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1
Avram, Mathew M. Fat removal: Invasive and non-invasive body contouring. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2015.
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2
Christine, Mikelsons, ed. Non-invasive respiratory support techniques: Oxygen therapy, non-invasive ventilation, and CPAP. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.
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3
Koch, R. James. Non-invasive cosmetic procedures: Thomas procedures in facial plastic surgery. Shelton, CT: People's Medical Pub. House, 2012.
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4
Avram, Mathew. Fat Removal: Invasive and Non-Invasive Body Contouring. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2015.
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5
Avram, Mathew. Fat Removal: Invasive and Non-Invasive Body Contouring. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2015.
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6
Esmond, Glenda, and Christine Mikelsons. Non-Invasive Respiratory Support Techniques: Oxygen Therapy, Non-Invasive Ventilation and CPAP. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2009.
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7
Hans-H, Osterhues, Hombach V, Moss Arthur J, International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology., and International Congress on Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology (8th : 1998 : Ulm, Germany), eds. Advances in non-invasive electrocardiographic monitoring techniques. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 2000.
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8
Advances in non-invasive electrocardiographic monitoring techniques. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 2000.
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9
Simonds, Anita K. Non-Invasive Respiratory Support: A Practical Handbook. 2nd ed. A Hodder Arnold Publication, 2001.
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10
Non Invasive Respiratory Support: A Practical Handbook. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, USA, 2007.
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11
(Editor), Aydin Arici, and Emre Seli (Editor), eds. Non- Invasive Management of Gynecologic Disorders. Informa Healthcare, 2008.
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12
Shōnishin - The Art of Non-Invasive Paediatric Acupuncture. London / Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2014.
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(Editor), H. H. Osterhues, V. Hombach (Editor), and Arthur J. Moss (Editor), eds. Advances in Non-Invasive Electrocardiographic Monitoring (DEVELOPMENTS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE Volume 229). Springer, 2000.
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14
Preiss, David Alan. A new method for the non-invasive measurement of cardiac output during spontaneous ventilation. 2005.
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15
Simberloff, Daniel. Invasive Species. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780199922017.001.0001.
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Invasive species come in all sizes, from plant pathogens like the chestnut blight in eastern North America, to the red imported fire ant that has spread throughout the South, the predatory Indian mongoose now found in the Caribbean and Hawaii, and the huge Burmese python populating the Florida swamps. And while many invasive species are safe and even beneficial, the more harmful varieties cost the world economy billions of dollars annually, devastate agriculture, spread painful and even lethal diseases, and otherwise diminish our quality of life in myriad surprising ways. In Invasive Species: What Everyone Needs to Know, award-winning biologist Daniel Simberloff offers a wide-ranging and informative survey that sheds light on virtually every aspect of these biological invaders. Filled with case studies of an astonishing array of invasive species, the book covers such topics as how humans introduce these species-sometimes inadvertently, but often deliberately-the areas that have suffered the most biological invasions, the methods we use to keep our borders safe, the policies we currently have in place to manage these species, and future prospects for controlling their spread. An eminent ecologist, Simberloff analyzes the direct and indirect impacts of invasive species on various ecosystems, such as when non-native species out-compete native species for food or light, describes how invasive species (such as the Asian mosquito that is a vector for West Nile virus, itself an invasive species) transmit pathogens, and explains his acclaimed theory of "invasional meltdown" in which two or more introduced species combine to produce a far more devastating impact than any one of them would have caused alone. The book also discusses the more controversial issues surrounding invasive species and it concludes with suggested readings and a list of related web sites.
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(Editor), Heinz Ruddel, and Immo Curio (Editor), eds. Non-Invasive Continuous Blood Pressure Measurement: Methods, Evaluations and Applications of the Vascular Unloading Technique (Penaz-Method). Peter Lang Pub Inc, 1991.
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1950-, Ruddel H., and Curio Immo 1942-, eds. Non-invasive continuous blood pressure measurement: Methods, evaluations and applications of the vascular unloading technique (Penāz-method). Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1991.
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18
Chadwick, David, Alastair Compston, Michael Donaghy, Nicholas Fletcher, Robert Grant, David Hilton-Jones, Martin Rossor, Peter Rothwell, and Neil Scolding. Investigations. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0100.
