Journal articles on the topic 'Mian bao'

En Chiapas, México, la erosión del suelo es el principal problema que afecta la sustentabilidad de las tierras de ladera. Como resultado, los rendimientos y los ingresos son bajos y la calidad del suelo continúa disminuyendo. Con el objetivo de encontrar alternativas tecnológicas sostenibles, se evaluaron los sistemas: maíz en labranza de conservación (MLC); maíz en barreras de muro vivo (MBMV) y milpa intercalada con árboles frutales (MIAF), en términos del escurrimiento superficial, producción de sedimentos y pérdida de nitrógeno y fósforo en el periodo de junio a noviembre de 2009. Los sistemas se establecieron en microcuencas adyacentes pertenecientes a la cuenca del río Catarina, Jiquipilas, Chiapas. El suelo es un Typic haplustepts, con una pendiente que varía de 30 a 40%. Del total de las precipitaciones, 54% causaron erosión del suelo, y 15% de estos con una precipitación superior a 40 mm 62% de la erosión total. El coeficiente de escurrimiento y la degradaciónespecíficadesuelofueronsimilaresymásbajos en las micro cuencas; MIAF (12, 5.8 t ha-1) y MBMV (13, 6.3 t ha-1) que en la microcuenca con MLC (19, 16.8 t ha-1), respectivamente. En el MIAF, el filtro de escurrimiento y la cobertura total proporcionada por el maíz y el frijol durante la mayor parte de la temporada de crecimiento tuvo un papel importante para obtener esos resultados, no obstante que esa microcuenca presentó mayor grado y longitud de pendiente. En cuanto a los nutrientes se determinó una mayor pérdida de nitratos en la microcuenca con el sistema MBMV, posiblemente debido al aporte de nitrógeno por los residuos de la poda de Gliricidia sepium. Respecto a fósforo, el sistema MIAF presentó una pérdida mayor, atribuyéndose a la fertilización fosfórica anual que se realizó a los árboles de guayaba durante tres años.

Se propone una prueba de rachas para la hipótesis de simetría alrededor de una mediana desconocida con alternativa de "estocasticamente mayor que" basada en una prueba de rachas recortada para la hipótesis de simetría alrededor de una mediana conocida con alternativa de dos colas propuesta en Babativa & Corzo(2010). Por medio de un estudio de simulación se muestra que para muestras de la distribución lognormal la prueba propuesta mantiene el tamaño bajo la hipótesis de simetría y que su potencia empírica supera la de las pruebas propuestas en Cabilio & Masaro (1996), Mira (1999) y Miao et al. (2006).

Este artículo analiza desde una perspectiva espacial y de género la experiencia del proyecto MIAF (Milpa Intercalada con Árboles Frutales) en una localidad de Chiapas, México. Tiene como objetivo visibilizar las formas en que las relaciones de género se materializan en el espacio y se traducen en oportunidades y/o límites socio-territoriales para la participación de las mujeres en los programas de apoyo productivo. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa que incluyó: observación participante, entrevistas, talleres y cartografía participativa. Los resultados muestran la dualidad de procesos que enfrentan las mujeres como consecuencia de su incorporación al proyecto, pues a la vez que cuestionan y renegocian sus situaciones de género, enfrentan la subordinación que, bajo un protagonismo superficial, la propia dinámica organizativa reproduce.

Milan Kundera əsas müasir yazıçılardan biridir. Həyatı kommunizmin əzabına məruz qalan yazıçı Kundera 1970-ci illərin ortalarında Fransaya sığınmaq üçün Çexoslovakiyanı tərk etdi. Unudulmuş fəlsəfə kimi qələmə verilə bilən romanlaın müəllifi hesab olunur: onların hamısı tarix, siyasət, öz taleyi ilə mübarizə aparan fərdləri təsvir edir. Onun personajlarının qarşılaşdığı əsas çətinlik mənanın yaradılmasındadır: Onun varlığına necə məna vermək olar? Milan Kunderanın yaradıcılığında fəlsəfi təhlilə ən çox məruz qalan, şübhəsiz ki, varlığın Dözülməz yüngüllüyüdür.“Varlığın Dözülməz Yüngüllüğü” ilk növbədə 1960-1970-ci illərdə Praqa həyatına həsr olunmuşdur.O, Praqa baharından 1968-ci ildə işğal olunmuş Sovet İttifaqına qədər kommunist dövründə Çex cəmiyyətinin bədii və intellektual həyatını araşdırır. Əsas personajlar Tomasdır həyat yoldaşı Tereza, ərinin xəyanətindən əziyyət çəkən fotoqraf; Sabina, azad ruhlu rəssam Tomasın məşuqəsi; və Sabinaya aşiq isveçrəli akademik Franz.Bu dörd simvolun hər biri metaforik bir fiqurun təcəssümüdür. Tomas qeyri-müəyyənlikdir, həm ər, həm də dəyişkən məşuqdur, başqa sözlə, Kierkegaard kateqoriyalarından, etikadan və estetikadan istifadə etməkdədir. Tereza ərinə sadiq, saf sevgini müdafiə edən əxlaqlı, sadiq arvaddır. Sabina yüngüllükdür, Kunderanın fikrincə müasirliyi müəyyən edən xüsusiyyətdir. Frans, Tereza kimi, cazibə qüvvəsini təmsil edir. Bu xarakter pis bir evlilikdə ilişib qalıb. O, köhnə dünyanı təcəssüm etdirir. Kundera bütün əsərlərində, o cümlədən bu romanında da özünün həyata keçməyən arzularını qələmə alıb və sözdən sirli-sehrli, əfsunlu bir dünya yaradıb.Kunderanın əsərlərində adi bir zarafat bəzən faicəyə gətirib çıxarır. Açar sözlər: varlıq, heçlik, yüngüllük, sevgi, sadiqlik, cazibə, xarakter, yenilik, saflıq, qeyri müəyyənlik, dəyişkənlik Umudova Shams Afgan "A creature with unbearable lightness" by Milan Kundera Abstract Milan Kundera is one of the main contemporary writers. Writer Kundera, whose life was tormented by communism, left Czechoslovakia in the mid-1970s to seek refuge in France. He is considered the author of a novel that can be written as a forgotten philosophy: all of them describe history, politics, individuals struggling with their own destiny. The main difficulty faced by his characters is in creating meaning: How can his existence be given meaning? The most subjected to philosophical analysis in Milan Kundera's work is undoubtedly the Unbearable Lightness of Being. "The Unbearable Lightness of Being" is primarily dedicated to life in Prague in the 1960s and 1970s. He explores the artistic and intellectual life of Czech society during the communist period, from the Prague Spring to the occupation of the Soviet Union in 1968. The main characters are Thomas, his wife Teresa, a photographer suffering from her husband's infidelity; Sabina, mistress of the free-spirited artist Thomas; and Franz, a Swiss academic in love with Sabina. Each of these four symbols is the embodiment of a metaphorical figure: Thomas is uncertain, both a husband and a changeable lover, in other words, he uses Kierkegaard categories, ethics and aesthetics. Teresa is a moral, loyal wife who is loyal to her husband and defends pure love. Sabina is light, according to Kundera, it is a feature that defines modernity. Frances, like Teresa, represents gravity. This character is stuck in a bad marriage. It embodies the old world. In all his works, including this novel, Kundera wrote about his unfulfilled dreams and created a mysterious, magical world from words. An ordinary joke in Kundera's works sometimes leads to tragedy. Key words :being, non – entity, lightness, love, loyalty, attraction, character, innovation, purity,

AbstractMedieval bags or pouches have survived mainly in church treasuries, preserved in reliquaries and altars. Usually made of silk, they vary considerably in form, colour, motif and size. Although most surviving pouches have been interpreted as containers for relics that were safely stored away in church treasuries, the form of a sewn bag was not mandatory for wrapping a relic to be placed inside a reliquary or an altar. Nor were all bags intended for ecclesiastical use, as is evident from the number of alms bags preserved in church treasuries. Through an analysis of textual sources and surviving items this article explores alternative uses of these highly tactile textiles that served as containers for valued personal belongings, either as an amulet while traveling, as a container of an individual’s relic donation to a church or even by means of theft. Worn close to the body, around the waist on a belt, around the neck and above or underneath garments, the softness and lightness of bags offered high comfort. Ornaments such as fringes, tassels or ribbons with beads invited wearers to touch it and play with it, thus deepening their engagement with the bag and its content.

La introducción del sistema de maíz intercalado con árboles frutales (MIAF) en las zonas marginadas de Chiapas representa una excelente opción productiva y de reconversión productiva en lugares donde tradicionalmente solo se cultiva la ‘milpa’, los rendimientos obtenidos después del tercer año, han incrementado las expectativas de los productores, aun sin haber realizado un estudio de mercado a fondo, la relación B/C en promedio es arriba de 2, por lo que de implementarse este sistema en terrenos de ladera se beneficiaría al menos a 28 millones de mexicanos que viven bajo la condición de marginación en el sureste de México, las características fisiográficas de los terrenos de los productores, rebasan más 15% de pendiente, características de la mayoría de los estados del sur-sureste, con excepción de la Península de Yucatán, lo cual hace potencialmente factible su establecimiento, los productores seguirían produciendo sus satisfactores básicos y tendrían un motor económico en el corto y mediano plazo que activaría su economía.

