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Journal articles on the topic 'Metronidazol gel vaginal'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Mardikasari, Sandra Aulia, Arfian Junior Amir, Aliyah ., Muhammad Nur Amir, Achmad Himawan, Usmanengsih ., Suci Ananda Putri, Irma Nurfadilla Tuany, and Andi Dian Permana. "DEVELOPMENT OF METRONIDAZOLE MICROSPONGE INCORPORATED INTO CARBOMER-BASED VAGINAL GEL." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 9, Spl-2-ICOPMES_2020 (September 8, 2021): S241—S247. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2021.9(spl-2-icopmes_2020).s241.s247.

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Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a vaginal infection caused by excessive bacterial growth, thus disrupting the natural balance of bacteria inside the vagina. Metronidazole becomes a drug of choice and a widely prescribed drug for the treatment of BV. However, when applied topically, metronidazole has a low vaginal residence time because of the natural washing mechanism of the vagina. This study aimed to improve the retention time of metronidazole inside the vagina and control its release profile. This study was prepared 4 formulas of gel for metronidazole microsponges with some concentration ratio of carbomer and triethanolamine. The evaluations carried out to test the efficacy of the developed formulation included organoleptic, pH measurement, spreadability, viscosity, mucoadhesive properties, permeation test using Franz diffusion cell and retention test. The results showed that the gel appearance was white, odourless and homogenous. The characteristics of all prepared gel for pH, viscosity, spreadability, and mucoadhesive ability were appropriate to the required standard for vaginal delivery. The permeation and retention test showed that F3 with the carbomer and triethanolamine concentration of 1.25%: 1.75% was able to retain and controlled the drug release locally in the vaginal mucosa. This study provides an alternative strategy in drug formulation for the treatment of BV.

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Kalita, Banasmita, Kritika Saikia, and Bhupen Kalita. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF METRONIDAZOLE MICROSPHERES-LOADED BIOADHESIVE VAGINAL GEL." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i3.16417.

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ABSTRACTObjectives: The objective of the present work is to develop and characterize metronidazole microsphere-loaded bioadhesive vaginal gel to ensurelonger residence time at the infection site, providing a favorable release profile for the drug.Methods: Microsphere was prepared by solvent evaporation method in various ratios of metronidazole to poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL). Physicochemicalevaluation of microspheres includes determination of solubility in simulated vaginal fluid, partition coefficient (n-octanol/citrate phosphatebuffer pH 4.5), particle size distribution, entrapment efficiency, X-ray diffraction, and surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Drug excipient compatibility was established by Fourier transform infrared and differential scanning calorimetry studies. Bioadhesive gel wasprepared using Carbopol 934P and HPMC K4M in various concentrations, and methyl paraben was used as a preservative. The pH was adjustedwith triethanolamine which resulted in a translucent gel. The optimized metronidazole microsphere formulation was dispersed into the gel base.Microspheres in gel formulations were evaluated for pH, viscosity, spreadability, drug content, and gelling strength. Ex vivo mucoadhesive strength ofthe gel was determined on goat vaginal mucosa. In vitro drug release study was performed using cellophane membrane.Results: The optimized batch of microsphere F4 (drug-polymer ratio 1:4) showed entrapment efficiency of 72.62±3.66%, solubility of 1.5 mg/ml, andpartition coefficient of 0.12. Particle size of all the formulations was observed below 100 μm. Regular and spherical particles were observed in theSEM photomicrographs. The optimized gel formulation G5 (Carbopol and HPMC at 1: 0.25 ratio) showed viscosity of 7538 cps at 100 RPM, gel strengthrecorded as 35 secobds for a 1000.00 mg load, and spreadability of 4.6 g.cm/seconds. G5 showed 82.4% drug release at 10.0 hrs and mucoadhesivestrength of 6.5±1.2 g.Conclusion: The study results suggest that metronidazole-loaded PCL microsphere in mucoadhesive gel would provide a mean for sustainedtreatment of vaginal infections.Keywords: Microsphere, Metronidazole, Bioadhesive vaginal gel.

