Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Métrologie optique'
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Adapa, Bharath Reddy. "L'analyse de front d'onde appliquée à la métrologie de surface optique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALY032.
Full textSynchrotrons use a variety of mirrors for reshaping or redirecting X-ray beams. The mirrors can have lengths up to 1.5 m and surface figure errors below 1 nm. Characterization of these mirrors requires advanced metrology tools. More commonly used instruments are Long Trace Profilers (LTP), Nanometer Optical Component Measuring Machines (NOM), Fizeau interferometers and Micro interferometers. The Stitching Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHARPeR) is a novel 2D slope measuring instrument developed as an integrated commercial product by Imagine Optic and Q-Sys, and uses subaperture stitching algorithms to measure synchrotron mirrors. This thesis has improved the performance of the SHARPeR installed at ESRF. New measurement techniques have been developed to reduce errors from aberrations of optical elements. The impact of mechanical translation errors and environmental errors such as those from air turbulence and temperature fluctuations upon measurement repeatability and accuracy have been characterized, and consequent improvements have been made to the instrument design. The performance of subaperture stitching algorithms has been explored and an open source stitching software package has been developed with multiple working algorithms. The improved instrument performance has been verified using comparative measurements of various artefact mirrors, and comparing to results obtained from more established metrology instruments such as LTP, Fizeau and Micro-interferometers
Mohamed, Ajmal Khan. "Métrologie optique en hypersonique à haute enthalpie pour la rentrée atmosphérique." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00829327.
Full textMoreau, Julien. "Nouvelle métrologie optique pour l'amélioration des performances de l'antenne gravitationnelle VIRGO." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066337.
Full textKhodnevych, Vitalii. "Etudes de lumière diffusée pour le système de métrologie optique LISA." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03177562.
Full textThe Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is a space-based gravitational wave observatory now in Phase A. The measurements of the gravitational waves are performed by precise heterodyne interferometric measurements. If any light, which was not intended into the design (stray light), couples to the interfering beams, the measurements will be perturbed. Scattered light differs from other types of stray light (such as diffraction at apertures, stray reflection or transmission) in that it results from an unknown roughness profile or dust contamination distribution: no exact evaluation is possible. The thesis is dedicated to the studies of the consequences of the scattered light on interferometric measurements. When a rough surface is illuminated by a coherent, monochromatic beam of light, a scattering process takes place, and the scattered light shows a grainy structure called speckle. A similar pattern is also observed in the case of scattering from particulate contamination, or due to the irregularities in the structure of optical fibers. This thesis is devoted to the study of the scattering of coherent light, and the perturbation of the readout of an interferometer due to the presence of scattered light. For these studies of coherent light scattering, I use two approaches: numerical modeling and experimental measurements. I have developed a numerical model of coherent scattering due to microroughness. It is in agreement with the Harvey-Schack model of the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF). From the other side, it correctly describes the observed features of coherent scattering: amplitude and intensity distribution, the spatial dimension of the single speckle grain. Another numerical model, which I have developed, is used to describe coherent backscattering in optical fibers. The result of the model coincides with the conventional, incoherent model. In addition to this, it correctly describes the features of coherent scattering observed on an experiment made at the Albert Einstein Institut in Hannover: intensity distribution and temperature change rate.Two fibered, homodyne interferometric setups (at 1.55 µm and 1.06 µm) were built for experimental studies of the coherent scattering. These studies' necessity is driven by the need for an accurate description of coherent scattering effects in interferometric setups, such as LISA. Both setups have demonstrated the presence of a speckle type response. A signal processing algorithm was specially developed to measure low backscattering values from the optical surfaces. The measurement floor of the 1.06 µm setup reaches 10-13 in relative power, and 10-5 1/sr in BRDF, which matches modern, state-of-the-art BRDF meters.The same experimental setups were used to study coherent scattering due to contamination. The results of the measurements were compared with the Mie scattering theory. Besides this, I have used conventional methods to study scattered light due to micrometeoroid damage. The impact on an optical surface by a micrometeoroid gives rise to a specific type of stray light inherent only in space optical instruments. This causes a double source of light scattering: the impact crater, and the ejected contamination. I propose a method of stray light estimation and apply it to the case of the LISA telescope. I have estimated upper limits for the backscattering fraction for nominal (4 years) and extended (10 years) mission durations.This work brings an ensemble of experimental and modeling studies that improve the knowledge of the properties of coherently scattered light, and its consequences in high precision interferometric instruments
Loriette, Vincent. "Développement des méthodes et outils de métrologie optique pour le projet VIRGO." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 1995. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00649943.
Full textSteinmann, Thomas. "Métrologie optique en dynamique des fluides appliquées à l'écologie physique des insectes." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4050/document.