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This chapter describes the many methods that can be used to investigate neurological disorders. The application and suitability for specific disorder types are outlined, as are contraindications for use. Methods of imaging the central nervous system include computed tomography (CT) imaging, several magnetic resonance (MR) scanning methods, Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Invasive (angiography) and non-invasive methods of imaging the cerebral circulation are also outlined.The standard method of recording electrical activity of the brain is the electroencephalogram (EEG), which is heavily used in epilepsy to investigate regions of epileptogenesis.Other investigations described include evoked potentials, nerve conduction and electromyography studies, the examination of cerebrospinal fluid and the diagnostic use of neurological autoantibodies. Finally, neurogenetics, neuropsychological assessment and the assessment of treatments by randomized trials are discussed.
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Papanicolaou, Andrew C., Roozbeh Rezaie, Shalini Narayana, Asim F. Choudhri, James W. Wheless, Eduardo M. Castillo, James E. Baumgartner, and Frederick A. Boop. Clinical Applications of Functional Neuroimaging. Edited by Andrew C. Papanicolaou. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764228.013.004.
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The main clinical application of functional neuroimaging is mapping cortical regions containing part of the circuitry necessary for somatosensory, motor, and language functions and assessing hemispheric dominance for both language and encoding operations of memory prior to several types of brain surgery. Presently, it is used in conjunction with the classical invasive methods of brain mapping. This chapter presents the case for replacing invasive methods with noninvasive ones given the limitations of the invasive methods that render them unjustifiable as “gold standards.” Evidence is presented that the efficacy of the two types of methods in reducing morbidity, facilitating surgical planning, and enhancing surgical outcome is comparable. Additional advantages of noninvasive presurgical brain mapping are also discussed. The chapter concludes that there are no compelling reasons for invasive mapping in most patients whenever noninvasive methods are available.
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Evans, Charlotte, Anne Creaton, Marcus Kennedy, and Terry Martin, eds. Respiratory support. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722168.003.0008.
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The aim of the respiratory support chapter is to provide the retrievalist with an armamentarium of information regarding advanced airway management. The chapter details the approach to the difficult airway with assessment tools and clinical features. Airway devices are discussed and intubation methods outlined. Practical guidance is provided on how to set up your non-invasive and invasive modes of ventilation with sections on mechanical ventilation of the healthy lung.
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Glasper, Edward Alan, Gillian McEwing, and Jim Richardson, eds. High-dependency care. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569572.003.0025.
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Assessing airway safety 788Assisting with tracheal tube intubation 790Insertion of a nasopharyngeal airway 792Assessing respiratory effectiveness 794Assessing perfusion 796Haemodynamic monitoring 798Methods of non-invasive respiratory support 800Invasive methods of respiratory support 802Care of the ventilated child 804Complications of intubation and ventilation ...
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Jacobs, Samantha E., Catherine B. Small, and Thomas J. Walsh. Fungal diseases of the respiratory tract. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0030.
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Fungal respiratory infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Invasive aspergillosis remains the most common invasive fungal infection whereas other filamentous fungi, such as Fusarium spp., Mucorales, and Scedosporium spp., are increasing in frequency, particularly in neutropenic hosts. Endemic mycoses, including those due to Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides spp., and Talaromyces marneffei, are increasingly prevalent in patients with cell-mediated immunodeficiencies in respective geographic regions. Culture remains the gold standard of diagnosis but has limited sensitivity and often requires invasive procedures. Non-invasive diagnostic tests, including the serum sandwich enzyme immunoassay for the detection of galactomannan, the (1→3)-β-D-glucan assay, and molecular amplification methods have been developed to facilitate early and accurate diagnosis. Successful therapy depends upon early initiation of antifungal agents and reversal of immunosuppression. Lipid formulations of amphotericin B and newer generation triazoles including voriconazole, posaconazole, and isavuconazole have expanded the ability to treat multi-drug resistant pathogens more effectively and with less toxicity.
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Li Bassi, Gianluigi, and Carles Agusti. Toilet bronchoscopy in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0122.
