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1
Pensom, Roger. "Accent and metre in French." Journal of French Language Studies 3, no. 1 (March 1993): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269500000338.
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AbstractThere is currently no generally accepted theory of metre in French such as the one available for English. Students of French verse-texts look to linguists in vain for a clear decision-procedure for the metrical description of French verse. This essay attempts to derive such a decision-procedure from a historical testing of the hypothesis that the word in French has a prosodic identity and that metre in French can be seen as a structure which orders that identity.
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Depierre, Amélie. "Comment mettre la main à la pâte en terminologie." Terminology 15, no. 1 (June 10, 2009): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.15.1.03dep.
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In English this paper could be entitled Hands on Terminology. It outlines an active and creative method for guiding students’ first steps in applied medical terminology through corpora-based project work on a chosen body part, such as brain, heart, skin, tonsil, etc. Specialised corpora in English and French are purpose-built by the students and analysed with WordSmith Tools. Morphemic analyses are carried out including remarks on etymology and synonyms, then meronomies, taxonomies, disease fact files and bilingual glossary files are created. This method has been used at master’s level since 2001 : it gives excellent results with self-motivated students capable of taking initiative
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Da Silva, Marie-Manuelle. "Études françaises et mondialisation : éléments pour un état des lieux." ALTERNATIVE FRANCOPHONE 1, no. 7 (September 13, 2014): 38–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/af23041.
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En vue de problématiser la « crise » du français et des « Études françaises » en Europe et dans le monde, cet article se propose d’analyser la place du français dans une configuration mondiale des langues, au regard des continuités et des discontinuités historiques et géopolitiques des espaces désignés comme « français » ou comme « francophones ».
Les modèles théoriques et des lieux critiques convoqués s’articuleront à une approche diachronique par la mise en perspective des scansions emblématiques du processus de « mise en récit » de la France comme modèle culturel, telles qu’elles peuvent être mobilisées dans les débats sur l’actuelle « crise du français » dans sa dimension internationale.
La relativisation aussi bien l’universalité que du déclin de la langue et de la culture françaises, me servira à mettre en évidence les prémisses sur lesquelles pourraient reposer un élargissement de la littérature française aux littératures francophones ou mondiales et à faire émerger des voies dans lesquelles je considère que la discipline et ses enseignements pourraient s’engager.
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In order to problematize the “crisis” of French, and “French studies” in Europe and in the world, this article analyzes the situation of French within a configuration of world languages, in light of the historic and geopolitical continuities and discontinuities of the realms characterized as “French” or “francophone”. The theoretical models and the critical premises adopted will be combined with a diachronic approach in order to highlight emblematic scansions belonging to the “narrative” process that makes France a cultural model, as they may be addressed in debates on the current” French crisis” from an international perspective. Relativization, universality as well as the decline of the French language and culture will highlight the premises on which the broadening of French literature to francophone or world literatures could be based and enable the emergence of paths the discipline and its teaching could take.
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Petteni, Oriane. "La philosophie française postmoderne et les inventions narratives du roman moderniste américain." Symposium 23, no. 1 (2019): 212–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/symposium201923112.
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Le but de cet article est de réévaluer l’impact du projet philosophique de Jean Wahl sur la philosophie française postmoderne. L’angle choisi consiste à replacer le projet wahlien dans le cadre des deux grands motifs de la philosophie française de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle: le rejet du paradigme dominant de la vision et le rapport ambivalent à l’hégélianisme, cristallisé dans la igure de la conscience malheureuse. En suivant ces deux fils conducteurs, l’article retrace le parcours intellectuel de Jean Wahl depuis sa thèse de doctorat sur les philosophies pluralistes angloaméricaines, en passant par sa réception de l’hégélianisme, pour le mettre en relation avec sa période la moins commentée, celle de l’introduction dans le paysage philosophique français des grands noms du roman moderniste américain de l’époque.The goal of this paper is to re-evaluate the impact of Jean Wahl’s philosophical project on French postmodern philosophy. To complete this task, it is necessary to put the Wahlian project into the context of the two major aims of 20th Century French philosophy: the rejection of ocularcentrism and the ambiguous relationship to Hegelianism characterized by the figure of the Unhappy Consciousness. Following these two threads, the article reconstructs Wahl’s intellectual journey from his Ph.D. on American pluralism to his reception of Hegelianism in order to connect them to his less known work, which consists of introducing American modernist writers into the French philosophical landscape.
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Duffell, Martin J. "The Italian line in English after Chaucer." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 11, no. 4 (November 2002): 291–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096394700201100401.
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This article argues that the English iambic pentameter (EIP) has other important features in addition to the five parameters identified by Hanson and Kiparsky’s (1996) parametric theory ( position number and size, orientation, prominence site and type). One of these features is that EIP contains a mixture of pausing (French) and running (Italian) lines, as determined by whether the syllable in position 4 is word-final. A study of the frequency with which the Italian line is used in the two centuries after Chaucer’s death reveals that Hoccleve and the Scots poets, Henryson, Dunbar and Douglas, adhered fairly closely to Chaucer’s EIP verse design. On the other hand, several generations of English poets, Lydgate, Wyatt, Surrey and Sidney, experimented with alternative types of line that might well have developed into the canonical English long-line metre. Ultimately, however, the examples of Spenser and Shakespeare proved decisive in ensuring the victory of Chaucer’s metre. Between the 17th and 19th centuries, Donne, Milton, Dryden, Pope, Wordsworth, Keats and Browning were among the major poets who consolidated that victory and exploited the Italian line in order to accommodate their own or their age’s choice of diction. The mixture of French and Italian lines in decasyllabic verse is one of the distinguishing features of EIP. Although other factors affect the proportions in this mixture to a small extent, they are primarily the result of individual poets’ aesthetic choice. Significantly, all the English poets after Spenser whose verse is analysed in this article have favoured a more evenly balanced mixture of French and Italian lines than the random deployment of their lexicon would have produced.
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MARCHANT, ALEXANDRE. "«FRENCH CONNECTIONS EN AMERIQUE LATINE »: aux racines des circuits contemporains de la drogue." Outros Tempos: Pesquisa em Foco - História 14, no. 24 (December 21, 2017): 137–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18817/ot.v14i24.604.
