simulated. Additional large claims will be introduced to the total incurred claims triangle and large claim count triangles. The one-year claim development (OCD) will then be compared using different reserving methodologies, the Chain Ladder Method, Cape Cod Method, and Benktander Method. The one-year claim development is measured by the change in the aggregate reserve ultimate between 2014 and 2015 (excluding the 2015 cohort for which no aggregate reserve ultimate was available in 2014). The standard deviation of each method's one-year uncertainty will be calculated by computing the OCD of each method under the three shocked scenarios. The technique that yields the lowest average of standard deviations, called the one-year sensitivity measure by the author, will be selected as the best approach for handling large claims.
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Björkwall, Susanna. "Stochastic claims reserving in non-life insurance : Bootstrap and smoothing models." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Matematiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-55347.
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In practice there is a long tradition of actuaries calculating reserve estimates according to deterministic methods without explicit reference to a stochastic model. For instance, the chain-ladder was originally a deterministic reserving method. Moreover, the actuaries often make ad hoc adjustments of the methods, for example, smoothing of the chain-ladder development factors, in order to fit the data set under analysis. However, stochastic models are needed in order to assess the variability of the claims reserve. The standard statistical approach would be to first specify a model, then find an estimate of the outstanding claims under that model, typically by maximum likelihood, and finally the model could be used to find the precision of the estimate. As a compromise between this approach and the actuary's way of working without reference to a model the object of the research area has often been to first construct a model and a method that produces the actuary's estimate and then use this model in order to assess the uncertainty of the estimate. A drawback of this approach is that the suggested models have been constructed to give a measure of the precision of the reserve estimate without the possibility of changing the estimate itself. The starting point of this thesis is the inconsistency between the deterministic approaches used in practice and the stochastic ones suggested in the literature. On one hand, the purpose of Paper I is to develop a bootstrap technique which easily enables the actuary to use other development factor methods than the pure chain-ladder relying on as few model assumptions as possible. This bootstrap technique is then extended and applied to the separation method in Paper II. On the other hand, the purpose of Paper III is to create a stochastic framework which imitates the ad hoc deterministic smoothing of chain-ladder development factors which is frequently used in practice.
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Janáková, Veronika. "Mnichovská metoda chain ladder." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-297859.
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Title: Munich chain ladder method Author: Bc. Veronika Janáková Department: Department of probability and mathematical statistic Supervisor: Mgr. Martin Pleška Supervisor's e-mail address: martin.pleska@cz.pwc.com Abstract: The insurance company is obliged to create technical reserves to cover the risk from insurance activities. One of the main reserves in non-life insurance is the IBNR reserve - the reserve to cover the damages that already exist, but that have not been reported to the insurance company yet. The content and the general aim of this thesis is to provide a better orientation in the method used in the estimation of the reserve IBNR - the Munich Chain Ladder Method. Munich Chain Ladder Method was created as a modification of the standard Chain Ladder calculation - one of the most used methods in the estimation of the IBNR reserve. The thesis focuses on the reasons that led to the modification of standard Chain Ladder calculation and explains the calculation of the modified method. It presents the application ot the method on the real data as well as the comparison with the results of the classical and less complicated Chain Ladder method. Keywords: IBNR reserve, chain ladder, Munich chain ladder 1
Book chapters on the topic "Metoda Chain Ladder"
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Schmidt, Klaus D. "Munich Chain Ladder Method." In EAA Series, 201–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30056-6_27.
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Schmidt, Klaus D. "Chain Ladder Method (Basics)." In EAA Series, 53–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30056-6_6.
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Hess, Klaus Th, Klaus D. Schmidt, and Anja Schnaus. "Chain Ladder Method (Models)." In EAA Series, 61–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30056-6_7.
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Schmidt, Klaus D. "Chain Ladder Method (Prediction Error)." In EAA Series, 71–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30056-6_8.
