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1
Neradová, Alena. "Performance of private MFIs and financial cooperatives." Doctoral thesis, Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-260285.
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Developing countries have a long-term deal with a financial and economic instability in the current economic environment. Besides others, one of discussed solutions on that scheme is dedicated to microfinance where are evident efforts at delivering inclusive socio-economic development. Thus, the dissertation is focused on the analysis of the relative performance of private MFIs and financial cooperatives in Mediterranean region on selected socio-economic indicators, such as women's employment, education or level of material well-being. The impact of the offered products, such as credit and savings in the attempt to express what types of institutions are providing higher added value to clientele and in what intensity they change selected socio-economic indicator is also significant. Primary data of selected institutions will be inspected on the background of global data structured in the major regions of the world trying to understand the logics, risks and potentials of the development of the microfinance and cooperative sector and their intersections. The output will be a recommendation for the support of the microfinance and cooperative sector.
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Nyamsogoro, Ganka Daniel. "Financial sustainability of rural microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Tanzania." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2010. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6366/.
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An enduring problem facing microfinance institutions is how to attain financial sustainability. Several studies have been conducted to determine the factors affecting financial sustainability of microfinance institutions using large and well developed MFIs in various countries. However, no such study has been conducted in rural Tanzania where majority of MFIs are small, most of which are member-based (cooperatives). Consequently, the factors affecting their financial sustainability are not known. This study, therefore, was set to bridge this knowledge gap. This study followed a quantitative research approach using panel data regression as the main data analysis technique. The study was based on four years primary and secondary data obtained from 98 sampled rural MFIs in Tanzania. We found that microfinance capital structure, interest rates charged, differences in lending type, cost per borrower, product type, MFI size, number of borrowers, yield on gross loan portfolio, level of portfolio at risk, liquidity level, staff productivity, and the operating efficiency affect the financial sustainability of rural microfinance institutions in Tanzania. The study makes the following key contributions to knowledge in addition to determining factors affecting financial sustainability of rural microfinance institutions in Tanzania: First, the study reveals that there exists simultaneous causality relationship between financial sustainability and breadth of outreach. When this relationship is not considered in determining factors affecting financial sustainability there may be inconsistent evidence on the existence of mission drift. Second, it unveils the trade-off between financial sustainability and breadth of outreach with regards to the minimum loan size when group lending is used. That is, larger loan size, while improves profitability, reduces the breadth of outreach. Third, the study provides empirical evidence that the impact of a particular lending type on microfinance institution‟s profitability will depend on the term to maturity and number of instalments reflected in its lending terms. Fourth, consistent with the institutionists‟ view, the study provides empirical evidence that financial sustainability of microfinance institutions improves their breadth of outreach. Lastly, the study documents the applicability and limitations of previous studies to rural microfinance institutions in Tanzania.
3
Zhang, Chaoqi. "Mechanically flexible interconnects (MFIs) for large scale heterogeneous system integration." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53637.
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In this research, wafer-level flexible input/output interconnection technologies,
Mechanically Flexible Interconnects (MFIs), have been developed. First, Au-NiW MFIs
with 65 µm vertical elastic range of motion are designed and fabricated. The gold
passivation layer is experimentally verified to not only lower the electrical resistance
but also significantly extend the life-time of the MFIs. In addition, a photoresist
spray-coating based fabrication process is developed to scale the in-line pitch of MFIs
from 150 µm to 50 µm. By adding a contact-tip, Au-NiW MFI could realize a rematable assembly on a substrate with uniform pads and a robust assembly on a
substrate with 45 µm surface variation. Last but not least, multi-pitch multi-height
MFIs (MPMH MFIs) are formed using double-lithography and double-reflow processes,
which can realize an MFI array containing MFIs with various heights and various
pitches. Using these advanced MFIs, large scale heterogeneous systems which can provide
high performance system-level interconnections are demonstrated. For example,
the demonstrated 3D interposer stacking enabled by MPMH MFIs is promising to
realize a low profile and cavity-free robust stacking system. Moreover, bridged multiinterposer
system is developed to address the reticle and yield limitations of realizing
a large scale system using current 2.5D integration technologies. The high-bandwidth
interconnection available within interposer can be extended by using a silicon chip
to bridge adjacent interposers. MFIs assisted thermal isolation is also developed to
alleviate thermal coupling in a high-performance 3D stacking system.
4
Ahmed, Juber. "Client Information Needs of MFIs : A Case Study of ASA Bangladesh." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för management, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-1117.
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Abstract Title: Client Information Needs of MFIs: A Case Study of ASA Bangladesh Author: Juber Ahmed Academic Advisor: Dr. Klaus Solberg Søilen Department: School of Management, Blekinge Institute of Technology Course: Master Thesis in Business Administration Purpose: To enrich the knowledge base of client’s needs of financial services and assessing the tools MFIs used to collect clients’ information and how they utilized the information for developing new products and services or modifying existing products and services or their terms and conditions to meet the needs of financial services of their clientele. Also how MFIs organized and managed the information and how they categorized their clients using that information. Method: The investigation conducted from both a theoretical and an empirical point of view. The deductive approach used for the study and the case study method deployed. I studied ASA which is an MFI renowned in Bangladesh and beyond. At first, I had gone through a secondary research for collecting a number of successful methods and standard types of information used by successful MFIs from existing literature. In primary research, I interviewed 10 Managers (Assistant Directors) for ASA to determine which of the methods found in the literature were more effective for collecting clients’ information for them and also asked them to add their ideas to the list. At last I asked interviewees to rate the methods and results presented in this paper. Theory: This study was an exploratory one where I discussed the related aspects for the study - Microfinance, Client Assessment, Clients of Microfinance, Information needs and Management Information System. Findings: The study showed that ASA utilized client information for developing their credit products and services and based on number of loans taken by the clients they categorized their clients and modified or developed new products and services for each category of clients. Although ASA executed several tools for collecting client information but the managers think that their staffs’ collection of information from regular meeting with clients was more effective than others for modifying products’ terms and conditions and modifying or developing new products and services to their women and small enterprise clients. The conducted study also revealed that in ASA impact study was necessary to know clients’ overall level of satisfaction but management needed specific information on what aspects of ASA and its credit products and services clients preferred and did not prefer and the reasons of the preferences. Also they needed action plan to address clients’ specific concerns, so they needed the information on a continual basis and they were successful to achieve this continuous flow of information. For ASA, the best way to get this type of information would be through client satisfaction Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), although they utilized several tools but not often as discussed in part 3 in chapter 5. ASA owned an MIS (AMMS) for monitoring and managing clients’ information and they utilized this to categorize their clients based on the collected information about their number of loans. Conclusion: This study revealed that ASA served only women and small enterprise clientele that included the vulnerable non-poor and could contribute to the profitability of ASA. There was no attempt to diversify the products to include all poor that should be the goal of microfinance to alleviate poverty. Moreover client treated as individual client but the loans used to fulfill household or family needs of the clients. There were tools for collecting information on household about impact of credit programs participation but they took seldom effort for collecting information of the household money management or in other words how they utilized the loans for variety of household needs. There is lack of access to a variety of financial services for poor clients, even though MFIs are mostly serving vulnerable non-poor instead of taking consideration of all categories of poor. It revealed from the study that MFIs could gain long term success by serving specific market segment but it should not be only focus of MFIs, their initiative should be to include all poor in their clients profile with a priority to a specific market segment. This could help them to become sustainable and to minimize risks by spreading it in different market segments. The study found that ASA considered FGDs as an effective tool for collecting clients’ information as their staffs and managers were familiar with this tool, moreover it was cost effective for them. It observed that they seldom followed Tool Selection Process and it was the top management that decided over the tools, the decision might influence by internal and external interest groups and the competition. MFIs should organize client information in a way so that they could be able to manipulate the specific client information to serve client better and to take effective decision, although it is imperative to argue that they may like to serve the wealthier clients. This research paper is also presenting some important findings from existing literature of microfinance and a number of recommendations based on the study experience and scholars opinions from existing microfinance study that may help MFIs to prepare themselves to adopt client-oriented approach by utilizing client assessment tools to fulfill the needs of financial services of their clients that may hopefully include all poor irrespective of their categories.