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Résumé: La continentalisation et la mondialisation du trafic de drogue dans les Amériques semble avoir débuté avec l”™émergence des grands cartels colombiens et mexicains dans les années 1980. Elles plongent en réalité leurs racines dans le systá¨me mis en place des années auparavant par les mafias marseillaises exportatrices d”™héroá¯ne dans le Nouveau Monde au temps de la French Connection. Du sud au nord du continent, des criminels français expatriés ont institué des réseaux, des itinéraires et des pratiques qui ne disparurent pas du jour au lendemain avec l”™effondrement de la filiá¨re française au début des années 1970. Bien au contraire, les cartels naissants de la cocaá¯ne ont cherché á intégrer d”™anciens trafiquants de la French Connection pour mettre á profit leur savoir-faire, avant de perfectionner leurs méthodes pour aboutir á de nouveaux équilibres entre Amériques et Europe dans le trafic international de stupéfiants au tournant des années 1980-1990.Mots-clefs: Trafic. Mafia. Cartel. «FRENCH CONNECTIONS NA AMÉRICA LATINA »: nas raázes dos circuitos contemporá¢neos da droga. Resumo: A continentalização e a mundialização do tráfico de droga nas Américas parecem ter começado com a emergência dos grandes cartéis colombianos e mexicanos nos anos 1980. Mas, na realidade, elas se enraizaram, muitos anos antes, no sistema implantado, pelas máfias marselhesas exportadoras de heroána no Novo Mundo, nos tempos da French Connection. Do sul ao norte do continente, criminosos franceses expatriados instituáram redes, itinerários e práticas que não desapareceram do dia para a noite com a queda da filial francesa no começo dos anos 1970. Ao contrário, os cartéis nascentes da cocaána buscaram integrar antigos traficantes da French Connection para tirar proveito de suas experiências, antes mesmo de aperfeiçoarem seus métodos, para alcançar novos equilábrios entre Américas e Europa no tráfico internacional de entorpecentes na virada dos anos 1980-1990.Palavras-chave: Tráfico. Máfia. Cartel. « FRENCH CONNECTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA »: at the roots of drug contemporary routes.Abstract: Continentalization and globalization of drug trafficking in the Americas seem to have begun with the emergence of Colombian and Mexican cartels in the 1980s. However, in reality they were entrenched many years before in the embedded system by the Mafias from Marselha which were exporters of heroin in the ”New World” throughout the period of the French Connection. From the south to the north of the continent, expatriate French criminals instituted networks, itineraries and practices, which did not abruptly disappear with the collapse of the French branch in the early 1970s. On the other hand, cocaine's emerging cartels sought to integrate former French Connection traffickers to take advantage of their experiences, before perfecting their methods to achieve new equilibrium between Americas and Europe with the international traffic of drugs during the years 1980-1990.Keywords: Traffic. Mafia. Cartel. «FRENCH CONNECTIONS EN AMÉRICA LATINA »: en las raáces de los circuitos contemporáneos de la droga. Resumen: La continentalización y la mundialización del tráfico de drogas en las Américas parecen haber comenzado con la emergencia de los grandes carteles colombianos y mexicanos en los años 1980. Pero, en realidad, se enraizaron, muchos años antes, en el sistema implantado por las mafias marsellesas exportadoras de heroána en el Nuevo Mundo, en los tiempos de French Connection. Del sur al norte del continente, criminosos franceses expatriados establecieron redes, itinerarios y prácticas que no desaparecieron del dáa para la noche con la caáda de la filial francesa a principios de los años 1970. Al contrario, los carteles nacientes de la cocaána buscaron integrar a antiguos traficantes de la French Connection para aprovechar sus experiencias, antes incluso de perfeccionar sus métodos, para alcanzar nuevos equilibrios entre Américas y Europa en el tráfico internacional de estupefacientes en el cambio de los años 1980-1990.Palabras clave: Tráfico. Mafia. Cartel.
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Wong, Laurence. "Lin Shu's Story-retelling as Shown in His Chinese Translation of La Dame aux camélias." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 44, no. 3 (January 1, 1998): 208–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.44.3.03won.
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Abstract Lin Shu (1852-1924), one of the most important forerunners in China's history of modern literary translation, rendered some 170 works of European and American literature into Chinese during the late-Qing and early-Republican period from 1890 to 1919. In so doing, he not only heralded the advent of Western literature in China, but also introduced Chinese writers and readers to many new literary techniques. However, important as they are, Lin's translations are not translations in the true sense of the word, because, unable to read a single foreign language himself, he had to depend on his collaborators, who orally relayed the meaning of the original to him. During the process of translation, he freely resorted to such techniques as addition, omission, abridging, etc., giving his work a strong personal stamp. This article is an attempt to shed light on Lin's mode of translation and to evaluate his role as a translator by closely examining his version of La Dame aux camélias, the first Chinese translation of a work of Western literature, against the French original. Résumé Lin Shu (1852-1924), l'un des pionniers de l'histoire moderne de la traduction littéraire en Chine, a adapté en chinois quelque 170 oeuvres des littératures européenne et américaine au cours de la fin de la période Qing et au début de la pétiode républicaine s'étendant de 1890 à 1919. Son travail a été l'instrument de l'avènement de la littérature occidentale en Chine et a permis aux écrivains et lecteurs chinois de découvrir plusieurs nouvelles techniques littéraires. Néanmoins, malgré l'importance incontestable des traductions de Lin, celles-ci ne sont pas des traductions au sens littéral du mot, car étant lui-même totalement incapable de lire des langues étrangères. Lin dépendait de ses collaborateurs qui lui transmettaient oralement la signification des oeuvres originales. Au cours du processus de traduction, il faisait librement appel à différentes techniques, telles que l'addition, l'omission, les raccourcis, etc., de sorte qu'il imposait aux oeuvres traduites un cachet très personnel. Le présent article s'efforce de mettre en lumière le mode de traduction utilisé par Lin en examinant en détail sa version de La Dame aux camélias — la première traduction chinoise d'une oeuvre de littérature occidentale — par rapport à l'original.
