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Paz, Simone Patricia Aranha da. "Desenvolvimento e otimização de métodos de controle de qualidade e de processo de beneficiamento para bauxitas gibbsíticas tipo-Paragominas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3134/tde-22092016-100712/.
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Desde a prospecção do minério bauxita, passando pelo seu beneficiamento até a sua entrada no processo Bayer, tem-se como principais índices de qualidade e de processo os parâmetros químicos: alumina aproveitável (Al2O3Ap) e sílica reativa (SiO2Re), determinados segundo um procedimento que simula a digestão Bayer em escala de laboratório. Uma grande inovação para a indústria da bauxita seria fazer o controle por parâmetros mineralógicos, % gibbsita e % caulinita, via difratometria de raios X, intenção buscada nesse trabalho pela proposta de um método combinado Rietveld-Le Bail-Padrão Interno, cujos resultados são bem promissores para bauxitas gibbsíticas tipo-Paragominas, matriz para qual foi desenvolvido. Tal combinação não só melhorou a qualidade da quantificação de gibbsita e caulinita, como diminuiu o peso de cálculo tornando o procedimento mais prático e rápido. A alta correlação (r2=0,99) entre os resultados mineralógicos pelo método combinado e os resultados químicos pelo método tradicional, os deixam em igual escolha, pois foram iguais estatisticamente. No entanto, ressalta-se que o método tradicional subestima o valor de caulinita pela conversão da SiO2Re, enquanto o método combinado se aproxima mais do valor verdadeiro. Obter um resultado pelo método combinado mostrou ser mais prático e rápido que pelo método tradicional. Enquanto o tempo total estimado pelo combinado é < 3 h, pelo tradicional é de no mínimo 6 h. Como proposta de validação do método combinado, um segundo foi desenvolvido para quantificação de Al-goethita por DSC, o qual mostrou boa precisão. E muito embora o uso da técnica no controle industrial seja pouco provável por questões de praticidade e tempo de análise, usá-la na validação de antigos e novos métodos de quantificação mineralógica de bauxitas pode ser muito útil. A ordem crescente de substituição de Fe por Al pretendida pelas sínteses planejadas (7 variedades) foi confirmada pelos resultados de DRX, FRX, DSC e MEV, e assim um pequeno banco de dados de entalpias padrão de desidroxilação de Al-goethitas foi estabelecido. A produção de padrões complexos, misturas de variedades goethíticas, é tão importante quanto produzir uma só goethita, pois tais misturas são termodinamicamente comuns na natureza e, portanto, comuns em bauxitas. Após uma identificação clara da limitação do método tradicional para estimar caulinita pela conversão de SiO2Re em bauxitas tipo-Paragominas, um estudo de otimização do método Alcan foi realizado com base em um planejamento fatorial completo 23. As variáveis escolhidas foram temperatura, concentração cáustica e tempo para duas situações: bauxita com baixa SiO2Re e bauxita com alta SiO2Re. A temperatura foi a variável mais importante, apresentando um efeito positivo sobre a quantidade de SiO2Re, uma vez que o aumento na temperatura aumentou a taxa de conversão completa de caulinita em sodalita. Modelos empíricos de 1ª ordem foram apropriadamente obtidos para predição da quantidade de SiO2Re como função da temperatura, concentração cáustica e tempo, os quais responderam com as seguintes condições ótimas: (1) sem presença significante de quartzo - temperatura de 180 °C, concentração cáustica de 10 % com tempo de 60 min para baixa SiO2Re e 25 min para alta SiO2Re, e (2) com presença significante de quartzo - temperatura de 150 °C, concentração cáustica de 20 % e tempo de 60 min, para ambas as situações estudadas.<br>In the bauxite industry - exploration, beneficiation and refinery - two main chemical parameters are used for the quality control: available alumina (AvAl2O3) and reactive silica (RxSiO2). They are determined by a procedure that simulates the Bayer process in laboratory scale. A great innovation for this industry would be to make this control by mineralogical parameters, i.e., the % of gibbsite and % of kaolinite via Powder X-ray Diffraction Analysis. This is one of the main purposes of this work by means of a combined Rietveld-Le Bail-Internal Standard Method, whose results were very promising for the Paragominas-type bauxites. This combination not only improved the quality of gibbsite and kaolinite quantification, as decreased computer processing time, making it a more convenient and fast procedure. The high correlation (r2=0.99) between the mineralogical results from the combined method and chemical results by the traditional method, leave them the same choice, as they were statistically equal. However, it is noteworthy that the traditional method underestimates the kaolinite value obtained from the conversion of RxSiO2, while the combined method is closer to the true value. Obtaining a result by the combined method proved to be more convenient and faster (< 3 hours) than the traditional method (at least 6 hours). As a validation for the proposed combined method, a second method was developed to quantify Al-goethite by DSC, which showed good accuracy. Although the use of DSC technique in industrial control is unlikely for practical reasons and analysis time, its use can be very helpful in the validation of old and new methods for the mineralogical quantification of bauxites. XRD, XRF, DSC and SEM results confirmed the increasing order of Al for Fe replacement intended for the planned synthesis (7 types). Thus, a small database of standard enthalpies of Al-goethites dehydroxylation was built. The production of standards of goethites mixtures is as important as producing a single goethite standard, because these are thermodynamically common in nature and thus bauxites with complex mixtures of goethites are also common. After clearly identifying the limitations of the traditional method to estimate kaolinite from the conversion of RxSiO2 in the Paragominas-type bauxites, an optimization study of the Alcan method was carried out based on a 23 full factorial design. The chosen variables were temperature, caustic concentration and time, for two main situations: bauxite with low RxSiO2 and bauxite with high RxSiO2. The temperature was the most important variable, with a positive effect on the amount of RxSiO2, since the increase in temperature increased the rate of full kaolinite to sodalite conversion. First-order empirical models were properly obtained to predict the amount of RxSiO2 as a function of temperature, caustic concentration and time, which responded to the following optimal conditions: (1) without significant amount of quartz - 180 °C, NaOH 10 % and 60 min for low RxSiO2 and 25 min for high SiO2Re, and (2) with significant amount of quartz - 150 °C, NaOH 20 % and 60 min for both situations.
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Oliveira, Rosane Ferreira de. "O comportamento evolutivo de uma mancha de oleo na Baia de Ilha Grande, RJ : modelagem, analise numerica e simulações." [s.n.], 2003. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/307261.
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Orientador : João Frederico C. A. Meyer<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Computação Cientifica<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T15:40:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2003<br>Resumo: Neste estudo, são formulados problemas de dispersão de manchas de óleo em região costeira e de circulação oceânica. É realizada modelagem matemática via equação diferencial parcial de difusão-advecção-reação e de Stokes, com as justificativas dessas modelagens. São apresentadas a fonnulação variacional e a discretização espacial (elementos finitos de primeira ordem com SUPG) e temporal (Crank-Nicolson). São verificadas a existência e uni cidade de solução no sentido mais geral, ou fraco. São obtidas estimativas de erro a priori para Galerkin contínuo e Galerkin com Crank Nicolson, sob determinadas condições de regularidade. Finalmente, são apresentadas simulações de situações viáveis para obter cenários realistas de incidentes e acidentes de derrame de óleo no mar, para futura aplicação em plano de contingência<br>Abstract: In this study, the fonnulation for dispersion of oil slicks in coastal region and local circulation problems are developed. The mathematical modelling based on partial differencial equations of diffusion-advection-reaction and on Stokes equations is described, with the underlying reasoning. The variational fonnulation and the spatial discretization ( first order finite elements, with SUPG fonnulation) and temporal (Crank-Nicolson) are presented. Existence and uniqueness results for the solution are verified in the general, or weak sense. A priori error estimates for the continuous time Galerkin and Galerkin with Crank Nicolson are derived under suitable regularity hypotheses. Finally, some viable simulations to derive realistic scenarios for oil spill incidents and accidents in marine environrnents are presented, for future applications on contingency plans<br>Doutorado<br>Doutor em Matemática Aplicada
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Gois, Júnior Luiz Eduardo Mello de. "Proposição de um método para análise da tomada de decisão em ações ofensivas no basquetebol." Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, 2014. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4939.
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INTRODUCTION: basketball players must use logic to make decisions and perform appropriate actions in relation to the elements of the sport. One way to assess decision making (TD) is the match analysis, which is a strategy widely used in the sports science. Some studies used videos or photos for athletes to
analyze the play and inform what they would do if those same actions happened during a match. This type of study excludes some elements present in game situations mischaracterizing the actual context and the keeping off of the variables that interfere with the game. To minimize this mischaracterization some authors used observational methodology, which uses observation of games filmed for
evaluating TD during the match, ie, within the actual context of the game, and endeavoring to preserve the ecological validity. However, there is a lack of a validated instrument that describes the actions to be observed during matches, and thus guide the assessment of TD by teachers and coaches in the game-like situation context. OBJECTIVE: to propose a user-friendly tool to guide the evaluation of decision making of basketball athletes. METHODS: the sample consisted of 18 experienced basketball coaches (level III of National School of Basketball Coaches), 42.3 ± 11.1 years old. At first, a guide containing 30 real game situations was created, divided into five categories (dribbling, shooting,
driving, player movement without the ball, and passing). Subsequently, coaches answered an on line survey to assess situations as right or wrong. Agreement was analyzed by the percentage of identical responses among coaches for each action. Three levels were considered: high (between 80 % and 100 %), moderate (between 70 % and 79 %) and low agreement (50 % and 69 %). Furthermore, a
computerized worksheet for analysis was created. Three national level experienced coaches were invited to test the operational feasibility of the worksheet. Coaches individually watched a video with 20 consecutive ball possessions of the same team during the 2010 Adult Sergipe State Championship
final match, and then answered a questionnaire about the use of the worksheet. RESULTS: All "Dribbling" actions had high agreement (83 % to 100 %). The "shooting" category had four actions with high agreement (94% to 100%), two with moderate (both 78%) and one had a low degree of concordance (67%). In the "Driving category, three had high agreement (94% and 100%) and one had low agreement (56%). The categories "Player movement without the ball" and "Passing" obtained high agreement on all actions (94% to 100% and 89% and 100%, respectively). All three coaches consider the worksheet to be feasible, becoming easier after a brief familiarization period. CONCLUSION: actions
defined for each category proved to be valid to be part of the evaluation guide of TD, and the use of the worksheet was feasible from an operational standpoint.<br>INTRODUÇÃO: no basquetebol o jogador deve utilizar a síntese de raciocínio para tomar decisões e realizar as ações adequadas frente às relações entre os elementos do esporte. Uma forma para se avaliar a tomada de decisão (TD) é a análise de jogo, que é uma estratégia bastante utilizada tanto no âmbito científico como no acadêmico. Alguns estudos utilizaram vídeos ou fotos projetadas para
que os atletas analisassem a projeção e informassem o que eles fariam se acontecessem aquelas mesmas ações durante uma partida. Esse tipo de estudo exclui as propriedades presentes nas situações do jogo descaracterizando o contexto real e distanciando-o das variáveis que interferem no jogo. Para minimizar essa descaracterização alguns autores utilizaram a metodologia observacional, a qual utiliza a observação de jogos filmados para avaliar as TD durante a partida, ou seja, dentro do contexto real do jogo, e buscando preservar a validade ecológica. Contudo, apesar dos estudos já realizados, nota-se que não existe um instrumento validado que descreva as ações a serem observadas
durante as partidas, e que deste modo, orientem a avaliação das TD por professores e treinadores no contexto natural do jogo. OBJETIVO: propor uma ferramenta de fácil utilização para orientar a avaliação das tomadas de decisão de atletas de basquetebol. MÉTODOS: a amostra foi formada por 18 treinadores de basquetebol que possuem o curso nível III (categoria adulto) da Escola Nacional
de Treinadores de Basquetebol. A média de idade foi de 42,3 (±11,1) anos e o tempo de experiência com o basquetebol entre 8 e 44 anos. Primeiramente foi criado um formulário contendo 30 situações reais de jogo, divididas em cinco categorias (drible, arremesso, corte com bola, movimentação de jogador sem bola, passe). Posteriormente, o formulário foi enviado para os treinadores via email
para que avaliassem as situações como certas ou erradas. Para analisar a concordância foi calculado o percentual de respostas idênticas entre os treinadores. Foram considerados três níveis de concordância: alta (entre 80% e 100%), moderada (entre 70% e 79%) e baixa (entre 50% e 69%). Foi criada uma planilha informatizada para a análise. Três técnicos com experiência em
competições nacionais foram convidados a testar a viabilidade operacional da ferramenta. Para isso, assistiram individualmente a um vídeo com 20 posses de bola consecutivas de uma mesma equipe durante a final do Campeonato Estadual Sergipano Adulto de 2010. Em seguida, responderam a um questionário acerca da utilização da planilha. RESULTADOS: todas as ações descritas para a
categoria Drible tiveram alto grau de concordância (83% a 100%). Na categoria Arremesso quatro ações tiveram alto grau de concordância (94% a 100%), duas com grau moderado (ambas com 78%) e uma teve baixo grau de concordância (67%). Na categoria Corte com a bola , três tiveram alto grau de concordância (94% e 100%) e uma teve baixa concordância (56%). As categorias Movimentação de jogador sem bola e Passe obtiveram alto grau de concordância em todas as ações (94% a 100% e 89% a 100%, respectivamente). Quanto ao uso da planilha, os três técnicos a consideram razoavelmente viável, com seu manuseio tornando-se mais simples logo após um breve período de
familiarização. CONCLUSÃO: as ações definidas para cada categoria mostraramse válidas para fazer parte do instrumento de avaliação da TD, e o uso da planilha mostrou-se viável do ponto de vista operacional.