The intracratonic Paleoproterozoic Nonacho Basin, deposited on the western margin of the Rae craton, contains historic polymetallic (i.e., U, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn, Ag) occurrences spatially associated with its unconformable contact with underlying crystalline basement rocks and regionally occurring faults. This study presents the paragenesis, mineral chemistry and geochemistry of uranium mineralized rocks and minerals of the MacInnis Lake sub-basin of the Nonacho Basin, to evaluate the style and relative timing of uranium mineralization. Mineralization is restricted to regionally occurring deformation zones, and post-dates widely spread and pervasive albitization and more local Ba-rich K-feldspar alteration of host rocks. Uranium mineralized rocks show elevated concentration of Cu, Ag and Au relative to variably altered host rocks. Microscopic and compositionally heterogeneous altered uraninite occurs (i) as overgrowths on partially dissolved Cu-sulphides with magnetite in chlorite ± quartz, calcite veins, and (ii) with minor uranophane in hematite-sericite-chlorite ± quartz breccia and stockwork. Both uraninite types are Th poor (<0.09 wt.% ThO2) and variably rich in SO4 (up to 2.26 wt.%), suggesting a low-temperature hydrothermal origin in a relatively oxidized environment. Rare-earth element (+Y) concentrations in type-i uraninite are high, up to 9.5 wt.% Σ(REE+Y)2O3 with CeN/YN values > 1, similar to REE compositions of uraninite in metasomatic iron and alkali-calcic systems (MIAC), including low-temperature hematite-type IOCG-deposits (e.g., Olympic Dam, Gawler Craton, Australia) and albitite-hosted uranium deposits (e.g., Southern Breccia, Great Bear Magmatic Zone, Canada, and Gunnar Deposit, Beaverlodge District, Canada). Both uraninite types are variably rich in Ba (up to 3 wt.% BaO), a geochemical marker for MIAC systems, provided by the dissolution of earlier secondary Ba-rich K-feldspar. Chemical U-Th-Pb dating yields minimum ages of 1757 to 1739 ± 70 Ma for type-ii uraninite-uranophane, consistent with strike-slip movement along regional structures of the basin. We suggest that MacInnis Lake uranium occurrences formed from oxidized hydrothermal fluids along previously altered (albitized, potassically altered) regional-scale faults. Uranium minerals precipitated on earlier Fe-rich sulfides (chalcopyrite, bornite), which acted as a redox trap for mineralization, in low-temperature (~310–330 °C, based on Al-in-chlorite thermometry) breccias and stockwork zones, late in a metasomatic iron and alkali-calcic alteration system.

Las separaciones matrimoniales contenciosas generan afectaciones en los hijos, pudiendo requerir intervención legal. El presente artículo tuvo como objetivo valorar la pertinencia de la intervención psicoterapéutica en familias bajo régimen de visitas supervisadas por el equipo técnico de las unidades judiciales de familia, Mujer, Niñez y Adolescencia de Ambato, Ecuador, de julio de 2020 a julio de 2021. Se implementó una investigación con enfoque mixto, no experimental y descriptiva con una población de 10 expedientes de familias en régimen de visitas supervisadas por entidad judicial. Se emplearon fuentes provenientes de las bases científicas: SciELO, Dialnet, Wiley Online Library, Latindex y MIAR para la fundamentación teórica. Además, se aplicó la técnica de grupo nominal con 11 peritos psicólogos. Como parte de los resultados se determinó que el 90% de las familias residía en zona urbana y el 80% tenían un solo hijo. La edad promedio de los hijos fue de 6,92 años. El 55% de los progenitores tenía nivel superior de escolaridad, el 90% de los regímenes de visitas era de dos horas semanales y esa misma cifra fue de asignación de custodia a la madre. El 80% de pensiones era inferior a 261 dólares. El 50% de dictámenes judiciales indicaba intervenciones psicoterapéuticas. En las conclusiones se identificaron múltiples causas y consecuencias de la crisis familiar que requirió intervención judicial. Los especialistas participantes consideraron necesarias las intervenciones psicológicas para salvaguardar la salud mental de los hijos, involucrando unidades de atención del Ministerio de Salud Pública y con una normativa enfocada en fundamentos legales.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is abundant in proanthocyanidins (PAs) that are important for human health and plant response to abiotic stresses. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in PA biosynthesis still need to be elucidated. Anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) catalyzes a key step in PA biosynthesis. In this study, three ANR cDNAs (MiANR1-1,1-2,1-3) were isolated from mango, and expressed in Escherichia coli. In vitro enzyme assay showed MiANR proteins convert cyanidin to their corresponding flavan-3-ols, such as (−)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin. Despite high amino acid similarity, the recombinant ANR proteins exhibited differences in enzyme kinetics and cosubstrate preference. MiANR1-2 and MiANR1-3 have the same optimum pH of 4.0 in citrate buffer, while the optimum pH for MiANR1-1 is pH 3.0 in phosphate buffer. MiANR1-1 does not use either NADPH or NADH as co-substrate while MiANR1-2/1-3 use only NADPH as co-substrate. MiANR1-2 has the highest Km and Vmax for cyanidin, followed by MiANR1-3 and MiANR1-1. The overexpression of MiANRs in ban mutant reconstructed the biosynthetic pathway of PAs in the seed coat. These data demonstrate MiANRs can form the ANR pathway, leading to the formation of two types of isomeric flavan-3-ols and PAs in mango.

103 Background: ICIs have shown benefit across several metastatic carcinomas, yet predictive biomarkers are still lacking. 20% of malignancies harbor alterations in ≥1gene that is part of PBAF complex. With recent data suggesting an association between PBRM1 mutations (mts) and outcomes in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) pts treated with ICIs (Miao, Science, 2018), we examined the association between PBAF mts and OS in ICI-treated patients across several solid cancer (ca) types. Methods: Of 6007 pts with different ca histologies and targeted exome sequencing (Oncopanel) at Dana Farber Cancer institute (DFCI), 138 pts had truncating mts in any PBAF gene (SMARCA4, PBRM1, and ARID2) or oncogenic missense mts in SMARCA4 and were treated with ICIs. 138 histology-matched DFCI pts had none. A publicly-available cohort (2:1 histology matched) from Memorial Sloan Kettering (MSKCC) (Samstein et al., Nature Genetics, 2019) of 621 ca pts (PBAF mutant [MT] = 207, PBAF wild type [WT] = 414) treated with ICIs was analyzed for association between PBAF mts and OS. OS was defined from time from ICI initiation. OS was compared by Cox regression between PBAF MT and PBAF WT. Hazard ratio (HR) was derived using univariable and multivariable analysis (MVA) adjusted for ICI regimen (single vs combination) and age. Results: Median (Md) follow-up for the combined cohort (n = 897) was 27 months (m). Major histologies were non-small cell lung ca (268; 29.9%), melanoma (220; 24.5%), RCC (181; 20.2%), and bladder ca (65; 7.2%). Results on univariable and MVA analyses from individual and combined cohorts are presented below. Conclusions: PBAF mts are associated with survival in ICI-treated ca pts. Work in progress with non-ICI treated pts will determine if this is prognostic or predictive of response. [Table: see text]

In August 1991, the book Chinese Nation’s Traditional Sports History was published, and it was hailed as the “masterpiece of Chinese folk sports” by academic circles. In this masterpiece, the traditional horsemanship of 23 ethnic minorities and that of 10 southern ethnic minorities represented by the Miao, Yi, Bai, Shui, Hani, Naxi, and other ethnic groups has been included. For the first time, this masterpiece integrates the traditional horsemanship of the ethnic minorities in Southern China in one volume. The disadvantage is that most of the included traditional horsemanship of ethnic minorities only made a brief introduction to the time, place, and form of its development. However, under the global trend of the transition from traditional society to modern society and post-modern society, the traditional horsemanship of ethnic minorities in Southern China is facing an increasingly serious crisis of inheritance and disconnection, resulting in a gradual extinction of related traditional cultural heritage. The characteristics are gradually lost because of it. Therefore, it is essential to return to the historical and cultural field of traditional horsemanship, conduct rescue excavation, sort out the traditional horsemanship of ethnic minorities in Southern China, rescue the records of traditional horsemanship that is disappearing or undergoing drastic changes, as well as carry out comparative studies on this basis. This is not only an important way to inherit the traditional culture of ethnic minorities, but also means to protect the diversity of ethnic cultures and promote the development of exotic villages.

Abstract In a numeral classifier language, a sortal classifier (C) or a mensural classifier (M) is needed when a noun is quantified by a numeral (Num). Num and C/M are adjacent cross-linguistically, either in a [Num C/M] order or [C/M Num]. Likewise, in a complex numeral with a multiplicative composition, the base may follow the multiplier as in [n×base], e.g., san-bai ‘three hundred’ in Mandarin. However, the base may also precede the multiplier in some languages, thus [base×n]. Interestingly, base and C/M seem to harmonize in word order, i.e., [n×base] numerals appear with a [Num C/M] alignment, and [base×n] numerals, with [C/M Num]. This paper follows up on the explanation of the base-C/M harmonization based on the multiplicative theory of classifiers and verifies it empirically within six language groups in the world’s foremost hotbed of classifier languages: Sinitic, Miao-Yao, Austro-Asiatic, Tai-Kadai, Tibeto-Burman, and Indo-Aryan. Our survey further reveals two interesting facts: base-initial ([base×n]) and C/M-initial ([C/M Num]) orders exist only in Tibeto-Burman (TB) within our dataset. Moreover, the few scarce violations to the base-C/M harmonization are also all in TB and are mostly languages having maintained their original base-initial numerals but borrowed from their base-final and C/M-final neighbors. We thus offer an explanation based on Proto-TB’s base-initial numerals and language contact with neighboring base-final, C/M-final languages.