5
Volschenk, Jako. "Problems experienced by South African microfinance institutions (MFIs) : priorities and trends." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53021.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The efficiency and availability of financial services for the poor is a global problem, and has only recently started to enjoy attention in South Africa. This dissertation aims to study the problems experienced by the South African microfinance industry, which includes a vast range of financial products. The survey conducted of the South African industry indicates that its makeup is significantly different from the industries in Latin America and Asia. The problems in the industry are prioritised and show the high cost structure to be the most pressing issue. A number of these issues show agreement as expressed by Spearman rank correlation coefficients. Clear trends exist between distinct market-segments in the industry. Tests for differences in location of specific populations indicate significant differences in perceptions regarding these segments. The government's recent suggestion to unify the financial service regulators into a mega-regulator is based on the assumption that the microcredit and commercial credit industries share the same priorities and problems. The very low Spearman rank correlation coefficient found in this study, on the other hand, seems to indicate that no reason exists to assume the priorities are the same at the two levels. Finally, it is shown by means of a "best practice matrix", that solutions to most problems can be found, but that the fit is dependent on a large number of variables.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die beskikbaarheid van finansiële dienste vir armes is 'n wêreldwye probleem, en het eers onlangs meer aandag in Suid Afrika begin geniet. Hierdie studie fokus op die probleme wat ervaar word in die mikrokrediet (mikrolenings) industrie. Die opname toon dat die Suid-Afrikaanse industrie beduidend verskil in samestelling van die ooreenstemmende industrieë in Suid-Amerika en Asië. Die probleme in die industrie is geprioritiseer en toon dat die hoë koste-struktuur die grootste probleem is. Sekere kwelpunte toon ooreenstemming, uitgedruk by wyse van Spearman se rangkorrelasie-koëffesiënt. Duidelike tendense bestaan tussen onderskeie mark-segmente in die industrie. Toetse vir ooreenstemming in die ligging van sekere populasies toon beduidende verskille in persepsies rakende hierdie segmente. Die regering se onlangse voorstel om die beheer-liggame van finansiële dienste saam te snoer in een liggaam is gebaseer op die aanname dat die mikrokrediet en kommersiële krediet industrië dieselfde probleme en prioriteite deel. Die baie lae Spearman rangkorrelasie-koëffisiënt impliseer egter dat daar geen grondige rede bestaan om aan te neem dat die prioriteite dieselfde is vir die twee vlakke nie. Laastens word beste praktyke aangedui in die vorm van 'n "beste praktyk matriks". Oplossings vir byna alle probleme kan gevind word, maar die toepaslikheid is afhanklik van 'n wye verskeidenheid veranderlikes.
6
Gudjonsson, Sigurdur <1976>. "The Road to Poverty Reduction: Corporate Governance and Female Participation in MFIs." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6838/.
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1.Microfinance Industry – Context of Analysis. This paper is an introduction to the microfinance industry. It serves as a context of analysis, for the empirical settings and basis for building the theoretical argument for the thesis.
2.Women in Microfinance Institutions: The Road to Poverty Reduction and Gender Equality? One of the unique aspects of microfinance institutions is their focus on outreach, i.e. their ability to reach the poor. This paper explores whether the presence of women in microfinance institutions is associated with improved outreach. Building on prior research that shows that women tend to improve financial performance and social responsibility, we examine an original dataset of 226 microfinance institutions. The empirical results suggest that the presence of a female CEO, female managers and female loan officers is directly related to improved outreach, while the presence of women board members is not.
3. Women in Microfinance Institutions: Is There a Trade-Off Between Outreach and Sustainability? Abstract This paper’s contribution to the understanding of microfinance is two-fold. First, while it has been shown that female CEOs in MFIs increase financial performance, it will be argued that female managers, female loan officers and female board members will do the same. Secondly, having previously shown that having a female presence in management in MFIs improves social performance the outreach, it will be argued that having females in the MFIs’ management will not lead to a trade-off between outreach and sustainability. These findings are based on an original data set of 226 MFIs. Statistical analysis demonstrates that a weak relationship between female managers and female loan officers vis-à-vis financial performance, but female board members do not. The trade-off between outreach and sustainability can be avoided with the appointment of females to the MFIs’ management positions, but the same cannot be concluded for female board members.
7
Kateshumbwa, Mwesigye Edgar. "A comparative Case Assessment of the development Roles of MFIs in Uganda and Bangladesh." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1393_1256910745.
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The overall objectives of this thesis were to assess the theory and evaluate the development roles of MFIs in Uganda and Bangladesh. The study in particular focussed on MFIs impact on poverty reduction, empowering women, promoting health, as well as promoting children's education in Uganda and Bangladesh. The study preferred the selected countries because Bangladesh is internationally considered as the best practice for microfinance, whilst Uganda is assumed to be well-positioned in terms of microfinance as compared to other developing countries in Africa. The question that guided this empirical investigation was whether MFIs empower women, reduce poverrty, promote children's education as well as health among its beneficiaries in Uganda and whether Bangladesh has important lessons of experience for Uganda.
8
Ma, Qijun [Verfasser]. "Protein interactions in living cells studied by multiparameter fluorescence imaging spectroscopy (MFIS) / Qijun Ma." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2016. http://d-nb.info/108283713X/34.
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Sha'ven, Widin Bongasu. "A study of accounting and accountability practices in microfinance institutions (MFIs) : case evidence from Cameroon." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6008/.
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Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) play important roles in socio-economic development and poverty alleviation particularly in developing countries. It has however been argued that the focus of MFIs is changing from the traditional purely social to commercial (mission drift) and has been criticised for neglecting the welfare of citizens and grassroots accountability in favour of commercialisation and accountability to donors/shareholders. This mission drift has resulted in changes in the structure and practices of MFIs. The study has been designed to examine how the accounting and accountability practices of a MFI can change in response to changes in its mission. The study presents case evidence from a large MFI operating in Cameroon with data collected through semi-structured interviews, informal discussions and documents. The study traces the evolution of the organisation and its accounting and accountability practices. A theoretical framework of an interpretive nature is used which draws on institutional entrepreneurship theory in order to highlight the importance of actors in the change process. The findings suggest a mission drift and transformations over the years from a social to a commercial organisation with the change impacting significantly on its structure and accounting and accountability practices.
10
Ngatia, Ndiritu. "The influence of Micro-Finance Institutions (MFIs) on Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) in Kenya." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009436.
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In Kenya, like in many developing countries, Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) have become the main focus for achieving the much-needed social and economic development and alleviating poverty. However, their development has been hampered by lack of access to appropriate financial and related services. Micro financing has been seen as a viable alternative to providing financial services to entrepreneurs in the MSE sector. The focus of this study was to explore the role of MFIs in the development of MSEs and to see if there are ways in which this role can be enhanced to better support the growth of MSEs. Such enhancement would contribute greatly towards government efforts to foster social-economic development. The results of the research indicate that generally, MFIs appear to have positively influenced the growth of MSE in Kenya and have potential to further influence MSE growth. There were however a number areas that if paid attention to could enhance this influence. These include the need for MFIs to offer supportive services as opposed to merely credit facilities to MSEs and the need for government intervention by putting in place a suitable Act to regulate the operations of MFIs.
11
Chikaza, Zakaria. "Analysis of financial sustainability and outreach of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Zimbabwe : case study of Harare." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97465.
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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The debate as to whether there is a trade–off between financial sustainability and outreach remains inconclusive among many researchers, therefore this research was conducted to bridge this knowledge gap. The study was conducted in Harare using longitudinal research design and analysed using panel data regression model. The study was conducted for the period of 3 years from 2011 to 2013 on 60 sampled MFIs in Harare. The findings were that MFIs in Harare are very sustainable but their outreach is low as shown by large loan sizes offered to clients. It was further revealed that staff cost per dollar and proportion of female clients are the only variables that affect sustainability of MFIs in Harare. Finally the research revealed that sustainability goals be achieved simultaneously and therefore are compatible. The key contributions to knowledge revealed by the study are as follows: there is a positive relationship between sustainability and outreach. Two variables affect sustainability on MFIs in Harare namely staff cost per dollar and proportion of female clients. The study recommends that Microfinance institutions in Harare should focus on financial sustainability in order to reduce their subsidy dependence, to ensure survival and growth in the future. To the policy makers the study recommends that sustainability does not compromise the outreach to the poor.