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Anchondo, Luis Adrian. "El Código Secreto del Esopete Ystoriado en el Contexto de la Exégesis Literaria y su Evolución Hacia un Método Científico Tardomedieval." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/314672.
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The purpose of this investigation is to decipher the secret code of Basil that I discovered in the prologue of the Spanish edition of Aesop's Fables called Esopete ystoriado (1482), and to bring to light the importance of its resolution for the history of literature as well as for the history of science. This code states that the fables are more profitable if understood in accordance with the doctrine of Basil. After years of investigation, I came to the conclusion that Basil's doctrine can refer either to Saint Basil the Great's fourth-century treatise Oratio ad adolescentes de legendis antiquorum seu gentilium libris in which he instructs young catechumens how best to profit from an inquiry into the content and meaning of pagan literature, or to Basil Valentine's chemistry text The Triumphant Chariot of Antimony which established in Germany the precepts for the scientific method of the Age of the Enlightenment and therefore of modern Europe. In the meantime I found a strong relationship between both texts; in fact, Basil Valentine's book is based on Saint Basil's treatise, information that has been hidden for more than six centuries by a lineage of secret societies. My research focuses on how a treatise about literary interpretation written by one of the ancient fathers of the Catholic Church became the model for one of the most important scientific books in pre-modern Europe, discovering with my inquiry the important role that the Benedictine Order as well as the secret society of the Rose Cross played in that achievement. This investigation also led me to the realization that the chemist Basil Valentine was in fact the German Abbot Johann Trithemius (1462-1516), and that the Esopete ystoriado was translated from Latin to Castilian by Gonzalo García de Santa María (1447-1521), concluding that it is impossible to separate the history of literature from the history of science.
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Maisonneuve, Caroline. "La Rupture du contrat de bail par le bailleur. Etude de trois baux à statut : le bail d'habitation, le bail commercial et le bail rural." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CERG0752.
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Résumé de la thèse - La rupture du contrat de bail par le bailleur. Etude de trois baux à statut : le bail d'habitation, le bail commercial et le bail ruralLe contrat de bail est un contrat usuel où le locataire est dans une situation de dépendance particulière à l'égard du bailleur. Contrat d'adhésion, le contrat de bail est conclu entre un locataire, réputé être la partie faible et un bailleur, considéré comme la partie forte du contrat. Afin de prévenir la sortie du locataire au gré du bailleur, le législateur est intervenu pour protéger le locataire et organiser le maintien de la relation contractuelle. Les nombreuses législations en la matière ont contribué à rendre les règles gouvernant les baux à statut peu accessibles et lisibles, ce qui nuit à la sécurité juridique et au marché locatif.Une étude approfondie de la rupture du contrat de bail par le bailleur révèle que ce dernier est limité dans sa volonté de rompre la relation contractuelle. D'une part, la rupture est soumise à des conditions strictes et nombreuses. D'autre part, la législation favorise dans de nombreuses hypothèses la continuation de la relation contractuelle au détriment des intérêts du bailleur. La rupture du contrat de bail apparaît donc délicate pour le bailleur, confronté à une multitude d'obstacles. Il est donc utile de procéder à l'identification des modes de rupture du contrat de bail dont dispose le bailleur et, en contrepoint, des moyens mis en place par le législateur pour organiser la continuation de la relation contractuelle en privant le bailleur de la possibilité de rompre celle-ci.La thèse a pour objet de mettre en lumière que la situation du bailleur est difficile, tant les possibilités de mettre fin au contrat de bail sont encadrées. Elle a ainsi vocation à servir de grille de lecture au bailleur, afin de le guider au travers des voies méandreuses qui peuvent lui permettre, parfois, de sortir du contrat de bail.Enfin, l'étude des trois baux à statut, que sont le bail d'habitation, le bail commercial et le bail rural, permet de les comparer et d'observer les différences de traitement du bailleur à la fin du bail, alors que les statuts ont le même dessein, à savoir protéger le locataire et assurer la stabilité contractuelle<br>Abstract of Thesis - The breach of lease contract by the lessor. Study of three particular lease contracts : residential lease, commercial lease and agricultural lease.The lease contract is a standard contract where the lessee is dependent on the lessor. Typical exemple of an agreement contract, the lessee is deemed to be the weaker part while the lessor is considered the strongest one of the contract. In order to prevent the release of the lessee at the option of the lessor, the legislator has intervene to protect the lessee and organise the continuation of their contractual relationship. The many laws as regards have helped to make the rules around low status leases, less accessible and readable which undermines legal security and rental market.A thorough study of breach the contract by the lessor reveals that he is limited in his freedom of breaking the contractual relationship. On the one hand, the breach of the contract is subject to strict and many conditions. On the other hand, the legislation promotes in most cases the continuation of the contractual relationship to the detriment of lessor's interests. The breach of the contract appears delicate for the lessor and full of obstacles. So we're talking to proceed with the identification of breaking modes of the lessor and, to happen concurrently, means established by the legislature to organize the continuation of the contractual relationship preventing lessor to end it.The aim of this thesis is to emphasize the fact that lessor's situation is complicated, so the possibilities to put an end lease are regulated. It also is meant to be a reading grid for the lessor, in order to guide him in the intricacies of the ways which could allow him out of the lease contract.Finally, the study of the three lease contracts with statutes, residential lease, commercial lease and agricultural lease, enables to compare them and notice the treatment differences of lessor at the end of contract, whereas the statutes have the same purpose, meaning protect the lessee and ensure the contractual stability
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FLORÊNCIO, Wladmir José Gomes. "Estudo do comportamento dinâmico da carga em moinhos de bolas utilizando o método dos elementos discretos." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2015. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/455.
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Previous issue date: 2015-06-19<br>CNPq<br>Estudou-se a dinâmica do processo de moagem, analisando o movimento da carga de um moinho de bolas em escala de laboratório, a partir de ensaios realizados e a partir da simulação utilizando-se o Método dos Elementos Discretos (MED). Uma adaptação do sistema de transmissão mecânico, do moinho, foi feita com o objetivo de variar a velocidade de rotação entre: 57%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% e 80% da velocidade crítica (NC). Ensaios de peneiramento, sem moagem e com moagem, variando o percentual de velocidade crítica do moinho, foram realizados. Com isso estabeleceu-se um ponto de corte de referência na peneira de malha (+30#), cujo objetivo foi determinar a eficiência da moagem a partir da verificação da distribuição granulométrica obtida. O comportamento da dinâmica do processo de moagem foi observado utilizando-se um sistema de filmagem em que foram analisados os deslocamentos e comparados com os obtidos pela simulação computacional em 2D, realizada no software de simulação DEMpack®. Foi desenvolvida uma metodologia com o apoio da simulação computacional da moagem, utilizando-se a posição dos corpos moedores e as características da massa, cujo objetivo foi o de determinar a potência necessária ao movimento do moinho de bolas. Verificou-se ser possível realizar a calibração do modelo de simulação a partir da comparação das imagens obtidas pela filmagem do experimento. O coeficiente de atrito influenciou o comportamento da dinâmica do processo: obteve-se melhores resultados quando se utilizou um coeficiente de atrito mais baixo para simular o comportamento dos corpos moedores e um coeficiente de atrito mais alto para simular o comportamento da carga.<br>It was studied the dynamics of the grinding process, analyzing the movement of the load a ball mill on a laboratory scale, from tests carried out and from the simulation using the Discrete Elements Method (MED). An adaptation of mechanical transmission system of the mill was taken in order to vary the speed of rotation between: 57%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% and 80% of the critical speed (NC). Screening tests without crushing and grinding, varying the percentage of critical mill speed, were performed. With that it was established a reference cutoff point in the mesh sieve (+ 30 #), whose objective was to determine the grinding efficiency from checking the particle size distribution obtained. The dynamic behavior of the milling process was observed using a recording system in which the offsets were analyzed and compared with those obtained by computer simulation of 2D held in DEMpack® simulation software. A methodology with the help of computer simulation of milling was developed, using the position of the grinding media and mass characteristics whose goal was to determine the power required to move the ball mill. It was found to be possible to perform the calibration of the simulation model based on the comparison of images obtained by shooting the experiment. The friction coefficient influence the dynamic behavior of the process: better results are obtained when using a low coefficient of friction to simulate the behavior of the grinding bodies and a higher coefficient of friction to simulate the load behavior.
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Abreu, Luciana Carrara. "Influencia de poluentes sobre macroalgas na Baia de Sepetiba, RJ : modelagem matematica, analise numerica e simulações computacioonais." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/307260.
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Previous issue date: 2009<br>Resumo: Este trabalho se constitui numa ferramenta que possibilita melhor avaliar, através de simulações computacionais, como a poluição pode afetar (ou vir a afetar) populações de macroalgas que interagem, também, entre si num importante ecossistema marinho localizado próximo à região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, a baía de Sepetiba. Com base no relato de estudos de campo nesta baía, foram reunidas informações sobre as características das principais macroalgas desta região, bem como sobre a poluição e suas influências sobre a flora marinha local. Neste cenário, foi justificadamente construído um modelo evolutivo formado por equações diferenciais parciais que descrevem a interação entre duas espécies de macroalgas sob a influência de um poluente de superfície, que pode ser tóxico ou servir de alimento às plantas marinhas, variando de uma espécie a outra. Inevitavelmente, participam desta interação as células de reprodução de cada espécie de macroalga e, por isso, estão incluídas no modelo. Estão apresentadas as formulações clássica e variacional de um modelo mais simples, com as posteriores discretizações espaciais, em que foi utilizado o método de Elementos Finitos (aqui com elementos triangulares de primeira ordem), e discretização temporal, com o uso do método de Crank-Nicolson, de segunda ordem de aproximação. As discretizações, no modelo mais complexo, seguem passos totalmente análogos aos do modelo mais simples. É também apresentado um capítulo sobre o cálculo das submatrizes de rigidez, necessário para a implementação. Finalmente são mostrados alguns experimentos computacionais que permitem simular situações hipotéticas de risco, com o objetivo de se obter cenários de impactos causados pela poluição sobre a flora marinha local e, com isso, alertar para os problemas gerados pela intervenção antrópica na região e motivar um planejamento de estratégias e políticas de prevenção e de contingência.<br>Abstract: This work describes a tool created to enable better evaluations - by the adequate use of computational simulations - of how environmental impact can affect (or come to affect) different populations of macroalgae which interact among themselves in an important marine ecosystem located south of Rio de Janeiro state, that of Sepetiba bay. Based upon previous records of local studies in this area, data was collected highlighting characteristics of these species of macroalgae, as well as that of the effect of pollution upon local marine flora. In this general setting, a model was developed based on a non-linear system of partial differential equations that describes the interaction among two distinct species of algae under the impact of a polluting material, an impact that can either be toxic or a nourishment for one or both of these algae. Population dynamics and movements are included in the model, as well as reproduction cells of these species. Classic and variational formulations are presented, with Ritz-Galerkin discretization for space variables, as well as a Crank-Nicolson method for approximations in time, both methods of second-order. Simpler variations of the model (and of the discretized approximation) are presented in order to gain an insight as regards the algorithmic processes. In the more complex situation, a separate chapter describes the numerical and computational tools necessary in the deffnition of the final schemes. Computationally defined dynamical scenarios are presented, illustrating how risk assessments can be undertaken, simulating the mentioned effects of the presence of polluting materials in the region, creating an important tool for possible effects of the anthropic activities in the region, permitting the planning processes for the establishment of strategies and policies for environmental protection and damage repair.<br>Mestrado<br>Mestre em Matemática Aplicada
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Gravillou, Jacques-Antoine. "L'incessibilité du bail rural /." Paris ; Budapest ; Torino : l'Harmattan, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39041883d.
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Gravillou, Jacques-Antoine. "L'incessibilité du bail rural." Montpellier 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON10023.
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Il est tenu pour dogme que le statut du fermage prohibe toute valorisation du bail rural lequel se trouve ainsi placé hors commerce. L'article L. 411-35 du Code rural en est une parfaite illustration puisqu'il interdit fermement - sous réserve de rares exceptions strictement réglementées - la cession du bail, serait-elle consentie à titre gratuit. L'article L. 411-74 du même Code en est une autre illustration qui sanctionne le versement de sommes par le preneur entrant en contrepartie du bail qui lui est consenti. Or, dans leur majorité, les auteurs constatent davantage qu'il n'expliquent cette incessibilité du bail rural. Toujours est-il que ce postulat s'impose tant aux parties et à leurs conseils (au premier rang desquels le notaire) qu'aux juridictions. L'affirmation du principe d'incessibilité du bail rural, qui participe de son régime, clé de voûte d'un statut aux règles si minutieusement assemblées, nous a conduit à en relever, quant à sa nature, les altérations, dont les fissures générées par les interventions législatives successives sont susceptibles de conduire à l'effondrement de l'édifice via la notion de "propriété culturale".