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Critically-ill patients retain respiratory secretions. Toilet bronchoscopy is applied to aspirate retained secretions and revert lung atelectasis. Toilet bronchoscopy is particularly indicated when retained secretions are visible during the procedureand air-bronchograms are not present at the chest radiograph. Yet, toilet bronchoscopy should only be applied when other less invasive methods of secretion removal have failed. Ventilatory settings during the intervention, the inspiratory fraction of oxygen should be increased to 100%. In volume control ventilation, the pressure limit alarm needs to be increased; during pressure-controlled ventilation, the set inspiratory pressure should be increased. The external PEEP should be decreased to at least 50% of the baseline values, to prevent barotrauma. The use of sedatives, analgesics, and topical anaesthetics is mandatory to achieve favourable procedural condition. Toilet bronchoscopy is also feasible and safe in critically-ill patients undergoing non-invasive ventilation.
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Lepora, Nathan F. Biohybrid systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0048.
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This chapter introduces the “biohybrid systems” section of the Handbook of Living Machines and briefly reviews some important examples of systems formed by coupling biological to engineered components. These include brain–machine interfaces, both non-invasive, using different external measurement and scanning devices, and invasive approaches focusing on implantable probes. Next we consider fabrication methods for micro- and nanobiohybrid systems and an example of a biohybrid system at the organism level, in the form of a robot–animal biohybrid, developed using methods from synthetic biology. There are many application for biohybrid systems in healthcare: we include exemplar chapters describing intelligent prostheses such as artificial hands with tactile sensing capabilities, sensory organ–chip hybrids in the form of cochlear implants, and artificial implants designed to replace damaged neural tissue and restore lost memory function.
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Weil, Andrew. Integrative Geriatric Medicine. Edited by Mikhail Kogan. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190466268.001.0001.
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This book is a detailed, evidence-based reference on the field of integrative geriatric medicine. It is intended for all healthcare providers and advocates who work with the geriatric population—in outpatient settings and nursing homes, assisted and independent living facilities, and senior community centers. In addition, it will provide valuable information for leaders and politicians who are involved with implementing policies and procedures for the care of elderly patients and who are looking for safer, less costly, and more patient-centered approaches. Integrative geriatrics is a new field of medicine that advocates for a whole-person, patient-centered, primarily non-pharmacological approach to medical care of the elderly. Most current geriatric practices overprescribe medications and procedures and underutilize non-pharmacological, low-cost, high-touch methods. Patients, however, often show reluctance toward these standard practices because they often involve invasive interventions. The practice of integrative geriatrics is rooted in lifestyle interventions, such as nutrition, movement therapies, and mind-body and spirituality approaches, that allow patients to take a different path to their health, one that utilizes pharmaceuticals and invasive procedures only when safer integrative approaches are not available or not effective.
26
Chappell, Michael, Bradley MacIntosh, and Thomas Okell. Introduction to Perfusion Quantification using Arterial Spin Labelling. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793816.001.0001.
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Arterial spin labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is unique in being a completely non-invasive method for imaging perfusion in the brain. Relying upon a blood-borne tracer that is created by the MRI scanner itself, ASL is becoming a popular tool to study cerebral perfusion, as well as how this perfusion changes in response to neuronal activity or in disease. This primer provides an introduction to perfusion quantification using ASL MRI, focusing both on the methods needed to extract perfusion-weighted images and on how to quantify perfusion and other hemodynamic parameters. Starting with the simplest implementation of ASL, the primer details all the common acquisition methods, as well as the subsequent analysis steps required to quantify perfusion in an individual, detect changes in perfusion in response to neural activity or pharmacological intervention, and examine perfusion variations across groups of individuals. This is supported with examples from real data illustrating all the major steps in the analysis process, linked to online material where the reader can undertake the same analysis for themselves.
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Speer, Thimoteus, and Danilo Fliser. Abnormal endothelial vasomotor and secretory function. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0113.
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The endothelium plays a crucial role in the maintenance of vascular integrity and function. Nitric oxide produced by endothelial cells is a key player, inducing relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells, inhibition of vascular inflammation, and prevention of coagulatory activation. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by deterioration of different protective endothelial properties, collectively described as endothelial dysfunction. Several factors such as methylarginines, modified lipoproteins, and other substances that accumulate may be involved in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction of CKD. Endothelial dysfunction is suggested to be the first critical step in the initiation of atherosclerosis. Clinical assessment of endothelial function may become important in recognition of patients with increased cardiovascular risk. Beside several invasive and non-invasive methods to assess endothelial function in vivo, measurement of circulating (bio)markers may be useful for the evaluation of endothelial dysfunction.