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Jardini, Evandro de Araújo. "MFIS: algoritmo de reconhecimento e indexação em base de dados de impressões digitais em espaço métrico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18152/tde-04042008-143239/.
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O problema dos métodos tradicionais de identificação de pessoas é que são baseados em senhas e assim podem ser esquecidas, roubadas, perdidas, copiadas, armazenadas de maneira insegura e até utilizadas por uma pessoa que não tenha autorização. Os sistemas biométricos automáticos surgiram para oferecer uma alternativa para o reconhecimento de pessoas com maior segurança e eficiência. Uma das técnicas biométricas mais utilizadas é o reconhecimento de impressões digitais. Com o aumento do uso de impressões digitais nestes sistemas, houve o surgimento de grandes bancos de dados de impressões digitais, tornado-se um desafio encontrar a melhor e mais rápida maneira de recuperar informações. De acordo com os desafios apresentados, este trabalho tem duas propostas: i) desenvolver um novo algoritmo métrico para identificação de impressões digitais e ii) usá-lo para indexar um banco de dados de impressões digitais através de uma árvore de busca métrica. Para comprovar a eficiência do algoritmo desenvolvido foram realizados testes sobre duas bases de imagens de impressões digitais, disponibilizadas no evento Fingerprint Verification Competition dos anos de 2000 e 2002. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os resultados do algoritmo proposto por Bozorth. A avaliação dos resultados foi feita pela curva Receiver Operating Characteristic juntamente com a taxa de Equal Error Rate, sendo que, o método proposto, obteve a taxa de 4,9% contra 7,2% do método de Bozorth e de 2,0% contra 2,7% do Bozorth nos banco de dados dos anos de 2000 e 2002 respectivamente. Nos testes de robustez, o algoritmo proposto conseguiu identificar uma impressão digital com uma parte da imagem de apenas 30% do tamanho original e por se utilizar uma base de dados indexada, o mesmo obteve vantagens de tempo na recuperação de pequenas quantidades de impressões digitais de uma mesma classe.The problem of the traditional methods of people identification is that they are based on passwords which may to be forgotten, stolen, lost, copied, stored in an insecure way and be used by unauthorized person. Automatic biometric systems appeared to provide an alternative for the recognition of people in a more safe and efficienty way. One most biometrics techniques used is the fingerprint recognition. With the increasing use of fingerprints in biometric systems, large fingerprint databases emerged, and with them, the challenge to find the best and fastest way to recover informations. According to the challenges previously mentioned, this work presents two proposals: i) to develop a newmetric algorithm for the identification of fingerprints and ii) to use it to index a fingerprint database using a metric search tree. To prove the efficiency of the developed algorithm tests were performed on two fingerprint images databases from Fingerprint Verification Competition of years 2000 and 2002. The obtained results were compared to the results of the algorithm proposed by Bozorth and was evaluated by the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve and the Equal Error Rate, where the proposed method is of 4.9% against 7.2% of Bozorth and 2.0% of the algorithm proposed against 2.7% of the Bozorth in the databases of the yearsof 2000 and 2002. In the robustness tests, the proposed algorithm as able to identify a fingerprint with only 30% of the original size and when using an a indexed database, it obtained better performance in the recovery of small amounts of fingerprints of a single class.
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Gaitzsch, Uwe. "Struktureinstellung und magnetische Dehnung in polykristallinen magnetischen Ni-Mn-Ga – Formgedächtnislegierungen." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1221130637463-67426.
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Magnetische Formgedächtnsilegierungen haben die besondere Fähigkeit, sich im äußeren Magnetfeld zu verformen. Dies geschieht aufgrund von Zwillingsgrenzenbewegung in der martensitischen Tieftemperaturphase. Da der Effekt bislang an Einkristallen untersucht wurde, ist es das Ziel dieser Arbeit, den Effekt an polykristallinen Proben nachzuweisen. Dafür wurden Proben nach dem Prinzip der gerichteten Erstarrung präpariert. Deren Kristallstruktur wurde durch geeignete Zusammensetzung und Wärmebehandlung einphasig eingestellt. Mechanisches Training und weitere Wärmebehandlungen ermöglichten schließlich die Demonstration der magnetischen Dehnung von ca. 1 % an polykristallinen Proben. Durch zusätzliche Einkopplung akustischer Wellen konnte die Dehnung auf 2,2 % gesteigert werden.
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Mamutse, Zivai Tapfumanei. "Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) and rural poverty reduction in the Eastern Cape Province South Africa: a case of Amathole Rural District." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007231.
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The government of South Africa has seen many financial reforms in the finance industry since the attainment of freedom in 1994. Many microfinance institutions (MFIs) have emerged in the name of poverty reduction, however the impact of MFIs on poverty reduction in rural areas has not been significantly high. Poverty has been reduced but still the inequality gap has even widened (HSRC, 2004). The study is concerned with analysing the impact of MFIs in poverty reduction among the rural poor. Empirical evidence from many developing nations around the world has shown that microfinance is a tool that is relevant in reducing poverty within rural areas. This study investigates the impact of microfinance institutions on household income levels, education and business skills. The study followed a qualitative approach in terms of the research methodology and a survey research design. Data was collected using questionnaires, scheduled interviews, focus group discussions and key informants. Two sample techniques were used for the selection of the MFIs and the household respondents, that is purposive sampling and cluster sampling. In total, 150 households, 15 MFIs and five key informants were interviewed. Descriptive analysis methods were employed and the study showed that only 10 percent of the total households have been able to access microfinance. The number of people who gained business skills was also low (10 percent). The MFIs who provide financial services excluding the other services like business training programmes were 80 percent of the total number of MFIs interviewed. This data showed that only a few (20 percent) MFIs are willing to go an extra mile rendering business skills to their clients. Overally the major finding of the study was that although, MFIs are reaching out to the rural communities, their levels of outreach is still very low within the rural areas. However this does not mean that the impact of MFIs funding is not felt among the rural poor. The levels of income and educational benefits have been increased and felt by the 10 percent of the rural poor clients. This study advocates for an entrepreneurship development pathway to poverty reduction. Microfinance should be used as a source of finance to initiate entrepreneurial activities among the poor in order to generate income. In this study, the use of microfinance finance for consumption by the poor is discouraged because it depletes the funds that can be channeled for selfhelp projects within the rural communities. The study findings motivated the recommendations that encourage an inclusive financial system that is capable of reaching out to the rural poor.
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Johansson, Sandra. "The informal sector and the potential role of microfinance institutions in Ethiopia." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, SV, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-11165.
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In Ethiopia, the economic dilemmas facing the country have had various effects on the society at large. Given this situation, the high rates of urbanization and uneployment has resulted in that more and more people end up in small-scale activities within the informal economy. Although the informal sector has become increasingly noticeable in Addis Ababa, it is commonly neglected and separated from the formal economy. In light of the contemporary Ethiopian society, this study has nonetheless argued that the wide range of economic activities found within the informal sector is indispensable and should be integrated with the formal economy. Instead of perceiving the informal economy as an economic malfunction, this study has aimed to explore its future potential through the help of microfinance institutions. It has also looked into how the informal sector can be defined and its main characteristics. To gain an increased understanding of how informal workers perceive their own life situation, semi-structured interviews have been carried out with informal workers from the Meklit Microfinance Institution. The theoretical framework of Friedmann's 'Whole Economy Model' and 'Disempowerment Model' was moreover applied in recognizing the role of the household as well as to which extent MFIs could be said to have increased the social power of the informal sector. The main conclusions of this essay are that there are highly diverse features of informal workers and their businesses, which accordingly implies that MFIs need to reflect this diversity in their general operations. Although MFIs were recognized as carrying a strong potential for the development of informal activities, there were some identified obstacles in for example their organizational structure which consequently affected the profitability of their clients' businesses. The role of Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) was also recognized as having the possibility to develop into a new type of labout union as to empower the informal sector and gradually lead to a natural continuation of the formal economy.
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Nugroho, Agus Eko. "Market segmentation, social capital and welfare–outreach in microfinance: a case study of Indonesia." Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/347.