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Klemme, William H., W. Frank McArthur, and Robert A. Quinn. "French Word Games." Modern Language Journal 72, no. 2 (1988): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/328278.
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Dekkers, Joost. "French Word Order." Linguistics in the Netherlands 1997 14 (August 11, 1997): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.14.07dek.
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Dutrisac, Myrtô. "Récits idéologiques et logique démocratique : pour une réévaluation de l'idéologie à partir de Claude Lefort et Paul Ricoeur." Canadian Journal of Political Science 46, no. 1 (March 2013): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423913000528.
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Résumé.Mon objectif est de mettre de l'avant une dimension souvent négligée du discours idéologique, dimension positive qui en fait un type de récit politique permettant à un groupe de se nommer et de se définir. Je cherche plus précisément à compléter l'analyse de l'idéologie proposée par Claude Lefort en m'appuyant sur les observations qu'offre Paul Ricoeur sur ce phénomène. Lefort, lecteur de Marx, semble mettre essentiellement de l'avant la dimension dissimulatrice de l'idéologie. Pourtant, il aurait selon moi tout à gagner à reconnaître sa dimension positive, dimension jouant un rôle essentiel dans la construction de l'imaginaire social collectif. Mon hypothèse est la suivante : il ne faut pas négliger cet apport positif du discours idéologique, reconnu par Ricoeur, puisque ce discours, aussi longtemps qu'il reste bien visible, est un moteur essentiel du jeu démocratique. Même quand l'idéologie s'expose comme pur discours de domination, servant à défendre les intérêts d'une classe dominante, elle nourrit la compétition ou la logique démocratique en s'offrant comme un discours d'autorité auquel on peut réagir. L'étude du mouvement du discours idéologique, mouvement entre affirmation et dissimulation, permettrait même d'offrir de nouvelles perspectives de réponse au problème de la crise de l'imaginaire social qui occupe Lefort à l'époque où il publie ses textes sur l'idéologie, à la fin des années soixante-dix.Abstract.Ideology is often perceived as an instrument used by a group of people to secure its domination over others. It is used to disguise certain aspects of social reality. I want to bring forward another dimension of ideology, a positive dimension that makes it a necessary component of the affirmation, and therefore the births, of social groups. To do this, I wish to supplement French philosopher Claude Lefort's analysis of ideology with the addition of a few ideas inspired by the work of one of his peers, Paul Ricoeur. Lefort, a reader of Marx, focuses essentially on the dissimulative dimension of this phenomenon. By doing so, he does not take into consideration its role in the construction of social imaginaries. I wish to argue that this positive aspect of ideology, acknowledged by Ricoeur, plays an essential role in the democratic experience, as long as the ideological discourse remains visible for everyone. Even when this discourse presents itself solely as an instrument of domination used by a class in order to preserve its own interests, it sustains the internal logic of democracy. By establishing itself as the main discourse of authority, its legitimacy will undoubtedly be put into question in the course of the democratic competition for power. It nourishes this competition. I feel that the study of this movement of ideology between affirmation and dissimulation can even offer new solutions to the crisis of the social imaginary diagnosed by Lefort during the 1970s, when he wrote his essays on ideology.
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Lozano Imízcoz, María Teresa. "Poincaré conjecture: A problem solved after a century of new ideas and continued work." Mètode Revista de difusió de la investigació, no. 8 (June 5, 2018): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/metode.0.9265.
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The Poincaré conjecture is a topological problem established in 1904 by the French mathematician Henri Poincaré. It characterises three-dimensional spheres in a very simple way. It uses only the first invariant of algebraic topology – the fundamental group – which was also defined and studied by Poincaré. The conjecture implies that if a space does not have essential holes, then it is a sphere. This problem was directly solved between 2002 and 2003 by Grigori Perelman, and as a consequence of his demonstration of the Thurston geometrisation conjecture, which culminated in the path proposed by Richard Hamilton.
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Robberecht, Paul. "Word Ace! for French 1.01." CALICO Journal 17, no. 2 (November 29, 2016): 334–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/cj.32440.
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Dayan, Peter. "Working on word-processed French." ReCALL 4, no. 7 (November 1992): 27–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0958344000005279.
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In October 1992, I was awarded funding by the Edinburgh University Enterprise Centre for a ninemonth project entitled ‘The Development of Self-Directed Learning using Computers and Satellite TV’. The aim of the ‘computers’ half of the project was to find ways of getting first-year students to spend more time working by themselves on the quality of their written French.
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Gilman, Donald, and Gillian Jondorf. "French Renaissance Tragedy: The Dramatic Word." Sixteenth Century Journal 23, no. 3 (1992): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2542542.
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Howe, Alan, and Gillian Jondorf. "French Renaissance Tragedy: The Dramatic Word." Modern Language Review 87, no. 4 (October 1992): 976. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3731485.
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Dupont, Maïté. "Word order in English and French." English Text Construction 8, no. 1 (July 10, 2015): 88–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/etc.8.1.04dup.
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Drawing upon the theoretical framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics, this paper compares the word order patterns of English and French adverbial connectors of contrast in a comparable bilingual corpus of quality newspaper editorials. The study shows that the two languages offer the same possibilities in terms of connector positioning but differ markedly in the preferred patterns that they display. In both languages, connector placement proves to be influenced by three main types of factors: language-specific syntactic, rhetorical and lexical factors. The notion of Rheme, which tends to be under-researched in the literature in comparison to that of Theme, plays a key role in the analysis.
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Biglari, Nazanin, and Esli Struys. "Native Language Interference in English L2 Word Recognition and Word Integration Skills." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1101.01.
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The current study was planned to investigate the interference of the native language in English word recognition and word integration skills in L1 speakers of French and Persian. The participants of the study were 48 intermediate and upper intermediate native Persian and French-speaking EFL learners studying in VUB and ULB universities in Brussels, Belgium. All in all, based on the results of ANCOVA, there was a strong and positive relationship between EFL learners' word recognition and word integration skills and their L1(first language). The RT (reaction time) resulting from the LDT (lexical decision task) showed that the Persian EFL participants were able to outperform French EFL participants, though Persian and English are orthographically and typologically distant languages. On the other hand, in a word integration task, French participants showed superiority over Persian participants in the direct object reading time that emphasized the positive aspect of L1 interference as facilitation.