Full textFlow sensing is used by a vast number of animals in various ecological contexts, from preypredator interactions to mate selection, and orientation to flow itself. Among these animals, crickets use hundreds of filiform hairs on two cerci as an early warning system to detect remote potential predators. Over the years, the cricket hairs have been described as the most sensitive sensor in the animal kingdom. The energy necessary for the emission of an action potential by its sensory neuron was estimated to be a tenth of the energy of a photon. This PhD thesis aims to describe recent technological advances in the measurement and model of flows around biological and artificial flow sensors in the context of organismal sensory ecology. The study and understanding of the performance of sensory systems requires a high spatial precision of non-intrusive measurement methods. Thus, non-contacting measurement methods such as and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), originally developed by aerodynamics and fluid mechanics engineers, have been used to measure flows of biological relevance. The viscous oscillatory boundary layer surrounding filiform hairs has been visualized and used as input to model the mechanical response of these hairs, described as second order mechanical systems. The viscous hydrodynamic coupling occurring within hair canopy was also characterized using PIV measurements on biomimetic micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) hairs, mimicking biological ones. Using PIV, we have also measured the air flow upstream of hunting spiders. We prove that this flow is highly conspicuous aerodynamically, due to substantial air displacement detectable up to several centimeters in front of the running predator. This disturbance of upstream air flows were also assessed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with the finite elements method (FEM). The development of non-intrusive measurement and CFD methods and their application to the analysis of the biological flow involved in cricket sensory ecology allowed us to revisit the extreme sensitivity of cricket filiform hairs. We predicted strong hydrodynamic coupling within natural hair canopies and we addressed why hairs are packed together at such high densities, particularly given the exquisite sensitivity of a single hair. We also proposed a new model of hair deflection during the arrival of a predator, by taking into account both the initial and long-term aspects of the flow pattern produced by a lunging predator. We conclude that the length heterogeneity of the hair canopy mirrors the flow complexity of an entire attack, from launch to grasp
Alata, Romain. "Instrumentation pour l'astronomie et métrologie à l'aide de MOEMS." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0367.
Full textMicro-opto-electro-mecanical systems (MOEMS) are primordial tools for future applications in several scientific fields as telecommunications or image display. Astronomy takes also advantage of their great adaptatbility thanks to the development of adaptative optics; a new spectro-imager called BATMAN has recently been develloped to be installed at Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) in the Canaries Islands. The control of the MOEMS allowing computerizing this processus has been the starting point of my work at the LAM.The main part of this manuscript deals with another application conceived thanks to the association of the characteristics of MOEMS and photosensitive materials developed at Politecnico di Milano (Italy). These materials can be put in two states differentiated by their transparency. The MOEMS, initially used to display images, allows controlling the dose of light projected on the photocrhomic plate which reacts by becoming more and more transparent. This process permit to record Computer Generated Holograms (CGHs) in grayscale which are used in optical metrology. Today, binary CGHs are used but our process allows to record amplitude quantified CGHs with a resolution of 13.68 µm and a precision better than 1% in term of transparency, even with a non homogeneous illumination beam. Comparative studies have shown advantages of quantified CGHs of Fresnel and Fourier families. Two new Fourier algorithms have been conceived thanks to use of the third dimension offered by the control of the transparency. They have been realized and tested succesfully, and have shown much better performances than the current binary coding, so called Lee algorithm
Bitard, Hugo. "Mesures de non réciprocités magnéto-électro-optiques par métrologie de fréquence." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU30147.
Full textThis thesis is in the field of frequency metrology. It relates the observation of a bilinear magneto-electric effect in E and B in dilute media, not yet observed at the beginning of this thesis. We are particularly interested in cases where E and B are mutually orthogonal. To detect this effect, we use a high finesse Fabry-Perot ring cavity with 4 mirrors. A beam emitted by an infrared laser is split into two in order to circulate in two counterpropagating directions inside the optical cavity. This cavity contains rods delivering orthogonal electric and magnetic fields to each other and also orthogonal to the propagation vectors of the two intra-cavity beams. The application of E and B changes the resonant frequencies of the optical cavity for the two directions of propagation. This is called magneto-electric directional anisotropy. This effect was first observed in nitrogen gas at atmospheric pressure and in a followinf experiment in a crystal of Er: YAG. Next we modified the original experimental device, by putting it under vacuum in order to measure the effect of magneto-electric directional anisotropy in gases at sub-atmospheric pressures. Moreover, eigen polarization measurements of non-planar optical cavities have also been made to emphasize the importance of these for measuring the effect of magneto-electric directional anisotropy. It was made using bowtie cavities, highly non-planar with negligible birefringence in reflection, and ring cavities, slightly non-planar with a significant birefringence in reflection. These cavities are similar to the ones used for the detection of the magneto-electric effect studied in this thesis
Diaz, Romain. "Métrologie de l'endommagement laser des composants optiques en silice en régime nanoseconde." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4390/document.
Full textIn this thesis, laser-induced damage phenomenon in fused silica components is investigated in the nanosecond regime. This material is one of the most widely used in optics, particularly on high-energy laser facilities such as the Laser MégaJoule. In order to ensure the nominal operation of this kind of laser facility, laser-induced damage on optical components has to be understood and controlled. This phenomenon consists in an irreversible modification of the material. In the nanosecond regime, laser-induced damage is tightly correlated to the presence of precursor defects which are a consequence of the synthesis and the polishing of the components. The interaction between these precursor defects and the laser pulses strongly depends on the laser characteristics. The first study focuses on the metrology of the laser beam used in laboratory to study laser-induced damage. The second one consists in a parametric study of the initiation mechanism on the rear surface of fused silica components. The last part deals with the influence of nonlinear propagation on laser induced damage on the surface and in the volume of thick fused silica samples
Blondel, Damien. "Conception et réalisation d'une sonde de métrologie optique pour l'étude de milieux industriels complexes." Rouen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ROUES016.
Full textBillard, Franck. "Métrologie de l'indice non-linéaire dans les verres en régime nanoseconde, picoseconde et sub-picoseconde." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011812.
Full textNous avons développé un modèle numérique permettant d'étudier le signal. Nous montrons que le profil spatial du faisceau avait une grande importance sur la mesure. Ensuite la réalisation expérimentale des bancs comprenant tous les moyens de caractérisation nécessaires à une mesure absolue est détaillée.