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This PhD thesis is a study of microfinance in relation to market segmentation, social capital, operational contradictions, and the welfare impact of microfinance on the rural poor in parts of Central Java, Indonesia. Four important aspects of microfinance are examined. Firstly, we investigate the institutional characteristics of microfinance clients and institutions, and confirm that heterogeneous clients and institutions lead to market segmentation in microfinance. Such market segmentation arises in relation to various motives of the poor and obstacles faced by them in utilising microfinance services. There are evidences that poor people are not homogeneous individuals in terms of access to finance. While some can access the microfinance services of microbanks, many others face socioeconomic constraints in utilising such services. Microfinance markets thus tend to segmented because, on one hand, the poor are only capable of accessing semi-formal and informal MFIs, due to their low levels of income and education, and limited networks. On the other hand, because of having sufficient incomes and assets, the non-poor prefer to utilise microbanks, due to larger loans provided and low interest rates.The various motivations of the poor in utilising loans lead MFIs to face information and enforcement problems, due to the interchangeability of loan usages. The differing capacities of MFIs to overcome such problems then contribute to the presence of market segmentation in microfinance. Although microbanks have financial resources to lend, they are unable to gather information about the creditworthiness of the poor. Microbanks also lack efficient ways of enforcing loan repayments, due to being operationally distant from the social networks of the poor. As a result, microbanks prefer to penetrate up-market segments by setting loan contracts in favour of non-poor clients. They are unwilling to increase loan supply to the poor because doing so can worsen their loan portfolio. In contrast, semi-formal and informal MFIs, such as cooperatives and moneylenders, are more capable of overcoming informational and enforcement problems of lending to the poor, due to living and working in villages. These MFIs can maintain profitability, while serving poor clients by linking loans to the social networks of the poor.Secondly, the impact of social capital on microfinance is substantially investigated. This study emphasises that social capital enhances the access of poor people to microfinance. For instance, maintaining kinship relationships can enhance access of the poor to formal finance through the role of relatives as loan references in applying for microbank loans. Maintaining friendship and business networks can reduce informational constraints of accessing microbanks, as the poor can gather knowledge of banking procedures from friends and business associates. From the lender’s perspective, MFIs that consider social capital as important in lending decisions tend to have higher rates of loan repayments.Thirdly, this study rigorously examines the trade-off between profitability and the outreach of MFIs to serve the poor. It finds that a focus on profitability potentially undermines the outreach of formal MFIs (e.g., microbanks). In contrast, semi-formal and informal MFIs are capable of maintaining profitable operations in conjunction with serving the poor. These MFIs can maintain profitability while serving the poor by linking microfinance to the social networks of the poor. Fourthly and finally, this study examines whether access to microfinance services contributes to the welfare of the poor. Specifically, access to microfinance services is found to have the potential to improve the level of children’s education, and increase the degree of confidence in dealing with other people. Access to microfinance services can also reduce the probability of the poor experiencing household financial distresses. Overall, the present study recognises that microfinance has the potential to improve the welfare of the poor.
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Belbal, Nassira. "Micro finance et développement : étude de l'encadrement de la micro finance par le droit du développement." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3003.
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Cette étude démontre l’évolution d’un outil spécifique devenu secteur : la micro finance. Véritable outil d’inclusion financière et de développement durable à destination des populations pauvres dans les pays en développement, sa croissance ainsi que sa maturation n’ont eu de cesse de révéler toute son importance à travers l’histoire. Ses institutions de micro finance, encadrées juridiquement dans la majorité des cas, par des statuts à parts, quasi- privé, constituent la représentation sur le terrain de ce secteur enclin à la transformation. La micro finance s’est frayée un chemin dans l’univers du secteur bancaire classique. La diversité de ses activités, la spécificité de ces réglementations et encore la technicité de sa mise en œuvre, prouve à quel point la micro finance produit d’incontestable effets sur la réduction de la pauvreté et par voie de conséquence sur le développement des Etats les plus pauvres. Malgré une certaine réponse aux objectifs du millénaire, la situation de pauvreté reste préoccupante mettant en exergue le besoin d’un réel cadre juridique général contraignant, inexistant au jour d’aujourd’hui. En effet, un tel cadre permettrait de résoudre la majorité des disfonctionnements de la micro finance et de relever une grande partie des défis qui se présentent à elle, pour faire fleurir une efficacité incontestable du mécanisme de développementThis study shows the evolution of a sector become specific: microfinance. Real key tool for financial inclusion to poor population in developing countries, its growth and maturation, historicly and constantly reveal its importanceMicro finance institutions’ (MFIs), legally framed by statutes, almost private, are the field representation of this sector prone to transformation. Microfinance has pioneered in the traditional banking sector universe. Diversity of its activities, specificity of these regulations and still technicality of its implementation, shows how microfinance product undeniable effects on reduction of poverty and consequently on the development of developping countries. Despite some response to the Millennium Goals, the poverty situation remains worrying highlighting the need for a real binding general legal framework, which does not exist actually. Indeed, such a framework would solve most dysfunctional of microfinance and meet many of the challenges presented to it, to flourish unquestionable efficiency of the development process
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Kulkarni, Hrishikesh. "Mobile food ordering system (MFOS)." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2009. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1464421.
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Sacerdote-Peronnet, Myriam. "Etude cristallochimique d'interactions adsorbant-adsorbat dans des zéolithes présentant la topologie MFI : applications aux systèmes MFI-P-xylène et MFI-benzène." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10028.
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Ce travail porte sur la mise en evidence d'interactions adsorbant/adsorbat (adsorbat=p-xylene, benzene) dans des materiaux microporeux zeolithiques polycristallins presentant la topologie mfi (silicalite, zsm-5). Des etudes par diffraction x et neutronique sur poudres et par modelisation theorique (minimisation d'energie basee sur les modeles de buckingham et de lennard-jones) ont abouti aux resultats suivants: dans le cas du systeme mfi/n p-xylene, il existe trois composes definis pour n=2, 4 et 8 molecules/maille, deux domaines diphases (0 n 2 et 4 n 8) et une solution solide (2 n 4). Entre 0 et 4 molecules/maille, les especes adsorbees occupent les intersections des canaux droits et en zig-zag. Dans la phase saturee (n=8), les molecules remplissent l'ensemble des canaux. Dans le cas du systeme mfi/n benzene, il se forme au moins cinq composes definis pour n=4, 6, 7, 7. 2 et 8 molecules/maille, trois domaines diphases (4 n 6, 6 n 7 et 7 n 7. 2) et une solution solide (7. 2 n 8). Jusqu'a n=4, le benzene est situe aux intersections. Dans le complexe mfi/6 benzene, 4 molecules occupent les intersections et 2 les canaux en zig-zag. Dans la phase saturee (n=8), le benzene ne remplit que les intersections et les canaux droits
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Deforth, Uwe. "Beitrag zur trockenen Synthese von MFI-Zeolithen und zeolithanalogen Materialien mit MFI-Struktur." [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://ArchiMeD.uni-mainz.de/pub/2000/0028/diss.pdf.
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Stenbäcken, Rasmus. "Do Self-Sustainable MFI:s help alleviate relative poverty?" Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6406.
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The subject of this paper is microfinance and the question: Do self-sustainable MFI:s alleviate poverty?.
A MFI is a micro financial institution, a regular bank or a NGO that has transformed into a licensed financial institutions, focused on microenterprises. To answer the question data has been gathered in Ecuador, South America. South America have a large amount of self sustainable MFI:s. Ecuador was selected as the country to be studied as it has an intermediate level of market penetration in the micro financial sector. To determine relative poverty before and after the access to microcredit, interviews were used. The data retrieved in the interviews was used to determine the impact of micro credit on different aspects of relative poverty using the Difference in Difference method.
Significant differences are found between old and new clients as well as for the change over time. But no significant results are found for the difference in change over time for clients compared to the non-clients. The author argues that the insignificant result can either be a result of a too small sample size, disturbances in the sample selection or that this specific kind of institution have little or no affect on the current clients economical development.
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Andersson, Charlotte. "Factors affecting MFI membrane quality /." Luleå : Division of Chemical Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Geosciences, Luleå University of Technology, 2007. http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1544/2007/41/.