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GAUVAIN, J. L., L. F. LAMEL, G. ADDA, and J. MARIANI. "SPEECH-TO-TEXT CONVERSION IN FRENCH." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 08, no. 01 (February 1994): 99–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021800149400005x.
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Speech-to-text conversion of French necessitates that both the acoustic level recognition and language modeling be tailored to the French language. Work in this area was initiated at LIMSI over 10 years ago. In this paper a summary of the ongoing research in this direction is presented. Included are studies on distributional properties of French text materials; problems specific to speech-to-text conversion particular of French; studies in phoneme-to-grapheme conversion for continuous, error-free phonemic strings; past work on isolated-word speech-to-text conversion; and more recent work on continuous-speech, speech-to-text conversion. Also demonstrated is the use of phone recognition for both language and speaker identification. The continuous speech-to-text conversion for French is based on a speaker-independent, vocabulary-independent recognizer. In this paper phone recognition and word recognition results are reported evaluating this recognizer on read speech taken from the BREF corpus. The recognizer was trained on over 4 hours of speech from 57 speakers, and tested on sentences from an independent set of 19 speakers. A phone accuracy of 78.7% was obtained using a set of 35 phones. The word accuracy was 88% for a 1139 word lexicon and 86% for a 2716 word lexicon, with a word pair grammar with respective perplexities of 100 and 160. Using a bigram grammar, word accuracies of 85.5% and 81.7% were obtained with 5 K and 20 K word vocabularies, with respective perplexities of 122 and 205.
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Fradin, Bernard. "French denumerals in -aire." Word Structure 12, no. 1 (March 2019): 60–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2019.0139.
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This article investigates French nouns and adjectives in -aire related to numerals. The original series was borrowed from Latin distributive numerals and its elements exhibited various meanings. Some of them still exist with their original meaning but have a vestigial use. Grammars and linguistic studies barely mention these forms and completely overlook the fact that new series of forms with a meaning referring to age or an anniversary have recently developed. The present article documents this development and the reasons behind it. It also addresses the issues tied to the variations of form and meaning that the patterns in question exhibit.
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Comer, Marie, and Renata Enghels. "La polisemia de los verbos de colocación." Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 51, no. 1 (July 18, 2016): 70–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.51.1.03com.
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This article compares the syntax and semantics of the locative verbs poner and meter in Spanish with their French cognates poser and mettre. In some contexts these lexemes are clearly interchangeable, whereas in others they are not. The purpose of this study is double. First, based on a large contemporary corpus for Spanish and French, it describes the intricate polysemy of the verbs. It shows that in modern Spanish mainly poner presents more grammaticalized uses — that is as a semi-copulative or causative verb. In contrast, its near-equivalent meter behaves more frequently like a true locative verb. In French, the situation is the other way around: mettre seems to display more grammaticalized uses, mainly as inchoative auxiliary verb, than poser does. The second part of the analysis provides an explanation for this different behavior and maps out the diachronic semantic development of the verbs, from the 13th century up to now.
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Debrenne, Michèle. "A French Dictionary of Word Associations 2.0." Journal of Psycholinguistic 35, no. 1 (March 2018): 150–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30982/2077-5911-2018-35-1-150-166.
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Pezhynska, O. М. "TOPONYMIC WORD FORMATION IN THE FRENCH LANGUAGE." Scientific notes of Taurida National V.I. Vernadsky University, series Philology. Social Communications 1, no. 1 (2020): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32838/2663-6069/2020.1-1/37.
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Dewaele, Jean-Marc. "Word order variation in French interrogative structures." ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 125-126 (January 1, 1999): 161–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.125-126.01dew.
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Abstract Inter-individual variation in the use of direct interrogative structures (N = 450) is explored in a corpus of spoken native and non-native French. A quantitative analysis of the data reveals that while non-native speakers seem to avoid non-standard structures, they do not use more formal variants systematically. Comparison with data from other native and non-native corpora reveals important differences in the frequency of particular interrogative structures. The choice of interrogative structure seems to be influenced by a number of situational, pragmatic and socio-stylistic variables.
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Kafere, C., Tagny C. Tayou, J. B. Tapko, H. A. Mbunkah, W. T. Samukange, K. Mutoti, L. Mudyiwenyama, A. Sumaila, and J. Reinhardt. "Implementation of Blood and Blood Product Regulation Training Workshop, South Africa." Africa Sanguine 22, no. 1 (May 25, 2020): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/asan.v22i1.1.
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The training workshop on Implementation of Blood and Blood Product Regulation was organised and co-hosted by the Paul-Ehrlich -Institut Global Health Protection Program BloodTrain and the Africa Society for Blood Transfusion (AfSBT) from the 20th to the 22nd of August 2019. This was aimed at strengthening the capacity of African countries in developing and implementing regulatory systems for blood. Over thirty participants from countries across the African continent came together in Johannesburg, South Africa and shared knowledge and experiences among themselves and also with experts from the BloodTrain, Africa Society for Blood Transfusion (AfSBT), World Health Organization (WHO) and the New Partnership for Africa`s Development (NEPAD). The workshop addressed a wide range of topics ranging from standards in transfusion, clinical practice, regulatory framework for blood, WHO guidelines related to blood regulation, haemovigilance and regulatory oversight of associated Medical Devices In-vitro Diagnostics. In addition to the context and motivation of the workshop, this report summarises the key content covered throughout the workshop and recommendations for further improvement.