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Warburton, Darren E. R., Lindsay Nettlefold, K. Ashlee McGuire, and Shannon S. D. Bredin. Cardiovascular function. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199232482.003.0007.
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The physiological adaptations to exercise training have been evaluated extensively in children and youth. In particular, considerable research has examined the changes in cardiovascular function that occur with aerobic exercise training. Various indicators of cardiovascular function have been assessed at rest and during exercise. Many of these measures have important implications from performance and health-related perspectives. Owing to the importance of oxygen (O2) transport for human performance and health, this chapter reviews comprehensively the varied non-invasive and invasive methods of assessing cardiac function including an in-depth evaluation of the limitations and strengths of each methodology. Specific reference is given to the applicability and ease of usage of each technology with young people. This chapter also deals extensively with the evaluation of cardiovascular regulation and vascular function owing to their role in optimal exercise performance and health.
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Armstrong, Neil, and Willem van Mechelen, eds. Paediatric Exercise Science and Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199232482.001.0001.
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This resource is the leading reference work designed to support and challenge those involved in developmental exercise science and medicine. This paediatric sub-specialty has become firmly established as a major component of sport and exercise medicine, which is reflected by a marked increase in research activity and publication. Experimental methods pioneered with adults have been successfully adapted for use with children and new non-invasive techniques have been developed and applied to paediatric research to provide new insights into understanding the exercising child.
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Brandeis, Daniel, Sandra K. Loo, Grainne McLoughlin, Hartmut Heinrich, and Tobias Banaschewski. Neurophysiology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0009.
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Neurophysiology allows us to understand and modulate the neural mechanisms in ADHD with high time- and/or frequency-resolution. These non-invasive methods include electroencephalographic recordings at rest and during tasks, with spontaneous and event-related oscillations and potentials tracking covert processing and transcranial neuromodulation through magnetic or electric fields. The findings indicate consistent cognitive and neural deficits in ADHD related to impaired attention and deficient inhibition. Advanced signal processing and source imaging methods often converge with other imaging approaches. Neurophysiological findings also reveal considerable heterogeneity in ADHD regarding cognitive, affective, and genetic subtypes. This illustrates the importance of dimensional approaches and of pathophysiological mechanisms partly shared with other disorders. Although several potential neurophysiological markers of ADHD have been considered, a clinical use for individual diagnostics and classification is not supported to date. More research should clarify the clinical potential of multivariate multimodal classification and prediction of treatment outcome to advance individualized treatment.
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Cosyns, Bernard, and Bernard Paelinck. Pericardial disease. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0021.
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The ability of ultrasound to elucidate the functional and structural abnormalities of pericardial disease is powerful. Due to multimodality imaging possibilities and to its portability, echocardiography is the technique of choice for the diagnosis of pericardial disease. Although other non-invasive technologies have been developed to provide information about the pericardium, echocardiography remains the first and often only diagnostic method needed to make a definitive diagnosis and guide appropriate treatment in patients with pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, or constrictive pericarditis. It allows differential diagnosis with restrictive cardiomyopathy and can easily be performed for guiding pericardiocentesis.
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Hutchison, Alastair J., and Michael L. Picton. Fractures in patients with chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0121.