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Saleem, Faiqa, Munazza Malik, Muhammad Sohaib Shahid, and Muhammad Tayyab. "BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS;." Professional Medical Journal 24, no. 02 (February 14, 2017): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.02.520.

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In women of reproductive age bacterial vaginosis is a most common polymicrobialdisease and is the leading reason for vaginal discharge in this age group. Additionally itis further linked with sizeable disease burden of community problem in terms of infectiouscomplications. Clindamycin vaginal cream and metronidazole vaginal gel are effective in themanagement of vaginal infections caused by multi bacteria. Objectives: To compare thetherapeutic efficacy of Metronidazole vaginal gel and clindamycin vaginal cream as modality oftreatment for bacterial vaginosis. Study Design: Randomized control trial. Setting: Departmentof Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Unit-3 Jinnah Hospital Lahore. Period: Six months from 02-05-2011 to 01-11-2011. Material & Methods: A total of 300 patients were included in this study.They were divided into two groups. Group A received metronidazole vaginal gel (5 g dailyfor 7 days) while group B administered with clindamycin vaginal cream (5g daily for 7 days).Results: Mean age of the patient was observed 34.3+3.5 and 32.9+ 2.1 years in group –A andB respectively. Vaginal discharge was absent in 104 patients (69.3%) from group A and 127(84.7%) from group-B. Absence of clue cells on microscopy revealed in 112 patients (74.7%)from group A and 137 patients (91.3%) from group B. Absence of amine odour found in 116patients (77.3%) of group A and 134 patients (89.3%) of group B. Significant difference wasfound between two groups with p value of 0.006 in respect of efficacy. Conclusion: Clindamycinvaginal cream is more effective in comparison to Metronidazole vaginal gel for the treatment ofbacterial vaginosis.

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Wain, A. M. "Metronidazole vaginal gel 0.75% (MetroGel-Vaginal�): A brief review." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 1 (1998): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-0997(1998)6:1<3::aid-idog2>3.0.co;2-0.

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5

Schlicht, John R. "Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 28, no. 4 (April 1994): 483–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809402800412.

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OBJECTIVE: The purposeof this articleis to review the treatment options for bacterial vaginosis, including the newer topical antibiotics, metronidazole gel and clindamycin cream. The article also examines the controversies over whether bacterial vaginosis is a sexually transmined disease and whether asymptomatic women should be treated. DATA SOURCE: A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify pertinent literature, including review articles. STUDY SELECTION: Emphasiswas placed on those clinical trials using metronidazole gel or clindamycin cream. Studies addressing the complications of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy, the risk of treatment in pregnancy, and the method of transmission of the disease also were reviewed. DATA EXTRACTION: Clinical studies evaluating clindamycin cream and metronidazole gel were scarce; therefore, data from all available trials were reviewed. The objectives, methodology, and results from other studies werer eviewed; thoseaddressing complications of the disease and risksand benefits of treatment wereincluded. DATA SYNTHESIS: There is evidence both for and against bacterial vaginosis being a sexually transmined disease. Potential complications of the disease may warrant treatment of certain asymptomatic women, especially during pregnancy. Treatment options include oral or vaginal metronidazole or clindamycin, all of which provide high cure rates. Vaginal antibiotics result in minimal risk to the fetus in pregnant patients. CONCLUSIONS: Complications of bacterial vaginosis maybe associated with significant morbidity, especially among pregnant women. Treatment of asymptomatic women with the disease is controversial, but may be justified in certain high-risk populations. The topical agents, clindamycin vaginal cream 2% and metronidazole vaginal gel 0.75% provide a safe, effective, but expensive alternative to oral antibiotic regimens for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis.

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Waheed, Afifa, Humera Yasmeen, and Nabeela Shami. "BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 08 (August 10, 2015): 989–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.08.1143.