French Title: Atelier de Formation sur la Mise en Oeuvre de la Réglementation du Sang et des Produits Sanguins, Afrique du Sud
Un atelier de formation portant sur la mise en oeuvre de la réglementation du sang et des produits sanguin s a été co-organisé par le programme de protection de la santé mondiale Paul-Ehrlich-Institut BloodTrain et la Société Africaine de Transfusion Sanguine (SATS) du 20 au 22 août 2019. Il visait à renforcer la capacité des pays africains à élaborer et à mettre en oeuvre des systèmes de réglementation pour le sang. Plus de trente participants de pays du continent africain se sont réunis à Johannesburg, en Afrique du Sud et ont partagé leurs connaissances et leurs expériences entre eux ainsi qu'avec des experts de BloodTrain, de la SATS, de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) et du Nouveau partenariat pour le développement de l'Afrique (NEPAD). L'atelier a abordé un large éventail de sujets, allant des normes de transfusion, de la pratique clinique, du cadre réglementaire pour le sang, des directives de l'OMS relatives à la régulation du sang, à l'hémovigilance et à la surveillance réglementai re des diagnostics in vitro des dispositifs médicaux associés. En plus du contexte et de la motivation de l'atelier, ce rapport résume le contenu clé couvert tout au long de l'atelier et des recommandations pour de nouvelles améliorations.
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Pajares, Eterio. "Censura y traducción." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 52, no. 1 (August 18, 2006): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.52.1.02paj.
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Abstract Britain’s involvement in the War of the Spanish Succession was such a heavy burden for this country that many essays were written against prolonging the struggle. To this, John Arbuthnot (this satire was wrongly attributed to Swift for many years) contributed with The History of John Bull, a collection of fine satirical pamphlets designed to put and end to the campaign, and advocating a return to peace and common sense. It was soon translated into French and, from this language, Juan Ignacio de Ayestaran tried to produce a Spanish version. However, this version was not authorised by the harsh and voracious Spanish censorship of the period. This essay offers a comparative critical study of the translation and analyses the censors’ reasons for rejecting it. The close reading of this fine satirical work makes the arguments for rebuffing the authorisation so obvious that one wonders to what extent some eighteenth century translators were really aware of the time they were living in and the aesthetic distance between two countries so geographically near but so alien in freedom and tradition. Résumé Le rôle de la Grande-Bretagne dans la guerre de succession espagnole a été un tel fardeau pour ce pays que de nombreux essais ont été écrits contre la poursuite de la lutte. John Arbuthnot y a contribué avec L’histoire de John Bull (pendant de nombreuses années, cette satire a été attribuée à tort à Swift). Cette collection de superbes pamphlets satiriques, conçus pour mettre fin à la campagne et préconisant le retour à la paix et au bon sens, a rapidement été traduite en français. En partant de cette langue, Juan Ignacio de Ayestaran a tenté de produire une version espagnole. Toutefois, cette version n’a pas été autorisée par la censure espagnole, dure et dévorante, de l’époque. Cet essai propose une étude critique comparative de la traduction et analyse les raisons pour lesquelles le censeur l’a rejetée. Une lecture attentive de cette belle oeuvre satirique rend tellement évidents les arguments invoqués pour l’interdire qu’on se demande dans quelle mesure certains traducteurs du dix-huitième siècle étaient vraiment conscients de l’époque où ils vivaient et de la distance esthétique entre deux pays, si proches géographiquement parlant et pourtant si distants sur le plan de la liberté et de la tradition.
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DEMUTH, KATHERINE, and ELIZABETH MCCULLOUGH. "The longitudinal development of clusters in French." Journal of Child Language 36, no. 2 (October 21, 2008): 425–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000908008994.
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ABSTRACTStudies of English and German find that children tend to acquire word-final consonant clusters before word-initial consonant clusters. This order of acquisition is generally attributed to articulatory, frequency and/or morphological factors. This contrasts with recent experimental findings from French, where two-year-olds were better at producing word-initial than word-final clusters (Demuth & Kehoe, 2006). The purpose of the present study was to examine French-speaking children's longitudinal acquisition of clusters to determine if these results replicate developmentally. Analysis of spontaneous speech productions from two French-speaking children between one and three years confirmed the earlier acquisition of initial clusters, even when sonority factors were controlled. The findings suggest that French-speaking children acquire complexity at the beginnings of words before complexity appears word-finally. The role of frequency, morphological, structural and input factors is discussed.
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Gréa, Philippe. "Inside in French." Cognitive Linguistics 28, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 77–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2015-0127.
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AbstractThis article concerns five French prepositions that mark an inclusion relation and are ordinarily considered to be synonyms of dans ‘in’. The first is a simple preposition: parmi ‘among’. The other four are complex prepositions built from nouns of internal location (au centre de ‘at the centre of’, au milieu de ‘in the middle of’) and from names of body parts (au cœur de ‘at the heart of’ and au sein de whose word-for-word translation is ‘at the breast/bosom of’ but stands for ‘within’ ‘in’ or ‘among’ depending on the context). We will examine them from two different, yet complementary points of view. As part of a statistical approach, we use an association measure to determine the distributional trends of each preposition. In addition, we explore in greater detail the semantic mechanisms brought into play using the theoretical framework of Cognitive Grammar. This double analysis leads us to demonstrate that these prepositions are far from synonymous and involve very different types of constraints.
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Demuth, Katherine, and Margaret Kehoe. "The Acquisiton of Word-final Clusters in French." Catalan Journal of Linguistics 5, no. 1 (December 1, 2006): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/catjl.79.
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Dufour, Sophie, and Ulrich H. Frauenfelder. "Phonological neighbourhood effects in French spoken-word recognition." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 63, no. 2 (February 2010): 226–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210903308336.
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GOLATO, PETER. "Word parsing by late-learning French–English bilinguals." Applied Psycholinguistics 23, no. 3 (September 2002): 417–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716402003065.
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Previous research conducted with early learning French–English bilinguals suggests that, at the individual word level, the development of segmentation is best characterized in terms of a parameter-setting theory of language acquisition in which French segmentation is marked relative to English segmentation. The present study, which is conducted with late learning French–English bilinguals, finds evidence for parameter setting but with a directionality of markedness opposite that found by others. Support in favor of these findings is discussed.
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SHOEMAKER, ELLENOR. "Durational cues to word recognition in spoken French." Applied Psycholinguistics 35, no. 2 (November 22, 2012): 243–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716412000380.