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Forcellese, Pietro. "Strategie per aumentare la risposta in potenza delle MFCs." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
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Nell’ambito della risoluzione dei problemi legati al consumo dell’acqua come risorsa e dello smaltimento di reflui contenenti carichi organici, è di grande importanza prendere in considerazione tecnologie in grado di garantire un approccio risolutivo che rispecchi i principi dell’economia circolare. L’aumento della domanda di energia legata ai processi di gestione dell’acqua è tra le tematiche più rilevanti. Un’alternativa tecnologica emergente è la cella a combustibile microbica (MFC), un dispositivo bio-elettrochimico che trasforma direttamente l’energia chimica dei composti organici presenti nelle acque reflue in energia elettrica. Il limite della MFC è la bassa potenza erogata, pertanto una possibile soluzione è di integrare la cella microbica con supercondenstaori (SC), cioè sono sistemi elettrochimici di accumulo dell’energia di elevata potenza. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è la realizzazione di un “bio-based SC” attraverso materiali e processi sostenbili che possa essere integrato in una MFC.
In particolare, sono stati realizzati elettrodi di SC utilizzando un legante processabile in acqua, l’alginato, e antracite con lo scopo di dimostrare la valorizzazione di tale risorsa nel settore energy storage. Le prestazioni di questi elettrodi sono state confrontate con quelle di un carbone commerciale di riferimento. Gli elettrodi sono stati utilizzati per assemblare un bio-based SC che utilizza acque reflue come elettrolita. L’effetto della presenza dei batteri sulle prestazioni del SC è stato studiato mediante tecniche elettrochimiche. Lo studio ha dimostrato che la presenza dei batteri e l’utilizzo di acque reflue come elettrolita hanno un effetto positivo sulla risposta capacitiva dei SC che risulta confrontabile con quella di SC commerciali. I risultati ottenuti in questa tesi sono particolarmente innovativi e rappresentano uno spunto per la realizzazione di un nuovo concetto di living-bio-SC.
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Vandenbussche, Jean-Jacques. "Analysis and implementation of MFIR filters in FPGA technology." Thesis, University of Kent, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.592014.
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This research investigates a digital filter architecture called Multiplicative Finite Impulse Response (MFIR) filters, for implementation on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology, MFIR filters are a class of filter structures that can be used to replace recursive Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filters with Finite Impulse Response (FIR) equivalents, requiring significantly less hardware than classical FIR architectures that fulfil the same specifications. A theoretical analysis of the performance, coefficient quantization effects and round off error behaviour is presented. Optimal FPGA-based implementations are suggested and analyzed. The performance of the MFIR structures is checked based on real-life applications. MFIR structures cannot compete with the IIR structures in terms of hardware requirements. Therefore, the MFIR approximation is mainly appropriate when potentially unstable IIR filters (with poles close to the unit circle) must be implemented in hardware or when linear phase filters with narrow transition bands are required . In general, it can be concluded that MFIR structures, when implemented on FPGA technology, are very good structures for the realization of demanding, possibly linear phase, stable digital filters.
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Öhrman, Olov. "Structured MFI film catalysts and adsorbents." Doctoral thesis, Luleå, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-16949.
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A method originally developed at the division of Chemical Technology, Luleå University of Technology was tailored for the preparation of well-defined ZSM-5 films and zoned MFI films on supports suitable for catalysis and adsorption applications. Films were grown on monoliths, ceramic foams, alumina beads, soda glass beads and quartz glass. The supports were seeded with silicalite-1 crystals and hydrothermally treated in a single or several steps. The materials were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, N2 and NO2 sorption, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ICP-AES, p-xylene isomerization and cracking of 1,3,5-tri-isopropylbenzene. The thickness of the continuous films could be controlled from 110 nm to 9 µm. Zoned MFI films were prepared from precursor ZSM-5 films by overgrowth with silicalite-1. A multi-step synthesis protocol was used to prevent excessive bulk crystallization. Ultrasound treatment was beneficial for removal of loosely attached crystals on top of the zeolite films. Defects such as cracks and open grain boundaries were observed by SEM and in concert, mesopores were observed by N2 sorption. Model parameters were fitted to experimental data from catalytic test reactions and these parameters indicated that thicker films contained more defects, probably in the form of open grain boundaries and cracks (mesopores) as observed by SEM and N2 sorption. Films supported on quartz were more catalytically active than films on alumina and soda glass. This was attributed to partial poisoning of the acid sites in the films on the latter two substrates, probably due to solid-state ion exchange of impurities such as alkali metals from the alumina and soda glass support to the film. As expected, thicker films possessed higher diffusion resistance than thin films. Surprisingly, a higher external activity was observed after zoning. This was attributed to formation of mesopores, migration of aluminum from the precursor ZSM-5 film to the external surface, and increased surface roughness upon zoning. ZSM-5 films supported on monoliths were successfully tested for NO2 sorption. As expected, the adsorption capacity per g zeolite was independent of film thickness. Formation of NO was observed as a result of NO2 adsorption on strong sites. Thicker films resulted in higher diffusion resistance as expected. The present work has resulted in substantial and valuable new fundamental understanding of the performance of thin molecular sieve film catalysts and adsorbents. These findings may facilitate development of novel materials for industrial applications.Godkänd; 2005; 20061004 (ysko)
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Öhrman, Olov G. W. "Structured MFI film catalysts and adsorbents /." Luleå : Luleå University of Technology, 2005. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1544/2005/07.
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Jareman, Fredrik. "Properties and modeling of MFI membranes /." Luleå, 2004. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1544/2004/011.
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Lee, Joanna. "MFS transporter superfamily : modelling and dynamics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c1b28272-c35f-46a3-beee-92bb560933d8.
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The aims for this thesis were threefold. First, is it possible to develop a numbering protocol to aid homology modelling, despite the diversity of MFS sequences? Given these methods, apply these to improve the homology model of a putative MFS protein, SV2A. Finally, can Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations be used to elucidate the transport mechanism in an MFS protein? There are several solved X-ray crystal structures of secondary active transporter MFS proteins, all of which have a core 12 transmembrane (TM) helix fold. Despite this highly conserved fold, the sequence identity between the transporters is low (15-25 % identity between structures) and so this provides difficulties when exploring homology modelling of target proteins based on known structures of MFS transporters. To overcome this, exploration of both conservation of amino acid type in multiple sequence alignments (MSAs) and conservation of contacts between helices elucidate 'anchor points' in the structure. This analysis can be used to aid alignment between template and target in homology modelling, such as for SV2A, which is the binding site for an anti-epileptic drug, levetiracetam. The binding site was thought to be in the central cavity of the TM region of the MFS protein and so drug-protein interactions were explored using MD simulations. Finally, MD simulations were conducted on FucP, the X-ray crystal structure of which is solved in an outward open conformation (open to the perplasmic cavity). The aim for this work was to investigate the movement from the outward open state to the occluded state and determine whether there is any effect on placing static hydrogen atoms on two key titrable residues in the central TM cavity, D46 and E135.
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Re, Michaela. "The global-local nexus of Western male sex tourism in the south : a case study of Thailand /." Lund, Sweden : Department of Economic History at Lund University, 2003. http://www.ekh.lu.se/publ/mfs/7.pdf.
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Pettersson, Maria. "Whose Islam is the right Islam? :." Lund, Sweden : Department of Economic History at Lund University, 2002. http://www.ekh.lu.se/publ/mfs/6.pdf.
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Lindmark, Jonas. "Tailoring of MFI membranes for enhanced selectivity." Licentiate thesis, Luleå : Luleå tekniska universitet/Tillämpad kemi och geovetenskap/Kemisk teknologi, 2006. http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1757/2006/56/LTU-LIC-0656-SE.pdf.
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Lindmark, Jonas. "Modification of MFI membranes for enhanced selectivity /." Luleå : Division of Chemical Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 2009. http://pure.ltu.se/ws/fbspretrieve/3092805.
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Schultz, Heath. "Becoming-professional: notes on the university and the production of MFAs." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2767.
