Academic literature on the topic 'Mexican American women – United States – Ethnic identity'
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Journal articles on the topic "Mexican American women – United States – Ethnic identity"
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González, Gabriela. "Early Identity, Environment, and Experience." California History 97, no. 4 (2020): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2020.97.4.133.
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Josefina Fierro de Bright served as a political and social activist in the 1930s and 1940s through her participation in the Mexican Defense Committee, El Congreso (the National Congress of Spanish-Speaking Peoples), and the Sleepy Lagoon Defense Committee, as well as her important efforts to end the violent attacks on ethnic Mexicans in Los Angeles during the Zoot Suit Riots. Fierro participated in organizations focused on human, civil, women’s, and labor rights. She contributed to a cross-cultural “politics of opposition” determined to create a world where true equality might flourish. She used American nationalist and transnationalist approaches. In the United States, Fierro networked with activists, celebrities, and political leaders who supported many of the same causes that she did. Her transnational approach materialized in the form of collaboration with the Mexican consulate, which also sought to secure the human rights of ethnic Mexicans living in the United States during a time of strong anti-Mexican sentiment. In order to understand why and how Fierro emerged as a leader willing to challenge the racism undergirding the segregation and mistreatment of ethnic Mexicans in California in the 1930s and 1940s, this study examines her family’s history of social activism, the fluid sociocultural environment of an American Left in which women played central roles, and her bold and charismatic leadership style.
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González, Gabriela. "Early Identity, Environment, and Experience." California History 97, no. 4 (2020): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2020.97.4.133.
Full textAbstract:
Josefina Fierro de Bright served as a political and social activist in the 1930s and 1940s through her participation in the Mexican Defense Committee, El Congreso (the National Congress of Spanish-Speaking Peoples), and the Sleepy Lagoon Defense Committee, as well as her important efforts to end the violent attacks on ethnic Mexicans in Los Angeles during the Zoot Suit Riots. Fierro participated in organizations focused on human, civil, women’s, and labor rights. She contributed to a cross-cultural “politics of opposition” determined to create a world where true equality might flourish. She used American nationalist and transnationalist approaches. In the United States, Fierro networked with activists, celebrities, and political leaders who supported many of the same causes that she did. Her transnational approach materialized in the form of collaboration with the Mexican consulate, which also sought to secure the human rights of ethnic Mexicans living in the United States during a time of strong anti-Mexican sentiment. In order to understand why and how Fierro emerged as a leader willing to challenge the racism undergirding the segregation and mistreatment of ethnic Mexicans in California in the 1930s and 1940s, this study examines her family’s history of social activism, the fluid sociocultural environment of an American Left in which women played central roles, and her bold and charismatic leadership style.
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Zambrano, Mayela. "Latinas for Trump Analysis of Processes of Identification and the Use of Narratives to Construct Subject-Positions." Pragmática Sociocultural / Sociocultural Pragmatics 6, no. 2 (December 19, 2018): 197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/soprag-2018-0004.
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AbstractThe public and commercial spheres constantly address the largest ethnic minority in the United States, people with ancestry or from a Latin American country, as a homogenous group under the ethnopolitical terms “Latinos,” “Hispanics,” and even “Mexicans.” This panethnic view, and the negative stereotypes associated with it, was especially visible during the 2016 presidential election. While the majority of Latinos found Donald Trump’s remarks on “Mexicans” offensive to the Latin community as a whole, a large number of people still supported his opinions, even those belonging to the “Latino” community. Even more so, women of Latino heritage still supported a nominee that went against their own advance in society given his constant misogynistic comments. In this essay, I analyze the groundings for this apparent contradiction in the preference for said candidate. I argue that these women’s political preference is a tool with which they build their identity in the U.S. Besides, I explore the ways in which individuals linguistically construct their own identity in three ways (i) by actively doing the identification instead of merely receiving it by an unknown agent; (ii) by choosing the self-representation of their preference, and (iii) by finding commonalities and bonding with other individuals they deem part of their group. Through this approach, I analyze semiotic processes, such as intertextuality, use of pronouns, and discourse alignment, that are used to construct identifications of the self that go beyond imposed categories, such as gender and ethnicity.