El cáncer cervical es la principal causa de mortalidad entre las mujeres en poblaciones con índice de desarrollo humano bajo y medio. La infección con 14 de los genotipos del virus del papiloma humano de alto riesgo (VPH-AR) es la causa principal de este cáncer. Las vacunas profilácticas previenen esta infección si se aplican antes del inicio de la actividad sexual. Las mujeres que no han sido vacunadas deben someterse a tamización con la prueba de VPH-AR, y recibir el diagnóstico histopatológico y el tratamiento oportunos. Cerca del 20 % de las mujeres son positivas para el VPH-AR, pero muy pocas presentan lesiones potencialmente malignas. Las mujeres infectadas con los genotipos VPH16 o 18 o aquellas con ascendencia europea infectadas con variantes de origen nativo americano del VPH 16 tienen mayor riesgo de cáncer. También aquellas con historia de uso de anticonceptivos hormonales y de tabaquismo. Estos factores parecen contribuir a un aumento de la expresión de las oncoproteínas E6 y E7 del VPH-AR, lo que conduce a la desregulación del control del ciclo celular y, finalmente, al cáncer. En el presente estudio se pasa revista al estado del arte de los mecanismos carcinogénicos del VPH-AR haciendo énfasis en el papel de las proteínas E6 y E7 y se presentan los resultados de la genotipificación del VPH16 o 18, la tasa de positividad de las proteínas p16 y ki67 y la evaluación bioinformática de la expresión aberrante de los miARN y su correlación con el grado de la lesión cervicouterina, datos que contribuyen a validar el potencial clínico de estos biomarcadores para la detección de lesiones potencialmente malignas de cérvix.

The chemical vapour deposition method is widely used to synthesise high quality graphene with a large surface area. However, the cooling process leads to the formations of ripples and wrinkles in the graphene structure. When a self-adhered wrinkle achieves the maximum height, it then folds onto the surface and leads to a collapsed wrinkle. The presence of such deformations often affects the properties of graphene. In this article, we describe a novel mathematical model to understand the formation and geometry of these wrinkles. The stability of these wrinkles is examined based on variational derivations for the energy of each structure. The model provides detailed explanations for the geometry of these wrinkles which would help in tuning their properties. References J. Aljedani, M. J. Chen, and B. J. Cox. Variational model for collapsed graphene wrinkles. Appl. Phys. A 127.11, 886 (2021), pp. 1–13. doi: 10.1007/s00339-021-05000-y A. A. Balandin, S. Ghosh, W. Bao, I. Calizo, D. Teweldebrhan, F. Miao, and C. N. Lau. Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene. Nano Lett. 8.3 (2008), pp. 902–907. doi: 10.1021/nl0731872 S. Chen, Q. Li, Q. Zhang, Y. Qu, H. Ji, R. S. Ruoff, and W. Cai. Thermal conductivity measurements of suspended graphene with and without wrinkles by micro-Raman mapping. Nanotech. 23.36, 365701 (2012). doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/36/365701 on p. C85). B. J. Cox, T. Dyer, and N. Thamwattana. A variational model for conformation of graphene wrinkles formed on a shrinking solid metal substrate. Mat. Res. Express 7.8, 085001 (2020). doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/abaa8f A. K. Geim. Graphene: Status and prospects. Science 324.5934 (2009), pp. 1530–1534. doi: 10.1126/science.1158877 on p. C85). K. Kostarelos and K. S. Novoselov. Graphene devices for life. Nature Nanotech. 9 (2014), pp. 744–745. doi: 10.1038/nnano.2014.224 F. Long, P. Yasaei, R. Sanoj, W. Yao, P. Král, A. Salehi-Khojin, and R. Shahbazian-Yassar. Characteristic work function variations of graphene line defects. ACS Appl. Mat. Inter. 8.28 (2016), pp. 18360–18366. doi: 10.1021/acsami.6b04853 R. Muñoz and C. Gómez-Aleixandre. Review of CVD synthesis of graphene. Chem. Vapor Dep. 19.10–12 (2013), pp. 297–322. doi: 10.1002/cvde.201300051 L. Spanu, S. Sorella, and G. Galli. Nature and strength of interlayer binding in graphite. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103.19, 196401 (2009). doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.196401 T. Verhagen, B. Pacakova, M. Bousa, U. Hübner, M. Kalbac, J. Vejpravova, and O. Frank. Superlattice in collapsed graphene wrinkles. Sci. Rep. 9.1, 9972 (2019). doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46372-9 C. Wang, Y. Liu, L. Li, and H. Tan. Anisotropic thermal conductivity of graphene wrinkles. Nanoscale 6.11 (2014), pp. 5703–5707. doi: 10.1039/C4NR00423J W. Wang, S. Yang, and A. Wang. Observation of the unexpected morphology of graphene wrinkle on copper substrate. Sci. Rep. 7.1 (2017), pp. 1–6. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-08159-8 Y. Wang, R. Yang, Z. Shi, L. Zhang, D. Shi, E. Wang, and G. Zhang. Super-elastic graphene ripples for flexible strain sensors. ACS Nano 5.5 (2011), pp. 3645–3650. doi: 10.1021/nn103523t Y. Wei, B. Wang, J. Wu, R. Yang, and M. L. Dunn. Bending rigidity and Gaussian bending stiffness of single-layered graphene. Nano Lett. 13.1 (2013), pp. 26–30. doi: 10.1021/nl303168w Z. Xu and M. J. Buehler. Interface structure and mechanics between graphene and metal substrates: A first-principles study. J. Phys.: Cond. Mat. 22.48, 485301 (2010). doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/48/485301 Y. Zhang, N. Wei, J. Zhao, Y. Gong, and T. Rabczuk. Quasi-analytical solution for the stable system of the multi-layer folded graphene wrinkles. J. Appl. Phys. 114.6, 063511 (2013). doi: 10.1063/1.4817768 W. Zhu, T. Low, V. Perebeinos, A. A. Bol, Y. Zhu, H. Yan, J. Tersoff, and P. Avouris. Structure and electronic transport in graphene wrinkles. Nano Lett. 12.7 (2012), pp. 3431–3436. doi: 10.1021/nl300563h

In recent years, many attempts have been made to improve the sensory properties of SnO2, including design of sensors based on one-dimensional nanostructures of this material, such as nanofibers, nanotubes or nanowires. One of the simpler methods of producing one-dimensional tin oxide nanomaterials is to combine the electrospinning method with a sol-gel process. The purpose of this work was to produce SnO2 nanowires using a hybrid electrospinning method combined with a heat treatment process at the temperature of 600 °C and to analyze the morphology and structure of the one-dimensional nanomaterial produced in this way. Analysis of the morphology of composite one-dimensional tin oxide nanostructures showed that smooth, homogeneous and crystalline nanowires were obtained. Full Text: PDF ReferencesN. Dharmaraj, C.H. Kim, K.W. Kim, H.Y. Kim, E.K. Suh, "Spectral studies of SnO2 nanofibres prepared by electrospinning method", Spectrochim. Acta - Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 64, (2006) CrossRef N. Gao, H.Y. Li, W. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zeng, H. Zhixiang, ... & H. Liu, "QCM-based humidity sensor and sensing properties employing colloidal SnO2 nanowires", Sens. Actuators B Chem. 293, (2019), 129-135. CrossRef W. Ge, Y. Chang, V. Natarajan, Z. Feng, J. Zhan, X. Ma, "In2O3-SnO2 hybrid porous nanostructures delivering enhanced formaldehyde sensing performance", J.Alloys and Comp. 746, (2018) CrossRef M. Zhang, Y. Zhen, F. Sun, C. Xu, "Hydrothermally synthesized SnO2-graphene composites for H2 sensing at low operating temperature", Mater. Sci. Eng. B. 209, (2016), 37-44. CrossRef Y. Zhang, X. He, J. Li, Z. Miao, F. Huang, "Fabrication and ethanol-sensing properties of micro gas sensor based on electrospun SnO2 nanofibers", Sens. Actuators B Chem. 132, (2008), 67-73. CrossRef W.Q. Li, S.Y. Ma, J. Luo, Y.Z. Mao, L. Cheng, D.J. Gengzang, X.L. Xu, S H. Yan, "Synthesis of hollow SnO2 nanobelts and their application in acetone sensor", Mater. Lett. 132, (2014), 338-341. CrossRef E. Mudra, I. Shepa, O. Milkovic, Z. Dankova, A. Kovalcikova, A. Annusova, E. Majkova, J. Dusza, "Effect of iron doping on the properties of SnO2 nano/microfibers", Appl. Surf. Sci. 480, (2019), 876-881. CrossRef P. Mohanapriya, H. Segawa, K. Watanabe, K. Watanabe, S. Samitsu, T.S. Natarajan, N.V. Jaya, N. Ohashi, "Enhanced ethanol-gas sensing performance of Ce-doped SnO2 hollow nanofibers prepared by electrospinning", Sens. Actuators B Chem. 188, (2013), 872-878. CrossRef W.Q. Li, S.Y. Ma, Y.F. Li, X.B. Li, C.Y. Wang, X.H. Yang, L. Cheng, Y.Z. Mao, J. Luo, D.J. Gengzang, G.X. Wan, X.L. Xu, "Preparation of Pr-doped SnO2 hollow nanofibers by electrospinning method and their gas sensing properties", J.Alloys and Comp. 605, (2014), 80-88. CrossRef X.H. Xu, S.Y. Ma, X.L. Xu, T. Han, S.T. Pei, Y. Tie, P.F. Cao, W.W. Liu, B.J. Wang, R. Zhang, J.L. Zhang, "Ultra-sensitive glycol sensing performance with rapid-recovery based on heterostructured ZnO-SnO2 hollow nanotube", Mater. Lett, 273, (2020), 127967. CrossRef F. Li, X. Gao, R. Wang, T. Zhang, G. Lu, Sens. "Study on TiO2-SnO2 core-shell heterostructure nanofibers with different work function and its application in gas sensor", Actuators B Chem, 248, (2017), 812-819. CrossRef S. Bai, W. Guo, J. Sun, J. Li, Y. Tian, A. Chen, R. Luo, D. Li, "Synthesis of SnO2–CuO heterojunction using electrospinning and application in detecting of CO", Sens Actuators B Chem, 226, (2016), 96-103. CrossRef H. Du, P.J. Yao, Y. Sun, J. Wang, H. Wang, N. Yu, "Electrospinning Hetero-Nanofibers In2O3/SnO2 of Homotype Heterojunction with High Gas Sensing Activity", Sensors, 17, (2017), 1822. CrossRef X. Wang, H. Fan, P. Ren, "Electrospinning derived hollow SnO2 microtubes with highly photocatalytic property", Catal. Commun. 31, (2013), 37-41. CrossRef L. Cheng, S.Y. Ma, T.T. Wang, X.B. Li, J. Luo, W.Q. Li, Y.Z. Mao, D.J Gengzang, "Synthesis and characterization of SnO2 hollow nanofibers by electrospinning for ethanol sensing properties", Mater. Lett. 131, (2014), 23-26. CrossRef P.H. Phuoc, C.M. Hung, N.V. Toan, N.V. Duy, N.D. Hoa, N.V. Hieu, "One-step fabrication of SnO2 porous nanofiber gas sensors for sub-ppm H2S detection", Sens. Actuators A Phys. 303, (2020), 111722. CrossRef A.E. Deniz, H.A. Vural, B. Ortac, T. Uyar, "Gold nanoparticle/polymer nanofibrous composites by laser ablation and electrospinning", Matter. Lett. 65, (2011), 2941-2943. CrossRef S. Sagadevan, J. Podder, "Investigation on Structural, Surface Morphological and Dielectric Properties of Zn-doped SnO2 Nanoparticles", Mater. Res. 19, (2016), 420-425. CrossRef