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This paper begins by looking at the MFA as a worker within the context of the contemporary university and from there attempts to situate that position in relationship to capitalism by charting out how the university uses workers for its own ends much like any capitalist business would, which results in the over-producing MFAs. From here, we can look toward the broader consequences of this large production of cultural producers and their becoming-professional. The consequences of this becoming-professional, I argue, are much more problematic than they initially appear, which further destabilizes our ability to act as anti-capitalist and anti-authoritarian cultural producers without further strengthening the forces we seek to oppose. Finally, I'll try and develop Stefano Harney and Fred Moten's concept of the criminal as well as Deleuze & Guattari's thinking on smooth spaces and a socio-political shifting toward that of the control society. Last I look at the various ways of thinking about fleeing or evacuating to help us chart escape routes by moving past traditional artistic notions of institutional critique and other professionalizing discourses learned within the spaces of MFA production.
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Fouladvand, Shahpar. "Study of MFI zeolite membrane for CO2 separation." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-59614.
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Nowadays, the need and interest for renewable sources of energy has increased. Biogas is a renewable source of energy that can be considered as a sustainable substitute for natural gas. Biogas is mainly composed of CH4 and CO2, and normally the CO2 content of the gas has to be reduced as it decreases the calorific value of the gas and it may also cause corrosion in pipes and other equipment. Most today’s technologies used for upgrading biogas have been adapted from upgrading of natural gas. However, these technologies are best suited for large scale operation; whereas, production of biogas is typically several orders of magnitude smaller. This leads to high costs for removal of CO2 from biogas and consequently, new efficient technologies for upgrading biogas should be developed. Membrane-based separations are generally considered as energy efficient and are suitable for a wide range in scale of production due to their modular design. Zeolite membranes have been singled out as especially attractive membranes for gas separations. In this work, we therefore study separation of CO2 from CH4 and H2 using zeolite MFI membranes. The performance of a high-silica (Si/Al ca. 139) MFI membrane for CO2/CH4 separation was investigated in a wide temperature range i.e. 245 K to 300 K. The separation factor increased with decreasing temperatures as is typically the case for adsorption governed separations. The highest separation factor observed was about 10 at 245 K. The CO2 permeance was very high in the whole temperature studied, varying from ca. 60 × 10-7 mol s-1 m -2 Pa-1 at the lowest temperature to about 90 × 10-7 mol s-1 m -2 Pa-1 at the highest temperature studied. The CO2 permeance was higher than that reported previously in the open literature for this separation. Modeling of the experimental data revealed that the membrane performance was adversely affected by pressure drop over the support, whereas the effect of concentration polarization was small. Removing the former effect would improve both the permeance and selectivity of the membrane. In order to investigate the impact of the aluminum content on the performance of MFI membranes for the CO2/CH4 separation, MFI membranes with different Si/Al ratios were prepared. Increasing the aluminum content makes the zeolite II more polar which should increase the CO2/CH4 adsorption selectivity. Again the effect of temperature on the performance was investigated by varying the temperature in a range almost similar as above. Altering the Si/Al ratio in MFI zeolite membranes indeed changed the separation performances. At the lower temperatures the separation performance increased with increasing aluminum content in the zeolite as a result of larger adsorption selectivity. However, as the temperature was decreased, the selectivity of the membrane with the highest aluminum content went through a maximum, whereas for the other membranes the selectivity continued to increase with decreasing temperature under the conditions studied. At the same time, the CO2 permeances were high for all membranes studied and for the membrane with the highest selectivity, the CO2 permeance increased from 65 × 10-7 to 100 × 10-7 mol s-1 m -2 Pa-1 with increasing temperature. High-silica MFI membranes were also evaluated for CO2/H2 separation, which is critical for syngas purification and H2 production. The highest CO2 permeance at the feed pressure of 9 bar was about 78 × 10-7 mol s-1 m -2 Pa-1 at around 300 K, which is one or two order of magnitude higher than those reported previously in the literature. By decreasing the temperature, separation factor reached its highest value of 165 at 235 K. In summary, zeolite membranes show great potential for CO2 separation from industrial gases, in particular for CO2 removal from synthesis gas. For the CO2/CH4 separation the selectivity of the MFI membranes should be improved or other frameworks relying on molecular sieving e.g. the CHA framework should be explored.
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Axon, Sean Alexander. "MFI-type zeolites synthesized in non-alkaline media." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240100.
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Kamaloo, Elaheh. "Molecular Modeling of Adsorbed NDMA in MFI Zeolites." Digital WPI, 2013. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/299.
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N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), which is a carcinogenic and toxic N-nitrosamine, can be found in water resources associated with a multitude of processes in various industrial facilities or merely as a by-product of water or wastewater treatment. Therefore, the removal of NDMA from drinking water represents an important human safety and public health concern. The present paper presents a density functional theory study of NDMA adsorption in all-silica MFI, Na-ZSM-5 and H-ZSM-5 zeolites. The stability of NDMA inside the zeolite pores was investigated by calculating the amount of energy released during adsorption. Various configurations of adsorbed NDMA to the zeolites were investigated, predominantly at the intersection of straight and sinusoidal channels. The strength of the adsorption energies followed the order H-ZSM5 > Na-ZSM-5 > all-silica MFI. NDMA has a dipole moment and the strongest binding of NDMA occurred through the interactions of the negatively charged O atom of the molecule to positive atoms of the zeolite. Similar calculations were performed for water adsorption in these three zeolites. The adsorption energy of water to these three structures followed the order Na-ZSM5 > H-ZSM-5 > all-silica MFI. We also incorporated van der Waals corrections in the simulations, which had the effect of stabilizing NDMA within the zeolite channels, but did not significantly change the relative stability of the different adsorption geometries. It was concluded that H-ZSM-5 is the best choice to remove NDMA because it is strong enough to adsorb NDMA and it is not too strong in adsorption of water molecules.
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Bourdin, Vincent, Stefano Brandani, Alfeno Gunadi, Hervé Jobic, Cordula Krause, Jörg Kärger, and Wolfgang Schmidt. "Diffusion of n-alkanes in MFI-type zeolites." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-196416.
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Takaba, Hiromitsu, Atsushi Yamamoto, Kikuko Hayamizu, and Shin-ichi Nakao. "Gas diffusion in polycrystalline MFI-type zeolite membranes." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-196691.
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Korelskiy, Danil. "Development of permporometry for analysis of MFI membranes." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Industriell miljö- och processteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26311.
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Zeolite membranes exhibiting high flux and high selectivity are of major interest for potential future applications. In order to achieve high flux and high selectivity, the zeolite film must be thin (< 1 µm) and free from flow-through defects. The development of thin defect free zeolite membranes requires powerful tools for characterization of flow-through defects in the membranes. Permporometry is one of the most straightforward and powerful techniques for characterization of flow-through pores in ceramic membranes. In permporometry, the flow of a non-condensable gas, e.g., helium, through the membrane is monitored as a function of the activity of a strongly adsorbing compound, e.g., hydrocarbon.In the present work, MFI membranes prepared by a seeding method were characterized by permporometry using helium as the non-condensable gas and n-hexane or benzene as the adsorbing compound. In order to appreciate permporometry data, the membranes were also characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), single gas permeation and separation experiments. The permporometry data were then compared to the SEM morphology of the membranes, permeances of different probe molecules and membrane separation performance.In order to determine the conditions of the permporometry experiment leading to blocking of zeolite pores, a model describing helium transport in the zeolite pores in the presence of n-hexane or benzene was developed. The model is based on percolation theory and knowledge of the adsorption isotherms and adsorption sites for n-hexane and benzene in the zeolite pores. Parameters needed in the model were estimated by Density Functional Theory (DFT) using a Local-Density Approximation (LDA), the most sophisticated theory yet applied to this system. Based on the permporometry data, it was demonstrated that the model could adequately describe helium transport in zeolite pores in the presence of the hydrocarbons.The sensitivity of the permporometry technique towards the defect size has been improved considerably. It was revealed that high quality MFI membranes prepared in the present work contained mainly micropore defects which are most like the defects in the zeolite crystal lattice (intracrystalline defects).The work has shown how permporometry data could be used to estimate the area distribution of the flow-through defects in the membranes. The results on the defect distribution were corroborated by the SEM observations and the separation experiments. The width of cracks, including support cracks, and open grain boundaries observed by SEM was in excellent agreement with the defect width estimated from permporometry data. A straightforward correlation was observed between separation data and permporometry data, i.e. membranes of higher quality according to permporometry analysis exhibited greater separation performance. Also, the permeance of molecules diffusing through defects in the membrane in the separation experiment was found to scale with the permeance of helium through the defects measured in the permporometry experiment. In addition, this work showed that single gas permeance ratios could not detect slight variations in the membrane quality. For membranes with similar however slightly different amount of defects, the ratios are mainly affected by the membrane thickness and support morphology.To summarise, the present work demonstrates that permporometry data adequately reflect membrane quality and that permporometry is a very powerful technique for MFI membrane characterization.Godkänd; 2011; 20110512 (dankor); LICENTIATSEMINARIUM Ämnesområde: Kemisk teknologi/Chemical Technology Examinator: Professor Jonas Hedlund, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: PhD, senior researcher Olov Öhrman, ETC, Piteå Tid: Fredag den 17 juni 2011 kl 10.00 Plats: C305, Luleå tekniska universitet
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Jareman, Fredrik. "MFI-molecular sieve membranes : synthesis, characterization and modelling." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-17718.