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Fought, Carmen. "Language as a representation of Mexican American identity." English Today 26, no. 3 (August 24, 2010): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078410000131.
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Demographic data indicate that the English of Mexican Americans is destined to play a key role in the sociolinguistic study of language variation in the United States. In fact, Mexican American speakers are reported to account for more than 12.5% of the U.S. population. In 2003, the U.S. Census released data showing that Latinos and Latinas had replaced African Americans as the largest minority ethnic group in the U.S., and by 2007, 29.2 million Americans listed their ancestry as Mexican (Pew Hispanic Center, 2009). Moreover, in addition to the large numbers of Mexicans (first generation) and Mexican Americans (second generation) living in the Southwest, we are now seeing a new representation of these ethnic groups in other areas, such as the South. For example, between 1990 and 2000, North Carolina experienced a higher percentage of growth in its Mexican American population than any other state (Wolfram, Carter & Moriello, 2004).These statistics are important with respect to language because they reveal that a large and increasing population of English speakers in the U.S. are Latinos and Latinas of Mexican origin. Our notion of American English, then, must be extended to include the variety traditionally spoken by the children of Mexican immigrants in the U.S., generally referred to in the literature as Chicano English. In addition, if we look at the Mexican American population as a whole, we will find a number of other varieties of English spoken.
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De La Garza, Rodolfo O., and Louis DeSipio. "Interests Not Passions: Mexican-American Attitudes toward Mexico, Immigration from Mexico, and Other Issues Shaping U.S.-Mexico Relations." International Migration Review 32, no. 2 (June 1998): 401–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839803200205.
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As Mexico has become more significant to the United States in the past decade, political leaders on both sides of the border have raised questions regarding the role that the Mexican-origin population of the United States will play in U.S.-Mexico relations. Will they become, as many Americans fear and Mexican officials hope, an ethnic lobby mobilized around policy issues affecting Mexico? Or will they abandon home-country political interests while maintaining a strong cultural identity? This article examines Mexican-American attitudes toward Mexico and toward the public policy issues that shape United States-Mexico relations. Our analysis suggests that Mexican Americans have developed policy attitudes that diverge from those of Mexico. Yet, the relationships of Mexican Americans to the United States and to Mexico are sufficiently volatile to suggest caution in concluding that Mexican Americans will take no role in shaping relations between the two countries.
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Wambach, Karen, Elaine Williams Domian, Sallie Page-Goertz, Heather Wurtz, and Kelli Hoffman. "Exclusive Breastfeeding Experiences among Mexican American Women." Journal of Human Lactation 32, no. 1 (August 19, 2015): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334415599400.
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Background:According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hispanic breastfeeding mothers begin early formula supplementation at higher rates than other ethnic groups, which can lead to shorter breastfeeding duration and decreased exclusive breastfeeding. Acculturation, the process of adopting beliefs and behaviors of another culture, appears to influence breastfeeding practices of Hispanic women in the United States. Little is known about Mexican American mothers’ formula use and exclusive breastfeeding within the context of acculturation.Objective:Our study identified perceived benefits and barriers to exclusive breastfeeding and levels of acculturation among Mexican American women living in a Midwestern city.Methods:We used a qualitative descriptive design integrating Pender’s Health Promotion Model concepts. Individual interviews were conducted in English or Spanish (N = 21). The revised Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans was used to examine acculturation levels.Results:Acculturation scores indicated that the majority (66%) of the sample was “very Mexican oriented.” Most women exclusively breastfed, with a few using early supplementation for “insufficient milk production.” Three themes emerged: (1) It is natural that a woman give life and also provide the best food for her baby; (2) Breastfeeding is ultimately a woman’s decision but is influenced by tradition, guidance, and encouragement; and (3) Breast milk is superior but life circumstances can challenge one’s ability to breastfeed.Conclusion:Strong familial/cultural traditions supported and normalized breastfeeding. Barriers to exclusive breastfeeding were similar to breastfeeding women in general, in the United States. Findings support the need for culturally competent and individualized lactation care.