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Patients with any degree of chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a much higher risk of fractures than the general population, and the risk of death at 1 year post hip fracture in a dialysis patient is over 60%, compared to less than 20% for a non-CKD patient. The assessment of fracture risk and diagnosis of the underlying skeletal pathology in CKD patients is a significant clinical challenge. Non-invasive imaging techniques are not totally reliable in the general population, and the presence of advanced CKD (stages 4, 5, and 5D) renders them largely useless. Bone strength is not determined only by quantity of bone, and renal osteodystrophy can significantly affect bone quality, rendering it liable to fracture even in the presence of a normal bone density measurement. Currently, the only reliable method of assessing both quantity and quality of bone is the examination of trans-iliac bone biopsy, which is generally, but probably incorrectly, perceived to be overly invasive. However, identifying the cause of reduced bone strength and fractures may influence the choice of therapy. For example, in the presence of low-turnover states such as adynamic bone, antiresorptive agents may be ineffective. Pharmaceuticals licensed for the treatment of osteoporosis in the general population can be used similarly in patients with CKD 1–3 without dosage alteration. In CKD 4, post-hoc analyses suggest denosumab is effective and safe, based on a 3-year study that included 73 such patients. In CKD 5 and 5D no dependable data exists to guide therapy, and it should probably be reserved for patients who have already suffered and survived a fracture, and are therefore at high risk of death from a second event.
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Clark, Caroline, Jeffrey Cole, Christine Winter, and Geoffrey Grammer. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.003.0005.
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Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often fail to resolve with psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, or integrative medicine treatments. Given these limitations, there is a continued push to discover treatment methods utilizing novel mechanisms of action. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) offers a non-invasive and safe method of brain stimulation that modulates neuronal activity in a focal area to achieve excitation or inhibition, and may have utility for patients suffering from PTSD, although, to date, evidence of efficacy is limited. The TMS treatment can be varied to suit the needs of the patient by altering the selection of the specific treatment parameters, such as pulse frequency or stimulation intensity. The weight of evidence to date supports treatment of either the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex or the medical prefrontal cortex. Coupling treatment with script based exposure therapies may also assist with potentiation of the extinction response. Ultimately, stimulation parameters may be related to secondary downstream effects, and thus current targets may indirectly reverse the underlying neuronal pathophysiology. Given that PTSD is a complex illness with a poorly understood pathophysiology, it often exists with other psychiatric comorbidities or TBI. As such, TMS could be an effective part of a comprehensive treatment program.
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Alarcón, Gonzalo, and Antonio Valentín. Intracranial electroencephalographic recordings. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0012.
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Around 30% of patients assessed for surgery for the treatment of epilepsy require intracranial electrodes to localize the epileptic focus or to identify functionally relevant cortex. Patients can be very different and the various non-invasive techniques used during presurgical assessment often render conflicting or contradictory results. Deciding the type of electrodes to be used and the sites to be implanted can be puzzling. This chapter describes the electrode types available, their indications, and various implantation strategies. This chapter also summarizes the criteria used to interpret chronic and acute (intraoperative) intracranial recordings, as well at the methods used to carry out and interpret functional mapping with electrical stimulation.
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Sabharwal, Nikant, Parthiban Arumugam, and Andrew Kelion. Radionuclide ventriculography. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759942.003.0005.
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Radionuclide ventriculography (RNV) was the first reliable non-invasive method of assessing left ventricular (LV) function, and established nuclear cardiology as a clinical discipline. The subsequent development of other imaging modalities, particularly echocardiography, has led to a sharp decline in the number of studies performed, but RNV still has a role in situations where reproducible serial assessments of LV ejection fraction are required. Equilibrium RNV (ERNV) is the most straightforward and commonly performed style of RNV, and this chapter therefore focuses on ERNV, covering blood-pool labelling, principles of electrocardiogram (ECG) gating, acquisition, processing and interpretation, and clinical value in relation to ERNV. A section on first-pass radionuclide ventriculography is also included.
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Powell, Roger A., Stephen Ellwood, Roland Kays, and Tiit Maran. Stink or swim: techniques to meet the challenges for the study and conservation of small critters that hide, swim, or climb, and may otherwise make themselves unpleasant. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0008.
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The study of musteloids requires different perspectives and techniques than those needed for most mammals. Musteloids are generally small yet travel long distances and many live or forage underground or under water, limiting the use of telemetry and direct observation. Some are arboreal and nocturnal, facilitating telemetry but limiting observation, trapping, and many non-invasive techniques. Large sexual size dimorphism arguably doubles sample sizes for many research questions. Many musteloids defend themselves by expelling noxious chemicals. This obscure group does not attract funding, even when endangered, further reducing rate of knowledge gain. Nonetheless, passive and active radio frequency identification tags, magnetic-inductance tracking, accelerometers, mini-biologgers and some GPS tags are tiny enough for use with small musteloids. Environmental DNA can document presence of animals rarely seen. These technologies, coupled with creative research design that is well-grounded on the scientific method, form a multi-dimensional approach for advancing our understanding of these charismatic minifauna.