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This work concerns evaluation by permeation measurements and modeling of thin (<2µm) MFI molecular sieve membranes and, to a smaller extent, synthesis of such materials. The membranes have been synthesized on graded a-alumina microfiltration filters using The seed film method. Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction were used for characterization in addition to permeation measurements. Mathematical models describing membrane flux for real membranes and defect distributions were developed. Defect distributions were calculated from porosimetry data and were further used for prediction of single gas permeation characteristics for real membranes. The models confirm the experimental findings, with respect to ideal selectivities as a measurement of membrane quality. Membrane permeation simulations indicate increasing ideal selectivities, with increasing film thickness, for quotients containing SF6. Thereby a high quality membrane could possess low ideal selectivities. This finding was confirmed by comparing experimental data of several membranes with varying thickness. The correlation between multi component separation data and commonly used quality criteria was investigated. It was found that commonly used single gas permeation quotients (ideal selectivity) between light inorganic gases, especially those containing sulphurhexaflouride (SF6), is less appropriate for membrane quality measurement. The porosimetry experiment showed on the other hand a good agreement between experimental data and separation performance of the membranes, as expected. ZSM-5 membranes with low aluminum content and silicalite-1 membranes with similar material properties, such as defect distribution and thickness were evaluated with multi component hydrocarbon isomers permeation. The ZSM-5 membrane had lower permeances and a slightly better butane isomer separation performance than the silicalite-1 membrane. The latter membrane showed a minimum in separation selectivity between two C6 isomers whereas the ZSM-5 membrane showed an almost constant selectivity, independent of temperature, but with lower permeances. ZSM-5 membranes with a high aluminum content catalyzed the formation of diethylether and ethylen at temperatures exceeding 150°C from a water/ethanol mixture. The membrane separated a mixture of C4 isomers with good performance at elevated temperatures. However these membranes suffered from temperature instability problems.Godkänd; 2002; 20070224 (ysko)
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Takaba, Hiromitsu, Atsushi Yamamoto, Kikuko Hayamizu, and Shin-ichi Nakao. "Gas diffusion in polycrystalline MFI-type zeolite membranes." Diffusion fundamentals 2 (2005) 106, S. 1-2, 2005. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13393.
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Zhang, XiaoNan. "Dairy farm waste treatment by using microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and pyrolysis." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.662212.
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There is an estimated 20 million tonnes of slurry produced by 2 million dairy cows each year in the UK. The suitable treatment of dairy farm waste could address both environmental concerns and energy security. In this study, dairy farm waste was separated into liquid slurry and solid residues, and treated by Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) and pyrolysis to minimise the environmental impact and produce bio-energy products. The effective treatment efficiencies were achieved by using incubated slurry mixed with fresh slurry as the anodic solution in MFC reactors. Comparing MFCs with anaerobic digestion (AD) under anaerobic conditions, the highest COD removal efficiency (71 %) and total nitrogen removal efficiency (17%) were obtained in MFCs operated at 25°C and 30°C for 30 days, respectively. A higher working temperature (35°C) was found to benefit the degradation of total suspended solids (78%). The MFCs were also found to be effective for nutrient-rich solution treatment. Furthermore, the anodic solutions were pre-treated by BI-CHEM manure degrader, which could significantly benefit the bio-degradation of the TSS, COD and nitrogen removal and enhance power generation. The dairy farm solid waste was treated by pyrolysis to produce bio-oil and biochar. The highest oil yield of 51 % was obtained at 500°C. For a mixed feedstock of solid waste and bone chips (up to 15%), results suggested that co-pyrolysis could improve the biochar production yield and bio-oil quality. The optimal concentration of bone chips for oil yield was found to be 1 O~ and the optimal temperature was 500°C. The conversion technologies for dairy farm waste are discussed based on the results of the experiments in this study. The potential energy recovery of the whole treatment was 61%.
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Couperthwaite, Jennifer. "Integrating Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) into the treatment of sulphate-rich wastewater." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20536.
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The use of laboratory scale Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) for the combined generation of electricity and the treatment of wastewater has been well documented in literature. In addition to this the integration of MFCs into wastewater treatment reactors has also been shown to have several benefits. These include the improved treatment of wastewater, reduced solid waste and the potential to offset the energy costs of the process through the generation of electricity (Du et al., 2007). The treatment of sulphate-rich wastewater, and in particular Acid Rock Drainage (ARD), has become of increasing importance in water sparse countries like South Africa where mining is currently and has taken place. A semi-passive method of continuous ARD waste treatment is currently being investigated within the Centre for Bioprocess Engineering Research (CeBER) (van Hille et al., 2015). This research involves the use of a Linear Flow Channel Reactor (LFCR) designed for combined biological sulphide reduction and sulphide oxidation to yield a sulphur product. Sulphate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) mediate the biological sulphide reduction. Chemical and biological sulphide oxidation takes place in a Floating Sulphur Biofilm (FSB) on the surface of the reactor and is mediated by Sulphide Oxidising Bacteria (SOB). Sulphate-rich wastewater can therefore be remediated through total sulphur species removal.
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Santillana, Larraona Irene [Verfasser], and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Bechthold. "Investigations on ABC and MFS transporters of Streptomyces spp." Freiburg : Universität, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1119327512/34.
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Leroy, Frederic H. R., Hervé Jobic, Bernard Rousseau, and Alain H. Fuchs. "Self-diffusion of n-alkanes in MFI-type zeolites." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-194594.
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Novak, Sara. "Síntese de materiais Micro/Mesoporosos hierárquicos com estrutura MFI /." Araraquara, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153109.
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Orientador: Celso Valentim SantilliCoorientador: Thiago Faheina Chaves
Banca: Regina Célia Galvão Frem
Banca: Wellington Henrique Cassinelli
Resumo: Este trabalho descreve o estudo de uma nova metodologia de síntese para obtenção de zeólitas MFI contendo uma estrutura hierárquica de poros. A porosidade hierárquica é uma propriedade que aumenta a acessibilidade dos reagentes aos sítios ativos dos cristais zeolíticos, sendo importante na melhora do desempenho desses materiais em diversas aplicações como adsorção, catálise e troca iônica. São vários os métodos que abordam a utilização de organossilanos como geradores de porosidade hierárquica mas poucos são os estudos que abordam esses compostos sendo empregados em sistemas de síntese bifásicos, por exemplo, em sistemas microemulsionados. Neste trabalho, a metodologia de síntese consistiu primeiramente na funcionalização de núcleos zeolíticos com três diferentes organossilanos em uma etapa de pré-cristalização a 40oC: octiltrietoxisilano (C8), dodeciltrietoxisilano (C12) e hexadeciltrimetoxisilano (16). A análise estrutural dos materiais foi feita por meio das técnicas de difração de raios X, RMN no estado sólido, termogravimetria e espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, enquanto as propriedades texturais foram avaliadas por fisissorção de nitrogênio e porosimetria de mercúrio. O organossilano C8 apresentou os resultados mais promissores levando a obtenção de zeólitas MFI contendo poros hierárquicos (Vmicro ~ 0,130 cm3g-1, Vmeso ~ 0,211 cm3g-1) e elevadas área externa específica (Sext ~ 273 m2g-1) e hidrofobicidade (θ ~ 140o). Este organossilano foi então utilizado no es... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This work describes a new approach to the synthesis to obtain MFI zeolites with hierarchical porosity. Hierarchical porosity is a property that improves the accessibility of reactants to active sites in the zeolite crystals, which is important in different technical applications like as adsorptive or catalytic processes. There are many methods using organosilane to create the hierarquical porosity but are few studies that explores this compounds in two-phase systems like a micro-emulsion systems. In this work, the methodology first consisted of zeolite nucleus functionalization with three organosilanes in a temperature at 40 oC: octyltriethoxysilane (C8), dodecyltrietoxisilane (C12) and hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (C16). The structural analysis of the materials was done by the using of X-ray diffraction, solid state NMR, thermogravimetry and infrared spectroscopy, while the textural properties were evaluated by nitrogen physisorption and mercury porosimetry. The octyltriethoxysilane demonstrated the best results to obtainment of MFI zeolites containing hierarchical pores (Vmicro ~ 0,130 cm3g-1, Vmeso ~ 0,211 cm3g-1), large surface area (Sext ~ 273 m2g-1) and hydrophobic profile (θ ~ 140o). This organosilane was used in the study of addition of an oil phase (dodecane) after the nucleus functionalization. The oil phase was stabilized by functionalized and hydrophobic zeolite nucleus around the oil phase during the hydrothermal crystallization process at 150o C. In this stage, the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Brace, Shelley. "Synthetic and structural studies of high silica MFI zeolites." Thesis, Keele University, 2017. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/3778/.