Abstract Miao embroidery of the southeast area of Guizhou province in China is a kind of precious intangible cultural heritage, as well as national costume handcrafts and textiles, with delicate patterns that require exquisite workmanship. There are various skills to make Miao embroidery; therefore, it is difficult to distinguish the categories of Miao embroidery if there is a lack of sufficient knowledge about it. Furthermore, the identification of Miao embroidery based on existing manual methods is relatively low and inefficient. Thus, in this work, a novel method is proposed to identify different categories of Miao embroidery by using deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Firstly, we established a Miao embroidery image database and manually assigned an accurate category label of Miao embroidery to each image. Then, a pre-trained deep CNN model is fine-tuned based on the established database to learning a more robust deep model to identify the types of Miao embroidery. To evaluate the performance of the proposed deep model for the application of Miao embroidery categories recognition, three traditional non-deep methods, that is, bag-of-words (BoW), Fisher vector (FV), and vector of locally aggregated descriptors (VLAD) are employed and compared in the experiment. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed deep CNN model outperforms the compared three non-deep methods and achieved a recognition accuracy of 98.88%. To our best knowledge, this is the first one to apply CNNs on the application of Miao embroidery categories recognition. Moreover, the effectiveness of our proposed method illustrates that the CNN-based approach might be a promising strategy for the discrimination and identification of different other embroidery and national costume patterns.

Objetivo: estudiar las adaptaciones del sistema Milpa Intercalada con Árboles Frutales (MIAF) por las comunidades mazahua mediante el análisis de sus elementos bioculturales. Metodología: estudio etnográfico (año 2021), con énfasis en la presencia directa y participativa en la región de estudio; bajo el referente teórico Sistemas Alimentarios Tradicionales, MIAF y Bioculturalidad; la información se procesó en software de análisis cualitativo Atlas Ti.7. Resultados: los elementos bioculturales de la comunidad mazahua que intervienen en el proceso de adaptación del MIAF son el conocimiento tradicional de la milpa y prácticas para manejar el medio ambiente. Limitaciones: restricciones de visitar la región debido a la contingencia sanitaria. Conclusiones: la adaptación del sistema MIAF se basa en las condiciones edafoclimáticas, usos, costumbres y tradiciones mazahuas; las adaptaciones generan un cambio estructural en el modo de producción con énfasis en la revaloración del patrimonio biocultural sustentadas en la sinergia de los conocimientos tradicionales y los conocimientos científicos.

En un agrosistema de la sierra Norte de Oaxaca, México, el suelo se caracteriza por su baja fertilidad, principalmente contenidos bajos en fósforo y bases intercambiables, de reacción fuertemente ácida, alta acidez intercambiable y está desprotegido contra la erosión hídrica. En el año 2007, se estableció un experimento con el sistema milpa intercalada con árboles frutales (MIAF) en una ladera con una pendiente de 29.8%. Después de seis años, la topografía cambió por efecto del laboreo y del manejo agronómico de las especies. El objetivo del trabajo fue la caracterización física y química del suelo del módulo MIAF después de seis años de estudio, así como definir su clasificación de acuerdo a la Taxonomía de Suelos y de la Base Mundial del Recurso Suelo. El análisis comprendió las zonas receptora y donante del módulo MIAF. Se realizaron perfiles de suelo en tres posiciones sobre el ancho de la ladera que comprendió el sitio experimental. Los resultados indicaron que la zona receptora de sedimentos y el área donde descansa el filtro de escurrimientos del muro vivo, mejoraron las propiedades físicas y químicas del suelo con respecto a la zona donante. El suelo se clasificó como Typic hapludults y Acrisol Háplico (Crómico).

Michael Altripp, Die Basilika in Byzanz (Lutz Rickelt: Münster, E-Mail: l.rickelt@uni-muenster.de)Klaus Böldl, Götter und Mythen des Nordens (Michael Dallapiazza: Prato/Urbino, E-Mail: michael.dallapiazza@uniurb.it)Mirjam Burkard, Sangspruchdichter unter sich (Michael R. Ott: Heidelberg, E-Mail: michael.ott@gs.uni-heidelberg.de)Lucy Donkin/Hanna Vorholt (Hgg.), Imagining Jerusalem in the Medieval West (Stefan Schröder: Helsinki, E-Mail: stefan.schroder@helsinki.fi)Mark Häberlein/Christian Kuhn/Lina Hörl (Hgg.), Generationen in spätmittelalterlichen und frühneuzeitlichen Städten (ca. 1250–1750) (Christian Scholl: Münster, E-Mail: christian.scholl@uni-muenster.de)Reinhard Hahn, Geschichte der mittelalterlichen deutschen Literatur Thüringens (Monika Studer: Basel, E-Mail: monika.studer@unibas.ch)Stephanie Hauschild, Skriptorium (Nikolaus Henkel: Hamburg/Freiburg i. Br., E-Mail: nhenkel@uni-hamburg.de)Mathias Herweg, Wege zur Verbindlichkeit (W. Günther Rohr: Seoul, E-Mail: rohr@ewha.ac.kr)Petra Hörner (Hg.), Catena Aurea Deutsch (Irene Berkenbusch-Erbe: Mannheim, E-Mail: iberk@t-online.de)Reinhold Kaiser/Sebastian Scholz (Hgg.), Quellen zur Geschichte der Franken und der Merowinger (Guido M. Berndt: Erlangen-Nürnberg, E-Mail: guido.berndt@fau.de)Michael McCormick, Charlemagne’s Survey of the Holy Land (Michael Grünbart: Münster, E-Mail: gruenbart@uni-muenster.de)Friedrich Möbius, Die karolingische Reichsklosterkirche Centula (Saint-Riquier) und ihr Reliquienschatz (Gia Toussaint: Hamburg, E-Mail: gia.toussaint@uni-hamburg.de)Bernhard von Breydenbach, Peregrinatio in Terram sanctam (Ekkehart Rotter: Bad Vilbel, E-Mail: ekkehart.rotter@t-online.de)Harald Müller/Brigitte Hotz (Hgg.), Gegenpäpste (Wendelin Knoch: Hattingen, E-Mail: wendelin.knoch@ruhr-uni-bochum.de)Daniel Carlo Pangerl, Die Metropolitanverfassung des karolingischen Frankenreiches (Simon Groth: Frankfurt a. M., E-Mail: groth@rg.mpg.de)Denys Pringle (Hg.), Pilgrimage to Jerusalem and the Holy Land, 1187–1291 (Ingrid Baumgärtner: Kassel, E-Mail: ibaum@uni-kassel.de)Armin Schulz, Schwieriges Erkennen (W. Günther Rohr: Seoul, E-Mail: rohr@ewha.ac.kr)Andrea Stieldorf, Marken und Markgrafen (Hans-Werner Goetz: Hamburg, E-Mail: Hans-Werner.Goetz@uni-hamburg.de)Patrick Stoffels, Die Wiederverwendung jüdischer Grabsteine im spätmittelalterlichen Reich (Nathanja Hüttenmeister: Essen, E-Mail: hut@steinheim-institut.org)Verena Türck, Christliche Pilgerfahrten nach Jerusalem im früheren Mittelalter im Spiegel der Pilgerberichte (Ekkehart Rotter: Bad Vilbel, E-Mail: ekkehart.rotter@t-online.de)

El presente estudio aborda las bases de la inclusión del enfoque de derecho en la implementación del Modelo Integral de Atención en Salud, por parte de los funcionarios del sector salud. Este modelo, definido por el Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social desde el Plan Decenal de Salud Pública 2012-2021, permite garantizar el goce efectivo de la salud desde la autonomía, dignidad y libertad, que para el caso de municipios con población indígena, involucra la interculturalidad. El estudio se desarrolló en el municipio de Cumbal, que tiene la particularidad de contar con población indígena, a quien se le debe garantizar el respeto a sus usos y costumbres. La investigación permitió conocer cómo la directriz del Ministerio en cuanto al enfoque de derechos y determinantes sociales en salud es vivenciada por los equipos de salud garantes de derechos, y aplicada bajo la etnoculturalidad propia de los pueblos indígenas. Para su desarrollo, el equipo a cargo encontró en la disposición del modelo de atención en salud y sus avances particulares frente a modelos etnoculturales, la oportunidad de análisis para su mejoramiento y empoderamiento, en busca del cuidado a la salud individual, familiar y comunitaria. Esta pregunta integral y coherente fue hecha a los profesionales y técnicos a cargo de las entidades garantes del derecho a la salud, según el Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud.