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ABSTRACTIn spoken French, the phonological processes of liaison and resyllabification can render word and syllable boundaries ambiguous (e.g.,un air“an air”/un nerf“a nerve,” both [.nɛʁ]). Production data have demonstrated that speakers of French vary the duration of consonants that surface in liaison environments relative to consonants produced word initially. Further research has suggested that listeners exploit these durational differences in the processing of running speech, although no study to date has directly tested this hypothesis. The current study examines the exploitation of duration in word recognition processes by manipulating this single acoustic factor while holding all other factors in the signal constant. The pivotal consonants in potentially ambiguous French sequences (e.g., /n/ inun nerf) were instrumentally shortened and lengthened and presented to listeners in two behavioral tasks. The results suggest that listeners are sensitive to segmental duration and use this information to modulate the lexical interpretation of spoken French.
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Dahan, Delphine, Daniel Swingley, Michael K. Tanenhaus, and James S. Magnuson. "Linguistic Gender and Spoken-Word Recognition in French." Journal of Memory and Language 42, no. 4 (May 2000): 465–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1999.2688.
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Thuilier, Juliette, Margaret Grant, Benoît Crabbé, and Anne Abeillé. "Word order in French: the role of animacy." Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 6, no. 1 (April 21, 2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.1155.
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Tsybova, I. A. "ABOUT SEMANTICS OF WORD FORMATION ON FRENCH MATERIAL." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 5(32) (October 28, 2013): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-5-32-247-251.
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The purpose of the paper is to show how to study the semantics of word-formation by new paradigm. The intermediate character of word-formation is one of causes of the complexity of its semantics. Structural linguistics did not find the explanation of such questions as addition of the sense of derived words, semantics of polysemantic derived words by its methods. So these problems can be settled by new methods: cognitive paradigm (cognitivediscoursive approach) using such notions as concept, inference, proposition, prototype. Results: the derivational paradigm can be represented as a propositional structure and one of derivational type as the prototype of derivational category. Text facilitates to determine the meaning of polysemantic derived words. Thanks to inference we receive knowledge about words beyond the text. It is possible to deal with synonymic formants and antonymy of derived words. Each of these problems deserves to be studied separately.
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Barrett, Catherine Jean. "Origins of the French Bastides." Journal of Urban History 44, no. 3 (January 22, 2016): 421–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144215620620.
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The bastides of Languedoc form a significant sector of medieval urban history, yet their descriptions are often clouded by conflicting opinions and anachronistic views. This article aims to clarify some of the confusion about the word “bastide” through an etymological study and examination of charters in which the word was first used to designate new towns. The economic and political contexts preceding the bastide foundations are equally important. The bastides did not appear in southwestern France as an ex novo phenomenon ; rather, they followed on the heels of experiments in residential development and in a monetary economy that had been ongoing for two centuries by the counts of Toulouse.
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Waldinger, Albert. "The Remnant Word." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 47, no. 1 (December 31, 2001): 49–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.47.1.06wal.
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This article deals with the meaning of contemporary Yiddish poetry and its translation into several non-Jewish languages — French, German and English — stressing the perfected realization of this meaning through educated insight into a completely different culture and language. Also discussed are the contributions of Hasidism, Expressionism and Yiddish Introspectivism as well as the fact that both poetry and language are in the process of disappearing and thus require special care.
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Band, Karin R. M. "The many ways of saying “pattern” in French medical texts." Meta 46, no. 1 (October 2, 2002): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/001965ar.
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Abstract “Pattern” occurs in French as an anglicism; however, its meaning and scope of application are more restricted than those of the English term. With few exceptions, there is no one word that could be used as a French equivalent (the “missing word”). As a result, the meanings of “pattern” will need to be translated in other ways. The challenge to the translator working from French is to recognize “pattern” (the «hidden word”) behind the French terms, and restore it as and where required in the target language. This paper gives equivalents of “pattern” found in context-matched French medical texts.
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Van Goethem, Kristel. "The interaction between word structure and grammaticalization. Evidence from word-formation with French entre- and Dutch tussen-." Word Structure 1, no. 1 (April 2008): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e175012450800007x.
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The central topic of this paper 1 1. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the workshop `Approches récentes de la préposition' at the Université d'Artois (Arras, 30 March 2007). In completing this paper, I benefited from the comments of the participants of this meeting, as well as from the valuable suggestions of Ludo Melis, Kristin Blanpain, Antonine Cappaert and two anonymous referees. is the interaction between two forces: on the one hand, the grammaticalization process by which prepositions may develop into prefixes and, on the other hand, French and Dutch word structure. French compounds typically adopt the word order Head-Modifier (e.g. timbre-poste lit. `seal-post = stamp'), while Dutch usually manifests the inverse word order, i.e. Modifier-Head (e.g. postzegel lit. `post-seal = stamp'). It will be shown that these typological differences between French and Dutch word structure may have a strong impact on the grammaticalization of prepositions introducing P-V and P-N compounds. The theoretical assumptions are applied to a specific case study: the French preposition entre `between' and its Dutch counterpart tussen used as bound morphemes in P-V and P-N compounds.
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McDonald, Janet L., and L. Kathy Heilenman. "Determinants of cue strength in adult first and second language speakers of French." Applied Psycholinguistics 12, no. 3 (September 1991): 313–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400009255.
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ABSTRACTThis study investigates the determinants of adult usage of various syntactic and semantic cues in sentence interpretation. Native French speakers and advanced English/French bilinguals were tested for the strength of usage of word order, clitic pronoun agreement, verb agreement, and noun animacy cues in the assignment of the actor role in French sentences. Native speakers showed strong use of clitic pronoun agreement, followed by much weaker use of verb agreement, an even weaker use of noun animacy, and negligible use of word order. This ranking reflects the importance of these cues in naturally occurring French sentences involving conflicts among cues in conjunction with a learning-on-error model. The English/French bilinguals did not manifest English-like strategies of word order preference on the French sentences; rather, they showed a cue ranking very similar to that of native speakers, although detectability may have played a role in their use of verb agreement. The failure of English word order strategies to correctly interpret many naturally occurring French sentences may be responsible for the adaptation of strategies appropriate to the second language.