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Bacterial vaginosis is the most common vulvovaginal infection and representsthe 35% of all the infections occurring in women in the reproductive age. Serious forms ofcan induce several complications such as spontaneous preterm labour and preterm birth, latemiscarriage and postpartum endometritis, PID, infertility, vaginal cuff infection and postabortalsepsis. Objective: To compare the efficacy of vaginal metronidazole and vaginal clindamycinin the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Study Design: Interventional: Quasi experimental study.Setting: Obstetrics outpatient department, Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital, Lahore. Durationof study: Six months i.e. from 01-01-2009 to 30-06-2009. Results: Mean age of patients wasfound to be 24.33 years. In the 100 patients enrolled, no statistically significant difference wasfound between Clindamycin 2% vaginal cream compared with metronidazole 0.75% vaginalgel using Amsell’s criteria. Metronidazole has a failure rate of 13% while failure rate was 6% inthe clindamycin group. Conclusion: A 3 day regimen of clindamycin 2% vaginal cream wasas effective as 5 day regimen of metronidazole 0.75% vaginal gel in the treatment of bacterialvaginosis.

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Wain, A. M. "Metronidazole Vaginal Gel 0.75% (MetroGel-Vaginal®): A Brief Review." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 1 (1998): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1064744998000027.

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Devillard, Estelle, Jeremy P. Burton, and Gregor Reid. "Complexity of Vaginal Microflora as Analyzed by PCR Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis in a Patient With Recurrent Bacterial Vaginosis." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 13, no. 1 (2005): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/607474.

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Objective:Gardnerella vaginalishas long been the most common pathogen associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV). We aimed to test our hypothesis that symptoms and signs of BV do not necessarily indicate colonization by this organism, and often will not respond to standard metronidazole or clindamycin treatment.Methods:Using a relatively new molecular tool, PCR denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), the vaginal microflora of a woman with recalcitrant signs and symptoms of BV was investigated over a 6-week timeframe.Results:The vagina was colonized by pathogenic enterobacteriaceae, staphylococci andCandida albicans. The detection of the yeast by PCR-DGGE is particularly novel and enhances the ability of this tool to examine the true nature of the vaginal microflora. The patient had not responded to antifungal treatment, antibiotic therapy targeted at anaerobic Gram-negative pathogens such asGardnerella, nor daily oral probiotic intake ofLactobacillus rhamnosusGG. The failure to find the GG strain in the vagina indicated it did not reach the site, and the low counts of lactobacilli demonstrated that therapy with this probiotic did not appear to influence the vaginal flora.Conclusions:BV is not well understood in terms of its causative organisms, and further studies appear warranted using non-culture, molecular methods. Only when the identities of infecting organisms are confirmed can effective therapy be devized. Such therapy may include the use of probiotic lactobacilli, but only using strains which confer a benefit on the vagina of pre- and postmenopausal women.

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duBOUCHET, LORRAINE, JAMES A. McGREGOR, MAHMOUD ISMAIL, and WILLIAM M. McCORMACK. "A Pilot Study of Metronidazole Vaginal Gel Versus Oral Metronidazole for the Treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis Vaginitis." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 25, no. 3 (March 1998): 176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007435-199803000-00012.

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Han, Sang Won, and Jae Eun Chung. "Comparison of intravaginal and oral metronidazole in patients with bacterial vaginosis." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 10 (September 23, 2017): 4213. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20174396.