Abstract Background Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major public health challenge in China. Understanding TB management delays within the context of China’s unique ethnic diversity may be of value in tackling the disease. This study sought to evaluate the impact of ethnic minority status on TB diagnosis and treatment delays. Methods This retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients diagnosed with TB in Hunan Province, China between 2013 and 2018. Diagnosis delay was defined as the time interval between the onset of symptoms and the date of diagnosis. Treatment delay was defined as the time interval between diagnosis and treatment commencement. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with TB diagnosis and treatment delay, including ethnic minority status. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to assess the strength of association between the dependant and independent variables. Results A total of 318,792 TB patients were included in the study with a mean age of 51.7 years (SD 17.7). The majority of patients were male (72.6%) and Han ethnicity (90.6%). The odds of experiencing diagnosis delay (> 21 days) were significantly higher for Tujia (AOR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.41, 1.51), Miao (AOR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.26, 1.37), Dong (AOR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.85, 2.11), Yao (AOR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.17, 1.37), and Bai (AOR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.22, 1.74) ethnic minorities compared to the Han majority. The odds of experiencing treatment delay (> 15 days) were significantly lower for five of the seven ethnic minority groups relative to the Han majority: Tujia (AOR 0.92, 95% CI 0.88, 0.96), Miao (AOR 0.74, 95% CI 0.70, 0.79), Dong (AOR 0.87, 95% CI 0.81, 0.95), Yao (AOR 0.20, 95% CI 0.17, 0.24) and ‘other’ (ethnic minorities that individually represented < 0.1% of the patient population) (AOR 0.70, 955 CI 0.51, 0.97). Conclusions This study shows ethnic minority status to be a significant risk factor in diagnosis delay, but for it to reduce the odds of treatment delay. Further research is required to determine the underlying causes of diagnosis delay within ethnic minority populations.

The journal is pleased to publish the abstracts of the six finalists of the 2021 Manufacturing and Service Operations Management Society’s student paper competition. The 2021 prize committee was chaired by Vishal Agrawal (Georgetown University), Florin Ciocan (INSEAD), and Yanchong Zheng (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). The judges were Adam Elmachtoub, Adem Orsdemir, Amrita Kundu, Antoine Desir, Anyan Qi, Arian Aflaki, Arzum Akkas, Ashish Kabra, Bin Hu, Bora Keskin, Brent Moritz, Can Zhang, Chloe Kim Glaeser, Dan Iancu, Daniel Freund, Daniel Lin, Daniela Saban, David F. Drake, Dawson Kaaua, Divya Singhvi, Ekaterina Astashkina, Elena Belavina, Elodie Adida, Enis Kayis, Ersin Korpeoglu, Evgeny Kagan, Fabian Sting, Fanyin Zheng, Fei Gao, Fernanda Bravo, Francisco Castro, Georgina Hall, Gonzalo Romero, Guangwen Kong, Guoming Lai, Hamsa Bastani, Hessam Bavafa, Hummy Song, Ioannis (Yannis) Stamatopoulos, Ioannis Bellos, Iris Wang, Jake Feldman, Jason Acimovic, Jiankun Sun, Jiaru Bai, John Silberholz, Joline Uichanco, Jonas Oddur Jonasson, Jose Guajardo, Kaitlin Daniels, Kenan Arifoglu, Lennart Baardman, Leon Valdes, Lesley Meng, Luyi Gui, Luyi Yang, Mary Parkinson, Mazhar Arikan, Mehmet Ayvaci, Miao Bai, Michael Freeman, Ming Hu, Morvarid Rahmani, Mumin Kurtulus, Nan Yang, Nektarios Oraiopoulos, Nikhil Garg, Nil Karacaoglu, Nitin Bakshi, Nur Sunar, Olga Perdikaki, Ovunc Yilmaz, Ozan Candogan, Ozge Sahin, Panos Markou, Pascale Crama, Pengyi Shi, Pnina Feldman, Qiuping Yu, Renyu Zhang, Ruslan Momot, Ruth Beer, Ruxian Wang, Saed Alizamir, Safak Yucel, Samantha Keppler, Sanjith Gopalakrishnan, Santiago Gallino, Sarah Yini Gao, Sebastien Martin, Serdar Simsek, Seyed Emadi, Shima Nassiri, Shouqiang Wang, Siddharth Singh, Simone Marinesi, So Yeon Chun, Somya Singhvi, Song-Hee Kim, Soo-Haeng Cho, Soroush Saghafian, Sriram Dasu, Stefanus Jasin, Stephen Leider, Suresh Muthulingam, Suvrat Dhanorkar, Tian Chan, Tim Kraft, Tom TAN, Tugce Martagan, Velibor Misic, Vishal Gupta, Weiming Zhu, Xiajun Amy Pan, Xiaoshan Peng, Xiaoyang Long, Yangfang (Helen) Zhou, Yehua Wei, Yiangos Papanastasiou, Ying-Ju Chen, Yinghao Zhang, Yoni Gur, Yuqian Xu, Zhaohui (Zoey) Jiang, Zumbul Atan.

Abstract Background This cohort study was designed to investigate the prevalence of and potential risk factors of HEV infection in a large multi-ethnic youth cohort in China. Methods Blood samples were collected from participants (n = 6269) and serum was isolated. All serum samples were tested for anti-HEV IgG, anti-HEV IgM antibodies using commercial enzyme immunoassay kits (Wantai Biological Pharmacy Enterprise, Beijing, China). Results The overall rate of anti-HEV IgG and anti-HEV IgM prevalence was 4.78% and 0.14%, 0.03% were positive for both anti-HEV IgG and anti-HEV IgM antibodies. Anti-HEV IgG positivity is significantly higher in females (5.27%) compared to males (4.14%) (P = 0.028). Anti-HEV IgG prevalence is significantly (P = 0.0001) higher in Dong (17.57%), Miao (12.23%), Yi (11.04%), Gelao (9.76%), and Bai (10.00%) compared to other ethnic groups. It is significantly higher in Guizhou (11.4%), Sichuan (10.1%), Yunnan (9.3%), and Guangxi (6.9%) than that other province. We found that ethnicity and provincial background are significantly associated with HEV infection in this cohort. Conclusion This study provides comprehensive information on HEV prevalence in multi-ethnic populations in China. However, our study only focused on a youth population from different provinces of China. Future studies are recommended to investigate HEV prevalence in other age groups of the ethnic populations.

Abstract The aim of our study was to determine the distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes and subgenotypes in ethnic minorities in Yunnan province to provide evidence supporting the theoretical basis for hepatitis B prevention and control. We obtained serum samples and demographic data from 765 individuals reported by Yunnan province who had either acute or chronic HBV infection and were from one of 20 ethnic minority populations: Achang, Bai, Brown, Tibetan, Dai, Deang, Dulong, Hani, Hui, Jingpo, Lahu, Yi, Lisu Miao, Naxi, Nu, Pumi, Wa, Yao, or Zhuang people. We sequenced the HBV DNA and determined the genotypes and subgenotypes of the isolated HBVs. We mapped the genotype and subgenotype distribution by ethnic minority population and conducted descriptive analyses. There were four genotypes among the 20 ethnic groups: genotype B (21.3% of samples), C (76.6%), D (1.8%) and I (0.3%). The most common subgenotype was C1. There were no genotype differences by gender (P = 0.954) or age (P = 0.274), but there were differences by region (P < 0.001). There were differences in genotype distribution (P < 0.001) and subgenotype distribution (P = 0.011) by ethnic group. Genotype D was most prominent in Tibet and most HBV isolates were C/D recombinant viruses. The only two genotype I virus isolates were in Zhuang people. Susceptibility and geographic patterns may influence HBV prevalence in different ethnic populations, but additional research is needed for such a determination.

The effects of biological factors on the vegetative growth process of mushrooms remain largely unexplored. We investigated the bacterial community in different growth stages of Pleurotus eryngii by high-throughput sequencing technology to explore the relationship between interacting bacteria and the growth and development of P. eryngii. We found significant variances in mushroom interacting association bacteria (MIAB) compositions among the samples from different growth stages, and 410 genera were identified. The bacteria in the full-bag and post-ripe stages were shifted to the biocontrol and growth-promotion ones. The mushroom growth-promoting bacteria (MGPB) were also isolated successfully and identified as B. cereus Bac1. The growth speed and density of mycelial pellets of P. eryngii, and activities of two exoenzymes (laccase and amylase), were analyzed by adding the different volumes of cell-free fermentation broth of B. cereus Bac1 to fungal culture media. The results showed that when a 5 mL cell-free fermentation broth was used, the growth speed of P. eryngii hyphae was enhanced by 1.15-fold over the control and reached 0.46 mm/h. The relative activity of laccase and amylase was increased by 26.9 and 43.83%. Our study revealed that the abundant interacting bacteria coexist with P. eryngii hyphae. Moreover, the abundance of some bacteria exhibiting a positive correlation with the growth periods of their host fungi can effectively promote the growth of the host, which will provide technical supports on the high-efficiency production of P. eryngii in factory cultivation.