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Malina, Robert M. Assessment of biological maturation. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0001.
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The processes of growth and maturation occur concurrently and are related. Chapter 1 discusses indicators of growth status and rate followed by a description of methods for assessment of maturity status and timing. Status refers to the state of maturation at the time of observation. Skeletal age and stages of puberty indicate status. Timing refers to the chronological age at which specific maturational events occur. Ages at peak height velocity (PHV) and at menarche are used most often. Skeletal age is applicable from childhood through adolescence; other indicators of status and timing are limited to the interval of puberty and the growth spurt. Increasingly used non-invasive indicators of maturation include percentage of predicted adult height attained at the time of observation (status) and predicted maturity offset or time before age at PHV (timing). Both have limitations and require further validation.
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Bouchama, Abderrezak. Pathophysiology and management of hyperthermia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0353.
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Hyperthermia is a state of elevated core temperature that rises rapidly above 40°C, secondary to failure of thermoregulation. Hyperthermia has many causes, but it is the hallmark of three conditions—heatstroke, malignant hyperthermia, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. The clinical and metabolic alterations of hyperthermia, if left untreated, can culminate in multiple organ system failure and death. High temperature causes direct cellular death and tissue damage. The extent of tissue injury is a function of the degree and duration of hyperthermia. Heat-induced ischaemia-reperfusion injury, and exacerbated activation of inflammation and coagulation are also contributory. Hyperthermia is a true medical emergency with rapid progression to multiple organ system failure and death. The primary therapeutic goal is to reduce body temperature as quickly as possible using physical cooling methods, and if indicated, the use of pharmacological treatment to accelerate cooling. There is no evidence of the superiority of one cooling technique over another. Non-invasive techniques that are easy to use and well-tolerated are preferred. Pharmacological cooling with Dantrolene sodium is crucial in the treatment of malignant hyperthermia.
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(Editor), Kanagasingam Yogesan, Sajeesh Kumar (Editor), Leonard Goldschmidt (Editor), and Jorge Cuadros (Editor), eds. Teleophthalmology. Springer, 2006.
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Osman, Gamaleldin M., James J. Riviello, and Lawrence J. Hirsch. EEG in the Intensive Care Unit. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0022.
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The field of continuous electroencephalographic monitoring (cEEG) in the intensive care unit has dramatically expanded over the past two decades. Expansion of cEEG programs led to recognition of the frequent occurrence of electrographic seizures, and complex rhythmic and periodic patterns in various critically ill populations. The majority of electrographic seizures are of nonconvulsive nature, hence the need for cEEG for their identification. Guidelines on when and how to perform cEEG and standardized nomenclature for description of rhythmic and periodic patterns are now available. Quantitative EEG analysis methods depict EEG data in a compressed (hours on one screen) colorful graphical representation, facilitating early identification of key events, recognition of slow, long-term trends, and timely therapeutic intervention. Integration of EEG with other invasive and noninvasive modalities of monitoring brain function provides critical information about the development of secondary neuronal injury, providing a valuable window of opportunity for intervention before irreversible damage ensues.
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Johnson, Elizabeth M. Antifungal susceptibility testing and resistance. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0047.
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The availability of choice of systemically active antifungal agents and the proliferation in the number of fungal species implicated in invasive disease have meant that clinicians are increasingly looking for guidance from clinical laboratory results to help select the most appropriate agent. There are now well-established and predictable patterns of innate in vitro resistance to one or more antifungal agents associated with many yeast and mould species. This chapter provides definitions for the most frequently used terminology and outlines some of the issues surrounding antifungal susceptibility testing with yeast and mould isolates. Reference methods published by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) are discussed. Both innate and emergent antifungal drug resistance are increasingly recognized as limiting factors in the selection of antifungal agents, and the epidemiology and mechanisms of resistance are described for each of the major classes of antifungal agent.
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R, Masters Barry, ed. Noninvasive diagnostic techniques in ophthalmology. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990.