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Background: Metronidazole is considered an effective treatment for bacterial vaginosis. Only oral preparations were available until 2014, but an intravaginal gel preparation recently became commercially available in South Korea. In this report, the efficacy and safety of metronidazole intravaginal gel application was compared to that of the conventional oral metronidazole preparation.Methods: Patients who were treated with either intravaginal metronidazole or oral metronidazole after diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis were included in this study. Patient characteristics, mode of treatment, recurrence rate, and complications including gastro-intestinal discomfort and concomitant vulvovaginal candidiasis were analyzed.Results: There were no differences in patient characteristics, except the mean age was older in the intravaginal group. Treatment outcomes were similar in both groups. In the oral metronidazole group, 6.3% of patients reported ongoing symptoms of bacterial vaginosis within one month of treatment and required a refill, while 7.3% of the intravaginal group required a refill. Significantly more patients on oral metronidazole treatment complained about gastro-intestinal discomfort including nausea (13.4%) and diarrhea (9.4%). Patients who took intravaginal metronidazole complained about increased watery vaginal discharge (26.8%). The comparatively high cost of metronidazole intravaginal gel was another factor that could affect patient access to this treatment versus the oral preparation. The incidence of vulvovaginal candidiasis was similar between groups (oral 3.9%, intravaginal 4.9%).Conclusions: Intravaginal metronidazole usage can be considered as an effective alternative treatment for bacterial vaginosis in patients with gastro-intestinal complications. However, the increased incidence of watery vaginal discharge and high cost remain obstacles to widespread use of the intravaginal preparation.

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Ahmad, Farhan, Mohd Alam, Zeenat Khan, Roop Khar, and Mushir Ali. "Development and in vitro evaluation of an acid buffering bioadhesive vaginal gel for mixed vaginal infections." Acta Pharmaceutica 58, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 407–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10007-008-0023-2.

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Development andin vitroevaluation of an acid buffering bioadhesive vaginal gel for mixed vaginal infectionsAn acid buffering bioadhesive vaginal (ABBV) gel was developed for the treatment of mixed vaginal infections. Different bioadhesive polymers were evaluated on the basis of their bioadhesive strength, stability and drug release properties. Bioadhesion and release studies showed that guar gum, xanthan gum and hydroxypropyl methylcelullose K4M formed a good combination of bioadhesive polymers to develop the ABBV gel. Monosodium citrate was used as an acid buffering agent to provide acidic pH (4.4). The drugs clotrimazole (antifungal) and metronidazole (antiprotozoal as well as antibacterial) were used in the formulation along withLactobacillusspores to treat mixed vaginal infections. Theex vivoretention study showed that the bioadhesive polymers hold the gel for 12-13 hours inside the vaginal tube. Results of thein vitroantimicrobial study indicated that the ABBV gel had better antimicrobial action than the commercial intravaginal drug delivery systems and retention was prolonged in anex vivoretention experiment.

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Rivkin, Anastasia. "Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Induced by Metronidazole Vaginal Gel." Pharmacotherapy 27, no. 7 (July 2007): 1058–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1592/phco.27.7.1058.

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Decena, Ditas Cristina D., Jennifer T. Co, Ricardo M. Manalastas, Evelyn P. Palaypayon, Christia S. Padolina, Judith M. Sison, Louella A. Dancel, and Marievi A. Lelis. "Metronidazole with Lactacyd vaginal gel in bacterial vaginosis." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 32, no. 2 (March 17, 2006): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0756.2006.00383.x.

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Suneja, Nishant, Eric H. Tischler, Skye Lockwood, Adam J. Wolfert, Daniel Martingano, Piyapa Praditpan, and Thomas Lyon. "Vaginal Laceration in an Open Pelvic Fracture Case Report: A Novel, Prophylactic Antibiotic Delivery Mechanism." Case Reports in Orthopedics 2021 (May 3, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5594270.

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Introduction. Rotational displaced pelvic ring injuries are associated with internal injuries to both the gastrointestinal and genitourinary viscera and anatomic structures. Vaginal lacerations and open genitourinary-associated injuries are at increased risk of mortality due to sepsis. Case Presentation. This case presents a 65-year-old female status post-pedestrian-vehicle struck diagnosed with an open pelvic fracture with extension into the outer one-third of the vaginal wall. The patient was successfully treated with emergent surgical debridement, pelvic stabilization, and internal placement of a novel combination of metronidazole antibiotic gel and vancomycin/tobramycin Polymethyl methacrylate beads. Conclusion. No evidence of infection was observed with the use of topical metronidazole-coated vancomycin/tobramycin Polymethyl methacrylate beads for contaminated open pelvic fracture injury involving the vaginal wall. Further research on antibiotic gels for use in high-risk open fractures is required.