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Townsend, Tiffany G., Stacey Kaltman, Farzana Saleem, Dionne S. Coker-Appiah, and Bonnie L. Green. "Ethnic Disparities in Trauma-Related Mental Illness: Is Ethnic Identity a Buffer?" Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 11-12 (April 5, 2017): 2164–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517701454.
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Despite evidence that racial and ethnic characteristics influence the impact of traumatic exposure on psychological health, little is known about how race and ethnic identity can alter, and possibly protect against, the effects of trauma on the psychiatric diagnoses of women. Therefore, the present study examined the moderating role of race/ethnicity and ethnic identity in the link between trauma exposure and psychiatric diagnosis for African American and Caucasian college women. Participants were a sample of 242 women from the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States who self-identified as African American or Black (31%) and European American or Caucasian (69%; M age = 19.5 years). Interviews were conducted over the phone to screen for trauma, followed by longer in-person interviews. Each of the interviewers was supervised, and interviews were reviewed to control for quality. Regression analyses revealed that the number of traumatic events was a stronger predictor of lifetime psychiatric diagnoses for Caucasian women. In addition, ethnic identity served as a protective factor against trauma exposure among participants. The findings suggest that ethnic identity is a relevant buffer against potential psychiatric diagnoses as result of exposure to traumatic events for both Caucasian and African American women.
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Viruell-Fuentes, Edna A. "“IT'S A LOT OF WORK”." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 8, no. 1 (2011): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x11000117.
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AbstractExplanations for immigrant and Latino health outcomes often invoke culture through the use of the concept of acculturation. The use of acculturation models in health research has been, however, the topic of growing debate. Critics of acculturation-based explanations point out that despite the growing psychometric sophistication in measuring acculturation, the concept and its underlying assumptions remain flawed. Specifically, questions regarding how Mexicans experience and make sense of the ethnoracial structure of the United States and how racialization processes impact health and well-being remain largely ignored within acculturation-based models. By examining the processes Mexican women engage in as they construct ethnic identities within a stigmatizing social environment in the United States, this paper contributes answers to these questions. Based on a qualitative analysis of forty in-depth interviews conducted with first-generation Mexican immigrant women and second-generation Mexican American women in Detroit, this paper describes how Mexican women work through the tensions and complexities embedded in the process of constructing a sense of ethnic belonging while, at the same time, confronting and resisting racial stereotypes of Mexicans in the United States. Women's narratives suggest that the stress involved in negotiating ethnic identities under stigmatizing environments might be one of the ways in which living in a racialized society affects health outcomes. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for Latino and immigrant health.
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Kelly, Mary E. "Ethnic Conversions: Family, Community, Women, and Kinwork." Ethnic Studies Review 19, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.1996.19.1.81.
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According to the straight-line theory of assimilation, ethnic groups by the third or fourth generation should be entirely assimilated into mainstream society and should identify themselves as “Americans.” Yet there has been a resurgence of ethnicity among white ethnics in the United States that has led to a renewed interest in particular ethnic groups and their cultures. Third- and fourth-generation European Americans claim an ethnic identity even though their ties to their ancestral homeland may be tenuous. Lithuanian Americans in Kansas City, Kansas, in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s would seem to provide support for the straight-line theory of assimilation, yet since the 1980s they have reconstituted themselves through the Lithuanians of America organization and are experiencing a renewal of their ethnic identity. The Lithuanian American community in Seattle, Washington, also experienced ebbs and flows in the activism and unity of its members. The community was active at the turn of the twentieth century, next revitalized by Lithuanian emigres following World War II, and then became active again in the late 1970s after a decade of inaction. Members of the two groups were given questionnaires in the early 1990s to address the ethnic identity fluctuations as well as the role of non-ethnics in the organizations. One of the more exciting findings from the surveys and from participant observation was the extensive role of “ethnic converts” in the Kansas City organization, and their lesser (but still significant) role in the Seattle Lithuanian-American community.
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Iancu, Anca-Luminiţa. "Gender and Ethnicity: Life Stories of Jewish-American Immigrant Women in the First Half of the Twentieth Century." East-West Cultural Passage 20, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 7–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ewcp-2020-0009.