Edible insects contribute to the livelihoods of impoverished people worldwide and have become a key method to combat rural poverty. This study reports the role of harvesting the Oriental mole cricket (Gryllotalpa orientalis) in gatherers’ livelihoods in Guiyang city, China. We recorded 44 people involved in gathering the Oriental mole cricket, 34 of whom were successfully interviewed in an urban open market. All the gatherers were from the rural ethnic Miao community. Opportunities for sustaining their livelihoods were limited, and 82.4% (n=28) claimed that the Oriental mole cricket made the most important contribution to their family income. The study participants collected these insects almost every weekday, using a hoe to dig them out of the soil, and sold them at the market on weekends. They could earn an estimated gross income ranging from US dollars 1,118 to 9,176 per annum, representing a stable and considerable revenue source. However, the crickets were bought only by keepers of the Chinese hwamei (Garrulax canorus) bird, which has recently been categorised as a Class II key national protected species in China. The ban on keeping this species might cause a serious social problem. If alternative income sources are absent, strict enforcement could affect the livelihoods of the live-food gatherers. We call on bird conservation agencies to pay more attention to impoverished people in the process of decision-making. Our study identifies a rarely mentioned policy factor inhibiting the use of insects to combat rural poverty.

Liu Sanjie is a typical Chinese legendary figure, adapted from folk custom and transformed during many historical and political stages. By comparing the musical film Liu Sanjie with the landscape performing art Impression Liu Sanjie, this paper explores how Liu Sanjie is reconstructed in the Impression to be in accord with contemporary demands (shidaixing). In the film, made during the 1960s, Liu Sanjie was promoted as a heroine fighting against the privileged classes, but in the Impression, her class struggle has been erased and only a harmonious and abstract legend remains. Her ethnicity is promoted by Han elites as not exclusive Zhuang, but shared equally with Han, Miao and Dong ethnicity in an imagined community to propagate a sense of ethnic harmony and unified Chineseness. Her transformation from a realistic character, full of a rebelling spirit, to an abstract and disembodied ‘sense of harmony’, is a complete reinterpretation of a Chinese historical legend. Utilizing a term from Wang Ban (1997), ‘the sublime figure of history’, which refers to an ideology aestheticized by the party state for securing its governance, this paper refers to the bold artistic treatment of Liu Sanjie for cultural exploitation as ‘Liu Sanjie's sublime’. The paper explores the evolutionary progress of Liu Sanjie from class revolution to art revolution in response to political requirements. The author is a stage-trained performing artist, specialized in both Western opera and Chinese classical and folk singing and dance. He is also a critic and art consultant in the Chinese landscape performing arts industry. These professional roles have allowed privileged access to the top people in this industry.

Gerd Althoff, „Selig sind, die Verfolgung ausüben“. Päpste und Gewalt im Hochmittelalter. Stuttgart, Konrad Theiss Verlag 2013, 254 S. (Wendelin Knoch: Hattingen, E-Mail: wendelin.knoch@ruhr-uni-bochum.de) Günter Bayerl, Technik in Mittelalter und Früher Neuzeit. Stuttgart, Konrad Theiss Verlag GmbH 2013. 199 S. 101 Abb. (Christian Scholl: Münster, E-Mail: christian.scholl@uni-muenster.de) Andrea Beck/Andreas Berndt (Hgg.), Sakralität und Sakralisierung. Perspektiven des Heiligen (Beiträge zur Hagiographie 13). Stuttgart, Franz Steiner 2013. 210 S. (Peter Gemeinhardt: Göttingen, E-Mail: Peter.Gemeinhardt@theologie.uni-goettingen.de) Jochen Bepler/Christian Heitzmann (Hgg.), Der Albani-Psalter. Stand und Perspektiven der Forschung. Hildesheim, Olms 2013. 230 S. (Gia Toussaint: Hamburg, E-Mail: gia.toussaint@uni-hamburg.de) Andreas Bihrer, Begegnungen zwischen dem ostfränkisch-deutschen Reich und England (850–1100). Kontakte – Konstellationen – Funktionalisierungen – Wirkungen (Mittelalter-Forschungen 39). Stuttgart, Thorbecke 2012. 668 S. (Sören Kaschke: Köln, E-Mail: soeren.kaschke@uni-koeln.de) Anna-Maria Blank/Vera Isaiasz/Nadine Lehmann (Hgg.), BILD – MACHT – UnORDNUNG. Visuelle Repräsentationen zwischen Stabilität und Konflikt (Eigene und Fremde Welten 24). Frankfurt am Main, Campus 2011. 317 S. (Anja Rathmann-Lutz: Basel, E-Mail: anja.lutz@unibas.ch) Karl-Heinz Braun, Mathias Herweg, Hans W. Hubert, Joachim Schneider u. Thomas Hotz (Hgg.), Das Konstanzer Konzil. Essays. Darmstadt, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft 2013. 248 S. 60. (Thomas Woelki: Berlin, E-Mail: woelkith@geschichte.hu-berlin.de) Erhard Brepohl, Theophilus Presbyter und das mittelalterliche Kunsthandwerk. Gesamtausgabe der Schrift ‚De diversis artibus‘ in einem Band, 2. Aufl. Köln/Weimar/Wien, Böhlau 2013. 511 S. (Ingrid Baumgärtner: Kassel, E-Mail: ibaum@uni-kassel.de) Andrea Denke, Konrad Grünembergs Pilgerreise ins Heilige Land 1486. Untersuchung, Edition und Kommentar (Stuttgarter Historische Forschungen, Bd. 11). Köln/Weimar/Wien, Böhlau Verlag 2011. 587 S. (Ekkehart Rotter: Bad Vilbel, E-Mail: mail@ekkehart-rotter.de) Gerhard Fouquet/Gabriel Zeilinger, Katastrophen im Spätmittelalter. Darmstadt/Mainz, Philipp von Zabern 2011. 172 S. (Stefanie Dick: Kassel, E-Mail: stefanie.dick@uni-kassel.de) Johannes Fried, Karl der Große. Gewalt und Glaube. Eine Biographie. München, C. H. Beck 2013. 736 S. (Michael Dallapiazza: Prato-Urbino, E-Mail: m.dallapiazza@uniurb.it) Hans-Werner Goetz, Gott und die Welt. Religiöse Vorstellungen des frühen und hohen Mittelalters. Teil I, Bd. 2: II. Die materielle Schöpfung: Kosmos und Welt, III. Die Welt als Heilsgeschehen (Orbis mediaevalis 13.2). Berlin, Akademie Verlag 2012. 320 S. (Thomas Vogtherr: Osnabrück, E-Mail: Thomas.Vogtherr@uni-osnabrueck.de) Martina/Wilfried Hartmann, Karl der Große und seine Zeit. Die 101 wichtigsten Fragen. München, C. H. Beck 2014, 160 S. (Klaus Oschema: Heidelberg, E-Mail: klaus.oschema@zegk.uni-heidelberg.de) Bernd-Ulrich Hergemöller, Uplop – Seditio: Innerstädtische Unruhen des 14. und 15. Jahrhunderts im engeren Reichsgebiet. Schematisierte vergleichende Konfliktanalyse (Studien zur Geschichtsforschung des Mittelalters 128). Hamburg, Dr. Kovač 2012, 293 S. (Michael Hecht: Münster, E-Mail: michael.hecht@uni-muenster.de) Charlotte Klack-Eitzen, Wiebke Haase u. Tanja Weißgraf, Heilige Röcke. Kleider für Skulpturen im Kloster Wienhausen. Regensburg, Schnell und Steiner 2013. 184 S. (Gia Toussaint: Hamburg, E-Mail: gia.toussaint@uni-hamburg.de) Florian Kragl, Heldenzeit. Interpretationen zur Dietrichepik des 13. bis 16. Jahrhunderts. Heidelberg, Universitätsverlag Winter 2013. 593 S. (Michael Dallapiazza: Prato-Urbino, E-Mail: michael.dallapiazza@uniurb.it) Andreas Külzer, Byzanz. Stuttgart, Theiss 2012. 177 S. – Reinhard Pohanka, Das byzantinische Reich. Wiesbaden, Marixverlag 2013. 191 S. (Michael Grünbart: Münster, E-Mail: gruenbart@uni-muenster.de) Ralph W. Mathisen/Danuta Shanzer (Hgg.), The Battle of Vouille, 507 CE: Where France Began (Millennium-Studien 37). Boston/Berlin, De Gruyter 2012. XXVI, 216 S. (Guido M. Berndt: Erlangen-Nürnberg, E-Mail: guido.berndt@fau.de) The Medieval Legends of Philosophers and Scholars (Micrologus XXI). Firenze, SISMEL – Edizioni del Galluzzo 2013. 634 S.­­ (Henryk Anzulewicz: Bonn, E-Mail: anzulewicz@albertus-magnus-institut.de) Wolfgang Metternich, Teufel, Geister und Dämonen. Das Unheimliche in der Kunst des Mittelalters. Darmstadt, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft 2011. 144 S. (Angelica Rieger: Aachen, E-Mail: mail@angelica-rieger.de) Cordula Nolte (Hg.), Phänomene der „Behinderung“ im Alltag. Bausteine zu einer Disability History der Vormoderne (Studien und Texte zur Geistes- und Sozialgeschichte des Mittelalters 8). Affalterbach, Didymos-Verlag 2013. 368 S. (Hans-Werner Goetz: Hamburg, E-Mail: Hans-Werner.Goetz@uni-hamburg.de) Irven M. Resnick (Hg.), A Companion to Albert the Great. Theology, Philosophy, and the Sciences (Brill’s Companions to the Christian Tradition 38). Leiden, Brill 2013. 833 S. (Jörg Alejandro Tellkamp: Mexiko-Stadt, E-Mail: tlkp@xanum.uam.mx) Janina M. Safran, Defining Boundaries in al-Andalus. Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Islamic Iberia. Ithaca NY, Cornell University Press 2013. 272 S. (Christian Saßenscheidt: Erlangen, E-Mail: christian.sassenscheidt@gesch.phil.uni-erlangen.de) Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger/Thomas Weissbrich (Hgg.), Die Bildlichkeit symbolischer Akte. Symbolische Kommunikation und gesellschaftliche Wertesysteme (Schriftenreihe des Sonderforschungsbereichs 496 Bd. 28). Münster, Rhema 2010. 411 S. (Vera v. der Osten-Sacken: Berlin, E-Mail: ostensav@hu-berlin.de) Roland Zingg, Die Briefsammlungen der Erzbischöfe von Canterbury 1070–1170. Kommunikation und Argumentation im Zeitalter der Investiturkonflikte (Zürcher Beiträge zur Geschichtswissenschaft 1). Köln/Weimar/Wien, Böhlau Verlag 2012. 343 S. (Georg Strack: München, E-Mail: georg.strack@lmu.de)