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Marchand, Olivier. "Le contrat de bail." Paris 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA010074.
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Cet essai vise à expliquer trois faits : le changement de qualité des logements ("filtering"), l'écart entre le loyer d'un logement occupe et celui des logements nouvellement loués à caractéristiques identiques, et le rôle des contrôles de loyer. Classiquement, on montre qu'un marché locatif segmente conduit à l'émergence d'équilibres conduit à l'émergence d'equilibres multiples, qui entrainent la coexistence de plusieurs stratégies d'entretien de la part des propriétaires-bailleurs. Le délabrement ("filtering down") pourrait s'expliquer ainsi. D'autre part, et à l'instar de la relation de travail, un modèle de "loyers d'efficience" montre que la prise en compte de l'effort du locataire par le bailleur conduit à des profils de loyer décroissants en cours de bail. On soutient toutefois qu'une approche en information symétrique est plus pertinente, du fait de l'acquisition d'information en cours de bail. Dans la seconde partie, la formation du contrat est donc modélisée de manière déterministe. Le point nouveau est que le locataire entretient son lieu de vie, car il a un horizon de décision non nul (la durée du bail). Le bailleur en tirera une plus-value au départ du locataire. On montre que le locataire entretient d'autant plus que le bail est long, même lorsqu'il est soumis à une contrainte de liquidité. En conséquence, le bailleur réduit son entretien, ce qui pourrait aussi conduire au délabrement optimal. Dans ce nouveau cadre d'analyse, le contrat de bail est pareto-améliorant pour les deux parties, relativement à une situation ou le locataire n'entretient pas. Toutefois, le contrat pareto optimal serait que le bailleur rachète le legs au locataire. De plus, on montre que les contrôles de loyer sont plus neutres qu'on le pense vis-à-vis du délabrement optimal adopte par les bailleurs, ce qui pourrait expliquer leur généralisation dans le monde. L'hypothèse de la relation entre ancienneté de présence du locataire et baisse de loyer est testée sur un échantillon de villes françaises, grâce à une analyse de prix hédoniques. Enfin, il est suggéré que cette approche capitalistique du contrat pourrait être étendue à d'autres formes contractuelles, particulièrement à la relation salariale<br>This thesis is concerned with the filtering down of the quality of the dwellings, the tenure rent discounts observed in the rental housing markets and the role played by rent controls on the quality issue. Traditional literature shows that a segmented rental housing market leads to multiple equilibria conducting to numerous quality maintenance strategies by the landlords. This could explain the filtering down of the quality of the rental units, but not the tenure rent discounts. A model of "efficient rent", analogous to the efficient wage theory in labor, suggests a decreasing rent over the period of the lease as an incentive device by the landlord to increase the effort by the tenant to maintain the quality of the dwelling. We argue, however, that the "efficient rent" model is based on asymmetric information that does not prevail in the rental housing market, as information on the dwelling is acquired during the period of the lease. In the second part of the thesis, a new deterministic contractual model is proposed. The originality of this approach is to link positively the tenant's quality maintenance of the dwelling with the duration of the contract. The tenant's quality maintenance constitutes a "bequest" to the landlord at the end of the contract, which explains the tenure rent discount offered to the tenant. This contractual arrangement incites the landlord to reduce his level of maintenance of the dwelling, hence the observed filtering down. Compared to a situation where the tenant does not maintain the quality of the dwelling, our model is shown to be pareto improving. But the pareto optimal contract would entail the sale of the bequest to the landlord. We also show that rent controls have less influence on landlord's maintenance than usually thought a possible explanation of why controls are so widely used around the world. A hedonic price analysis tests this tenure rent discount model on a sample of french data. Finally, it is suggested that our approach can be applied to labor contractual arrangements
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Mahy, Christophe. "Le bail à réhabilitation." Paris 10, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA100093.
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Le bail a rehabilitation a ete institue par l'article 11 de la loi no 90-449 du 31 mai 1990 visant a la mise en oeuvre du droit au logement et est un contrat qui, tout en rappelant le bail a construction et le bail emphyteotique, vise a accroitre l'offre de logements en faveur des personnes defavorisees grace a la rehabilitation du parc immobilier ancien et degrade. Son regime juridique est derogatoire au regime de droit commun des baux d'immeubles. Le bailleur doit avoir la capacite d'aliener l'immeuble et le preneur ne peut avoir que la qualite d'un organisme d'habitations a loyer modere, d'une societe d'economie mixte dont l'objet est de construire ou de donner a bail des logements, d'une collectivite territoriale ou, enfin, d'un organisme dont l'un des objets est de contribuer au logement des personnes defavorisees et agree a cette fin par le representant de l'etat dans le departement. Le contrat de bail a rehabilitation doit etre redige en la forme authentique en vue de sa publicite au fichier immobilier. Sa duree minimale est de douze ans et sa prise d'effet est soumise a la conclusion par le preneur d'une convention de l'article l 351-2 du code de la construction et de l'habitation. Pendant la duree du contrat, le bailleur a le droit de proceder a des actes de disposition sur l'immeuble. En revanche il a l'obligation de mettre l'immeuble a la disposition du preneur, d'assurer la jouissance paisible du bien loue et de garantir le preneur contre les vices caches. De son cote, le preneur possede un droit reel immobilier sur l'immeuble et peut faire l'ensemble des actes visant a la rehabilitation et a la gestion de l'immeuble. En contrepartie, il a, envers le bailleur, l'obligation de realiser des travaux d'amelioration, d'assurer l'entretien et les reparations de toute nature, et de payer le loyer selon les modalites convenues. A l'egard de l'etat, il est tenu de conclure une convention de l'article l 351-2<br>The rehabilitation lease was instituted by article 11 of law no. 90-449 of may 31st 1990 aiming to implement the right to housing and is a contract which, while having similarities to the building lease and the ninety-nine year lease, aims to increase the supply of housing for disadvantaged persons thanks to the rehabilitation of old housing stock and property in poor condition. Its legal framework departs the common law framework governing building leases. The lessor must have the capacity to alienate the building and the lessee must be a public sector housing organisation, a government-controlled corporation whose corporate aim is to construct or rent out housing, a regional administration, or an organisation which has as one of its corporate aims the aim of contributing to the housing of disadvantaged persons, and is approved to this end by the departement's government representative. The rehabilitation lease must be drawn up in form of a notarial deed with a view to its publication in the property register. Its minimum duration is twelve years and its coming into force is subject to the lessee's entering into an agreement in accordance with the provisions of article l 351-2 of the building and housing code. Throughout the duration of the contract, the lessor has the right to sell or otherwise dispose of the building. In return he is obliged to place the building at the lessee's disposal, to ensure undisturbed possession of the property being leased, and to guarantee the lessee against concealed defects. For his part, the lessee has a real property right to the building and can carry out all acts necessary for the rehabilitation and management of the building. In return, he has, in respect of the lessor, the obligation to carry out improvements, maintain the building and carry out necessary repairs of whatever nature, and to pay the rent
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Mouligner, Nadège. "Le bail des époux." Limoges, 2003. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/e7e36dd0-2f53-418a-a6d7-b49155d41277/blobholder:0/2003LIMO0496.pdf.
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Le bail demeure l'une des conventions les plus utilisées de nos jours et la majorité des preneurs ou des bailleurs sont mariés. Existe-t-il pour autant une originalité du bail conjugal ? Il est permis de le penser, même si la profusion et l'éparpillement des textes ne facilite guère l'analyse. Si le droit matrimonial infléchit le régime de la location, le droit des baux n'en altère pas moins les règles ordinaires des régimes matrimoniaux. Cette double influence est illustrée par ce qu'il convient de nommer la matrimonialisation et la patrimonialisation du bail des époux. La matrimonialisation du bail des époux consiste en l'attribution de droits sur la location au conjoint du preneur ou à celui du bailleur, au mépris des règles traditionnelles énoncées par le droit des contrats, effet relatif des conventions en particulier. La patrimonialisation du bail des époux traduit l'infléchissement des règles matrimoniales face aux évolutions subies par le droit des baux. Si le système connaît quelques déficiences qu'il convient de caractériser pour mieux les effacer, la spécificité du bail des époux est néanmoins une réalité<br>The lease remains nowadays one of the most common contracts and the majority of lessees and lessors are married people. Could we thus consider that conjugal leases show specific features? Even though the dispersal and the abundance of texts do not facilitate this analysis, we may think so. If matrimonial law bends letting, tenant law influences the basic rules of marriage settlements as well. This double influence is illustrated by what we will name matrimonialisation and patrimonialisation of conjugal leases. Matrimonialisation of conjugal leases consists in granting rights on letting to the lessee's spouse or to that of the lessor despite the basic rules of contracts and more precisely despite the relatire effect of contracts. Patrimonialisation of conjugal leases expresses the reorientation of matrimonial rules faced with the evolutions of tenant law. If the system bears some deficiencies we have to specify in order to erase, the specificity of conjugal leases is nevertheless a reality
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Padé, Olivier. "Le crédit-bail immobilier." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010326.
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Le crédit-bail immobilier a été importé desEÉtats-Unis sous le nom de leasing. Ce contrat a été partiellement réglementé par la loi du 2 juillet 1966. Dans sa configuration de base, le contrat de crédit-bail immobilier est composé d'un bail et d'une promesse unilatérale de vente. Cette simplicité apparente cache en réalité un contrat dont la nature juridique est atypique. Cette technique contractuelle de financement des investissements immobiliers présente un caractère sui generis. Cette qualification du contrat ressort de deux éléments fondamentaux que sont l' originalité et la complexité de cette convention. Elle se distingue des contrats nommés qui la composent et des contrats nommés voisins et se rapproche d'une opération de crédit. Le statut de banque du crédit-bailleur renforce ce caractère financier. Elle est complexe par l' enchevêtrement des obligations empruntées à des contrats connus mais aménagées puis détournées de leur fonction initiale, par la mise en place d'un ensemble de contrats liés les uns aux autres ou groupe de contrats et par l'utilisation de la propriété à des fins de sûreté. Cette originalité et cette complexité découlent de l'utilisation intensive de la liberté contractuelle par les parties. La volonté des parties est toute puissante face à une loi lacunaire qu'est la loi du 2 juillet 1966. Ces particularités du contrat de crédit-bail immobilier induisent un régime juridique autonome et original. Ainsi, on observe le rejet des règles relatives aux contrats nommés voisins (contrat de bail, contrat de vente et contrat de prêt). Inversement, on observe l'application de règles particulières en matière de droit commercial, de droit des procédures collectives et de droit fiscal et comptable. L' étude de ce contrat souligne la difficulté de notre droit à intégrer des institutions juridiques originales et complexes de caractère sui generis.
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Denizot, Christophe. "Droit civil et bail commercial." Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA111008.
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Bennouna, Ahmed. "Aspects fondamentaux du crédit-bail mobilier au Maroc : Arbitrage entre le crédit-bail et l’emprunt." Paris 9, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA090073.
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La problématique centrale de cette thèse est consacrée à la décision de choix entre le financement en crédit-bail et le financement par emprunt des biens d’investissement mobiliers au Maroc. Elle consiste à comparer les coûts actualisés après impôt des deux modes de financement pour déterminer le mode le plus avantageux pour l’entreprise. La comparaison réalisée dans le cadre de cette étude démontre que la décision de choix entre les deux modes de financement est fonction de la nature du matériel à financer, de la déductibilité ou non de la T. V. A, du régime des dotations aux amortissements fiscaux et du coût moyen pondéré du capital de l’entreprise. Pour cela nous avons étudié, au préalable, les aspects juridiques, comptables, économiques et fiscaux du crédit-bail mobilier au Maroc en faisant ressortir les similitudes et les différences essentielles avec le crédit-bail mobilier en France. Nous avons également rappelé les définitions des outils financiers utilisés dans le cadre de ce travail de recherche et passé en revue quelques théories et études empiriques sur le coût du crédit-bail<br>The decision of choosing between leasing and bank loan in Morocco is the main topic analyzed in this study. It boils down to compare between accrued costs after taxes of both financing means to determine the best solution for the company. This study shows that the decision of choosing between both financing means depends on the nature of the equipment to finance, VAT deductibility, depreciation tax regime and weighted average cost of capital of the company. For that, we have studied, at first, legal, accounting, economic and tax aspects of leasing in Morocco as we printed out on the main similarities and differences with leasing in France. We have also reminded the definition of financial tools used in this study and reviewed some theories and empirical studies on the cost of leasing
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Koussougbo, Armand. "L'assurance dans l'opération de crédit-bail." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT3016.