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Abstract In the first half of the twentieth century, immigrants left oral and written testimonies of their experience in the United States, many of them housed in various ethnic-American archives or published by ethnic historical societies. In 1942, the Yiddish Scientific Institute in New York City encouraged Jewish-American immigrants to share their life stories as part of a written essay contest. In 2006, several of these autobiographical accounts were translated and published by Jocelyn Cohen and Daniel Soyer in a volume entitled My Future Is in America. Thus, this essay examines the autobiographies of two Jewish-American immigrant women, Minnie Goldstein and Rose Schoenfeld, with a view to comparing how their gendered identity (as women and as members of their families) has impacted their choices and lives in their home countries and in the United States in the first part of the twentieth century.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mexican American women – United States – Ethnic identity"
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Nárez, Enrique Fernández. "Culture and ethnic identity in the curriculum." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/947.
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Morones, Rachel Bright. "In search of self : a closer look at Mexican American heritage seeking students." Scholarly Commons, 2004. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/588.
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This qualitative study explores the complexities of a little studied international student population called heritage seekers. Focusing specifically on Mexican Americans studying abroad in Mexico, this investigation examined a group from California living in the central state of Queretaro. Information on their experience was collected via a questionnaire applied upon their arrival in Mexico and a two hour interview with each of the participants conducted midway through their study abroad. Their experiences were compiled into profiles and analyzed using theories from four different areas of intercultural study including acculturation, identity, Chicano studies, and friendship development. This investigation produced a series of demographic continua, a list of experiences students are likely to encounter, and suggestions for international educators for meeting the needs of this student population.
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Goldberger, Stephanie. "Mexican-Americans in Los Angeles: Strengthening Their Ethnic Identity Through Chivas USA." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/307.
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A large Mexican-American population already exists in Los Angeles and, with each generation, it continues to rise. This Mexican-American community has maintained its connection to its heritage by playing and watching soccer, Mexico’s top watched sport. In this thesis, I analyze how Major League Soccer's Chivas USA serves as an outlet through which many Mexicans in Los Angeles have developed their ethnic identities. Since the early twentieth century, Mexicans in Los Angeles have created separate residential communities and sports organizations to strengthen their connections with one another.
To appeal to Mexican-Americans, Chivas USA has branded itself closely to its sister team Chivas Guadalajara of Mexico. I explore how Chivas USA's Mexican-American fans have responded to the team's arrival in Los Angeles by forming three different supporter groups — Legion 1908, Union Ultras, and Black Army 1850. By interviewing members of the Union Ultras and Black Army 1850, I learned their beliefs towards a range of issues, including: why they support Chivas USA rather than the Los Angeles Galaxy and how they view the poor representation of Mexican-American players on the United States National Soccer Team. As I conclude, these supporter groups have increased in number and diversity as Chivas USA has grown in popularity. To increase its Mexican-American fan base and to sustain professional soccer in Los Angeles, Chivas USA should relocate to a new stadium for the Major League Soccer's 2013 season and consider rebranding its name to "Chivas Los Angeles."
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Ortega, Anthony Perez. "Diagnostic differences of Mexican American clients due to clinician's ethnicity." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2000. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1638.
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Peralta, Andrés. "Eating from the Tree of Knowledge: The Impact of Visual Culture on the Perception and Construction of Ethnic, Sexual, and Gender Identity." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc33193/.
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This study explores the way that visual culture and identity creates understanding about how the women in my family interact and teach each other. In the study issues of identity, liminality, border culture, are explored. The study examines how underrepresented groups, such as those represented by Latinas, can enter into and add to the discourses of art education because the women who participated have learned to maneuver through the world, passing what they have learned to one another, from one generation to the next. Furthermore, the study investigates ways in which visual cues offer a way for the women in my family to negotiate their identity. In the study the women see themselves in signs, magazines, television, dolls, clothing patterns, advertisements, and use these to find ways in which to negotiate the borderlands of the places in which they live. Although the education that occurred was informal, its importance is in creating a portal through which to self reflect on the cultural work of educating.