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Gao, Guangyuan. "Bayesian Chain Ladder Models." In Bayesian Claims Reserving Methods in Non-life Insurance with Stan, 73–115. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3609-6_4.
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"Chain-Ladder Models." In Stochastic Claims Reserving Methods in Insurance, 33–89. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119206262.ch3.
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"Selected Topics I: Chain-Ladder Methods." In Stochastic Claims Reserving Methods in Insurance, 331–68. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119206262.ch9.
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Mark, James E., Harry R. Allcock, and Robert West. "Polysiloxanes and Related Polymers." In Inorganic Polymers. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195131192.003.0008.
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At the present time, polysiloxanes are unique among inorganic and semi-inorganic polymers. They have been the most studied by far, and are the most important with regard to commercial applications. Thus, it is not surprising that a large number of review articles exist describing the synthesis, properties, and applications of these materials. The Si-O backbone of this class of polymers endows it with a variety of intriguing properties. For example, the strength of this bond gives the siloxane polymers considerable thermal stability, which is very important for their use in high-temperature application (for example as heat-transfer agents and high-performance elastomers). The nature of the bonding and the chemical characteristics of typical side groups give the chains a very low surface free energy and, therefore, highly unusual and desirable surface properties. Not surprising, polysiloxanes are much used, for example, as mold-release agents, for waterproofing garments, and as biomedical materials. Some unusual structural features of the chains give rise to physical properties that are also of considerable scientific interest. For example, the substituted Si atom and the unsubstituted O atom differ greatly in size, giving the chain a very irregular cross section. This influences the way the chains pack in the bulk, amorphous state, which, in turn, gives the chains very unusual equation-of-state properties (such as compressibilities). Also, the bond angles around the O atom are much larger than those around the Si, and this makes the planar all-trans form of the chain approximate a series of closed polygons. As a result, siloxane chains exhibit a number of interesting configurational characteristics. These structural features, and a number of properties and their associated applications, will be discussed in this chapter. The major categories of homopolymers and copolymers to be discussed are linear siloxane polymers [-SiRR'O-] (with various alkyl and aryl R,R' side groups), (ii) sesquisiloxane polymers possibly having a ladder structure, (iii) siloxane-silarylene polymers [-Si(CH3)2OSi(CH3)2(C6H4)m-] (where the skeletal phenylene units are either meta or para), (iv) silalkylene polymers [-Si(CH3)2(CH2)m-], and (v) random and block copolymers, and blends of some of the above. Topics of particular importance are the structure, flexibility, transition temperatures, permeability, and other physical properties.
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Mark, James E., Dale W. Schaefer, and Gui Lin. "Introduction." In The Polysiloxanes. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195181739.003.0003.
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Polysiloxanes are unique among inorganic and semi-inorganic polymers; they are also the most studied and the most important with regard to commercial applications. Thus, it’s not surprising that there is an extensive literature describing the synthesis, properties, and applications of these materials, including books, proceedings books, sections of books or encyclopedias, review articles, and historical articles. The purpose of this volume is not to give a comprehensive overview of these polymers but rather to focus on some novel and interesting aspects of polysiloxane science and engineering, including properties, work in progress, and important unsolved problems. The Si-O backbone endows polysiloxanes with a variety of intriguing properties. The strength of the Si-O bond, for example, imparts considerable thermal stability, which is important for high-temperature applications (e.g., as heat-transfer agents and high-performance elastomers). The nature of the bonding and the chemical characteristics of typical side groups impart low surface free energy and therefore desirable surface properties. Polysiloxanes, for example, are used as mold-release agents, waterproofing sprays, and biomedical materials. Structural features of the chains give rise to physical properties that are also of considerable scientific interest. For example, the substituted Si atom and the unsubstituted O atom differ greatly in size, giving the chain a nonuniform cross section. This characteristic affects the way the chains pack in the bulk, amorphous state, which explains the unusual equation-of-state properties (such as compressibility). Also, the bond angles around the O atom are much larger than those around the Si, which makes the planar all trans form of the chain approximate a series of closed polygons, as illustrated in figure 1.1. As a result, siloxane chains exhibit a number of interesting configurational characteristics that impact properties and associated applications. The major categories of homopolymers and copolymers to be discussed are (i) linear siloxane polymers -SiRR’O-] (with various alkyl and aryl R,R’ side groups), (ii) sesquisiloxane polymers possibly having a ladder structure, (iii) siloxane-silarylene polymers [–Si(CH3)2OSi(CH3)2(C6H4)m –] (where the skeletal phenylene units are either meta or para), (iv) silalkylene polymers [–Si(CH3)2(CH2)m–], and (v) random and block copolymers, and blends of some of the above.