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L'opération de crédit bail est un ensemble contractuel dans lequel plusieurs contrats participent à la réalisation d'un but commun. Il s'agit du financement en vue de l'acquisition ou de la construction d'un bien mobilier ou immobilier. L'opération met en scène un contrat principal autour duquel s'agglomèrent d'autres contrats accessoires. La recherche de la sécurité étant « l'obsession » de l'établissement financier, l'opération se traduit par l'exigence par celui ci de diverses assurances dont chacune couvre un risque bien déterminé. L'assurance apparaît ainsi pour l'établissement financier comme le principal pilier sur lequel repose la sécurité du financement. « L'assurance dans l'opération de crédit bail » vise donc à étudier les différentes assurances exigées par l'établissement financier pour se protéger et protéger les intervenants à l'opération et le bien crédit baillé. Le nombre des protagonistes à l'opération, leurs intérêts souvent communs, parfois opposés, les modes de construction retenus, les techniques d'assurance utilisées complexifient l'opération. Cette thèse juge de l'efficacité de l'assurance dans le crédit-bail en appréhendant les droits et obligations des parties au crédit bail et de l'assureur. Sous le prisme de la couverture des risques de l'opération et de la survenance du sinistre, elle identifie les obstacles auxquels peuvent être confrontées les parties au crédit bail et les remèdes pour les surmonter. L'étude de l'assurance dans l'opération de crédit bail, vise ainsi à servir les intérêts pratiques des opérateurs économiques dans un double souci de sécurité et d'efficacité juridique<br>The leasing transaction is a contractual package in which several contracts are involved in achieving a common goal. It is a source of funding for the acquisition or construction of a movable or immovable property. This operation features a main contract around which are established other ancillary contracts. In view of financial institutions "obsession" over security, the operation involves the requirement by the latter of various insurances each covering a specific risk. In fact, the institution considers insurance the main pillar for securing the funding."Insurance in Leasing Transactions" therefore aims to explore the various insurances required by the financial institution to protect itself as well as the other parties involved in the transaction and leased property. The number of stakeholders in the transaction; their often common, and sometimes conflicting, interests; the construction methods adopted and the insurance underwriting techniques used are likely to complicate the operation. This thesis assesses the effectiveness of the insurance in leasing by appraising the rights and obligations of the stakeholders of the leasing transaction and the insurer. In terms of hedging, the risks of the transaction and of the occurrence of the insured event, it identifies the obstacles which may be encountered by the parties to the leasing and provides solutions to overcome them. Thus, the study of insurance in leasing operations aims to serve the practical interests of the economic operators, for the sake of both security and legal efficiency
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Hucklesby, Anthea. "Bail or jail? : the magistrates' decision." Thesis, University of South Wales, 1994. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/bail-or-jail--the-magistrates-decision(8ea22f4e-8931-4e37-a58d-50bebb9c202a).html.
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The importance of the remand decision cannot be overstated as by definition it deals with, in the main, legally innocent people. On the one hand, a remand in custody can adversely affect the defendants private life and preparation for trial and may result in an increased likelihood of conviction and receiving a custodial sentence and, on the other, a remand on bail may result in further offences being committed. This study is a comprehensive analysis of the remand process in magistrates' courts in England and Wales as it operated in the early 1990s. The thesis provides an extensive analysis of the law relating to bail as well as a detailed picture of its operation in three South Wales magistrates' courts through the use of four data collection methods (observations of remand hearings, an examination of court registers and questionnaires and follow-up interviews with participants). Both national statistics and previous research studies are used to assess the impact of changes which have been made both to the law and policy on bail The findings of the research suggest that the law and policy relating to remand and the operation of the remand process have conflicting aims. However, the dominant principles of its operation are those of crime control. The findings also suggest that the majority of remand decisions are not judicial decisions but are taken executively by other participants in the process (predominantly the prosecution). However, these executive decisions are tempered by the culture of the court in which the participant operates and it is this that explains the variation in court practice and decision making found in the study. The focus of concern of participants was the inconsistent and inappropriate application of the law on bail which they perceived to be a product of the system of lay magistrates. On the whole, they were uncritical of the law on bail. This was exemplified by the problem of offending on bail which many participants believed could be tackled under the existing exception to the right to bail of 'risk of further offences' rather than requiring a change in the law.
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Laisné, Muriel. "L'environnementalisation du contrat de bail commercial." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes 1, 2019. https://ged.univ-rennes1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/8ec4d199-7f70-412a-a2ff-08bd0bd4d906.
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Depuis quelques années, le bail commercial, contrat de droit privé, connaît une environnementalisation, entendue comme l’action grandissante de l’environnement sur cet accord de volontés. Ce mouvement incite à s’interroger sur la question environnementale dans le contrat de bail commercial et plus spécifiquement sur le rôle et l’évolution de ce contrat. Dès lors, il s’agit de rechercher l’environnement dans et par le contrat de bail commercial. Schématiquement, l’environnement est à la fois facteur de perturbation et de socialisation du contrat de bail commercial. D’une part, il intègre massivement des obligations d’information environnementale, lesquelles s’accompagnent de limites et d’incohérences. Outre cette effervescence, la problématique des sites et sols pollués provoque tout au long de la vie de ce contrat de nombreuses interférences entre le droit des baux et le droit de l’environnement (avec les législations d’ordre public sur les installations classées, les déchets et les sites et sols pollués). D’autre part, le bail commercial appréhende l’intérêt général environnemental par l’intermédiaire du législateur, du juge ou des parties, ce qui le conduit à protéger l’environnement. Alors que le statut des baux commerciaux est depuis toujours socialisé pour les besoins du preneur et de son entreprise, avec un ordre public de plus en plus prégnant et une liberté contractuelle cantonnée, cette convention de jouissance est ainsi fonctionnalisée au service de l’environnement. Elle acquiert une fonction sociale à dimension environnementale. L’effet de cette fonctionnalisation est ambivalent puisque le bail commercial est susceptible de présenter des avancées pour l’environnement mais se heurte à des difficultés tant internes qu’externes et peine à adapter son modèle à l’environnement. De ce fait, dans une posture résolument tournée vers la protection de l’environnement, des perspectives sont recensées et suggérées. Les rapports du droit de l’environnement et du droit des baux tiennent à la fois de la concurrence et de la complémentarité devant faire coexister la rentabilité économique et le respect de l’environnement. La dynamique d’imprégnation environnementale engendre un changement de philosophie de ce contrat. L’environnement force au dialogue et à la concertation et modifie les rapports à l’immeuble tandis que le bail commercial scelle l’environnement à un modèle pragmatique en lui apportant une appréhension matérielle dans des rapports locatifs structurés et éprouvés<br>For the past few years, the commercial lease, a contract under private law, has been subject to greening, as the growing trend of being environment-minded when entering into legally binding agreements takes hold. This trend involves increased attention to environmental issues when considering commercial lease contracts and, more specifically, about the role and evolution of the contract. Therefore, we must be aware of the impact of environmental issues in and through the commercial lease agreement. Mechanically, the environment is both a disruptive and a socializing factor in the commercial lease contract. On one hand, there is a massive duty to integrate environmental information, which may involve limits and incoherence’s. Furthering this effervescence of information are issues of contaminated sites and soil causing numerous interferences throughout the life of this contract between lease agreement and environmental law (with public policy legislation on classified facilities, waste and contaminated sites and soil). On the other hand, the commercial lease captures general environmental interests through the rule of law, litigation or interest of involved parties, ultimately leading to environment protection. While the status of commercial leases has always been settled for the needs of the lessee and associated corporate structure, with an increasingly strong public policy and limited contractual freedom, this tenancy agreement is thus geared toward environment concerns. While filling a necessary social function, the lease agreement also acquires an environmental dimension. The effect of adding an environmental concern to the commercial lease is mixed : while likely to present advances for the environment, the lease agreement faces both internal and external difficulties and has a difficulty adapting its model to the environment. Consequently, adopting a resolutely environmental protection-oriented stance, we will identify and suggest perspectives. The relationship between environmental law and contract law is one of competition and complementarity, requiring a blend of economic profitability and respect for the environment. Bringing elements of respect for the environment into a commercial lease agreement is leading to a change in the philosophy of the contract. Respect for the environment forces dialogue and consultation, reassesses perspectives to the leased structure, while the commercial lease brings environmental concerns to a pragmatic model by providing it with a material understanding in structured and proven rental relationships
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Blanc-Jacob, Brigitte Delebecque Philippe. "Le congé dans le bail immobilier urbain /." Paris : L.G.D.G, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40157319m.
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Blanc-Jacob, Brigitte. "Le congé dans le bail immobilier urbain /." Paris : L.G.D.J, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/513088342.pdf.
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Le, Floch Marie-Anne. "Le bail commercial dans les centres commerciaux." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020035/document.
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Les centres commerciaux sont devenus une composante majeure de notre environnement. Mais si le paysage commercial a évolué au cours des cinquante dernières années, les cadres juridiques habituels tels que la copropriété, la concession immobilière, et l’attribution en jouissance se sont révélés inadaptés. Le présent travail propose de démontrer dans un premier temps que le bail commercial demeure l'outil contractuel le plus adapté pour organiser les relations au sein d'un centre commercial. Le succès du bail commercial pourrait toutefois interpeller. Comment une technique juridique construite autour de l’idée de protection et d’indépendance du commerçant traditionnel, peut-elle constituer la technique privilégiée d’organisation des centres commerciaux ? Si la matière demeure gouvernée en partie par l’ordre public, l’analyse de l’évolution de la jurisprudence et des clauses rédigées dans ces types de contrat révèle que le champ d’expression de la liberté contractuelle n’est pas négligeable et que le statut des baux commerciaux s’est adapté aux spécificités des centres commerciaux. En témoigne notamment la jurisprudence sur les clauses-recettes. L’importance quantitative du phénomène, combinée aux problématiques multiples qu’il n’a cessé de soulever et aux évolutions jurisprudentielles et législatives qu’il a engendrées ne doit-il pas conduire à considérer qu’il existerait une catégorie de baux commerciaux dérogatoire pour les centres commerciaux ? C’est ce que notre étude propose de démontrer dans un second temps<br>Commercial picture has changed over the past fifty years. Shopping centers now occupy a key position in real estate. However, usual legal frameworks such as coownership (copropriété), concession (concession immobilière) and attribution into possession (attribution en jouissance) have proven to be inappropriate. The present study provides to first demonstrate that the commercial lease remains the most appropriate contractual tool to organise relationships within a shopping center. One could however be surprised by such a success. Indeed, how could one explain that this legal technique, which was first created to protect traditionnal shopkeepers and their business from any eviction, soon became the favorite technique to organise shopping centers ? It can certainly not be ignored that commercial leases are partially governed by imperative rules. However, either the evolution of case-laws and the terms and conditions negotiated in such contracts intend to prove that the the so-called statut des baux commerciaux has adapted to specific characteristics of shopping centers. The present study intends to demonstrate that there is a class of commercial leases which is specifically adapted to shopping centers and derogates from the common status
22
Bagnéris, Marie-Pierre. "Les modifications du loyer du bail commercial." Toulouse 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU10028.
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Les principes applicables à toute modification du prix du bail commercial entretiennent un regrettable paradoxe : alors que la correspondance du loyer à la valeur locative est vigoureusement affirmée par notre statut, toute une série d'exceptions a été aménagée au fil du temps par le législateur. Elles portent atteinte à ce fondement et renforcent la complexité du système. Le faible niveau des loyers commerciaux modifiés découle de cet interventionnisme et entretient le phénomène des pas-de-porte. L'encadrement conventionnel n'échappe d'ailleurs pas aux restrictions légales, mises à part les clauses-recettes qui jouissent d'un régime marginal consacré par la jurisprudence. La mise en œuvre des modifications du loyer, elle, est soumise au respect de règles de procédure amiable ou contentieuse alambiquées mais portant souvent impératives. Même si les principes permettent de l'envisager, la vérité des loyers restera difficile à atteindre : elle nécessitera le correct maniement préalable de ces exigences formalistes. Les experts pourront être alors sollicités et appliqueront leurs méthodes dans le respect des critères statutaires d'approche de la valeur locative<br>The principles applicable to any modification of the price of a commercial lease are regrettably paradoxical: whereas the correspondence between the rental value and the rent is insisted upon by French law, a series of exceptions have been devised in the course of time by legislators. They undermine this principle and reinforce the complexity of the system. The low level of modified rents derives from the state intervention and favours the key-money phenomenon. The conventional principles cannot evade legal restrictions, except for the takings clauses which enjoy a marginal practice established by jurisprudence. The bringing into play of a rent modification must respect the rules of over-subtle conciliatory or litigious procedures, however very often compulsory. Even if principles allow us to contemplate equitable rents, the just level of rents will not be easy to reach. To do so one will have first to handle property formalist imperatives. Experts will be then called forth and will apply their methods, having regard to legal criteria concerning rental value. The growing integration of France into the European union raises the question of the future of our rules. A comparison with other countries outlines the rigour of our regulations. A simple harmonising of our French system with a "European standard" is neither compulsory nor desirable. Nevertheless the various practices of our neighbours can indeed help us on the way of bettering our system. Besides the study of the 1993 and 1994 bills and the reformatory wishes expressed by theoreticians, priorities come to light to ensure the credibility of our system
23
Ducret, Jean. "Le crédit bail et les collectivités locales." Paris 12, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA122001.