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Martinez, Yolanda Tellez. "Recordando memoria : shaping Chicana identity." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/30508.
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This research explored the self-concept of Chicanas in terms of their
lived experiences and how those experiences influenced the shaping of their
identity. It examined the multiple labels Chicanas use to self-identify and the
context or situations in which they use specific labels. Moreover, it took into
account the influence of gender, ethnicity, language, race, and culture on their
concept of self. My study employed interpretive and collaborative research
methods and included my own narrative story as part of the analytical process.
It draws on a Chicana femenista (feminist) pedagogy that is heavily influenced
by an Indigenous perspective as the conduit for the construction and
transmission of knowledge. My objectives during the course of the study were
to explore the many facets of Chicanas' experiences and challenge prevailing
notions about our identity.
The chief method for collecting data was interactive, dialogic
interviews with five Chicana participants. During the loosely structured
interviews, the women were asked to narrate their life stories as they related to
the shaping of their concept of self. The women's detailed narratives and
personal reminiscences as well as my own provided the data that was analyzed
and interpreted to examine Chicana identity. The women were co-participants
in "making sense" of the data. They provided guidance, expressed opinions,
and helped to construct the meaning of their lived experiences.
The results of the interpretation process indicated that culture and the
intersecting factors of gender, language, age, ethnicity, and race shaped the
participants' concept of self. Hence, their identity was culturally learned and
mediated via their perceptions of the world. In turn, their worldview was
influenced by the aforementioned factors. The women's narratives also
suggested that they used multiple identity labels and that they were contextual.
Thus, identity can change or evolve over the course of one's lifespan and
through one's lived experiences. As such, Chicana identity is not fixed. As
Chicanas we are constructing our own identity rather than allowing it to be
imposed by others. Moreover, we are extending the possibility that we
continually construct our identity.Graduation date: 2004
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Dowling, Julie Anne. "The lure of whiteness and the politics of "otherness": Mexican American racial identity." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/1175.
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Richter, Roxane. "Medical outcasts: voices of undocumented Zimbabwean and Mexican women fighting gendered and institutionalized xenophobia in American and South African emergency health care." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/20804.
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A Thesis Submitted to the School of Social Sciences, in the Faculty of Humanities, in Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy in Political Studies
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND
JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA
NOVEMBER 2014This thesis is the culmination of medical aid work and 24 one-on-one interviews with undocumented Mexican women in the U.S.A. and Zimbabwean women in South Africa seeking lifesaving emergency healthcare access. The theoretical research combined with practitioner-based fieldwork, shows the direct and deplorable effects of xenophobic policies coupled with a demonstrable failure to enforce healthcare access rights.
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Gooding, Velma A. R. "Can't we all just get along? : responses toward ethnic advertising cues as indicators of an American black-brown divide or distinctiveness." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/18096.
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This dissertation reviewed extant literature about McGuire’s distinctiveness theory, the Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion, in-group bias theory, racial identity, race source effects, and cultural cues pertaining to targeting African American and Latino consumer markets. Mexican and African American informants were interviewed after viewing magazine advertisements targeted to the other group to determine if distinctiveness to the other’s images and cultural cues occurred. Observations were also reported from ethnographic excursions across Des Moines, Iowa, a city and state where African Americans and Mexicans are numerical rarities or minorities. Results revealed that the majority of informants spontaneously delivered responses that reflected salience with the other group. In fact, both groups saw themselves as a part of a greater people of color community--extending their ethnic identities. Furthermore, informants exhibited a provisional ethnic backlash against viewing Anglos in product advertisements in their ethnic magazines. However, when ads presented a message about diversity, informants thought Anglo images should be included. Both groups said they valued the use of people of color and socially responsible messages in ads for high involvement and low involvement products, however, these images and cultural cues would not lead to purchases of new brands because informants were weary about wasting money on unfamiliar brands in a stressed economy. Consumers also scanned ads for models’ races, and paid attention to how their ethnic group and other people of color were treated in ads. Also, informants reported discussing racial issues often in social circles. A black-brown racial divide was expressed when there was a perceived scarcity of resources and when one group discussed how they felt the other group perceived their race. Finally, class and having on-going personal relationships with members of the other group affected responses. This study offers many academic, managerial, practitioner, social and political implications and recommendations.text
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Flores, Alma Itzé. "Decolonizing minds : the experiences of Latina Mexican American studies majors at a predominately white university." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-3564.