Conference papers on the topic "Metoda Chain Ladder"
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Raeva, Elitsa, Velizar Pavlov, and Simona Georgieva. "Claim reserving estimation by using the chain ladder method." In SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NEW TRENDS IN THE APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS IN SCIENCES (NTADES 2020). AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0040192.
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Yecheng Zhang, Guohai Liu, Rongbiao Zhang, and Chunyan Zhang. "Cycle chain ladder deceleration control method research based on permanent magnet synchronous generator." In 2010 IEEE International Conference on Information Theory and Information Security (ICITIS). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icitis.2010.5689625.
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Lo, Janzen, Dimitris Metaxas, and Norman I. Badler. "Controlling a Dynamic System With Open and Closed Loops: Application to Ladder Climbing." In ASME 1997 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc97/vib-4224.
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Abstract We develop a method for animating systems with open and closed loops and in particular ladder climbing for virtual world applications. Ladder climbing requires the modeling of dynamic open and closed-loop chains. We model the stance phase and the associated closed-loop dynamics, through the use of the Lagrange multiplier method which results in a system of differential algebraic equations (DAE). We use the Lagrange method for the dynamic formulation of the swing phase. The input to the algorithm is a given forward velocity, step length, step frequency and a chosen gait. The algorithm then determines the initial and final positions for each phase of ladder climbing. We use the Newton-Ralphson method to find the vector of joint torques that drives the dynamic system from the initial position to the final position. We use the Baumgarte stabilization method to achieve stability of the numerical integration. We present a series of real-time animations involving ladder climbing.
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Raeva, Elitsa, and Velizar Pavlov. "Inflation as a factor in the chain ladder method for estimating outstanding claims reserves." In EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE NEW TRENDS IN THE APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS IN SCIENCES (NTADES2021). AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0083769.
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Kumar, S. "Theoretical Investigation of Ballistic Electron Transport in Au and Ag Nanoribbons." In Functional Materials and Applied Physics. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901878-5.
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Abstract. We have systematically investigated the ballistic electron transport in gold and silver nanoribbons using first principle methods. The electronic structure calculation is carried out using the “density functional theory” (DFT) within the “SIESTA” code. While the electronic transport is studied using the “non-equilibrium Green’s function” (NEGF) method combined with the “Landauer-Buttiker” (LB) approach. We have explored the transport along both the armchair (AC) and zigzag (ZZ) directions. Interestingly, both elements turn semiconducting in the AC-configuration, and their band gap oscillates with increasing width of the nanoribbon. On the other hand, nanoribbons retain metallic character in the ZZ-configuration, with a quantized electrical conductance 4G0 for sufficiently small width and temperatures as high as nearly 200 K; G0=2e2/h, is the elementary quanta of electrical conductance. At zero bias, electronic thermal conductance in each system increases non-linearly with temperature. More is the width of nanoribbons, more is the electronic contribution to heat transport. Further, to assess the utility of nanoribbons in thermoelectric devices, we have calculated the room-temperature Seebeck coefficient S. It is found to evince an oscillatory structure as a function of electrochemical potential μ of electrodes, with pronounced peaks (nearly -118 μV/K in the narrowest gold nanoribbon considered) in the AC-configuration. The maximum S achieved is seen to be comparable to the atomic chains of these elements in linear, ladder and zigzag topologies, suggesting practical importance of nanoribbons as thermoelectric sensors in nanoelectronic devices.