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Les collectivites locales sont, a certaines conditions, autorisees a utiliser le credit - bail pour financer leurs equipements publics et l'immobilier d'entreprise. Il est un procede de droit prive. Cependant, les marches de travaux le concernant entrent dans le champ d'application du code des marches publics, son regime legislatif ne s'oppose pas a c e que des clauses exorbitantes du droit commun soient inserees dans le contrat et celui-ci est de caractere administrati f lorsqu'une collectivite locale est credit-bailleur. En outre, son regime contractuel est compatible avec les exigences du service public et le regime du contrat administratif ne porte pas atteinte aux garanties dont doit pouvoir disposer un investisseur prive<br>The local organizations are, under some circumstances, allowed to finance their fixture and the firm estate. This is a procedure of private law. Meanwhile, the markets of the works concerning it go into the pursuance scope of the public markets law; its legislative regime isn't opposite ot hte fact that some other cluases than those of common law are put in the agreement, the latter has an administrative feature when a local organization is the lessor. Moreover, its contractual regime is compatible with the public utility service requirements and the regime of the administrative contract doesn't intefere with guarantees whose a private investor must be able to dispose of
24
Skandre, Sanae. "Le contrat de crédit bail au Maroc." Perpignan, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PERP0518.
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Lecontrat crédit bail au Maroc, sa naissance, son évolution et son impact sur l'économie marocaine. Il est à noter que ce type de contrat est nouveau au Maroc, il vient d'être réglementé. Nous avons étudié dans une première partie : I/ Les aspects juridiques de ce contrat II/ Les aspects économiques, comptables et financiers de ce contrat
25
Blanc-Jacob, Brigitte. "Le congé dans le bail immobilier urbain." Paris 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA010269.
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L'analyse du congé en acte juridique unilatéral permet de préciser le rôle -incertain en doctrine- de la volonté unilatérale dans la production de la rupture, et définir ainsi la nature exacte des différentes obligations de la rupture unilatérale. C'est l'entier régime du congé, qui est concerné, ses conditions, ses effets, sa sanction. L'analyse du congé en acte de rupture de la relation locative permet de dégager la spécificité du congé par rapport à l'acte de résolution du bail ou l'acte extinctif. Le congé n'est pas seulement un acte de rupture du bail : il peut avoir pour effet de faire obstacle à la tacite reconduction. Il n'est pas un acte simplement un acte extinctif, car il oblige toujours le preneur, directement ou non, à faire quelque chose envers le bailleur : lui restituer les lieux loués en bon état. Le congé est un acte juridique unilatéral de rupture de la relation locative. Ce sont ces deux éléments de définition du congé qui constituent les deux parties de cette étude.
26
Sousa, Junior Altemar Lobão de. "Estudo de Modelos de Campos Escalares." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2010. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/5777.
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Previous issue date: 2010-12-13<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>Is studied in this work two classes of solutions of scalar field theories. The first
chapter deals with one-dimensional static fields models that give rise to topological
defects, having its stability assured by arguments topological. This type of solution
has a simple mathematical approach, however have greatly interest physical. The
second chapter discusses a field theory with stationary solutions which is associated
the a Noether s charge, coming from an internal symmetry of the field. It is called
Q-balls the objects described in the second chapter. The main objective will be to
use the method of deformation to find new solutions type Q-ball.<br>Estuda-se neste trabalho duas classes de soluções de teorias de campos escalares.
O primeiro capítulo aborda modelos de campos estáticos unidimensionais que dão
origem a defeitos topológicos, tendo sua estabilidade assegurada por argumentos
topológicos. Esse tipo de solução tem uma abordagem simples matematicamente,
no entanto apresenta muito interesse físico. O segundo capítulo aborda uma teoria
de campo com soluções estacionárias a qual está associada uma carga de Noether,
provinda de uma simetria interna do campo. Chama-se de Q-balls os objetos
descritos no segundo capítulo. O objetivo principal será utilizar o método de
deformação para encontrar novas soluções tipo Q-ball.
27
Saurat, Marie-Elisabeth. "Le crédit-bail immobilier en droit espagnol et en droit français." Toulouse 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOU10059.
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Le présent travail se propose d'étudier le crédit-bail immobilier en droit français et en droit espagnol. Le crédit-bail immobilier est une opération tripartite dans laquelle une entreprise souhaitant acquérir un bien immeuble satisfaisant ses besoins, par l'intermédiaire du crédit-bail immobilier, passe avec une entité de crédit-bail, un contrat aux termes duquel cette dernière achète ou construit les locaux choisis par le futur crédit-preneur aux conditions et prix convenus. Il apparaît juridiquement que l'entité de crédit-bail soit propriétaire du bien objet du contrat de crédit-bail immobilier. Toutefois, il en va différemment économiquement. Effectivement, sur le plan économique, le crédit-bail constitue une opération de crédit garantie par le droit de propriété, opération dans laquelle les loyers couvrent le paiement du prix, la rémunération et la rentabilité du financement réalisé par le bailleur. Le crédit-bailleur se comporte ici comme un intermédiaire financier ne désirant pas assumer les risques de la chose dus à sa qualité de propriétaire, ni à celle de bailleur. En revanche, le crédit-preneur va se comporter comme le véritable propriétaire puisqu'il a vocation à le devenir en exerçant son option d'achat au terme du contrat. En France et en Espagne, plusieurs règles fiscales sont révélatrices de cette notion de propriété économique du bien immeuble. De plus, en Espagne, nous retrouvons cette notion de propriété économique au niveau de la comptabilité. Il convient de se demander si le régime juridique n'est qu'une apparence influencée par une réalité économique<br>The purpose of this study is to explore real estate leasing in French and Spanish law. Real estate leasing is a tripartite transaction in which a business wishing to acquire a property corresponding to their needs, through real estate leasing, passes by a leasing entity; it is a contract that stipulates the terms under which a business buys or constructs the premises chosen by the future lessee, under the agreed-upon terms and price. Legally, It appears as though the leasing entity is the owner of the property that is subject to the real estate leasing agreement. However, economically, this is not the case. In fact, on the economic level, leasing can be considered as a credit transaction that is guaranteed by Property Law, a transaction in which the rent is to cover the payment of the cost of the property; the lessor will profit from the these payments as well as from the profitability of the property. The lessor acts as a financial intermediary, who does not wish to take on the risk of the venture due to his role as owner, nor the risk of the lessee. On the other hand, the lessee will act as the genuine owner, as he may become the owner of the property by exercising his option to buy at the end of the term of the agreement. In France and in Spain, several fiscal rules show this notion of economic ownership of the property. Furthermore, in Spain, we find this notion of economic ownership on the level of accountancy
28
Brunel, Laure. "Le bail commercial à l'épreuve des procédures collectives." Montpellier 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON10023.
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La mise en etat de redressement ou de liquidation judiciaire du locataire commercant a des repercussions sur le sort du bail commercial. La loi du 25 janvier 1985 sur le redressement et la liquidation judiciaires, recemment reformee par la loi du 10 juin 1994, a pour objectif d'assurer si possible, la sauvegarde de l'entreprise en difficulte, tout en essayant d'apurer le passif. Face a une telle procedure, les droits du bailleur de l'immeuble affecte a l'activite de l'entreprise vont subir certaines restrictions. La diminution des prerogatives du bailleur se fera sentir aussi bien quant au sort du bail commercial, sa survie ou sa fin, mais aussi quant aux regles applicables au paiement des creances du bailleur. Tout au long de la procedure collective, les droits du bailleur vont evoluer, et varieront suivant que l'on se trouve en cours de periode d'observation, ou dans l'une des solutions de la procedure collective<br>The proceedings of a winding-up or banbruptcy of a leaseholder trader has consequences upon the evolution of the lease. The january-25th- 1985 act on the bankruptcy proceedings has been recently modified by the june-10th- 1994 act. Its purpose is to garantee the rescue of the firm in trouble, with trying to settle the liabilities. Within such a procedure, the rights of the owner of the premises of the bankrupt firm will undergo some restrictions in such fields as the future of the lease-its continuation or termination-as well as the provisions to adopt for the settlement of the debt. The rights of the owner will vary all along the collective procedure wether it occurs in the observation period or one of the solutions brought up by the collective procedure
29
Schütz, Rose-Noëlle. "La défectuosité du bien donné à crédit-bail." Poitiers, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992POIT3004.
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La défectuosité du bien donné à crédit-bail révèle la complexité de cette opération de crédit et permet d'apprécier l'opportunité de certaines évolutions du droit commun des contrats. Le crédit-preneur, tiers au contrat de vente de bien loue, ne peut en principe agir contre le vendeur. Il ne peut pas plus agir contre le crédit-bailleur qui s'exonère valablement de son obligation de garantie de une clause de non recours. La jurisprudence subordonne la validité de cette clause à la transmission au locataire des actions attachées à la vente. Ce transfert d'actions n'assure cependant pas une protection satisfaisante des intérêts du crédit-preneur lorsque son action contre le vendeur aboutit à la résolution de la vente. Certes, dans cette hypothèse la cour de cassation, après une longue controverse, prononce la résiliation du crédit-bail. Mais, dans le même temps, elle consacre la validité des stipulations réglant les conséquences de la résiliation qui mettent a la charge du locataire des obligations proches de celles résultant de l'exécution du contrat. Cette solution qui ignore les impératifs de la justice contractuelle dans le dénouement de l'opération devrait lors être abandonnée au profit de la nullité du crédit-bail qui suppose une nouvelle compréhension de la notion de cause dans les groupes de contrats<br>Defectiveness of leased good displays the complexity of this credit operation and allows an opportunity to assess certain developments in contractual commom law. The lessee, third party to the sales contract of the leased good cannot take action against the vendor. What is more, he cannot take action against the lessor who is legitimately exonerated from his obligation of guarantee by a non appeal clause. Jurisprudence sufordinats the validity of this clause to the passing on of legal action attached to the sale to the lessee. This transfer of legal action however, does not ensure satisfactory protection of interest to the lessee when legal action from the lessee against the vendor ends in the resolution of sale. Indeed, in this hypothesis, after a long contreversy, the court of cassation gives a verdict of cancellation of the lease agreement. But at the same time, it establishes the legitimacy of stipulations settling the consequences of the cancellation which charge the lesse with close obligations which are the result of the execution of the contract. This solution, which ignores the obligations of contractual justice in the conclusion of the operation would be abandonned in favour of the nullity of leased agreement which assumes a new understanding of the notion of cause in groups of contracts
30
Martinez, Bellet Laurence. "La convention d'Ottawa sur le crédit-bail international." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010311.
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La thèse porte sur l'organisation des relations tripartites entre le fournisseur, le crédit-bailleur et le crédit-preneur par la Convention d'Ottawa confrontée aux solutions retenues en droit interne. La combinaison de trois éléments, la consécration du pouvoir d'initiative du crédit-preneur dans le choix du bien et du fournisseur, de l'exonération de responsabilité du crédit-bailleur à l'égard du crédit-preneur et la création d'un droit d'action directe du crédit-preneur à l'encontre du fournisseur permet, en premier lieu, de transférer le risque technique du crédit-bailleur au crédit- preneur. Le maintien des actions en anéantissement du contrat de crédit-bail et du contrat de fourniture entre les mains respectives du crédit-preneur et du crédit-bailleur permet, en second lieu, de préserver la nature juridique des deux contrats de base de l'opération et de maintenir les risques financiers liés à l'insolvabilité du fournisseur et à la privation de la rentabilité escomptée de l'opération à la charge du crédit-bailleur. A la différence des solutions retenues en droit interne, la Convention atteint son principal objectif qui est d'assurer l'équilibre entre les intérêts des parties à l'opération en faisant peser la charge finale de la responsabilité liée au contentieux technique sur, le fournisseur et en maintenant les risques financiers liés à l'anéantissement de l'opération à la charge du crédit- bailleur.
31
Brenac, Charles. "La coprise à bail en droit privé français." Toulouse 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOU10034.