Enfin, une étude de l'indice de réfraction non-linéaire de la silice est entreprise pour différents régimes temporels. Une grande dépendance avec la durée des impulsions et l'absence d'effets thermiques sont constatées ainsi qu'une contribution non négligeable de l'électrostriction en nanoseconde.
Giraud, Nicolas. "Apport des techniques d'analyse d'image pour l'étude et la réalisation d'un instrument de métrologie optique." Saint-Etienne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995STET4015.
Full textBaranger, Philippe. "Détection du kérozène par imagerie de fluorescence induite par laser, pour application sur foyer aéronautique." Paris 11, 2004. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009189.
Full textThe new concepts of aeronautical engines, developed to follow the evolution of the european standards of pollution, are generally based on an improvement of the processes of liquid fuel injection and mixture in the combustion chamber. There is currently no model mature enough to work without experimental validation. The purpose of this thesis is to assess the possibility of measuring the kerosene (jet a1) vapour distribution by plif (planar laser induced fluorescence). That measurement technique must quantitatively image the instantaneous concentrations fields of the vaporized fuel in a spray. The implementation of such a technique needs an experimental spectroscopic study, which was realized on the vapour of fuel. First of all, this study allowed us to determine the properties of the kerosene fluorescence spectrum versus physical parameters such as temperature, pressure or gas mixture composition, especially in presence of oxygen molecules. Then, it was shown that the fluorescence spectrum of the fuel could be reproduce in all physical conditions by a single mixture of four aromatics. Their photophysical properties were also analyzed. Following this spectroscopic study, a phenomenological model for the fluorescence of the gaseous fuel was set up. This model led us to a protocol for an optical diagnostic on this fuel vapour. An experiment was set up to test the implementation and the limits of this technique in simple laboratory conditions. This experiment confirmed that this is indeed a promising technique for the diagnostic of the fuel vapour in aeronautical engine
Seat, Han Cheng. "Capteurs à fibres optiques pour la métrologie, la géophysique et les déformations mécaniques." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01068810.
Full textKnoop, Martina. "Confinement d'un ion unique de Ca+ pour la métrologie des fréquences optiques." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009442.
Full textAmara, Mohamed Kamel Eddine. "Applications de l'effet photoréfractif en métrologie optique : velocimetrie holographique par imagerie de particules & vélocimétrie Doppler laser." Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES019.
Full textArezki, Yassir. "Algorithmes de références 'robustes' pour la métrologie dimensionnelle des surfaces asphériques et des surfaces complexes en optique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLN058.
Full textAspheres and freeform surfaces are a very challenging class of optical elements. Their application has grown considerably in the last few years in imaging systems, astronomy, lithography, etc. The metrology for aspheres is very challenging, because of the high dynamic range of the acquired information and the traceability to the SI unit meter. Metrology should make use of the infinite norm; (Minimum Zone Method or Min-Max method) to calculate the envelope enclosing the points in the dataset by minimizing the difference between the maximum deviation and the minimum deviation between the surface and the dataset. This method grows in complexity as the number of points in the dataset increases, and the involved algorithms are non-deterministic. Despite the fact that this method works for simple geometries (lines, planes, circles, cylinders, cones and spheres) it is still a major challenge when used on complex geometries (asphere and freeform surfaces). Therefore, the main objective is to address this key challenge about the development of Min-Max fitting algorithms for both aspherical and freeform surfaces as well as least squares fitting algorithms, in order to provide robust reference algorithms for the large community involved in this domain. The reference algorithms to be developed should be evaluated and validated on several reference data (softgauges) that will be generated using reference data generators
Meneses, Jaime. "Système optique pour la mesure des déformations de la voûte plantaire sous charge statique." Université de Franche-Comté. UFR des sciences et techniques, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BESA2061.
Full textDifferent techniques of measurement has been developed in biometrology in order to validate mechanical models of foot. The most important disadvantages of this techniques are theirs characteristic invasif and the lot of information needed. Recently, the functional exploration group of C. H. U. Besançon have proposed a 3D model that takes account of nonlinear and viscoelastic behaviour of foot. The purpose of this work is to design and develop of a profilometry system based on fringe projection, for the measurement of arch foot deformation under conditions of static load. The major constraint imposed to system is their resolution that must be lower than 100 µm within the observation field of 300 x 120 x 40 mm. The first part of this work shows that the telecentric approximation is the main source of error. The second part is dedicated to the realization of this system and their characterization. The resolution obtained is 44 µm within the observation field, for 50 gray scale of fringe contrast over 256 possible. This resolution was been obtained with: a projection from a LCD projector, a multi sensor acquisition, the correction of geometric aberrations, the correction of deformations which are due to the nontelecentric observation and projection, and the use of calibration curves. The last part describe the application of system to measure the deformation of normal foot under static load. We have measured in this way a deformation of 0. 5 mm for the height of the arch foot at 5 kg of load applied over the patient's knee. Subsequently, we have demonstrated the viscoelastic behaviour of foot measuring the hysteresis cycles for loads between 5 to 45 kg
Olivier, Thomas. "Contribution à la métrologie de l'indice de réfraction et de l'absorption non-linéaires dans le régime nanoseconde : amélioration de la méthode de Z-scan et simulations numériques." Aix-Marseille 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX30002.