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Moehkardi, Rio Rini Diah. "Book Review. Nominalisasi Bahasa Prancis: Kaidah dan Kesulitan Pembelajarannya." Jurnal Humaniora 29, no. 1 (February 27, 2017): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jh.22573.
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As stated by its author, Ferhadius Endi, his book is dedicated to Indonesian learners of French who often find difficulties in understanding French word formations, in particular the nominalization. Not only is French nominalization a complex word formation process, but also the fact that it is mostly explained in French references that give more difficulties for Indonesians learners to understand this particular area.
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Moehkardi, Rio Rini Diah. "BOOK REVIEW. Nominalisasi Bahasa Prancis: Kaidah dan Kesulitan Pembelajarannya." Jurnal Humaniora 29, no. 1 (February 27, 2017): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jh.v29i1.22573.
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As stated by its author, Ferhadius Endi, his book is dedicated to Indonesian learners of French who often find difficulties in understanding French word formations, in particular the nominalization. Not only is French nominalization a complex word formation process, but also the fact that it is mostly explained in French references that give more difficulties for Indonesians learners to understand this particular area.
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Maggio, Severine, Florence Chenu, Guillemette Bes de Berc, Blandine Pesci, Bernard Lété, Harriet Jisa, and Michel Fayol. "Producing written noun phrases in French." Written Language and Literacy 18, no. 1 (February 12, 2015): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.18.1.01mag.
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This research compares the time-course of the written production of bare nouns to that of noun phrases. French adults named pictures of objects either using or not using determiners. Resulting pauses and writing rates were analyzed in relation to word-orthographic frequency, syllabic length, and phoneme-to-grapheme consistency at the end of words. More specifically, we showed that the noun production process begins as soon the determiner production is initiated (word frequency effect on latencies, length and consistency effects on determiner writing rate) and continued during the course of the noun production. When the determiner was absent, the management of writing was different: the writer slowed the production speed, probably in order to realize the lexeme processing that s/he could not do in the absence of the determiner production time. These results provided further evidence that some form of parallel processing occurs in written word production and led us to sketch the time-course of the noun spelling in written denomination of a noun phrase.
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Hulk, Aafke, and Elisabeth van der Linden. "Language Mixing in a French-Dutch Bilingual Child." EUROSLA 6 55 (January 1, 1996): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.55.08hul.
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Child bilingualism has been a domain of growing interest in the last few years. A central question in research concerns the differentiation of the two languages in the developmen-tal process: do children develop two separate language systems from the very beginning or do they start with a combined system? In this discussion, aspects of word order play an essential role. Radford (1986) has compared early child utterances with so called "small clauses". In small clauses, word order would be relatively free due to the fact that children have not yet acquired the concept of case marking which puts constraints on word order. In this assumption, word order would not be expected to be differen-tiated in the first stages of the two languages of the bilingual child. Others however (Meisel, 1989, Frijn & de Haan 1994) have suggested that word order from the two-word stage on is almost invariably correct and in line with parameter settings in the adult language. At first sight, the utterances of the French-Dutch bilingual child that we study do not support one or the other of these two views unambiguously. Despite the fact that French is a head initial, SVO language and that the majority of the utterances of the child are in accordance with this parameter setting, utterances with SOV order and other Dutch-like word orders do appear in her French with a certain frequency. In our discussion we will show that, while the early (S)OV patterns can probably be explained by the absence of a fully fledged functional projection IP in the child's grammar, this cannot account for these patterns in later phases. The persistent presence of OV patterns in the French utterances - that are (although very rarely) encountered in French monolingual children as well - seems to be caused, then, by the continuing Dutch input that may very well be the factor that "pushes up" the production of [XP V] patterns in the child's French.
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Barbaud, Philippe. "La nominalisation d’un participe passé: la suppléance mettre/mise en composition lexicale." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 40, no. 2 (June 1995): 127–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100015826.
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AbstractThe nominalization of several French idioms constructed with the verb mettre contrasts with that of derived nominais such as la destruction de Rome par les barbares. This contrast is mainly due to the quasi mandatory shift of the internal arguments of NPs such as la mise en oeuvre de X ‘the implementation of X’ which corresponds to mettre X en oeuvre ‘to implement X’. A standard morphological treatment of the nominalization of mettre cannot account for the “parasitic gap” associated with this shift. A treatment in terms of “derivational syntax” appears to be more adequate, in that it attributes to the verbal suppletion the preservation of the categorial identity and the semantic unity of the lexical entry shared by the NP and the VP. A major theoretical consequence of this analysis is that it challenges the generally agreed upon claims that X-bar structures are necessarily endocentric and that lexical entries always constitute atomic categories.
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Aiyenuro, A. E., C. O. Onyeani, and N. C. Uche. "Applying lessons learnt from Ebola for effective COVID-19 response in Africa." African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology 22, no. 2 (April 7, 2021): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v22i2.1.
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The Ebola virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission via direct contact with blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected people, and with surfaces and materials contaminated with these fluids. In December 2019, a novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China, attracting the notice of regional authorities and rapidly drawing global attention. In less than 4 months, COVID-19 spread through almost all countries and regions. The COVID-19 pandemic is wreaking havoc on the world economy, in addition to creating the current global public health crisis. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 28,616 cases of Ebola were detected, and 11,310 people died during the outbreak in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. As of 17th December 2020, COVID-19 has killed 1,658,062 people, and positive cases have topped 74 million globally. Africa has suffered several outbreaks of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD); learning from the past is a good way to prepare for the future. We hope to highlight some of the lessons learnt from Africa’s response to previous epidemics that can help in the fight against the ravaging coronavirus pandemic.