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Qui sont les copreneurs et que leur importe-t-il ? Telles sont sans doute les deux problématiques centrales de l’étude de la coprise à bail. Cette dernière ou comme on l’appelle plus communément en matière de baux d’habitation, la « colocation » existe dès lors que l’on est en présence, dans un même bail, de plusieurs copreneurs. Lorsque l’on évoque cette situation, il vient immédiatement à l’esprit la coprise à bail d’habitation par plusieurs étudiants. En effet, mise en lumière par le film « l’Auberge Espagnole » et par la série américaine « Friends », la coprise à bail d’habitation constitue de nos jours un remède à la pénurie de logement étudiant et répond à une nécessité économique indiscutable. Il n’en demeure pas moins que l’étude de la coprise à bail ne saurait se réduire à l’étude des baux d’habitation. En effet, le coprise à bail rural et la coprise à bail commercial sont bien moins connues du grand public mais demeurent incontestablement une réalité juridique quotidienne, tel sera le cas en cas d’acquisition d’un fonds de commerce comportant bail commercial par deux personnes ou en cas de décès d’un fermier entrainant la transmission du bail à ses enfants qui exploitaient avec leur père… Quelque soit le type de bail, l’existence d’une partie plurale - les copreneurs - pose des difficultés et pourtant le législateur n’a pas cru bon de légiférer en la matière, laissant les copreneurs soumis au droit des obligations plurales. Comment vont pouvoir s’exercer à plusieurs les droits que la loi n’a attribué qu’à une seule personne, le locataire ? En effet, la loi octroie çà et là au preneur à bail divers droits tels que, par exemple, le droit au renouvellement, le droit de préemption, le droit de sous-louer ou encore celui de céder son bail à un tiers, mais la loi ne nous indique quasiment jamais comment peuvent s’exercer ses droits en présence d’une pluralité de preneur à bail. C’est bien là, pour le praticien, l’intérêt de cette étude : tenter de pallier l’oubli quasi permanent par le législateur de la cotitularité d’un bail et d’essayer d’apporter des solutions<br>Who are the "copreneurs" (that is to say whose who decide to rent together) and what matters to them ? These are with no doubt the two major issues concerning the "coprise à bail". This latter more commnly named "colocation" (i. E. Co-renting) is actual when several "copreneurs" have got a same lease. When bringing up such a situation at once comes to one's mind the "coprise" à bail" by several students. Enlightening by the film ''The Spanish Apartment" and the American series ''Friends" the "coprise à bail" is a solution to the lack of accommodation and is an answer to an unquestionable economic need. Nevertheless the "coprise à bail" and the commercial one are less taken into account by the people but are unquestionably an every day legal reality : let's take the example of two persons signing a commercial lease when acquiring a business fund or a farmer death involving the lease transmission to his children used to work with their father. . . Whatever the sort of lease, a plural part, the "copreneurs" raises difficulties ; yet the legislator has not legislated on this topic, letting the "copreneurs" facing the plural obligation laws. The question is : how will the right be applied to several people, when the law is only used to envisage one person that is to say : the tenant ? As the matter of fact, the law grants the renter some right such as, for example, the renewal, the preemption one, the right to sublet or the right, to let one's lease another person, but the law hardly ever rights when there are several people concerned in the lease. Thus, that is the relevant point of the study : tempting to compesante for the hardly ever permanent omission of a plural lease by the legislation and trying to bring solutions
32
Diaka, Kouman Aimé. "Le crédit-bail mobilier dans les procédures collectives." Toulouse 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOU10014.
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A en juger par le rythme des réformes, les organismes de crédit-bail n'ont pas tort d'affirmer que le droit des procédures collectives est une matière particulièrement instable susceptible de les désemparer au regard de son impact sur leur activité. C'est pourquoi, cette thèse s'est fixée comme objectif de réaliser un "audit" du contrat de crédit-bail mobilier dans les procédures de traitement des difficultés des entreprises. Ne bénéficiant d'aucun statut particulier, le crédit-bailleur devra se présenter à la procédure paré de sa qualité de cocontractant-propriétaire du bien pour tenter d'en obtenir la restitution. Concomitamment, il mettra en avant sa qualité de cocontractant-créancier de l'entreprise en difficulté, pour essayer cette fois, de recouvrer sa créance restée obstinément impayée. Il entreprendra cette dernière démarche soit dans le cadre des procédures collectives, soit en marge de celles-ci, en appelant les garants personnes physiques ou morales à assumer leurs responsabilités. Ce schéma national n'est pas insensible à la pénétration de la réglementation communautaire dans le droit français et aux effets de la mondialisation des affaires. Ainsi, la rançon de l'ouverture des "frontières financières" conduit le crédit-bailleur international à se couvrir de ses deux apparences pour tenter d'extraire des contraintes de la procédure d'insolvabilité transfrontalière ouverte à l'encontre de son débiteur. Notre analyse se focalise sur l'importance du contrat étudié dans le financement des entreprises. Dès lors, nous suggérons au législateur, aujourd'hui, obsédé par l'anticipation des "faillites", de tenir compte de la "notion d'outil de production majeure", pour conférer aux établissements de crédit-bail un "statut particulier", à défaut de leur reconnaître un "régime spécial" dans les procédures collectives. Le crédit-bail mobilier trouvera ainsi de nouvelles assises pour affronter les mutations annoncées avec notamment l'arrivée prochaine sur le marché du crédit-bail halal sensé être cent pour cent charia compatible<br>Lease-purchase contracts are always among the ones needed in a company rescue. However, insolvency law is perceived as an elusive law which is constantly changing and never definitively completed. Therefore, this study aims to carry out an "audit" of lease-purchase contracts related to the handling of struggling businesses. With no status of any king, the lessor must begin an insolvency procedure to protect his capacity as owner of the leased property and to try to get back his property. Accordingly, he will try to recover the debt and related expenses which remain unpaid. The owner can undertake this approach in the frame of insolvency proceedings, or alternatively outside of insolvency proceedings he can call on guarantors or guardians to assume their responsibilities. This scheme of national law is not impervious to French law via community law and more broadly it can be affected by the globalization of business. Thus, the price of opening "financial borders" results in the lessor covering two aspects in order to escape unscathed from cross-border insolvency proceedings initiated against the debtor. Utimately, more than a simple description of the state of the law, with regard to the importance of contracts studied in corporate finance, we suggest that the legislature take into account the "notion of a major production tool" in getting institutions to establish "special statuses" failing that they should recognize a "special regime" in bankruptcy proceedings for each recovering business
33
Chalvignac, François. "La rédaction d'un acte juridique : le bail commercial." Toulouse 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOU10025.
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Rediger un bail commercial constitue une operation delicate, source d'originalites mais aussi de difficultes. Les parties devront decider si elles desirent ou non que leur convention soit ecrite, elles choisiront ensuite celui qui se chargera de l'elaboration du bail commercial qu'il soit professionnel ou non, enfin la redaction necessitera l'option pour une methode la plus efficace possible. Ces diverses deci, sions seront realisees dans l'objectif unique d'aboutir a un bail commercial refletant les intentions des parties et tentant d'eviter tout litige entre elles. Si un defaut survient dans la redaction du bail commercial, des consequences nefastes se produiront en provoquant la nullite du contrat ou la mise en jeu de la responsabilite du redacteur. L'analyse de ces differents problemes fait apparaitre l'utilite de connaitre cette question pour eviter de commettre des erreurs fatales pour tous les intervenants au bail commercial. La redaction du bail commercial, bien que n'ayant pas attire l'atten, tion des auteurs, se revele interessante car elle est pratiquee quotidiennement par de nombreux juristes de differentes professions et serte de base d'appreciation aux magistrats. Il convient des lors de la prendre en compte eventuellement par la creation d'un statut du redacteur ou de la redaction<br>Drawing up a commercial lease is an intricate and difficult procedure which requires creative foresight. The parties concerned have to decide whether or not the agreement should be a written one. If so, the person in charge of drawing up the document, professional or otherwise, will need to be chosen. The actual writing will also have to be carried out using the most efficient method. These several decisions have a common aim: producing a commercial lease which reflects the interests of all parties concerned and precludes any possible litigation. Should the document contain any technical faults or imperfections, infelicitous consequences would ensue, causing the contract to become nul and void or engaging the responsibility of the person who drew it up. Close scrutiny of the problems inherent in this procedure shows how necessary thorough knowledge and mastery of the subject is, in order to prevent damaging errors from occurring, detrimental to all parties in the lease. Although few authors have shown an interest in the drawing up of commercial leases, it is here demonstrated to be a worthwile subject, as it is an activity practised dally by a variety of members of the legal professions, and used by judges to reach their decisions in court. It would therefore seem advisable to define a professional status and provide recognition for those who draw up commercial leases
34
Telali, Imen. "La clause résolutoire dans le bail commercial statutaire." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU10053.
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La clause résolutoire est une disposition contractuelle permettant aux contractants de rompre unilatéralement le contrat en cas d’inexécution, en dehors de tout recours au juge. Elle peut être prévue au sein de nombreux contrats, l’avantage de rapidité et de prévisibilité de la sanction opérant en dehors du juge, constituant l’intérêt d’une telle clause. Cependant, le juge n’est pas totalement exclu du mécanisme de la clause résolutoire, il interviendra a posteriori pour constater la résolution et le changement de situation juridique. L’intérêt de cette clause en matière de bail commercial se fait d’autant plus ressentir que le droit au bail du preneur est fortement protégé par le législateur à travers notamment le droit au renouvellement illimité du bail. Par ailleurs, la clause résolutoire insérée au bail commercial est abordée par une disposition impérative du statut des baux commerciaux destinée à encadrer son exercice. La présente étude se concentrera ainsi sur le rôle du juge dans l’application de la clause résolutoire dans le bail commercial statutaire. Le bailleur pourra au moyen de la clause résolutoire, rédigée en général dans son seul intérêt, anticiper et organiser la sanction de l’inexécution du preneur sans avoir à souffrir de l’appréciation du juge. Exclu a priori du processus de résolution, le juge appelé à constater postérieurement la mise en œuvre régulière de la clause opérera un contrôle de légalité strict. En parallèle, il disposera également de moyens issus du droit du bail commercial, du droit des entreprises en difficultés et du droit commun des contrats, lui permettant de réaliser un véritable contrôle d’opportunité éloignant ainsi la clause résolutoire de son essence et la rapprochant fortement de la résolution judiciaire. D’une éviction du juge par le contrat, nous assistons à un retour du juge par la loi remettant en cause l’efficience de la clause résolutoire insérée au bail commercial statutaire<br>The resolutory clause is a contractual provision allowing contractors to unilaterally terminate the contract in the event of non-performance, without recourse to the court. It may be provided in many contracts, the advantages of the speed and predictability of the sanction operating outside the court, constituting the interest of such a clause. However, the judge is not totally excluded from the mechanism of the resolutory clause, he will intervene a posteriori to note the resolution and the change of legal situation. The interest of this clause in the matter of commercial lease is all the more evident since the lessee’s right to lease is strongly protected by the legislator through the right to unlimited renewal of the lease. In addition, the subsequent clause inserted in the commercial lease is addressed by a mandatory provision in the statute of commercial leases to govern its exercise. The present study will thus focus on the role of the judge in the application of the subsequent clause in the statutory commercial lease. The lessor may, by means of the subsequent clause, generally drafted in his sole interest, anticipate and organize the penalty for the lessee’s non-performance without having to suffer from the judge’s judgment. Excluded a priori from the resolution process, the judge called upon to ascertain later the regular implementation of the clause will carry out a strict review of legality. At the same time, it will also have means derived from the law of commercial lease, the law of companies in difficulty and the common law of contracts, allowing it to carry out a real opportunity check, thus removing the subsequent clause from its essence and bringing it very close to the judicial resolution. From an eviction of the judge by the contract, we are witnessing a return of the judge by law questioning the efficiency of the resolutory clause inserted in the statutory commercial lease
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Mathewson, Barend Frederick. "Protracted Bail: Justified Hinderence oe an Unwarrented Delay?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4451.
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Mitchell, Megan. "Risk Aversion in the Bail Setting: An Examination of the Predictive Validity of an Ontario Bail Supervision Program’s Risk Assessment Tool." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32572.
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In Canada, bail supervision programs were developed, in partnership with community-based organizations, to promote bail compliance and provide supervision to accused persons who would otherwise have been detained in remand custody. While many of these programs use traditional risk assessment tools to guide supervision, limited research has been conducted on their effectiveness in the bail supervision context. Adopting a quantitative as well as qualitative methodology, this study uses a representative sample of 100 supervision clients from one Ontario bail program to examine the validity of its risk tool – Service Planning Instrument™ (SPIn) Pre-Screen – as well as demographic and criminal justice factors, in predicting bail supervision outcomes. Analyses suggest that SPIn lacks predictive validity in the bail supervision setting. These findings are discussed within the broader context of net widening, as well as the greater bail/remand crisis and the culture of risk aversion that pervades the Canadian criminal justice system.
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Le, Corre-Broly Emmanuelle. "Crédit-bail mobilier et procédure collective : contribution à l'étude du contrat de crédit-bail mobilier en cas de redressement judiciaire du locataire." Lille 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIL20003.