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A systematic series of high-silica fluoride MFI zeolites were efficiently synthesised using a variety of shape and size structure directing agents. The effects of these structure directing agents on the zeolite synthesised have been studied by the complementary use of X-ray diffraction and solid state NMR. These 14N, 13C and 29Si NMR experiments yield information about the orientation of the structure directing agent within zeolite pores. They also identify covalently bonded fluoride in the form of pentacoordinated silicon whereby the first case of static and dynamic ordering of fluoride in the same zeolite is discovered by changing the structure directing agent. A two-dimensional solid state NMR experiment has also been used to study 13C isotopically labelled silicalite-1 synthesised using n-methyltributylammonium iodide. The double cross polarisation (DCP) experiment allows the distance to be determined between the structure directing agent and silicon framework for the first time in a zeolite system using NMR. This experiment has the potential to be replicated for silicalite-1 zeolites synthesised using alternate structure directing agents or for other zeolites systems.
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Siqueira, Eduardo Schnurr. "Aproximação numérica de escoamento de fluidos power-law utilizando o código livre MFIX." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2013. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/4430.
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Fluidos não-Newtonianos apresentam relação não linear entre a tensão de cisalhamento e a taxa de cisalhamento, ou seja, sua viscosidade não é constante. Eles estão presentes na natureza (sangue, lamas, areia movediça), assim como em muitos produtos industriais classificam-se nesta categoria, tais como produtos alimentícios (iogurtes, queijos cremosos, doces de frutas, chocolate ), tintas, borrachas, polímeros fundidos, soluções poliméricas, adesivos e gomas. Nos casos em que a viscosidade diminui com aumento da taxa de cisalhamento, os fluidos são classificados como pseudoplásticos; os que apresentam comportamento inverso são classificados como dilatantes. O modelo Power-Law é utilizado em engenharia para modelar ambos os comportamentos. Computational Fluid Dynamics - CFD (Dinâmica dos Fluidos Computacional) é uma ferramenta utilizada na simulação numérica de escoamentos de fluidos Newtonianos e não-Newtonianos. Inúmeros códigos comerciais e livres são utilizados atualmente, dentre eles o código livre e aberto Multiphase Flow with Interphase Exchanges (MFIX), o qual foi desenvolvido visando a simulação numérica de escoamentos multifásicos reativos do tipo sólido-gás em leitos fluidizados. O objetivo do presente trabalho é implementar no MFIX o modelo Power-Law, validar a modificação e realizar um estudo de caso utilizando o modelo. Com a implementação de um modelo não-Newtoniano ao código, pretende-se abrir caminho para a simulação de escoamentos multifásicos do tipo sólido-líquido não-Newtoniano, bem como aumentar a potencialidade do código, a fim de se estudar casos monofásicos de escoamentos de fluidos não-Newtonianos sujeitos à transferência de calor. O modelo implementado foi validado através da comparação com resultados da literatura para o escoamento em uma cavidade. Posteriormente, foram realizadas simulações do escoamento não isotérmico e isotérmico em torno de um prisma de seção quadrada imerso em um canal. Foram variados os parâmetros número de Prandtl, índice do modelo Power-Law e razão de bloqueio. Verificou-se que o número de Nusselt tem influência direta e é fortemente influenciado pela razão de bloqueio e inversamente, com pouca intensidade, pelo índice Power-Law. O número de Prandtl também influenciou diretamente no número de Nusselt e demonstrou que, quanto maior o seu valor, mais acentuada fica a variação do número de Nusselt em função da razão de bloqueio.
Non-Newtonian fluids exhibit nonlinear relationship between the shear stress and the shear rate, that is, its viscosity is not constant. They are present in nature (blood, sludge) as well as many industrial products are classified in this category, such as food products (yoghurt, soft cheeses, jams, chocolate), paints, rubber, polymer melts, polymer solutions, adhesives and gums. In cases where viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate, the fluids are classified as shear-thinning, while the opposite behavior is classified as shear-thickening. The Power-Law model is used in engineering to model both behaviors. Computational Fluid Dynamics - CFD is a tool used in the numerical simulation of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid flow. Numerous free and commercial codes are used today, including the free and open source Multiphase Flow with Interphase Exchanges (MFIX), which was developed to the numerical simulation of multiphase (fluid-solid) and reactive flows. The goal of this work is to implement the Power-Law model in MFIX, validate the implementation and conduct a case study using the model implemented. With the implementation of a non-Newtonian model to the code, a new possibility for the simulation of multiphase flows of solid-non-Newtonian liquids is opened, as well as there is an increase in the capability of the code regarding the study of single-phase fluid flows of Non-Newtonian fluids subject to heat transfer. The model was implemented and validated by comparison with literature results for the flow in a lid driven cavity. Subsequently, simulations were carried out concerning isothermal and non-isothermal flows around a square cylinder immersed in a channel. Parameters of analyses consisted of Prandtl number, Power-Law index and blockage ratio, for a fixed Reynolds number. It was found that the Nusselt number is strongly influenced by the blockage ratio and decreases with the increase of the Power-Law index. The Prandtl number also directly influences the process. With its increase, the dependence of the Nusselt number with the blockage ratio is more pronounced.
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Culfaz, Pinar Zeynep. "Synthesis Of Mfi Type Zeolite Membranes In A Continuous System." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606267/index.pdf.
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MFI type zeolites, are the most widely studied zeolites for membrane separations. Conventionally, zeolite membranes are prepared in batch systems by hydrothermal synthesis in autoclaves. This method has several disadvantages for use in industrial scale for the synthesis of membranes with large areas and complex geometries that are commonly used in membrane modules.
The objective of this study is to prepare MFI type zeolite membranes on tubular alumina supports in a continuous system where the synthesis solution is circulated through the tubular supports. Syntheses were carried out using clear solutions, at atmospheric pressure and at temperatures below 100°C. The membranes were characterized by N2, SF6, n-butane and isobutane permeances, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. A 2-&
#956
m membrane was synthesized using the composition 80SiO2: 16TPAOH: 1536H2O at 95°
C in the continuous system. The membrane showed N2 permeance of 4.4 x 10-7 mol/m2.s.Pa and N2/SF6 selectivity of 11. The membrane synthesized in the batch system showed a N2 permeance of 3.4 x 10-7 mol/m2.s.Pa and a N2/SF6 selectivity of 27. Both membranes showed n-butane/isobutane mixture (50%-50%) selectivities of about 6 at temperatures of 150 and 200°
C. Among many zeolite membranes reported in literature, these membranes are one of the few zeolite membranes synthesized in a flow system and the first MFI type membranes synthesized in a continuous flow system with circulation of the synthesis solution. The permeances and selectivities of the membranes synthesized in the continuous system are comparable with the MFI type membranes synthesized in batch systems in literature.
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Pal, Prem. "Oxidative amination of propane over gallium modified H-MFI catalysts." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250415.
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