Keywords: Ebola, COVID-19, WHO, transmission, global
French Title: Appliquer les leçons tirées d'Ebola pour une réponse efficace au COVID-19 en Afrique
Le virus Ebola est transmis aux humains par des animaux sauvages et se propage dans la population humaine par transmission interhumaine par contact direct avec du sang, des sécrétions, des organes ou d'autres fluides corporels de personnes infectées, et avec des surfaces et des matériaux contaminés par ces fluides. En décembre 2019, une nouvelle maladie à coronavirus (COVID-19) causée par le syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère-coronavirus-2 (SRAS-COV-2) est apparue à Wuhan, en Chine, attirant l'attention des autoritésrégionales et attirant rapidement l'attention mondiale. En moins de 4 mois, le COVID-19 s'est propagé dans presque tous les pays et régions. La pandémie de COVID-19 fait des ravages sur l'économie mondiale, en plus de créer la crise mondiale actuelle de santé publique. Selon l'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS), 28616 cas d'Ebola ont été détectés et 11310 personnes sont décédées au cours de l'épidémie en Guinée, au Libéria et en Sierra Leone. Au 17 décembre 2020, le COVID-19 avait tué 1658062 personnes et les cas positifs dépassaient 74 million dans le monde. L'Afrique a souffert de plusieurs flambées de maladie à virus Ebola (MVE); apprendre du passé est un bon moyen de préparer l'avenir. Nous espérons mettre en évidence certaines des leçons tirées de la réponse de l’Afrique aux épidémies précédentes qui peuvent aider à lutter contre la pandémie ravageuse de coronavirus.
Mots clés: Ebola, COVID-19, OMS, transmission, mondial
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Charvillat, Agnès, and Michèle Kail. "The status of ‘canonical SVO sentences’ in French: a developmental study of the on-line processing of dislocated sentences." Journal of Child Language 18, no. 3 (October 1991): 591–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900011260.
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ABSTRACTThis on-line study investigates the processing of word order by 30 French children (6;6, 8;6, 10;6) and 10 adults. Its main objective is to show that the privileged status granted to ‘canonical SVO sentences’ is inadequate to account for the on-line processing of pronominal utterances in spoken French. Using a word monitoring task, we showed that word order (NVN vs NNV): (1) is a significant factor in sentences containing no clitic pronoun; (2) stops being significant when sentences contain either one or two clitic pronouns. These results suggest that processing complexity depends upon co-reference (‘linear’, ‘crossed’ or ‘embedding’) assignment constraints rather than upon word order per se. We conclude that, in French, word-order processing always interacts with acceptability considerations provided by cliticization.
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Vinet, Marie-Thérèse. "Contrastive Focus, French N-words and Variation." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 43, no. 1 (March 1998): 121–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100020454.
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AbstractThe aim of this article is to argue that the similarities and differences in the interpretation ofn-words (personne, rien, etc.) in two closely related dialects of French can be explained by considerations linked to lexical properties as well as to properties of contrastive stress in Universal Grammar. The minor lexical differences in the two systems are related to the fact that only in Standard French is a single negation reading ruled out when an adverbial negative marker bearing [+neg, −T, −Asp] features, i.e.,pas, appears in the scope of an unstressedn-word. A general principle is proposed to account for the fact that a contrastively focusedn-word always blocks the local relation which seems necessary for a negative concord reading. It is observed that the presence of an intervening quantifier between the negative quantifier and then-word always induces a Double Negation reading.
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NAZZI, THIERRY, KARIMA MERSAD, MEGHA SUNDARA, GALINA IAKIMOVA, and LINDA POLKA. "Early word segmentation in infants acquiring Parisian French: task-dependent and dialect-specific aspects." Journal of Child Language 41, no. 3 (May 10, 2013): 600–633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000913000111.
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ABSTRACTSix experiments explored Parisian French-learning infants' ability to segment bisyllabic words from fluent speech. The first goal was to assess whether bisyllabic word segmentation emerges later in infants acquiring European French compared to other languages. The second goal was to determine whether infants learning different dialects of the same language have partly different segmentation abilities, and whether segmenting a non-native dialect has a cost. Infants were tested on standard European or Canadian French stimuli, in the word–passage or passage–word order. Our study first establishes an early onset of segmentation abilities: Parisian infants segment bisyllabic words at age 0;8 in the passage–word order only (revealing a robust order of presentation effect). Second, it shows that there are differences in segmentation abilities across Parisian and Canadian French infants, and that there is a cost for cross-dialect segmentation for Parisian infants. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding word segmentation processes.
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Peperkamp, Sharon, Inga Vendelin, and Kimihiro Nakamura. "On the perceptual origin of loanword adaptations: experimental evidence from Japanese." Phonology 25, no. 1 (May 2008): 129–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675708001425.
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Japanese shows an asymmetry in the treatment of word-final [n] in loanwords from English and French: while it is adapted as a moraic nasal consonant in loanwords from English, it is adapted with a following epenthetic vowel in loanwords from French. We provide experimental evidence that this asymmetry is due to phonetic differences in the realisation of word-final [n] in English and French, and, consequently, to the way in which English and French word-final [n] are perceived by native speakers of Japanese. Specifically, French but not English word-final [n] has a strong vocalic release that Japanese listeners perceive as their native vowel [ɯ]. We propose a psycholinguistic model in which most loanword adaptations originate in perceptual assimilation, a process which takes place during perception and which maps non-native sounds and sound structures onto the phonetically closest native ones. We compare our model to alternatives couched within phonological theory.
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PARISSE, CHRISTOPHE, and MARIE-THÉRÈSE LE NORMAND. "How children build their morphosyntax: the case of French." Journal of Child Language 27, no. 2 (June 2000): 267–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900004116.
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Early morphosyntax is very rich and uniform in young French-speaking children. The present study aims to give a thorough analysis of the morphosyntax produced at the outset of multi-word speech, with a classification of free language produced at 2;0 by 27 French-speaking children. The corpus was fully tagged by an automatic part-of-speech tagger. A classification performed with words taken in isolation shows a clear difference between the categories used in single-word utterances and those used in multi-word utterances. A classification performed with word sequences reveals surprisingly adult-like sequences of syntactic categories and words; the non-adult combinations are few in a French child's language. The very successful use of the tagger demonstrates the morphosyntactic coherence of the child's speech. When compared with adult language, the quantitative results, and more precisely the data concerning regularity and error types, contribute to the documentation of all the specificities of the emerging morphosyntax in normally developing French children.