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43
Magee, Patrick, and Mark Tooley. Intraoperative monitoring. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0043.
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Chapter 25 introduced some basic generic principles applicable to many measurement and monitoring techniques. Chapter 43 introduces those principles not covered in Chapter 25 and discusses in detail the clinical applications and limitations of the many monitoring techniques available to the modern clinical anaesthetist. It starts with non-invasive blood pressure measurement, including clinical and automated techniques. This is followed by techniques of direct blood pressure measurement, noting that transducers and calibration have been discussed in Chapter 25. This is followed by electrocardiography. There then follows a section on the different methods of measuring cardiac output, including the pulmonary artery catheter, the application of ultrasound in echocardiography, pulse contour analysis (LiDCO™ and PiCCO™), and transthoracic electrical impedance. Pulse oximetry is then discussed in some detail. Depth of anaesthesia monitoring is then described, starting with the electroencephalogram and its application in BIS™ monitors, the use of evoked potentials, and entropy. There then follow sections on gas pressure measurement in cylinders and in breathing systems, followed by gas volume and flow measurement, including the rotameter, spirometry, and the pneumotachograph, and the measurement of lung dead space and functional residual capacity using body plethysmography and dilution techniques. The final section is on respiratory gas analysis, starting with light refractometry as the standard against which other techniques are compared, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and Raman spectroscopy (the principles of these techniques having been introduced in Chapter 25), piezoelectric and paramagnetic analysers, polarography and fuel cells, and blood gas analysis.
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Hagendorff, Andreas. Cardiac involvement in systemic diseases. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0020.
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Systemic diseases are generally an interdisciplinary challenge in clinical practice. Systemic diseases are able to induce tissue damage in different organs with ongoing duration of the illness. The heart and the circulation are important targets in systemic diseases. The cardiac involvement in systemic diseases normally introduces a chronic process of alterations in cardiac tissue, which causes cardiac failure in the end stage of the diseases or causes dangerous and life-threatening problems by induced acute cardiac events, such as myocardial infarction due to coronary thrombosis. Thus, diagnostic methods—especially imaging techniques—are required, which can be used for screening as well as for the detection of early stages of the diseases. Two-dimensional echocardiography is the predominant diagnostic technique in cardiology for the detection of injuries in cardiac tissue—e.g. the myocardium, endocardium, and the pericardium—due to the overall availability of the non-invasive procedure.The quality of the echocardiography and the success rate of detecting cardiac pathologies in patients with primary non-cardiac problems depend on the competence and expertise of the investigator. Especially in this scenario clinical knowledge about the influence of the systemic disease on cardiac anatomy and physiology is essential for central diagnostic problem. Therefore the primary echocardiography in these patients should be performed by an experienced clinician or investigator. It is possible to detect changes of cardiac morphology and function at different stages of systemic diseases as well as complications of the systemic diseases by echocardiography.The different parts of this chapter will show proposals for qualified transthoracic echocardiography focusing on cardiac structures which are mainly involved in different systemic diseases.
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Covic, Adrian, Mugurel Apetrii, Luminita Voroneanu, and David J. Goldsmith. Vascular calcification. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0120_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
Vascular calcification (VC) is a common feature of patients with advanced CKD and it could be, at least in part, the cause of increased cardiovascular mortality in these patients. From a morphologic point of view, there are at least two types of pathologic calcium phosphate deposition in the arterial wall—namely, intima calcification (mostly associated with atherosclerotic plaques) and media calcification (associated with stiffening of the vasculature, resulting in significantly adverse cardiovascular outcomes). Although VC was viewed initially as a passive phenomenon, it appears to be a cell-mediated, dynamic, and actively regulated process that closely resembles the formation of normal bone tissue, as discovered recently. VC seems to be the result of the dysregulation of the equilibrium between promoters and inhibitors. The determinants are mostly represented by altered calcium and phosphorus metabolism, secondary hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D excess, high fibroblast growth factor 23, and high levels of indoxyl sulphate or leptin; meanwhile, the inhibitors are vitamin K, fetuin A, matrix G1a protein, osteoprotegerin, and pyrophosphate. A number of non-invasive imaging techniques are available to investigate cardiac and vascular calcification: plain X-rays, to identify macroscopic calcifications of the aorta and peripheral arteries; two-dimensional ultrasound for investigating the calcification of carotid arteries, femoral arteries, and aorta; echocardiography, for assessment of valvular calcification; and, of course, computed tomography technologies, which constitute the gold standard for quantification of coronary artery and aorta calcification. All these methods have a series of advantages and limitations. The treatment/ prevention of VC is currently mostly around calcium-mineral bone disease interventions, and unproven. There are interesting hypotheses around vitamin K, Magnesium, sodium thiosulphate and other potential agents.