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La premiere partie de cette these consacree a l'etude du contrat de credit-bail dans le cadre de la procedure collective atteignant le locataire, s'attache a mettre en exergue la faiblesse du credit-bailleur cocontractant creancier. La demonstration est apportee par le constat de l'absence de maitrise du sort de son contrat. Il ne peut choisir de rompre la relation contractuelle en arguant de la situation de redressement ou de liquidation judiciaire de son partenaire. Il ne peut davantage s'opposer a la cession de son contrat au repreneur de l'entreprise debitrice. Les risques de non paiement de la creance anterieure au jugement d'ouverture de la procedure de redressement judiciaire du preneur sont grands. Meme si la solution merite des nuances, les garanties de paiement instituees au profit des creanciers posterieurs au jugement d'ouverture seront dans la tres grande generalite des cas, un "miroir aux alouettes". Le regime de l'incertude caracterise le paiement du credit-bailleur creancier. La deuxieme partie de la these a pour objet de mettre en evidence la force du credit-bailleur cocontractant proprietaire. Sa toute puissance est cependant soumise a la condition d'opposabilite de son droit de propriete. Depuis la loi du 10 juin 1994, cette derniere se resume a une publication reguliere de son contrat aupres du greffe competent, laquelle demeure cependant le talon d'achille du credit-bailleur. Une fois posee l'opposabilite de son droit de propriete, le credit-bailleur peut le mettre en oeuvre avec une souplesse certaine. Il apparait ainsi que la legislation du 25 janvier 1985, depuis la reforme du 10 juin 1994, ne contient pas de regles destinees a affaiblir la position du credit-bailleur proprietaire. En outre, le legislateur protege le credit-bailleur au jour du transfert de son droit de propriete, qu'il s'agisse de la levee d'option d'achat par le debiteur ou par le repreneur<br>The first part of this thesis dealing with the study of the contract of leasing concerning bankruptcy or winding-up emphasizes the weakness of leasers co-contracting creditors. The demonstration can be proved by the established fact that the control of his contract is missing. He cannot choose to break the relationships granted by contact, pleading his partner's bandruptcy or winding-up. He cannot either stand in opposition to the transfer of his contract to the buyers of his indebted firm. The risks of non-payment debits previous to the opening judgment of the buyer's bandruptcy or winding-up are great. Even if the solution deserves some touches, the established payment garanties to the benefit of creditors, subsequent to the opening judgment, will be, in most cases, a lark-mirror. The rule of unreliability characterizes the payment of the creditor leaser. The second part of this thesis put forward the powes of the leases co-contracting ownes. His overwhelming power is, however, submitted to the condition of opposability of his patent rights. Since the law of the 10th of june 94 this has been reduced as a regular publication of its contract to the record-office having juridiction, which, howeres, remains the weak spot of the leaser. Once his opposability right on ownerships has been laid down the leaser can carry it out with a certain adaptability. Moreover, the legislator protects the leaser from the daywhen his ownership right was transferred
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Kind, Maximilian Nikolaus [Verfasser]. "Verbindlichkeitsbewertung und Umwandlungsquote im Bail-In / Maximilian Nikolaus Kind." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://d-nb.info/122016416X/34.
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Métallier, Colins Auque Françoise. "Résiliation du bail commercial et procédure collective du preneur." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://edoctorale74.univ-lille2.fr/fileadmin/master_recherche/T_l_chargement/memoires/affaires/metallierc06.pdf.
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Cross, Noel. "Evaluating decision-making in the youth justice bail process." Thesis, Swansea University, 2005. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42555.
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This thesis is about the operation of the youth justice bail process, between initial arrest and sentence (or other final case outcome), in a particular area of England and Wales (known here as Baytown). Following a review of the literature on youth justice bail services, and a critical discussion of the methodology used, the study examines the outcomes of the bail process in Baytown over a three-year study period. It analyses the usage of the different options available for the granting, restriction and denial of young persons' right to bail, by comparing court bail decisions with key case characteristics. In undertaking this analysis, the study not only explains how systematic bail decisions were during the study period, but also shows the impact of these decisions on later stages in the youth justice process, such as sentencing. However, the study also moves beyond quantitative discussion and analysis of the Baytown youth justice process. It does so by explaining the operation of the process in terms of the attitudes towards it of those who have a say in bail decision-making in Baytown. A mixture of quantitative and qualitative techniques, including surveys, semi-structured interviewing and participant observation, is therefore used to explain how local Youth Offending Team staff, local youth court magistrates, and young people on bail perceive the process which their own decisions help to shape. The study concludes by arguing that, despite recent Government rhetoric and policy, widespread discretion continues to exist at local and individual level within the youth justice bail process. Future Government policy in this area must therefore acknowledge the role of discretion in youth justice, rather than simply ignoring or attempting to eradicate it, if bail services for young people are to become more systematic and effective.
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ALVES, Iasmine Andreza Basilio dos Santos. "Estudo farmacognóstico e etnofarmacológico de Croton cordiifolius Bail. (Euphorbiaceae)." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2017. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/23993.
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Previous issue date: 2017-01-13<br>O gênero Croton é um dos predominantes na caatinga, destacando-se pela diversidade de constituintes químicos, usos etnofarmacológicos e atividades biológicas comprovadas. Croton cordiifolius, apesar de ser amplamente utilizada na medicina tradicional para o tratamento de inflamação, dor e distúrbios gastrointestinais, ainda não foi caracterizada nos âmbitos botânico, químico e farmacológico. Este trabalho realizou uma padronização farmacognóstica e avaliou as atividades anti-inflamatória e antioxidante das cascas do caule de C. cordiifolius. Para a caracterização farmacobotânica, foram analisadas em microscópio lâminas semipermanentes da raiz, caule, pecíolo e lâmina foliar. O extrato etanólico do caule de C. cordiifolius (EECc) foi obtido por maceração numa proporção de 10% p/v e posteriormente fracionado com hexano, acetato de etila e água:metanol. O óleo essencial (OECc) foi extraído por hidrodestilação. A composição química do extrato e óleo essencial das cascas do caule de C. cordiifolius foi analisada por cromatografia em camada delgada e cromatografia gasosa, respectivamente. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada mediante quantificação de fenólicos totais e flavonoides e pelos métodos do fosfomolibdênio, 2,2´-azinobis (3-etilbenzotiazolina-6- ácido sulfônico) (ABTS+) e 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrasil (DPPH). A atividade anti-inflamatória tópica foi avaliada por cinco modelos agudos de indução de edema em camundongos: forbol 12-miristato 13-acetato (PMA), ácido araquidônico (AA), fenilpropiolato de etila (EPP), fenol e capsaicina, e pelo modelo crônico de múltiplas aplicações de óleo de cróton. A pesquisa pela fase ativa foi avaliada pelo ensaio do PMA. A caracterização microscópica revelou a presença de esclerênquima circundando o sistema vascular na raiz, núcleos isolados de floema na região medular do caule primário, lâmina foliar hipoestomática, tricomas estrelados com base multicelular presentes no caule primário, pecíolo e lâmina foliar. O EECc apresentou alcaloides, mono- e sesquiterpenos, flavonoides, fenilpropanoides, triterpenos, esteroides e cumarinas. Os principais compostos do OECc foram α-pineno (51.76%) e β-pineno (19.08%). O EECc apresentou atividade antioxidante in vitro e anti-inflamatória in vivo. A padronização farmacobotânica contribuiu na diferenciação de C. cordiifolius de outras espécies do gênero. A análise da composição química do óleo e do extrato foi relatada pela primeira vez na literatura. Os resultados das análises in vitro e in vivo corroboram com a utilização popular de C. cordiifolius como um agente anti-inflamatório.<br>The genus Croton is one of the most predominant in caatinga, standing out for the chemical constituents diversity, ethnopharmacological uses and proven biological activities. Croton cordiifolius, although widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, pain and gastrointestinal disorders, has not yet been characterized in the botanical, chemical and pharmacological fields. This work performed a pharmacognostic standardization and evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of C. cordiifolius stem bark. For the pharmacobotanical characterization, semipermanent slides of root, stem, petiole and leaf blade were analyzed under microscope. C. cordiifolius bark ethanolic extract (CcEE) was obtained by maceration in a proportion of 10% w/v and later fractionated with hexane, ethyl acetate and water:methanol. The essential oil (CcEO) was extracted by hydrodistillation. The chemical composition of of C. cordiifolius stem bark extract and essential oil was analyzed by thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography, respectively. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by total phenolics and flavonoids quantification and by phosphomolybdenum, 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) methods. The topical anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by five acute models of edema induction in mice: 12-myristate 13-acetate phorbol (PMA), arachidonic acid (AA), ethylphenylpropiolate (EPP), phenol and capsaicin, and by multiple applications of croton oil model. Research by the active phase was evaluated by PMA assay. Microscopic characterization revealed the presence of sclerenchyma surrounding the vascular system at the root, isolated nuclei of phloem in the medullary region of primary stem, hypoestomatic leaf blade, starry trichomes with multicellular base present in primary stem, petiole and leaf blade. The CcEE presented alkaloids, mono- and sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, triterpenes, steroids and coumarins. The main compounds of CcEO were α-pinene (51.76%) and β-pinene (19.08%). CcEE showed in vitro antioxidant activity and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. Pharmacobotanical standardization contributed to the differentiation of C. cordiifolius from other species of the genus. The analysis of oil and extract chemical composition was first reported in the literature. The results of in vitro and in vivo analyzes, in turn, corroborate with C. cordiifolius popular use as an anti-inflammatory agent.
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Bletterie, Philippe. "Le contrat de crédit-bail immobilier en droit français." Toulouse 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU10060.
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Le contrat de crédit-bail immobilier est un contrat atypique, présentant un caractère sui generis. Il s'agit d'une technique contractuelle, d'une part, originale car elle se distingue des contrats nommés qui la composent, et d'autre part, complexe car les contrats sont liés les uns aux autres et détournés de leur utilisation initiale. Il s'agit d'une combinaison de conventions indépendantes mais autonomes. Le crédit-bail immobilier met en présence trois acteurs: le bailleur, le preneur et le constructeur des locaux qui exécutera les travaux. Les montages de crédit-bail immobilier sont divers et plusieurs hypothèses de dénouement normal sont possibles<br>The property leasing contract is an atypical contract which presents a "sui generis" nature. It is a question of contractual technique, original on one hand because it is different from the other contracts which make it up, complex on the other hand because contracts are linked and taken away from their initial use. It is a combinaison of interdependent but autonomous agreements. The property leasing needs three people : the lessor, the lessee and the constructor who executes the building work describeb in the contract. The mountings of property leasing are varied and several possibilities of normal outcome are possible
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Frady, Jacky. "La cotitularité du bail d'immeuble en droit positif français." Orléans, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ORLE0007.
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Les personnes qui désirent vivre en communauté sur un bien locatif ou utiliser celui-ci pour leur activité professionnelle ne participent pas toujours toutes a la conclusion du bail. C'est souvent le cas des familles ou seule une personne, qui en est l'élément central, le pourvoyeur d'aliments des autres, est titulaire du bail. Au décès de celle-ci, le droit de jouissance des personnes non-signataires peut être mis en péril en l'absence de parente avec le preneur. Ce sera le cas de son conjoint, de son concubin ou des personnes qu'il avait a sa charge. Pour corriger ces conséquences, le législateur impose le transfert du bail auxdites personnes non seulement lors du décès du titulaire mais aussi lors de son abandon du domicile. De plus, pour assurer une meilleure protection du conjoint du preneur, le législateur lui décerne, par le seul effet du mariage, la qualité de cotitulaire du bail lorsqu'il s'agit de l'habitation effective et exclusive des époux. Les conjoints copreneurs d'un bail rural se voient également accorder un droit personnel au renouvellement de ce bail, alors qu'une jurisprudence constante considère que le droit au renouvellement des copreneurs ruraux est uniquement collectif. Les conjoints bénéficient ainsi de la même stabilité de jouissance, ce qui est important en cas de mésentente. Le critere de participation à la communauté de vie ou de travail est retenu par le législateur pour attribuer aux cotitulaires le droit de solliciter l'attribution préférentielle du bail ou le droit de préemption. De plus, tout copreneur peut, en principe, même s'il est le seul a le faire, exiger du bailleur la poursuite de la relation locative postérieurement à l'échéance. Au-delà des textes relatifs a la cotitularité principalement lies a l'acquisition de celle-ci, la jurisprudence a établi le régime de la cotitularité du bail. Pour cela, elle fait application des règles concernant l'indivision, les obligations solidaires et indivisibles, ainsi que, le cas échéant, des règles relatives à la communauté des époux. Deux aspects opposés caracterisent ce regime; l'un a trait a la protection des cotitulaires, l'autre a la protection du bailleur face aux cotitulaires. La protection des cotitulaires conduit à imposer l'accord de chacun d'eux pour tous les actes concernant la gestion du bien loue au bailleur, sous réserve des possibilités offertes, voire imposées, de<br>Activity do not always take part to the conclusion of the lease. It’s often the case of families where only a person, who is the central component, the purveyor of food for the others, has tenure of lease. A the decease of this, the using right of these no-signators persons can be imperil in absence of kinship with the tenant. It will be the case for the spouse of the tenant, or for the husband of the tenant, for his cohabitee, or for the persons that are chargeable to him. For correcting this result, the french legislator impose the lease transfer to these persons not only at the decease of the tenant, but also at the abandonment of the domicile. Moreover, to assure a better protection of the tenant spouse or of the tenant husband, the french legislator gives him, by the one and only effect of the marriage, the quality of cotenant of the lease, when it's matter of real and exclusive habitation of the married couple. The cotenant couple of a farming lease find himself also beneficiary by a personnal right to the renewal of the lease, while a constant jurisprudence consider that the renewal right is only a collective right. Every member of the couple enjoy so the same stability of using, and it's important in case of dissension. The criterion of participation in life community or in work community is apply by the french legislator to allocate the preferential attribution right of the lease to every cotenant, or to allocate the pre-emptive right. Moreover, every cotenant can, in principle, even if he is the only one to do it, require the continuation of the lease after the term. Beyond the texts of law on the cotenure, concerning principally the acquisition of the cotenure, the french jurisprudence has established the settlement of the lease cotenure. So, this one use the rules concerning joint possession, the several and joint obligations, just as, if the case arises, the rules relative to the communal estate of husband and wife. Two opposite aspects are characteristic of this settlement; the one concerning the cotenants protection, the other concerning the lessor's protection facing the cotenants. The protection of the cotenants lead to impose the agreement of every one of these for the management acts concerning the rented property, subject to the offered possibili
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Selles, Colette. "L'innocence dans l'oeuvre de Murray Bail et Frank Moorhouse." Toulouse 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU20106.