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Chavoustie, Steven E., Mark Jacobs, Howard A. Reisman, Arthur S. Waldbaum, Sharon F. Levy, Sharon L. Hillier, and Paul Nyirjesy. "Metronidazole Vaginal Gel 1.3% in the Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis." Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease 19, no. 2 (April 2015): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/lgt.0000000000000062.

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El-Gizawy, Sanaa A., and Nagwa I. Aglan. "Formulation and evaluation of metronidazole acid gel for vaginal contraception." Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 55, no. 7 (July 2003): 903–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/0022357021350.

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Afzali, Elham, Amir siahposh, Mohamad Hossein Haghighi‐Zadeh, Ahmad Farajzadeh, and Zahra Abbaspoor. "The effect of Quercus (Oak Gal) vaginal cream versus metronidazole vaginal gel on bacterial vaginosis: A double‑blind randomized controlled trial." Complementary Therapies in Medicine 52 (August 2020): 102497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102497.

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Borovikov, I. O., I. I. Kutsenko, V. P. Bulgakova, E. R. Rubinina, H. I. Gorring, and V. A. Voronov. "Infertility against the background of chronic endometritis and vaginal dysbiosis: preimplantation preparation experience." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 3 (April 17, 2020): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2020-3-115-121.

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Introduction. Vaginal infections of nonspecific etiology caused by microbiocenosis disorder is one of the leading aspects of gynecological morbidity in recent times. According to research statistics, the incidence of such disease varies from 30 to 80% among all inflammatory lower genital tract diseases in women. Aim of the study: to present the experience of preparation for ART in patients with chronic endometritis against the background of mixed forms of vaginal dysbiosis. Material and methods. The results of treatment with a drug containing metronidazole and miconazole nitrate (vaginal suppositories once a day at bedtime for 7 days) were studied in combination with natural micronized progesterone in 36 women with infertility caused by endometrial receptivity disorder due to chronic endometritis against the background of vaginal dysbiosis, in whom pre-implantation preparation with embryo transfer was carried out after the end of the therapy. The following were used: assessment of microbiota status of urogenital tract – PCR (femoflor-16), measurement of vaginal environment pH, Hay/Ison criteria, endometrial pipelle biopsy and endometrial immunohistochemical evaluation of endometrial receptivity (LIF, LIF-R) on the 3rd and 7th days after LH peak. Conclusion. The presented experience of complex local therapy of women diagnosed with “Infertility against the background of chronic endometritis and vaginal dysbiosis“ using a drug containing metronidazole and miconazole and natural micronized progesterone in the form of vaginal gel can be useful for practicing obstetricians-gynecologists and other interested specialists.

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Saleem, Dr Faiqa, Dr Munazza Malik, Dr Muhammad Shahid, and Prof Muhammad Tayyab. "BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS; COMPARISON BETWEEN METRONIDAZOLE VAGINAL GEL AND CLINDAMYCIN VAGINAL CREAM FOR TREATMENT OF BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS." PROFESSIONAL MEDICAL JOURNAL 24, no. 02 (February 1, 2017): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/tpmj/17.3668.

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Hanson, Jane M., James A. McGregor, Sharon L. Hillier, David A. Eschenbach, A. Karen Kreutner, Rudolph P. Galask, and Mark Martens. "Metronidazole for Bacterial Vaginosis: A Comparison of Vaginal Gel vs. Oral Therapy." Obstetric and Gynecologic Survey 56, no. 3 (March 2001): 145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006254-200103000-00014.