Abstract Background and aims The human gut is home to a largely underexplored microbiome component, the archaeome. Little is known of the impact of geography, urbanization, ethnicity, and diet on the gut archaeome in association with host health. We aim to delineate the variation of the human gut archaeome in healthy individuals and its association with environmental factors and host homeostasis. Methods Using metagenomic sequencing, we characterized the fecal archaeomes of 792 healthy adult subjects from 5 regions in China, spanning 6 ethnicities (Han, Zang, Miao, Bai, Dai, and Hani), consisting of both urban and rural residents for each ethnicity. In addition, we sampled 119 host variables (including lifestyle, diet, and blood parameters) and interrogated the influences of those factors, individually and combined, on gut archaeome variations. Results Population geography had the strongest impact on the gut archaeome composition, followed by urbanization, dietary habit, and ethnicity. Overall, the metadata had a cumulative effect size of 11.0% on gut archaeome variation. Urbanization decreased both the α-diversity (intrinsic microbial diversity) and the β-diversity (inter-individual dissimilarities) of the gut archaeome, and the archaea-to-bacteria ratios in feces, whereas rural residents were enriched for Methanobrevibacter smithii in feces. Consumption of buttered milk tea (a characteristic diet of the rural Zang population) was associated with increased abundance of M. smithii. M. smithii was at the central hub of archaeal-bacterial interactions in the gut microecology, where it was positively correlated with the abundances of a multitude of short chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria (including Roseburia faecis, Collinsella aerofaciens, and Prevotella copri). Moreover, a decreased abundance of M. smithii was associated with increased human blood levels of cholinesterase in the urban population, coinciding with the increasing prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (such as dementia) during urbanization. Conclusions Our data highlight marked contributions of environmental and host factors (geography, urbanization, ethnicity, and habitual diets) to gut archaeome variations across healthy individuals, and underscore the impact of urbanization on the gut archaeome in association with host health in modern society.

ObjectivePreterm birth is a major healthcare problem and has been rising gradually in the past three decades in China. Yet the ethnic differences in the rates and distributions of preterm birth remain largely unknown in China. This study used data from Yunnan, a multiethnic province, to explore the differences in preterm birth across ethnicities.MethodsA population-based observational study was conducted based on data from the National Free Preconception Health Examination Project in rural Yunnan from Jan 1, 2014 to Dec 31, 2018. Pregnancies with at least one livebirth were included in this study. We estimated the rates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of overall preterm birth (born &lt; 37 weeks’ gestation), moderate to late preterm birth (born between 32 and &lt;37 weeks’ gestation), very preterm birth (born between 28 and 31 weeks’ gestation), and extremely preterm birth (born &lt; 28 weeks’ gestation) across maternal ethnicity and compared them using log-binomial regressions. Multivariable log-binomial regressions were used to assess the association between maternal ethnicity and preterm birth with adjustment for potential confounders, including year of delivery, maternal age at delivery, education, occupation, pre-pregnancy body mass index, history of chronic disease, history of preterm birth, smoking and drinking alcohol during early pregnancy, and parity and multiple pregnancy of current pregnancy.ResultsAmong 195,325 women who delivered at least one live baby, 7.90% (95% CI, 7.78–8.02%) were born preterm. The rates of moderate to late preterm birth, very preterm birth, and extremely preterm birth were 6.20% (95% CI, 6.09–6.30%), 1.18% (95% CI, 1.13–1.23%), and 0.52% (95% CI, 0.49–0.56%), respectively. The rates of overall preterm birth, moderate to late preterm birth, very preterm birth, and extremely preterm birth differed across maternal ethnicity. The preterm birth rates in Dai (10.73%), Miao (13.23%), Lisu (12.64%), Zhuang (11.77%), Wa (10.52%), and Lagu (12.34%) women were significantly higher than that in Han women, and the adjusted relative risks were 1.45 [95% CI, 1.36, 1.54], 1.74 (95% CI, 1.62, 1.86), 1.60 (95% CI, 1.47, 1.75), 1.60 (95% CI, 1.46, 1.75), 1.40 (95% CI, 1.22, 1.60), and 1.67 (95% CI, 1.50, 1.87) respectively. There was no difference in preterm birth rate between Han women and Hani, Bai, or Hui women.ConclusionThis study found notable differences in the rates of preterm birth and its sub-categories across maternal ethnicities, which were especially higher in ethnic minority women. The findings suggest that greater efforts to reduce ethnic inequalities in preterm birth. Future studies are warranted to understand the drivers of ethnic inequalities in preterm birth in China.