Full textWhen a high power laser beam goes through a transparent material, self-focusing may lead to a degradation of the wave surface quality or to a damage of the material. In order to have a better understanding of these phenomena, it is crucial to obtain an accurate measurement of the nonlinear refractive index. In the nanosecond regime, several mechanisms may lead to a photoinduced variation of the nonlinear refractive index. In order to study the photoinduced variations of the nonlinear refractive index in the nanosecond regime, a sensitive measurement bench of small nonlinear refractive indexes has been developed. This measurement bench is based on a beam distortion measurement method: the Z-scan method. Thanks to a perfect mastery of the metrology and a very general simulation algorithm, the nonlinear refractive index can be measured with a sensitivity equal to /3000 on the optical path variation inside the material and an absolute error estimated to be 12% at 1064 nm and 16% at 532 nm on the nonlinear refractive index. In these conditions, the nonlinear refractive index of silica and BK7 was measured at 1064 nm and 532 nm. A non negligible contribution of electrostriction and thermal effects was noticed
Rihan, Abdallah. "Sources laser non linéaires accordables dans l'infrarouge et l'ultraviolet pour la métrologie des rayonnements optiques." Phd thesis, Conservatoire national des arts et metiers - CNAM, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00705888.
Full textBillault, Vincent. "Dynamique et applications des boucles optiques à décalage de fréquence pour l'optique hyperfréquence et la métrologie." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALY036.
Full textOver the past decades, frequency shifting loops have shown unprecedented performances in the field of microwave photonics. A detailed understanding of the particular architectures represents an essential step in their optimization regarding the targeted applications. The objectives of this thesis are to provide a dynamic description of frequency shifting loops, and to study in depth their use in two concrete cases of applications: the generation of pulses with high repetition rate and low phase noise, and the generation of chirps with large bandwidth.We have studied theoretically and experimentally the formation of the frequency comb in the transient regime of frequency shifting loops, as well as the stability of the pulse train emitted by the loop in the stationary state. Understanding the phenomena and mechanisms involved in the two models developed based respectively on the rate equation of the laser and the noise transfer function of the loop, allow us to propose different solutions to optimize the architecture of frequency shifting loops.Eventually, we have proposed two applications for which we have shown the advantages of frequency shifting loops: optically-assisted sampling of wideband radiofrequency signals, as well as optical metrology such as telemetry or optical sensors
Oulamara, Aomer. "Inspection optique et reconnaissance des formes bidimensionnelles dans le domaine de l'analyse d'écriture, de l'imagerie industrielle et de la métrologie speckle." Besançon, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BESA2037.
Full textSadouni, Achour. "Réalisation et caractérisation métrologique d'un pyromètre accordable." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CNAM1012.
Full textThis PhD Thesis presents the work that has been done to design and build, along with the evaluation of the radiometric performance, of a radiation pyrometer based on acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF). Part of this work has been given to the characterization of the acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF); however, the other part has been dedicated to the development and the optimization of the radiation pyrometer.Unlike conventional pyrometers whose spectral selection is obtained an interference filters, the AOTF that has been used in this work enables direct calibration of the radiation pyrometer using laser sources without any interference effects. This in turns allows direct calibration of the pyrometer against the cryogenic radiometer or through trap detectors with lower uncertainty levels. The spectral range selected by the AOTF is adjusted by changing the frequency applied to the filter without any mechanical movement, which is an advantage compared to grating-based systems.One of the main limitations in using AOTF is the existence of diffraction lobes which appear beyond the in-band spectral range. These lobes result in significant deterioration in the blocking capabilities of the filter, and thus an increased out-of-band signal levels are obtained. However this has been solved by using a double-pass optical configuration, which has reduced these diffraction lobes and kept them within insignificant levels. The resultant out-of-band signal levels have been found within 10-5 of the in-band signal. The reproducibility of wavelength calibration is within 0.01 nm, yet with 0.1 % reproducibility in the amplitude of the in-band signal over a course of one week. The stability of wavelength is comparable to that found in high quality monochromators. This in turns allows the use of our pyrometer in metrological applications that require high level of accuracy. The instrument spectral coverage can be tuned over a wide spectral range, between 600 nm and 950 nm. The pyrometer is also transportable as its mass is less than 20 kg and with dimensions of 90 L x 20 H x 30 W cm. The performance and metrological characterization of the pyrometer have been validated by measuring the thermodynamic temperature of the freezing point of the copper, which was in a very good agreement with that value defined by the International Temperature Scale (ITS-90)
Burcklen, Catherine. "Microscope X dans la fenêtre de l’eau : conception, miroirs à revêtements multicouches et métrologie associée." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLO002/document.
Full textThe observation of biological samples at a nanometer scale is currently a major topic for biology. In particular, X-ray microscopy in the water-window (between Oxygen and Carbon K-alpha edges, corresponding to a wavelength between 2.4 and 4.4 nm) is off remarkable interest since it enables the visualization of biological samples with a natural high absorption contrast and a high resolution thanks to the short working wavelength. Several such x-ray microscopes have already been developed and showed resolutions down to 12 nm. In this context, we develop at Laboratoire Charles Fabry a full field, near normal incidence mirror based X-ray microscope. The optical design of the microscope was studied and optimized in a first place. It is based on a Schwarzschild objective, with a rather long working distance so that the installation of the sample will be facilitated. The mirrors are to be coated with very short period multilayer coatings containing chromium and scandium. Several multilayer systems with sub-nanometer thick layers ere studied in order to obtain the highest reflectance possible near normal incidence at a wavelength near 3.14 nm. Those systems were Cr/Sc, Cr/B4C/Sc, CrN/Sc and CrN/B4C/Sc. A peak reflectance of 23% has been measured for CrN/B4C/Sc at an incidence angle lower than 5°
Gallais, Laurent. "Endommagement laser dans les composants optiques : métrologie, analyse statistique et photo-induite des sites initiateurs." Aix-Marseille 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX30069.