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Sivanathan, Aparajithan, Mohamed Abdel-Wahab, Frederic Bosche, and Theodore Lim. "Towards a Cyber-Physical Gaming System for Training in the Construction and Engineering Industry." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34930.
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Introducing serious gaming systems (SGS) has the potential to enhance trainee experience and performance across the construction industry and its supply chain, such as mechanical engineering services. SGS as an ‘enabler’ in architectural engineering has received limited research in its role to assess and enhance the performance of its workforce. In a personnel high-risk environment, improving training standards to eliminate or reduce health and safety risks, in addition to providing an understanding of workers’ ergonomics, ensures sustainability of both the project and its workforce. This paper presents an activity tracking and feedback system that captures the physical activity of a construction worker climbing a ladder. Climbing is captured with a 3D motion capture system and processed in real-time to identify potential areas of underperformance. A simple and representative scoring method was established as a reporting method (game statistics) for giving feedback about the correctness of the activity. It can nonetheless be tuned to characterise and adjust to various complexity levels in-line with the required training standards. Furthermore, the motion data and feedback information are fed into a virtual gaming environment enabling the real-time visualisation of the trainee’s motion and experiential learning of the performance through visual and audio feedback. The gaming concepts are employed here with multiple purposes, particularly for accelerating and facilitating the learning process of the trainee. In addition to the 3D motion capturing system, this paper outlines and tests a proposed serious cyber-physical gaming system that incorporates wearable technologies that has the potential to support both construction training and practice.
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Richardson, Ian E. "The Complex Challenge of Repairing the Gantry Steelwork on the First Generation Magnox Storage Pond at Sellafield: Legacy Waste Storage, First Generation Magnox Storage Pond." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59133.
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This paper puts into context the challenges that were faced when repairing the Gantry Steelwork of the First Generation Magnox Storage Pond (FGMSP). The First Generation Magnox Fuel Storage Pond (FGMSP) provided fuel storage and decanning capability from the early 1960’s until 1986. A significant programme of work has been underway since the completion of operational activities to support the programmes strategic intent of retrieving and storing all legacy wastes, and remediating the structure of the plant to support decommissioning activities. A key enabler to the retrievals programme is the Pond Skip Handler Machine (SHM), removed from service in 2002 following the discovery of significant signs of corrosion and distress, an inevitable consequence of being located in a coastal, salt laden environment. The SHM provides sole capability to access and retrieve the inventory of over 1000 fuel skips. It is also fundamental to future operations and the deployment of desludging equipment to recover significant bulk sludge’s from the pond floor. Failure of the SHM steelwork gantry at worst case could potentially result in the Skip Handler Machine being derailed. This has some potential to damage to the pond structure and at worst case may result in local radiological and environmental consequences. This paper will examine the challenges faced by the team as they successfully defined, planned and executed remedial work to a specific aspect of the civil structure, the SHM gantry rail system, using a purpose built refurbishment platform; the Gantry Refurbishment System. The paper will examine how an “innovative” approach was adopted to resolve the related issues of: • Refurbishing an aged structure to meet extended future operational demands. • The application of pragmatic engineering solutions against current codes and standards including seismic performance. • Provision of safe access for the workforce to undertake the refurbishment work against significant radiological and conventional safety constraints. • The use of off site test facilities to prove work methods. • Engagement of the multiple workforces including supply chain. • Development of challenging safety cases and management control arrangements to undertake the work. The paper will detail the arrangements established to engage all stakeholder groups aligned to a common goal, programme and end position, together with the arrangements put in place for managing the activities of delivery teams, operators and emergency response teams engaged in task execution over the five year period. Finally, the paper will also share the learning from the projects completion, so that the improvement opportunities flowing from this approach can be shared across the industry for the future benefit of all.