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The recent attacks on ethnic studies programs both in Arizona with house bill 2281 and locally at the University of Central Texas serve as an urgent call to address how ethnic studies programs impact the educational trajectories of students. Additionally, research done on ethnic studies programs has largely focused on high school programs, overlooking programs in higher education. Therefore, this study addresses the following question: In what ways does being a Mexican American Studies major influence the experiences of Latinas at a predominately White institution (PWI)? Using Chicana feminist thought and Yosso’s (2005) community cultural wealth model as theoretical perspectives this study seeks to; 1) understand an educational approach (ethnic studies) that has shown success with students of color, 2) fill in the gap in the literature of ethnic studies programs in higher education, and 3) look at the gendered experience of Latinas at PWIs. Through a thematic analysis of six in depth interviews and a focus group conducted with six Latina undergraduates the author finds that Mexican American Studies represents a site or process of reclaiming and redefining. Four major themes are identified and discussed; reclaiming knowledge, the self, and space(s) and redefining la mujer. The findings suggest that there is a relationship between student retention and ethnic studies programs, adding epistemic and mestiza capital to Yosso’s community cultural wealth model, and using ethnic studies programs as models of how to best support students of color at PWIs. The author concludes with the suggestion that more research is needed on the experiences of other undergraduate students (White, African American, men, etc.) that are ethnic studies majors in order to further understand the impact, importance, and wealth of potential in these programs.text
Books on the topic "Mexican American women – United States – Ethnic identity"
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Martínez, Elizabeth Sutherland. 500 years of Chicana women's history =: 500 años de la mujer chicana. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press, 2008.
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Martínez, Elizabeth Sutherland. 500 years of Chicana women's history =: 500 años de la mujer chicana. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press, 2008.
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Martínez, Elizabeth Sutherland. 500 years of Chicana women's history =: 500 años de la mujer chicana. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press, 2008.
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Chicana sexuality and gender: Cultural refiguring in literature, oral history, and art. Durham: Duke University Press, 2008.
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American encounters: Greater Mexico, the United States, and the erotics of culture. Boston: Beacon Press, 1998.
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Embracing the East: White women and American orientalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
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Women without class: Girls, race, and identity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.
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The romance of race: Incest, miscegenation, and multiculturalism in the United States, 1880-1930. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2013.
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Muhs, Gabriella Gutiérrez y. Communal feminisms: Chicanas, Chilenas, and cultural exile : theorizing the space of exile, class, and identity. Lanham, Md: Lexington Books, 2010.
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Pachucas and pachucos in Tucson: Situated border lives. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2009.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Mexican American women – United States – Ethnic identity"
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MODEL, SUZANNE, and GENE A. FISHER. "The New Second Generation at the Turn of the New Century: Europeans and non-Europeans in the US labour market." In Unequal Chances. British Academy, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197263860.003.0014.
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At the turn of the twenty-first century, more immigrants resided in the United States than at any time in the nation's history. Whereas in the past, most immigrants came from Europe, the bulk of the influx has recently come from Asia and Latin America. This chapter shows that the addition of non-Europeans to the American melting pot has wrought some changes in the traditional ‘assimilation tale’. Ceteris paribus, at the turn of the new century, first-generation non-Europeans do not do as well as their European counterparts. On the other hand, most of the second-generation non-European groups do as well as native-born white people. Most ethnic minorities are vulnerable to unemployment, some face hardships in occupational attainment, and a few incur earnings deficits within occupational categories. In general, women fare better than men, and the second generation better than both the first and the third. The one second-generation group in difficulty is Mexicans, but there is an important gender difference here. Both second- and third-generation Mexican women encounter fewer labour-market difficulties than their male counterparts.