Full textThis thesis deals with laser damage phenomena for nanosecond pulses, in optical components such as glasses, dielectric and metallic thin films. Firstly, a work is done on the laser damage metrology, in order to obtain accurate and reliable measurement of laser-induced damage probabilities, with a rigorous control of test parameters. Then, with the use of a specific model, we find densities of laser damage precursors in the case of bulk glasses (few tens by (lOO micro-m)3) and in the case of glass surfaces (one precursor by micro-m3). Our analysis is associated to morphology studies by Atomic Force Microscope to discuss about precursor nature and damage process. Influence of wavelength (from 355 to 1064 nm) and cumulated shots is also studied. Simulations are performed to study initiation mechanisms on these inclusions. This work gives an estimation of complex index and size of the precursor, which permits to discuss about possible detection by non-destructive tools
Bercy, Anthony. "Liens ultra-stables par fibres optiques : déploiement vers plusieurs utilisateurs distants, étude des limites fondamentales et technologiques et nouvelles applications." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCD087/document.
Full textOptical frequency links give the possibility to disseminate an ultra-stable frequency reference to many research laboratories for precise measurements as performed in frequency metrology and in applied and fundamental physics. We demonstrated first a simple branching network setup dropping an ultra-stable signal at different positions along an urban optical link of 92 km, that exhibits a relative frequency stability of 1.3×10−15 at 1 s integration time, limited by long-term diurnal thermal effects. We developed and tested an improved setupwith a compact and thermalized optical interferometer and a laser diode used to feed a secondary link, which fiber noise is compensated. These two setup open the way to multiple-users dissemination in Paris area and on the REFIMEVE+ network.Second we demonstrated optical frequency comparison using a two-way method. We tested the sensitivity of this comparison over a 100 km telecommunication fiber loop network using either unidirectional or bidirectional propagation, with an excellent frequency stability thanks to the very good rejection of the fiber noise.These results open the way to high-resolution frequency comparison of the best optical clocks over national or international fiber networks
Rademaker, Guido. "Métrologie avancée pour la lithographie par multi-faisceaux d’électrons." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAT122.
Full textTo overcome throughput limitations of electron beam lithography, Mapper Lithography designed a machine that can expose with up to 649,740 parallel Gaussian electron beams. In the exposure process, the substrate is divided into 2.2-µm-narrow stripes with a 200 nm overlap. Several parameters need to be controlled: the critical dimensions of the features in the individual stripes; the stitching between the stripes; and the overlay with respect to a previous layer. In this thesis, different optical metrology techniques are explored. Six novel targets for an image based overlay have been developed to measure in-stripe overlay and stripe-to-stripe stitching and are evaluated by total measurement uncertainty (TMU) and measurement time. Scatterometry by spectroscopic reflectometry allows for measurement of non-uniform gratings using an effective critical dimension concept, resulting in a total measurement uncertainty metric down to 0.41 nm (3σ). Stitching can be measured by cross-resonant bow-tie antennae, consisting of four triangles straddling the stitching boundary. Simulations for three different stacks show that the DX and DY stitching errors can be reconstructed independently
Hilico, Adèle. "Capture de forces à atomes piégés dans un réseau optique : caractérisation des performances." Thesis, Paris, Ecole normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENSU0007/document.
Full textThe thesis presents the set up of the second version of the experiment FORCA-G (CAsimir FORce and Gravitation at short range). The purpose of this experiment is the measurement of short-range interactions between an atom and a massive surface. The measurement is realised thanks to atom interferometers using atoms trapped in a 1D vertical optical lattice. The energy levels of atoms in such a trap are shifted from lattice site to another by the force we aim at measuring. We move the atoms from site to site using counter-propagating Raman transitions. The atoms are moved from Δm lattice sites only if the Raman frequency matches υHFS +∆m.υB where υHFS is the frequency of the hyperfine ground state transition and υB is the Bloch frequency and represents the difference of potential energy between two wells in the case where the atoms are far from the surface. This thesis presents the implementation of a setup properly dedicated to FORCA-G in which the measurement of short-range forces will be possible. It reaches an improved short-term relative sensitivity on the measurement of the Bloch frequency of at 3.9 10-6 at 1s. It contains the studies of the limits in the sensitivity, the accuracy and the contrast losses. It also presents the implementation of a dipolar trap to further cool the atoms and increase their density (crossed dipolar trap with a 1064 broadband laser)
Jiang, Haifeng. "Développement de liens optiques ultra-stables pour le transfert de fréquences à longues distances." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Nord - Paris XIII, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00537971.
Full textBrahimi, Houda. "Étude en bruit de systèmes optiques hyperfréquences modélisation, caractérisation et application à la métrologie en bruit de phase et à la génération de fréquence." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1018/1/Brahimi_Houda.pdf.
Full textOptical devices are more and more used in microwave systems, taking benefit of the low losses of optical fibers, of their small size and their immunity to electrical parasitic signals. An example of these systems is the microwave optical oscillator, either based on optical resonators or delay lines, which can deliver ultra high spectral purity signals. However, the performance of these systems is dependent on the performance of the devices used for the electrical to optical or optical to electrical conversions, the chosen optical modulation technique, the necessary microwave amplifiers, the devices biasing circuits, the quality of the optical fiber and, above all, the topology chosen to build the whole system. It is thus important to be able to compute the system phase noise using an appropriate modelling approach. This thesis allowed us to develop such approach using specific microwave circuit design software: Agilent ADS. This software has been designed in the 1990s in order to take into account the frequency conversion phenomena between the noise sidebands around the different harmonics of the RF signal (including DC). This software may be used to simulate the microwave parts of a microwave optical system. However, it generally does not include any specific model for the optical devices involved in these systems. A solution to this problem is to find a representation of these devices which can be implemented in the microwave simulator, using either an equivalent electrical circuit or a mathematical model. Finally, a Mach-Zehnder modulator based optical link and its noise performance is successfully described. A model is proposed for an optical delay line microwave frequency discriminator and also for an optical discriminator. Thanks to this study, an optical delay line microwave frequency discriminator is designed and realized. The phase noise performance of this system corresponds to the state of the art
Zuquete, Guarato Alexandre. "Métrologie 3D de pièces de formes complexes par moyens optiques : Une application à l'équilibrage de vilebrequins." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00942486.