Photo by Finding Dan | Dan Grinwis on Unsplash We who grew up texting, instant messaging, and emailing are blessed with native fluency in internet slang that varies according to country and language. Growing up in Sub-Saharan Africa, my schoolmates and I particularly loved to say TIA or, “This Is Africa.”[1] Largely popularized through the 2006 film, “Blood Diamond”,[2] TIA was the answer to all of the idiosyncrasies that accompanied living in the middle of the second-largest continent. Pulled over by local traffic police who demand a “cold drink”? TIA. Helped push the school bus out of a massive pothole during monsoon season? TIA. Reached for your Nokia brick only to pull a similarly sized cockroach from your purse? TIA. Largely isolated from the rest of the world, disease hysteria triggered by bird flu, SARS, and MERS passed by Sub-Saharan Africa as a far- off echo – my community was preoccupied with more imminent threats like malaria and cholera. The 2013 Ebola epidemic was the first time I was exposed to the narrow focus and broad indifference with which the wider world regards Africa. Mass hysteria over an “African disease” that threatened US shores exhibited narrow focus[3] while broad indifference manifested as radio silence following the resolution of cases in the US and Europe. The outbreak lasted until 2016 but coverage waned after 2015, when the only Ebola patients outside of Africa were expats shipped home for recovery.[4] As a freshman in college, my new British friends asked whether my family was at risk (they were not) and whether it was safe for me to go home for the holidays (it was). The 2013 outbreak primarily affected West Africa, on the opposite side of the continent. But to my college friends, Africa was a disease-ridden monolith. TIA, that is Africa. To the indifferent journalist, Africa is a convenient narrative device. By refusing to think of parts of Africa as anything other than the whole, we reduce a continent of 54 nations to a single entity – smaller and more manageable. The same occurred at the height of COVID-19 anxieties. As the healthcare systems of “more developed” countries threatened imminent collapse, a cry rattled across the globe: what will the Africans do?[5] Military-enforced lockdowns?[6] Will we have to take care of their citizens again?[7] While catching up with some friends in July 2020, I resisted an eyeroll as an acquaintance, grinning smugly, announced a new Ebola outbreak plaguing Congo.[8] (He probably meant DRC but he did not specify, and I am not sure he knew the difference.) A quick Google search confirmed the news, reported with glee in all major news media.[9] The Zoom call erupted in a flurry of sighs as my friends contemplated the new threat to US soil. Ever the party pooper, I emphasized that the outbreak was nothing new. The Ebola virus takes its name from its eponymous river in the DRC and the Congolese government had only just announced the end to a two-year struggle with Ebola in April.[10] Soon afterwards, the world lost interest; Al-Jazeera posted its last Ebola article on July 25.[11] Concurrently, coverage on ‘Africa’s COVID-19 crisis’ dwindled, eclipsed by worldwide #BLM protests, unrest in Belarus, and the US elections. As the attention on other world events settled, the “developed” world checked in with “poor, underdeveloped” Africa.[12] Despite concerns about cramped South African townships and the veracity of disease reports in Nigeria,[13] the number of COVID-19 cases and death rates in the continent have stayed low.[14] Citing a young population, existing contact-tracing infrastructure, and cross-immunity from other coronaviruses, several published articles analyze Africa’s mortality statistics.[15] Some, as pointed out by Ghanaian journalist, Karen Attiah, strive to paint the successes of African COVID-19 responses with stereotypical images of poverty and instability. After all, TIA. But while the world was not looking, African healthcare systems rallied. Wild poliovirus was completely eradicated from the continent in August.[16] Uganda began developing its own COVID-19 testing kits in May.[17] COVID-19 cases were limited to ten of Africa’s 54 countries while the DRC’s leading Ebola expert[18] reported that the new outbreak was under control.[19]Though there are still economic concerns due to reduced import-export activity between countries, Africa stands strong as second waves in Europe threaten to overrun hospitals.[20] A year from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the WHO shared concerns of a lack of justice and equality in global vaccine distribution.[21] Higher income countries have had enough stock to vaccinate one fourth of their population, on average, while low income countries are limited to around 1 in 500.[22] However, a headline in CBS News implies that the low vaccination rate in South Africa is due to a domestic class struggle between the rich and poor citizens,[23] rather than an issue of vaccine nationalism. There are some reporters in Western news media, like Peter Mwai who reports for the BBC, who portray African healthcare systems in a balanced way. Seeking out unbiased writers’ articles is the best way to ensure exposure to balanced news. However, this is an exercise that many readers overlook because they depend on headlines for information. The bias is systematic, and the reliability of a few reporters is outweighed by countless examples of careless copy editing. As evidenced by the CBS News clip, quick turnaround time for publishing live television broadcast clips online leads to sloppy research, injecting prejudices in news media. Perhaps it is too early to celebrate. But as Western media spotlights claims that Africa was spared due to herd immunity from previous coronaviruses blazing through poverty-stricken neighborhoods, it does not seem so bad to rebuff the stereotype.[24] The US currently leads in total COVID-19 cases, followed by India, Brazil, and France. South Africa does not even break the top ten. Morocco, next in line, resides comfortably at 32.[25] For the moment, we can be proud. Decades of experience building infrastructure around highly contagious diseases paid off. Many public health officials in African governments acknowledged and addressed COVID-19’s potential early. Aggressive lockdowns were effective in reducing community transmission. This is Africa. [1] Abdullah, Kia. “‘This Is Africa’: Useful Mantra or Ugly Prejudice?” Atlas &amp; Boots. Atlas &amp; Boots, December 24, 2019. https://www.atlasandboots.com/tia-this-is-africa/. [2] Blood Diamond. Blood Diamond Archer Meets Maggie (TIA) This Is Africa. United States: Warner Bros., 2006. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3frHm9hw5bI. [3] Lupkin, Sydney. “Ebola in America: Timeline of the Deadly Virus.” ABC News. ABC News Network, November 17, 2014. https://abcnews.go.com/Health/ebola-america-timeline/story?id=26159719. [4] BBC. “Ebola: Seventh British Health Worker Sent Home.” BBC News. BBC, March 16, 2015. https://www.bbc.com/news/health-31908301. [5] Nyenswah, Tolbert. “Africa Has a COVID-19 Time Bomb to Defuse.” World Economic Forum. World Economic Forum, April 6, 2020. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/africa-covid-19-time-bomb-defuse/. [6] Noko, Karsten. “The Problem with Army Enforced Lockdowns in the Time of COVID-19.” Opinions | Al Jazeera. Al Jazeera, April 2, 2020. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2020/4/2/the-problem-with-army-enforced-lockdowns-in-the-time-of-covid-19/. [7] Picheta, Rob. “Coronavirus Pandemic Will Cause Global Famines of 'Biblical Proportions,' UN Warns.” CNN. Cable News Network, April 22, 2020. https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/22/africa/coronavirus-famine-un-warning-intl/index.html. [8] WHO. “Ebola Virus Disease – Democratic Republic of the Congo.” World Health Organization. World Health Organization, July 9, 2020. https://www.who.int/csr/don/26-June-2020-ebola-drc/en/. [9] Fisher, Nicole. “New Ebola Outbreak In Congo Creates Unparalleled Challenges During A Pandemic.” Forbes. Forbes Magazine, August 10, 2020. https://www.forbes.com/sites/nicolefisher/2020/08/10/new-ebola-outbreak-in-congo-creates-unparalleled-challenges-during-a-pandemic/?sh=4f4a88015877.; BBC World Service. “Ebola Virus.” BBC News. BBC, July 17, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/cjnwl8q4qj1t/ebola-virus.; Al Jazeera. “'Great Concern' as New Ebola Outbreak Grows in Western DR Congo.” Democratic Republic of the Congo | Al Jazeera. Al Jazeera, July 14, 2020. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/7/14/great-concern-as-new-ebola-outbreak-grows-in-western-dr-congo. [10] Yeung, Peter. “'Enormous Relief' as Ebola Outbreak in DRC to Be Declared Over.” Democratic Republic of the Congo | Al Jazeera. Al Jazeera, April 10, 2020. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/4/10/enormous-relief-as-ebola-outbreak-in-drc-to-be-declared-over. [11] Al Jazeera. “Western DRC Ebola Cases up to 60 as WHO Warns of Funeral Risks.” Democratic Republic of the Congo | Al Jazeera. Al Jazeera, July 20, 2020. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/7/20/western-drc-ebola-cases-up-to-60-as-who-warns-of-funeral-risks. [12] Mobarak, Ahmed Mushfiq, and Rifaiyat Mahbub. “Opinion: What the US Can Learn from How African Countries Handled Covid.” CNN. Cable News Network, November 3, 2020. https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/03/africa/africa-coronavirus-lessons-opinion-intl/index.html.; Makoni, Munyaradzi. “The World Could Learn a Lot from How Africa Is Handling COVID-19.” WIRED UK. WIRED UK, November 2, 2020. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/COVID-19-africa. [13] McKenzie, David. “Africa's Battle against Covid-19 Will Be Won or Lost Here.” CNN. Cable News Network, July 6, 2020. https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/06/africa/western-cape-south-africa-coronavirus-epicenter-intl/index.html.; Peralta, Eyder. “Why Forecasters Can't Make Up Their Mind About Africa And The Coronavirus.” NPR. NPR, June 10, 2020. https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/06/10/872789379/why-forecasters-cant-make-up-their-mind-about-africa-and-the-coronavirus. [14] Mwai, Peter. “Coronavirus: What's Happening to the Numbers in Africa?” BBC News. BBC, November 5, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53181555. [15] Attiah, Karen. “Opinion | Africa Has Defied the Covid-19 Nightmare Scenarios. We Shouldn't Be Surprised.” The Washington Post. WP Company, September 22, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/09/22/africa-has-defied-covid-19-nightmare-scenarios-we-shouldnt-be-surprised/.; Lock, Helen. “The UK Has Seen More Deaths From COVID-19 Than the Whole of Africa. Here Are 6 Reasons Why.” Global Citizen. Global Citizen, November 4, 2020. https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/uk-more-deaths-covid-19-africa-reasons-why/.; Deutsche Welle. “COVID-19 in Africa: Milder-than-Expected Pandemic Has Experts Puzzled: DW: 14.09.2020.” DW.COM. Deutsche Welle, September 14, 2020. https://www.dw.com/en/covid-19-in-africa-milder-than-expected-pandemic-has-experts-puzzled/a-54918467.; Smith, Chris. “Scientists Can't Explain Puzzling Lack of Coronavirus Outbreaks in Africa.” New York Post. New York Post, September 7, 2020. https://nypost.com/2020/09/04/scientists-cant-explain-puzzling-lack-of-coronavirus-outbreaks-in-africa/?link=TD_mansionglobal_new_mansion_global.11147f181987fd93. [16] Scherbel-Ball, Naomi. “Africa Declared Free of Wild Polio in 'Milestone'.” BBC News. BBC, August 25, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53887947. [17] Achan, Jacky. “Dr. Wayengera: The Man behind Uganda's COVID-19 Testing Kits.” New Vision | Uganda News. New Vision, May 30, 2020. https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1518668/dr-misaki-wayengera-uganda-covid-19-test-kits. [18] Mukwege, Denis. “Jean-Jacques Muyembe Tamfum Is on the 2020 TIME 100 List.” Time. Time, September 23, 2020. https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2020/5888331/jean-jacques-muyembe-tamfum/. [19] Mwai. “Coronavirus: What's Happening to the Numbers in Africa?” (2020); AFP. “DR Congo's Latest Ebola Outbreak 'under Control.” CGTN Africa. CGTN, October 18, 2020. https://africa.cgtn.com/2020/10/18/dr-congos-latest-ebola-outbreak-under-control/. [20] Dillon, Conor, and Gabriel Borrud. “Belgium's COVID-19 Health Care Collapse: 'It Will Happen in 10 Days': DW: 30.10.2020.” DW.COM. Deutsche Welle, October 30, 2020. https://www.dw.com/en/belgiums-covid-19-health-care-collapse-it-will-happen-in-10-days/a-55451750. [21] Mwai, Peter. “Covid-19 Africa: What Is Happening with Vaccines?” BBC News. BBC, April 8, 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/56100076. [22] Miao, Hannah. “WHO Says More than 87% of the World's Covid Vaccine Supply Has Gone to Higher-Income Countries.” CNBC. CNBC, April 10, 2021. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/09/who-says-poor-countries-have-received-just-0point2percent-of-worlds-vaccine-supply.html. [23] Patta, Deborah. “Protests over ‘Shocking Imbalance’ of COVID Vaccine Distribution in South Africa.” CBS News. CBS Interactive, April 11, 2021. https://www.cbsnews.com/video/protests-over-shocking-imbalance-of-covid-vaccine-distribution-in-south-africa/#x. [24] Harding, Andrew. “Coronavirus in South Africa: Scientists Explore Surprise Theory for Low Death Rate.” BBC News. BBC, September 2, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53998374. [25] Worldometers.info. “Coronavirus Cases.” Worldometer. Worldometer, November 9, 2020. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/.