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Murray bail et frank moorhouse sont deux ecrivains australiens contemporains. Le theme de l'innocence se retrouve dans leur oeuvre qui remet en cause la vision idyllique de l'australie consideree comme nouvel eden pour ses avancees sociales. C'est le repli sur un contentement beat favorise par l'eloignement du reste du monde que mettent en evidence les ouvrages des deux ecrivains. Les illustrations et les metaphores de la beance australienne combinent le vide geographique d'un continent en grande partie desertique et la vacance spirituelle d'une societe livree au beotisme. Cet etat d'innocencepercu negativement est aussi lie a l'histoire d'une ancienne colonie qui, jeune nation, s7est longtemps satisfaite de la protection de la grande-bretagne et des etats-unis, et qui, dans son complexe d'inferiorite, s'est contentee des seconds roles et de l'imitation. L'oeuvre de bail et de moorhouse manifeste neanmoins une ambivalence : si elle porte temoignage de l'inferiorite australienne et la denonce, elle manifeste cependant la tentation de revanche d'une societe post-coloniale en marche vers la maturite et l'affranchissement. C'est ainsi que la mere-patrie et le grand frere americain sont demythifies. Les maux de la societe australienne n'en sont pas pour autant gommes dans une oeuvre qui met en scene les souffrances et rebellions suscitees par le philistinisme et l'oppression morale. Les ouvrages de frank moorhouse, tout particulierement, defient le moralisme en brisant bien des tabous, aussi bien des point de vue des moeurs que de l'ecriture. S'inscrivant en reaction contre le realisme, l'oeuvre des deux auteurs offre aussi un regard lucide, souvent sceptique, sur le monde et notre facon de l'apprehender. Elle est a ce titre une interrogation sur la notion de realite et sur la condition humaine.
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Astruc, Emmanuelle. "Contrôle d'étanchéité des ampoules injectables : méthode au bain bleu." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05P110.
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Grech, Diana C. "Explaining Inefficiency in an Ontario Bail Court: Perspectives of Criminal Defence Lawyers." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20085.
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Some academics and government officials have implicated defence counsel as the primary ‘villains’ in lengthy case processing times in Ontario bail courts. It has been suggested that defence counsel contribute to increasing case processing time through their use of ‘unproductive’ adjournments. This study examines this allegation through semi-structured interviews with defence counsel who practise in one Eastern Ontario bail court. The findings put the evidence that blames defence counsel into context and show that the explanations for their conduct are more complex than they may initially appear. They also reveal several explanations for bail inefficiency which are unrelated to the role of defence counsel but correspond grosso modo to the traditional factors associated with lengthy case processing time in the broader court process. The study concludes that although defence counsel are partly responsible for lengthy case processing times in bail court, they are only one contributor among many others.
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Dowidar, Hany. "Du déséquilibre des prestations dans la convention de crédit-bail." Bordeaux 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR1D005.
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Apres avoir precise, dans un titre preliminaire, les schemas de deroulement (credit-bail mobilier, credit-bail immobilier et cession-bail) et les caracteristiques essentielles (operation tripartite et operation financiere) des operations de credit-bail dans la pratique francaise, nous avons demontre, dans une premiere partie, les aspects du desequilibre des prestations, redevances onereuses, risques et charges assumes par le preneur, protection precaire du preneur en cas de vices caches et consequences facheuses de la defaillance du preneur. Dans une seconde partie, nous avons demontre que l'ordre juridique permettait les abus des credit-bailleurs tant des techniques contractuelles que des notions de droit prive, d'ou la realisation du desequilibre; en vue d'y remedier, et vu l'inefficacite de la requalification de la convention, nous proposons soit une reglementation organisationnelle imperative de la convention soit une habilitation du juge de la reviser<br>After having precised in a preliminary title the different scheme (movable leasing, real leasing and lease-back) and the principal caracteristics (tripartite operation and financial operation) of the leasing operations. In the french practice, we demonstrated, in a first part, the aspects of the prestations disequilibrium, high rent, risks and charges assumed by the lessee, optimum protection of the lessor's guaranty, inadequate protection of the lessee in case of concealed defect and dangerous consequences in case of lessee insolvency. In a second part, we proved that the juridical order has shown its passivity towards lessor's abuse of both of contractual technics and private law notions, and so has permessed the disequilibrium. As we noticed the inefficiency of the requalification of the leasing convention, we proposed a new organising imperative regulation of the convention or a power given to the judge for supervising the terms of the convention
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Wincup, Emma. "Waiting for trial : living and working in a bail hostel." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310338.
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Pereira, Katily Luize Garcia. "Atividade Leishmanicida do Extrato Etanólico Bruto de Croton blanchetianus Bail." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2014. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/3260.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Leishmaniasis is a complex of parasitic diseases caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania and transmitted to humans and other vertebrate hosts through the bite of an infected phlebotomine insect. Currently, all drugs used in the treatment of this disease have low efficacy, high toxicity and are associated with parasitic resistance. In this sense, scientific research that indicates a new compounds with leishmanicidal activity are quite promising. The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro the leishmanicidal activity of the crude ethanol extract of C. blanchetianus on L. amazonensis and L. infantum as well as their toxic and immunomodulator effect on murine macrophages. Promastigotes in the logarithmic growth phase were subjected to treatment with different concentrations of the extract for 24 and 72 hours at 26ºC, and the viability was measured by the method of Alamar Blue . A greater inhibition was observed in L. amazonensis with an IC50 of 73.6 μg/ml in 24 hours of incubation and 42.6 μg/ml at 72 hours. In L. infantum extract showed an IC50 of 208.7 μg/ml in 24 hours and 108.9 μg/ml at 72 hours. Regarding the reduction of viability, L. amazonensis showed a death percentage of 68.8% with 100 μg/ml of the extract after 24 hours of treatment and approximately 100% after 72 hours, whereas for L. infantum this level of inhibition was not seen with 250 μg/ml of the extract. For the analysis of antiamastigota activity, infected macrophages were treated with different concentrations of the extract and incubated for 72h at 37° C, and the rate of infection was determined by staining method with hematologic pigment and counts in optical microscopy. It was found a higher dose-dependent inhibition in L. amazonensis with an IC50 of 3.10 μg/ml. In L. infantum there was a lower activity of the extract which present an IC50 of 8.83 μg/ml. At lower concentration tested (3 μg/ml) there was a reduction in the viability of L. amazonensis around 44%, while in L. infantum, this level of inhibition was only observed with 7 μg/ml of extract. The cytotoxicity was performed on murine macrophages incubated with different concentrations of the extract for 72 hours at 37°C and the viability was measured by Alamar Blue method. The LD50 observed was 83.79 μg/ml and the selectivity index calculated was 27 to L. amazonensis and 9.5 for L. Infantum, revealing a higher toxicity of the extract in the parasites than in macrophages.Treatment with the extract not modulated the macrophage for nitric oxide synthesis, as verified by Griess reaction. However, interfered in the morphology of promastigote forms, being observed parasites with a rounded body and/or double scourge. Therefore, the data presented in this study indicate that the ethanol extract of C. blanchetianus presents leishmanicidal activity on promastigote and amastigote forms of L. amazonensis and L. infantum, being more effective against the species L. amazonensis, especially on the amastigote form, without causing, however, toxicity to the host cell.<br>A leishmaniose é um complexo de doenças parasitárias causadas por protozoários do gênero Leishmania e transmitidas ao ser humano e outros hospedeiros vertebrados por meio da picada de um inseto flebotomíneo infectado. Atualmente, todos os medicamentos utilizados no tratamento dessa doença apresentam baixa eficácia, alta toxicidade e estão associados à resistência parasitária. Nesse sentido, pesquisas científicas que indiquem novos compostos com atividade leishmanicida são bastante promissoras. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar in vitro a atividade leishmanicida do extrato etanólico bruto de C. blanchetianus sobre L. amazonensis e L. infantum, bem como o seu efeito tóxico e imunomodulador sobre macrófagos murinos. Promastigotas na fase logarítmica de crescimento foram submetidos ao tratamento com diferentes concentrações do extrato por 24 e 72 horas a 26ºC, e a viabilidade foi mensurada por meio do método de Alamar Blue . Uma maior inibição foi vista em L. amazonensis com um IC50 de 73,6 μg/ml em 24 horas de incubação e de 42,6 μg/ml em 72 horas. Em L. infantum o extrato apresentou um IC50 de 208,7 μg/ml em 24 horas e de 108,9 μg/ml em 72 horas. Em relação à redução da viabilidade, L. amazonensis apresentou um percentual de morte de 68,8%, com 100 μg/ml do extrato, em 24 horas de tratamento e aproximadamente 100% em 72 horas, enquanto que em L. infantum este nível de inibição só foi visto com 250 μg/ml do extrato. Para a análise da atividade antiamastigota, macrófagos infectados foram tratados com diferentes concentrações do extrato e incubados por 72h a 37ºC, e o índice de infecção foi determinado por coloração com corante hematológico e contagem em microscopia óptica. Verificou-se uma inibição dose-dependente maior em L. amazonensis com um IC50 de 3,10 μg/ml. Em L. infantum houve uma menor atividade do extrato que apresentou um IC50 de 8,83 μg/ml. Na menor concentração testada (3 μg/ml) houve uma redução na viabilidade de L. amazonensis por volta de 44%, enquanto que em L. infantum, este nível de inibição só foi observado com 7 μg/ml do extrato. A avaliação da citotoxicidade foi realizada em macrófagos murinos, incubados com diferentes concentrações do extrato por 72h a 37ºC e a viabilidade foi mensurada pelo método de Alamar Blue . O LD50 observado foi de 83,79 μg/ml e o Índice de Seletividade calculado foi de 27 para L. amazonensis e 9,5 para L. Infantum, revelando uma maior toxicidade do extrato nos parasitos do que nos macrófagos. O tratamento com o extrato não modulou o macrófago para a síntese de óxido nítrico, como verificado pela Reação de Griess. Contudo, interferiu na morfologia das formas promastigotas, sendo observados parasitos com corpo arredondado e/ou flagelo duplo. Portanto, os dados apresentados nesse estudo indicam que o extrato etanólico de C. blanchetianus apresenta atividade leishmanicida sobre as formas promastigota e amastigota de L. amazonensis e L. infantum, sendo mais efetivo frente à espécie L. amazonensis, principalmente sobre a forma amastigota, sem causar, no entanto, toxicidade à célula hospedeira.
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Tixier, Jean-Luc. "Le bail à construction : de la théorie à la pratique." Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010283.
Full textAbstract:
L'examen de la pratique du bail à construction après trente ans d'existence révèle une utilisation limitée en raison d'obstacles théoriques. Si toutes les conséquences sont tirées de sa nature de titre constitutif d'un droit de superficies, plusieurs obstacles à l'origine et cet insuccès sont écartés. L'identification des limites qui séparent le bail à construction des autres contrats de louage de longue durée, notamment du bail emphytéotique, permet de préciser son champ d'application, de l'étendre aux opérations en volumes et de mesurer l'ampleur des prérogatives de son titulaire. Les règles particulières d'affectation hypothécaire, les difficultés d'insertion dans le mécanisme de la copropriété des immeubles bâtis, et des analyses juridiques et fiscales souvent divergentes demeurent source d'inconvénients. La pleine exploitation de la nature juridique du bail à construction et du dispositif législatif réduit permettent de corriger les principaux défauts et de définir des principes de rédaction d'un contrat adapté<br>The study of the practice of construction leases after thirty years of existence reveals a limited use of these leases due to theoretical obstacles. If all of the conclusions are drawn from its nature as a deed constituting a right to a given surface, several obstacles at the origin of its lack of success may be ruled out. The identification of the limits which distinguish the construction lease from other long term rental agreements, in particular from the emphyteusis lease allow its scope to be specified, its operations in volume to be extended and the extent of the prerogatives of its holder to be assessed. The specific rules of mortgage allocation, the difficulties of integration of the constructed buildings into the co-ownership mechanism and the often differing legal and tax analyses, remain a source of drawbacks. The full use of the legal nature of the construction lease and of the reduced legal mechanism allow the main defects to be remedied and the drafting principles of an appropriate agreement to be defined