Full textRudz, Steve. "Contribution à la métrologie des feux de forêts : couplage de données thermiques et de données optiques." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL056N/document.
Full textThe main purpose of this thesis is to design a sensor for forest fire metrology. This sensor measures the radiative heat flux emitted by the flame because it is the only global accessible. The thin flame model associated provides useful information (volume heat flux, forward and backward fire front positions, flame length…). This sensor has been designed to calibrate and validate a fire propagation model presented in chapter 1. Nevertheless, the calibration process requires the minimization of the gap between the measured and the computed heat flux, so fire front positions are involved which leads to add a lot of parameters to the objective function. My work was to solve this problem by incorporating optical measurements. Optical data obtained through a visual camera allow to extract fire front positions. The sensor developed in this work is unique and is the unit of a sensor network for forest fire metrology
Sirmain, Gilles. "Etude, réalisation, et métrologie de photodétecteurs infrarouge à bande d'impuretés bloquée à base de silicium dopé antimoine." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30065.
Full textLe, Targat Rodolphe. "Horloge à réseau optique au Strontium : une 2ème génération d'horloges à atomes froids." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00170038/en/.
Full textL'utilisation d'une transition optique, toutes choses étant égales par ailleurs, ouvre la perspective d'une amélioration de 4 ou 5 ordres de grandeur de la stabilité et de l'incertitude relative sur la plupart des effets systématiques. Les effets liés au mouvement des atomes peuvent être, quant à eux, contrôlés d'une façon totalement différente, en les piégeant dans un réseau optique pour éviter la phase de vol ballistique caractéristique des fontaines. Le point clef de cette approche réside dans le fait que les paramètres de ce piège peuvent être ajustés de façon à s'affranchir du déplacement lumineux si l'on sélectionne une transition d'horloge faiblement permise J=0 -> J=0.
A cet égard, l'atome de strontium est l'un des candidats les plus prometteurs, la transition ^1S_0 -> ^3P_0 présente une largeur naturelle de 1 mHz, et plusieurs autres transitions facilement accessibles peuvent être utilisées en vue d'un refroidissement laser efficace des atomes jusqu'à une température de 10 µK. Ce manuscrit de thèse d'une part démontre la faisabilité expérimentale d'une horloge à réseau optique basée sur l'atome de strontium, et d'autre part expose une évaluation préliminaire de l'exactitude relative avec l'isotope fermionique ^{87}Sr, à un niveau de quelques 10^{-15}.
Graciani, Guillaume. "Three-dimensional stochastic interferometry : theory and applications to high-sensitivity optical metrology and light scattering amplification Random dynamic interferometer:cavity amplified speckle spectroscopy using a highly symmetric coherent fieldcreated inside a closed Lambertian optical cavity 3D stochastic interferometry detects picometer dynamics of an optical volume Cavity Amplified Speckle Spectroscopy expands lightscattering methods to transparent or miniature samples Super-resolution provided by the arbitrarily strongsuperlinearity of the blackbody radiation." Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAX058.
Full textThe power of optical metrology generally requires simple geometries with precise alignment and well controlled optical phases. In the present thesis, we develop instead the notion of chaos interferometry, using an optical field with maximal geometric disorder and phase randomness. We show that stochasticity leads to a very high interferometric sensitivity and opens up the possibility for a wide range of new optical measurements and a new method we call Cavity Amplified Speckle Spectroscopy.The key idea is to inject a very small bandwidth monochromatic laser into a cavity with high albedo Lambertian reflectivity, which acts as a high-gain random resonator. A 3D coherent Lambertian billiard is obtained, filled with a 3D random field that is statistically uniform in space and invariant by rotation. At any given point P, it can be described as the coherent superposition of a large number of plane waves randomly taken from a unique statistical distribution that independently combines (1) a spherically symmetric distribution of the wave vector on a sphere ||k||=k0, with (2) a uniform distribution of the phase on [0,2pi], and (3) a uniformly distributed polarization state on the Poincarré sphere. The resulting random 3D speckle pattern remains constant with time as long as the diffusion of the laser’s wavelength can be neglected. At longer times however, it behaves ergodically. This work represents the first experimental realization of the notion of a 3D random field proposed by Berry, and it also relates to the investigations on classical light entanglement. The concepts of high-gain random resonator, or coherent Lambertian billiard, correspond to a new kind of field in optics, that obeys neither the wave equation nor the diffusion equation, and should lead to new theoretical and experimental investigations.Practically, with a slow enough diffusion of the input phase and a small enough photon-number noise, the speckle intensity field fluctuates and becomes ergodic only if the geometry of the cavity is not constant, or if it contains a medium with a non-constant optical path length distribution or polarization. Using intensity decorrelation spectra obtained between 100 MHz and 0.01 Hz from single speckles, we show the possibility to measure picometer variations of the cavity geometry and to detect sub-angstrom motion of scatterers in solutions. Chaos interferometry can also be used to amplify previously undetectable scattering signals, and we show a miniaturized light scattering setup working with microliter volumes and quasi-transparent systems. A patent was filled for a range of applications including seismic and acoustic vibration sensing, laser phase noise characterization and measurements of highly diluted and poorly scattering samples
Montaux-Lambert, Antoine. "Conception d’un interféromètre large bande spectrale pour la métrologie et l’imagerie de phase sur sources synchrotron." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS042/document.