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Graves, Keonte J., Arindam P. Ghosh, Norine Schmidt, Peter Augostini, W. Evan Secor, Jane R. Schwebke, David H. Martin, Patricia J. Kissinger, and Christina A. Muzny. "Trichomonas vaginalis Virus Among Women With Trichomoniasis and Associations With Demographics, Clinical Outcomes, and Metronidazole Resistance." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, no. 12 (February 15, 2019): 2170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz146.

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AbstractBackgroundTrichomonas vaginalis virus (TVV) is a non-segmented, 4.5–5.5 kilo-base pair (kbp), double-stranded RNA virus infecting T. vaginalis. The objectives of this study were to examine the TVV prevalence in US Trichomonas vaginalis isolates and TVV’s associations with patient demographics, clinical outcomes, and metronidazole resistance.MethodsArchived T. vaginalis isolates from the enrollment visits of 355 women participating in a T. vaginalis treatment trial in Birmingham, Alabama, were thawed and grown in culture. Their total RNA was extracted using a Trizol reagent. Contaminating, single-stranded RNA was precipitated using 4.0 M Lithium Chloride and centrifugation. The samples were analyzed by gel electrophoresis to visualize a 4.5 kbp band representative of TVV. In vitro testing for metronidazole resistance was also performed on 25/47 isolates obtained from the women’s test of cure visits.ResultsTVV was detected in 142/355 (40%) isolates at the enrollment visit. Women with TVV-positive (TVV+) isolates were significantly older (P = .01), more likely to smoke (P = .04), and less likely to report a history of gonorrhea (P = .04). There was no association between the presence of clinical symptoms or repeat T. vaginalis infections with TVV+ isolates (P = .14 and P = .44, respectively). Of 25 test of cure isolates tested for metronidazole resistance, 0/10 TVV+ isolates demonstrated resistance, while 2/15 TVV-negative isolates demonstrated mild to moderate resistance (P = .23).ConclusionsOf 355 T. vaginalis isolates tested for TVV, T. vaginalis isolates tested for TVV, the prevalence was 40%. However, there was no association of TVV+ isolates with clinical symptoms, repeat infections, or metronidazole resistance. These results suggest that TVV may be commensal to T. vaginalis.

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Maslarska, Vania, Boyka Tsvetkova, Lily Peikova, and Stanislav Bozhanov. "HPLC method for simultaneous determination of metronidazole and preservatives in vaginal gel formulation." Acta Chromatographica 30, no. 2 (June 2018): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1326.2017.00098.

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Bringman, J. "Suppressive antibacterial therapy with 0.75% metronidazole vaginal gel to prevent recurrent bacterial vaginosis." Yearbook of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health 2007 (January 2007): 261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-798x(08)70187-5.

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Sobel, Jack D., Daron Ferris, Jane Schwebke, Paul Nyirjesy, Harold C. Wiesenfeld, Jeffrey Peipert, David Soper, Suzanne E. Ohmit, and Sharon L. Hillier. "Suppressive antibacterial therapy with 0.75% metronidazole vaginal gel to prevent recurrent bacterial vaginosis." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 194, no. 5 (May 2006): 1283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2005.11.041.

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Masoudi, Mansoure, Mahmoud Rafieian Kopaei, and Sepideh Miraj. "Comparison between the efficacy of metronidazole vaginal gel and Berberis vulgaris (Berberis vulgaris) combined with metronidazole gel alone in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis." Electronic physician 8, no. 8 (August 25, 2016): 2818–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.19082/2818.

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B. Patel, Dhara, and Jayvadan K. Patel. "Liposomal Drug Delivery of Metronidazole for the Local Treatment of Vaginitis." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 2, no. 1 (May 31, 2009): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2009.2.1.5.