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McGreavy, Bridie, and David Hart. Sustainability Science and Climate Change Communication. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.563.
Full textAbstract:
Direct experience, scientific reports, and international media coverage make clear that the breadth, severity, and multiple consequences from climate change are far-reaching and increasing. Like many places globally, the northeastern United States is already experiencing climate change, including one of the world’s highest rates of ocean warming, reduced durations of winter ice cover on lakes, a marked increase in the frequency of extreme precipitation events, and climate-mediated ecological disruptions of invasive species. Given current and projected changes in ecosystems, communities, and economies, it is essential to find ways to anticipate and reduce vulnerabilities to change and, at the same time, promote sustainable economic development and human well-being.The emerging field of sustainability science offers a promising conceptual and analytic framework for accelerating progress towards sustainable development. Sustainability science aims to be use-inspired and to connect basic and applied knowledge with solutions for societal benefit. This approach draws from diverse disciplines, theories, and methods organized around the broad goal of maintaining and improving life support systems, ecosystem health, and human well-being. Partners in New England have been using sustainability science as a framework for stakeholder-engaged, interdisciplinary research that has generated use-inspired knowledge and multiple solutions for more than a decade. Sustainability science has helped produce a landscape-scale approach to wetland conservation; emergency response plans for invasive species that threaten livelihoods and cultures; decision support tools for improved water quality management and public health for beach use and shellfish consumption; and the development of robust partnership networks across disciplines and institutions. Understanding and reducing vulnerability to climate change is a central motivating factor in this portfolio of projects because linking knowledge about social-ecological systems with effective policy action requires a holistic view that addresses complex intersecting stressors.One common theme in these varied efforts is the way that communication fundamentally shapes collaborative research and social, technical, and policy outcomes from sustainability science. Communication as a discipline has, for more than two thousand years, sought to understand how environments and symbols shape human life, forms of social organization, and collective decision making. The result is a body of scholarship and practical techniques that are diverse and well adapted to meet the complexity of contemporary sustainability challenges. The complexity of the issues that sustainability science aspires to solve requires diversity and flexibility to be able to adapt approaches to the specific needs of a situation. Long-term, cross-scale, and multi-institutional sustainability science collaborations show that communication research and practice can help build communities and networks, and advance technical and policy solutions to confront the challenges of climate change and promote sustainability now and in future.
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Malcolm, Noel. Rebels, Believers, Survivors. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198857297.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book of essays covers a wide range of topics in the history of Albania and Kosovo. Many of the essays illuminate connections between the Albanian lands and external powers and interests, whether political, military, diplomatic or religious. Such topics include the Habsburg invasion of Kosovo in 1689, the manoeuvrings of Britain and France towards the Albanian lands during the Napoleonic Wars, the British interest in those lands in the late nineteenth century, and the Balkan War of 1912. On the religious side, essays examine ‘crypto-Christianity’ in Kosovo during the Ottoman period, the stories of conversion to Islam revealed by Inquisition records, the first theological treatise written in Albanian (1685), and the work of the ‘Apostolic Delegate’ who reformed the Catholic Church in early twentieth-century Albania. Some essays bring to life ordinary individuals hitherto unknown to history: women hauled before the Inquisition, for example, or the author of the first Albanian autobiography. The longest essay, on Ali Pasha, tells for the first time the full story of the role he played in the international politics of the Napoleonic Wars. Some of these studies have been printed before (several in hard-to-find publications, and one only in Albanian), but the greater part of this book appears here for the first time. This is not only a contribution to Albanian and Balkan history it also engages with many broader issues, including religious conversion, methods of enslavement within the Ottoman Empire, and the nature of modern myth-making about national identity.