Full textThis PhD dissertation presents the optimization and design of a wavefront analyzer dedicated to optical metrology and phase imaging on synchrotron sources in the hard X-ray regime. We chose to develop a single grating interferometer combined with a phase retrieval algorithm based on Fourier analysis. The main purpose here is to conceive a bulk instrument able to work in a great variety of experimental conditions without having to tune the parameters of the instrument in between experiments. This is thus related to the key constraint that is to calibrate the wavefront analyzer so that any further measurements could be corrected from any deterministic errors and allow single shot measurements of any sample.The key varying parameter in synchrotron experiments is the radiation energy (or wavelength). Therefore, the design of the interferometer aimed at minimizing the discrepancies of its performances over a broad spectral range from 10 to 30keV . This research lead in one hand to the description and implementation of an innovative interferometric configuration based on the achromatization of the instrument performances over this spectral range, despite the chromatic nature of the grating.On the other hand, in order to guaranty the quantitative analysis of interferograms, we also optimized the numerical approach to extract and treat the information they contain. This lead to the development of a conditioning procedure for a subsequent phase retrieval by Fourier demodulation. It fulfills the classical boundary conditions imposed by Fourier transform techniques and allows a nearly artifact-free extraction of the information.At last, experimental results demonstrate first, the viability of the grating achromatization concept, and then, the possibility to realize the metrology of grazing incidence optics at different wavelengths. The instrument was then used for phase imaging purposes of biological and archaeological samples
Pelle, Bruno. "Interféromètres atomiques dans un réseau optique." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00921181.
Full textRousseau, Isabelle. "Non-linéarité cubique et dommage photochromique de KTP : métrologie des propriétés optiques paramétriques quadratiques appliquée aux isotypes arseniates KTA, RTA, CTA." Dijon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DIJOS040.
Full textThiel, Valérian. "Analyse modale d'un peigne de fréquences femtoseconde : corrélations spectrales classiques et quantiques." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066661/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we investigate the usage of an optical femtosecond frequency comb for precision measurements at the quantum limit, as well as the fluctuations of the combs structure. We use a formalism that is borrowed from quantum optics to describe classical phenomenon. We show indeed that the comb structure can be decomposed on a basis of modes, where each of these is attached to a given physical parameters. In a projective measurement scheme, we show that it is then possible to measure an information carried by the electromagnetic field (such as a delay in time) as well as fluctuations from the laser source (in that example, the timing jitter). We finally propose a scheme to generate two beams that are "squeezed in time", since they allow to measure a delay with a better sensitivity than using classical resources
Karuseichyk, Ilya. "Multiparameter Method of Moments for Sources Resolving and Characterization." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS161.
Full textQuantum metrology presents numerous promising prospects, showing the potential for significant enhancing of the measurement precision across various domains, from imaging to gravitational wave detection. However, assessing whether a given measurement scheme effectively extracts all the available information, as predicted by the quantum Cramer-Rao bound, remains challenging in practical scenarios. Additionally, constructing computationally feasible data-processing algorithms that fully exploit the measured data poses another challenge in multiparameter estimation. To address these challenges, this thesis adopts the Method of Moments approach to multiparameter estimation — a data-processing technique leveraging the first statistical moments of measurement results. This method provides straightforward estimators with associated sensitivity bounds, facilitating easy computation and relaxing demands on the detection system.Using this approach, we explore the classical problem of resolving point sources of light and extend its scope to scenarios where bright sources exhibit mutual coherence. Our investigation includes models with diverse statistics and coherence properties, including instances of non-classical statistics or separation-dependent mutual coherence of the sources. By analyzing multiple parameters such as sources' separation, relative and absolute brightness, and phase, we compare the sensitivity of the moment-based spatial mode demultiplexing technique, direct imaging, and the quantum Cramer-Rao bound. Our findings demonstrate a practical estimation approach that often achieves quantum-optimal performance. Furthermore, we apply the moment-based technique to efficiently characterize Gaussian states using homodyne detection data. We devise an optimal unbiased estimator through algebraic transformations of measured data, providing a simpler alternative to traditional optimization-based methods that are computationally intensive
Mammadi, Younes. "Métrologie optique à petite échelle sous Microscope Électronique à Balayage : mesures de champs cinématiques en présence de discontinuités, par couplage FIB-MEB-CIN." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Poitiers, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020POIT2288.