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The present investigation was aimed to formulate liposomes containing metronidazole for local therapy of vaginitis, capable to efficiently deliver entrapped drug during an extended period of time. Liposomes were prepared by simple thin film hydration technique using soya lecithin and cholesterol. Some preliminary trials and 32 factorial design were conducted to optimize the formulation. The drug to Soya lecithin to cholesterol ratio and volume of hydration media were chosen as independent variables. The percentage drug entrapment, particle size and drug release at 12 h were chosen as dependent variables. To achieve application viscosity and further improve the stability of liposomes, the prepared liposomes were incorporated in the bioadhasive carbopol 934P gel (1%), and the system were evaluated for the in vitro drug release and drug stability in phosphate-buffer pH 4.5 and simulated vaginal fluid (VFS) at 37±10C. Stability study for liposome suspension and liposomal gel were carried out. All the performed experiments confirm the applicability of liposomes as a novel drug carrier system for the local treatment of bacterial vaginosis.

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Simbar, M., Z. Azarbad, F. Mojab, and H. Alavi Majd. "A comparative study of the therapeutic effects of the Zataria multiflora vaginal cream and metronidazole vaginal gel on bacterial vaginosis." Phytomedicine 15, no. 12 (December 2008): 1025–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2008.08.004.

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Simbar, Masoumeh, and Zohreh Azarbad. "PP-020 A comparative study of therapeutic effects of Zataria Multiflora vaginal cream and metronidazole vaginal gel on bacterial vaginosis." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 13 (August 2009): S55—S56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1201-9712(09)60414-8.

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Shaaban, Omar M., Gihan N. Fetih, Noura H. Abdellah, Saeyd Ismail, Maggie A. Ibrahim, and El-sayed A. Ibrahim. "Pilot randomized trial for treatment of bacterial vaginosis using in situ forming metronidazole vaginal gel." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 37, no. 7 (March 16, 2011): 874–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0756.2010.01457.x.

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Schwebke, Jane R., Mary Beth Schulien, and Mark Zajackowski. "Pilot Study to Evaluate the Appropriate Management of Patients With Coexistent Bacterial Vaginosis and Cervicitis." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 3, no. 3 (1995): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1064744995000445.

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A pilot study was performed to obtain preliminary data regarding the need for targeted therapy of bacterial vaginosis (BV) when it accompanies clinically defined cervicitis. Specifically, women attending a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic with clinically defined BV and cervicitis were treated in the first phase of the study with doxycycline alone. In phase II, the patients received doxycycline and concomitant intravaginal metronidazole gel. All patients were reexamined 3–4 weeks after therapy. Persistence of BV occurred in 18/19 (95%) of women in phase I vs. 1/7 (14%) of women in phase II (P < 0.001). We concluded that, in women with coexistent clinically defined cervicitis and BV, the treatment of cervicitis does not result in a normalization of the vaginal flora.

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Anukam, Kingsley C., Emmanuel Osazuwa, Gibson I. Osemene, Felix Ehigiagbe, Andrew W. Bruce, and Gregor Reid. "Clinical study comparing probiotic Lactobacillus GR-1 and RC-14 with metronidazole vaginal gel to treat symptomatic bacterial vaginosis." Microbes and Infection 8, no. 12-13 (October 2006): 2772–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2006.08.008.

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Hakimi, Sevil, Faranak Farhan, Azizeh Farshbaf-Khalili, Parvin Dehghan, Yousef Javadzadeh, Shamsi Abbasalizadeh, and Bagher Khalvati. "The effect of prebiotic vaginal gel with adjuvant oral metronidazole tablets on treatment and recurrence of bacterial vaginosis: a triple-blind randomized controlled study." Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 297, no. 1 (October 5, 2017): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00404-017-4555-x.

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Reznichenko, G. I., and N. Y. Reznichenko. "Search of ways to menopausal hormonal therapy and correction of bacterial vaginosis against the climacteric syndrome." Reproductive Endocrinology, no. 58 (May 27, 2021): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18370/2309-4117.2021.58.73-78.