Full textThis work is divided into three main parts. Initially, in order to order to carry out our studies at smaller scales such as micrometric scale, we must not only use a more complex means of observation, for example, scanning electron microscope "MEB-FEG" to obtain images usable in metrology optical, but also have to mark (speckle) on these scales. More recently, digital image correlation is the most widely used kinematic field measurement technique to study the mechanical behavior of materials and structures over an area of interest ranging from the meter scale to the millimeter one. This can be obtained by using a dual-focused ion beam technique. Furthermore, we have adopted a scientific approach by first developing an artificial speckle, with an engraving depth of the order of 100 nanometers. We also relied on statistical tools such as the range of gray levels, autocorrelation, the number of passes and the variation of magnification, which were necessary to validate the marking and to generate better results.In the second part, we coupled the DIC by utilizing the scanning electron microscope and the focused ion beam as the labelling techniques. In order to build a controlled and reliable metrological solution to observe and quantify the movements and deformations of matter at these scales. Several tests have been carried out on two metals ; Steel 304l and Inconel 718, toensure the repeatability and reproducibility of the procedure. In these tests, we proposed to calculate the horizontal and vertical displacements as well as the error related to these displacements.We demonstrate the same approach on the deformation fields. Different results have been obtained depending on the variation of the standard deviation found in the acquired data making it possible to quantify measurement errors as well as repeatability and drift over time.The last part of the proposed work is about the adaptation of measurement methods to the particular mechanisms of deformation at different scales, such as the location of fractures and damage. To study mechanical behavior and taking into account local fractures, we extract the deformations of a fractured material using a displacement field measurement method. The proposed approach consists of extracting the residual deformations of the first local gradients of H-DIC, the least disturbed by the fractures. Various tests have been carried out to assess the validity of this proposed new approach. An application to study the mechanical behavior of a metallic composite (Al / ω -Al-Cu-Fe) is proposed. Particular exploitation of all the fields lies in the good separation of the deformation fields and the cracked part. A discussion on the comparison between a conventional DIC analysis and its extension is presented on the zones without and with fractures
Duchêne, Marie. "Développement d'une nouvelle technologie pour la réalisation de filtres interférentiels de type "allumette"." Phd thesis, Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00471569.
Full textPerros, Elodie. "Caractérisation locale du transfert de chaleur aux interfaces solide-solide dans les milieux isolants." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLET030/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis, in collaboration with Saint-Gobain within the framework of a CIFRE funding, is the study of heat transfer at the interface between microscopic objects from which isolation materials are made. During this thesis we developed two new instruments, allowing to investigate the heat transfer between two microscopic glass objects. The first instrument is a scanning probe microscope using a thermosensitive probe (SThM probe) allowing to make a very local temperature measurement or to produce a local heating of a sample in contact with the probe. We used this probe in an unusual way, by gluing a 20µm diameter glass bead on its thermosensitive end, by placing it above a flat glass surface whose temperature is different from that of the bead, and by studying the temperature at the top of this bead as the distance bead-to-plan varies. The "approach curves" obtained in this way and a model using a thermoelectric analogy that we propose allow to give a first estimation of the thermal resistance of contact in a sphere-plane geometry. The second instrument is a new infrared thermography device. It is a contactless method which allows to produce images in the mid-infrared with a spatial resolution better than the diffraction limit, but also to carry out a dynamic measurement of the cooling of a system made of one or more micrometric glass fibers, after a short and local heating by absorption of a pulsed ultraviolet laser. Comparison of these curves recorded on a single fiber or on two crossing fibers makes it possible to obtain an information on the thermal resistance of contact at the crossing of the two fibers. A semi-analytical model that we developed allows us to reproduce these trends on a single fiber, while a perturbative approach exploiting the one-fiber model allows us to reproduce the spatiotemporal evolution of heat within a system of two fibers in contact
Pinel, Olivier. "Optique quantique multimode avec des peignes de fréquence." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00654841.
Full textAndré, Éric. "Imagerie métrologique en nanoscopie : application en métrologie interférométrique." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20287.
Full textMillo, Jacques. "Génération de signaux micro-ondes pour la métrologie à partir de références et de peignes de fréquences optiques." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00637969.
Full textVallet, Grégoire. "Détection non destructive en cavité pour des horloges à réseau optique au strontium." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEO026/document.
Full textThe work achieved in the frame of this PhD training consisted in the implementation of a cavity enhanced non destructive detection system of atoms trapped in an optical lattice aiming at improving the stability of an optical strontium clock.The characterization of the system in its classical regime, for which a sufficiently low number of photons are scattered per atom to avoid expelling them off the trap, highlighted significant improvements in term of signal to noise ratio, with gain factor around 100 compared with the previously used fluorescence scheme. Yet, gains in terms of stability via Dick effect reduction still have to be demonstrated.Regarding the quantum regime, for which less than one photon is scattered per atom over the detection, new ideas and significant changes have been carried out on the system and a theoretical study was has been undertaken to determine the strategy for the improvement of the clock stability by quantum projection noise reduction via quantum non demolition measurement.It was as well the opportunity to study the effect of the hot collisions between the trapped strontium atoms and the residual vacuum background gas particles, allowing for the improvement of the clock uncertainty. This work reports in particular on the first measurement of strontium clock hot collisions shifts as well as its theoretical study
Kaing, To. "Réalisation de sources UV et IR, cohérentes et accordables par mélange résonnant non-linéaire : applications à la métrologie des fréquences optiques." Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA112322.
Full textFavier, Maxime. "Horloge à réseau optique de mercure : spectroscopie haute-résolution et comparaison d'étalons de fréquence ultra-précis." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066598/document.
Full textThis thesis presents the development of a high-accuracy optical frequency standard based on neutral mercury 199Hg atoms trapped in an optical lattice.I will present the experimental setup and the improvements that were made during this thesis, which have allowed us to perform spectroscopy on the doubly forbidden 1S0 - 3P0 mercury clock transition with Hz level resolution. With such a resolution, we have been able to conduct an in-depth study of the physical effects affecting the clock transition. This study represents a factor 60 in accuracy on the knowledge of the clock transitions frequency, pushing the accuracy below the current realization of the si second by the best cesium atomic fountains. Finally, i will present the results of several comparison campaigns between the mercury clock and other state-of-the-art frequency standards, both in the optical and in the microwave domain
Brahimi, Houda. "Etude en bruit de systèmes optiques hyperfréquences Modélisation, caractérisation et application à la métrologie en bruit de phase et à la génération de fréquence." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00554165.
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