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Study objective: optimization of the treatment of climacteric syndrome (CS) and improvement of the life quality in women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) during menopause. Materials and methods. 58 women with natural menopause were examined, 38 of whom were diagnosed with BV. To correct the CS patient used the drug 17β-estradiol Divigel transdermal in combination with micronized progesterone orally. Patients with BV were divided into 2 subgroups: 15 women received standard treatment with metronidazole gel (comparison subgroup), 23 women additionally used Lactagel (main subgroup). The control group included 20 patients with CS without BV. The severity of CS was assessed with MRS scale. Microscopic and bacteriological examination of vaginal discharge was performed to determine the infectious agent, and the species composition of pathogens was determined with a polymerase chain reaction. BV was diagnosed according to Amsel criteria. CQLS questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life of patients with BV. The treatment effectiveness was assessed after 1 and 3 months from the start of treatment.Results. Divigel in women with uterus in combination with oral micronized progesterone has shown high efficiency in the CS correction within a month from the start of treatment. The most significant was the decrease in neurovegetative and psychoemotional symptoms after 3 months from the start of treatment. Lactagel in the therapy of patients with BV on the background of CS allowed increasing the lactobacilli content to the value in patients without BV, restoring the normal vaginal biotope and preventing of the disease recurrence, in contrast to the subgroup of patients who received standard treatment. Lactagel made it possible to improve the life quality of patients to an average level and to increase the overall level of life satisfaction, in contrast to the subgroup with standard treatment where these levels have remained low.Conclusions. Developed approaches to menopausal hormone therapy and BV therapy against the background of natural menopause allows optimizing treatment, improving the life quality of patients, which allows recommending them for widespread use in clinical practice.

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Schwebke, Jane R., Jeanne Marrazzo, Andrew P. Beelen, and Jack D. Sobel. "A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Vehicle-Controlled Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of Metronidazole Vaginal Gel 1.3% in the Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 42, no. 7 (July 2015): 376–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/olq.0000000000000300.

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Justo, Christine Aubrey C., Mary Ann Cielo V. Relucio-San Diego, and Windell L. Rivera. "Metronidazole Susceptibility and TVV-infection of Trichomonas vaginalis from Metro Manila and Angeles City, Philippines." Acta Medica Philippina 52, no. 6 (December 31, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.47895/amp.v52i6.274.

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Background. Metronidazole susceptibility and the presence of Trichomonas vaginalis virus (TVV) are the phenotypes found to be significantly correlated with the microsatellite-based genotypes of T. vaginalis. These phenotypes were assessed in T. vaginalis isolates from select urban areas to determine preliminary “type” of Philippine T. vaginalis. Methods. Culture and microscopy were used to detect T. vaginalis in vaginal swab samples collected from women attending social hygiene clinics in Metro Manila and Angeles City, Philippines. Screening of TVV on T. vaginalis was performed using RNA gel electrophoresis and RT-PCR. A modified protocol for metronidazole susceptibility assay was used to determine the aerobic minimum lethal concentration (MLC) of metronidazole in axenized T. vaginalis isolates. Results. A total of 42 T. vaginalis were screened for the presence of TVV and assayed for metronidazole susceptibility. TVV was detected in 13 of the isolates. All but one of the samples was susceptible to metronidazole. Conclusion. This is the first study to assess the in vitro metronidazole susceptibility of Philippine T. vaginalis isolates. The isolates are generally susceptible to metronidazole even with the presence of TVV. The metronidazole susceptibility and presence of TVV are not enough to classify the isolates into type 1 or type 2.

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Soad El Muthre, Adil Isaac. "Metronidazole Vaginal Gel 0.75% (Zidoval TM) for Suppresion of Recurrent Bacterial Vaginosis (BV): A Pilot Clinical Trial." Clinical Microbiology: Open Access 04, no. 02 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2327-5073.1000196.

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Masoudi, Mansoureh. "Comparison of the Effects of Myrtus Communis L , Berberis Vulgaris and Metronidazole Vaginal Gel alone for the Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis." JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2016/17211.7392.

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