Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Micra TPS'

In questa tesi viene descritta l'evoluzione dei pacemaker, dal primo introdotto nel 1958 fino ai giorni nostri con l'arrivo di tecnologie sempre più efficienti e miniaturizzate. In particolar modo per chi soffre di bradicardia è stato introdotto in commercio dal 2015 il pacemaker più piccolo al mondo: il Micra TPS (Transcatheter Pacing System). Questo pacemaker monocamerale viene inserito nel ventricolo destro del paziente attraverso un sistema di ancoraggio, permettendo una miglior praticità per il paziente rispetto al classico pacemaker "scatola e filo". I vantaggi principali di questo pacemaker sono: dimensioni,durata batteria,materiali e compatibilità con applicazioni per smartphone e tablet.

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The need of producing polymeric artifacts increasingly powerful and versatile but which have increasingly lower biodegradation times motivates the scientific community to seek combinations of natural and synthetic polymers in order to meet both aspects. The manufacture of the blend LDPE/TPS Starch / Chitosan aims to go against that objective. The biodegradation occurs mostly in the soil. Trying to understand the dynamics of the biodegradation process in soil, this paper monitored the effects caused by deposition of the blend, analyzing different parameters, such as organic carbon, organic matter and microbial carbon, indicating levels of soil quality.The blends were prepared with different concentrations of chitosan, with values set to 0, 7, 5 and 15% of total mass and buried in pure soil and soil treated with humus. The analysis periods were 10, 40, 70, 100 and 130 days, with samples being exposed to the environment. Infrared analysis were performed using Fourier transform, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with spectroscopy dispersive energy before and after biodegradation mass loss, after the biodegradation process of the blends. Organic carbon, organic matter, microbial carbon, pH and moisture in the soil.The results obtained after analysis in blend showed that with the passage of time, the biodegradation process happened, considering that carbon levels dropped considerably and oxygen were increased in accordance with the EDS analysis. The FTIR analysis confirmed this fact by showing that there was an intese oxidative process, especially in the initial 70 days in all samples. The X-RD analysis showed that there was a variationin crystallinity, but always with a decrease of this paramenter. The weight loss was also significant and progressive in all samples. Soil results showed that the same is resilient and can recover its characteristics during the biodegradation process. At the beginning of the experiment, especially in the first 40 ays, all evaluated paramenters declined considerably, but returned to baseline levels and maintained these values by the end of the experiment. Experimental design was made and it showed that none of the dependent variables influenced the biodegradion process.
A necessidade de produzir artefatos polim?ricos cada vez mais vers?teis e ?performantes? e que apresentem caracter?sticas de biodegrada??o cada vez mais acentuadas tem motivado a comunidade cient?fica a buscar combina??es entre pol?meros sint?ticos e naturais com o objetivo de atender esses aspectos. O desenvolvimento de blendas de polietileno de baixa densidade/amido termopl?stico/quitosana (PEBD/TPS/Q) e de amido termopl?stico/quitosana (TPS/Q) visou ir de encontro a tal objetivo, procurando entender a din?mica do processo biodegradativo no solo. O presente trabalho acompanhou os efeitos causados pela deposi??o dessas blendas, analisando diferentes par?metros, como carbono org?nico total, massa org?nica total e carbono de biomassa microbiana, que indicam n?veis de qualidade do solo, al?m da perda de massa ap?s cada per?odo de biodegrada??o. As blendas de PEBD/TPS/Q e TPS/Q foram preparadas com diferentes concentra??es de quitosana, com valores definidos em 0, 7,5 e 15% da massa total e enterradas em solo puro e solo tratado com h?mus. Os per?odos de an?lise de biodegrada??o foram de 10, 40, 70, 100 e 130 dias, com as amostras sendo expostas ao ambiente. As blendas foram analisadas por espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), difra??o de raios-X (DRX), microscopia eletr?nica de varredura com espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (MEV/EDS), e quanto a perda de massa, antes e ap?s o processo de biodegrada??o. Tamb?m foram realizadas an?lises de carbono org?nico total, massa org?nica total, concentra??o de carbono de biomassa microbiana, pH e umidade dos solos utilizados. Os resultados comprovaram o processo biodegradativo das blendas com o passar do tempo, tendo em vista a diminui??o dos n?veis de carbono e aumento consider?vel dos n?veis de oxig?nio das blendas de PEBD/TPS/Q, de acordo com as an?lises de FTIR e EDS, e total biodegrada??o das blendas de TPS/Q. As bandas de FTIR comprovaram a ocorr?ncia do processo oxidativo, principalmente nos 70 dias iniciais, nas amostras de PEBD/TPS/Q. As an?lises de DRX mostraram que houve uma varia??o da cristalinidade, com a tend?ncia de diminui??o deste par?metro. A perda de massa tamb?m foi consider?vel e progressiva para todas as amostras. Os resultados de an?lise das amostras de solo mostraram o poder de recupera??o da atividade microbiana dos mesmos (resili?ncia) durante o processo biodegradativo. No per?odo inicial do experimento, em especial nos primeiros 40 dias, todos os par?metros avaliados sofreram decaimento de seus valores, por?m retornaram aos patamares iniciais e mantiveram esses valores at? o final do experimento. O planejamento experimental realizado mostrou que nenhuma das vari?veis independentes influenciou no processo de bioatividade do solo.

Micro-affordance effects have been reported for several different components of the reach-to-grasp action during both on-line and off-line visual processing. The presence of such effects represents a strong demonstration of the close relationship between perception, action, and cognition. In this thesis 7 experiments are described, which investigate different aspects of that relationship, with particular attention on the nature of object representations. In 5 behavioural experiments as well as in 1 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) experiment a stimulus-response compatibility paradigm is employed to examine the presence of micro-affordance effects arising during language processing of object names. The power and precision component of the reach-to-grasp action is investigated in relation to the compatibility of an object for grasping with either a power or a precision grasp. Overall, the results of the experiments discussed in the present thesis suggest that: a) object representations activated during language processing of object names are able to potentiate actions arising from the component of the reach-to-grasp action under investigation; b) such representations might be more semantic or „propositional‟ than depictive in nature, therefore more related to stored semantic knowledge of the object and its associated actions than to its detailed visual properties; c) this semantic information about objects seems to be automatically translated into specific motor activity, even in the absence of any intention to act; d) finally, such semantic, non-visual motor potentiation seems to be rapid and relatively short lived.

De nombreuses mesures cosmologiques et astrophysiques tendent à montrer que notre galaxie serait englobée par un halo de matière sombre non-baryonique. La détection directionnelle vise à mesurer la direction du recul nucléaire issu d'une interaction avec une particule de matière sombre. Cela permettrait de mettre en évidence la forte dépendance angulaire de la distribution de reculs due à la rotation du système solaire autour du centre galactique. Cette thèse aborde la détection directionnelle par une approche multi-thématique : phénoménologie, expérimentale et analyse de données. L'objectif des études phénoménologiques est de montrer l'apport d'un détecteur directionnel en terme de recherche de matière sombre. Grâce au développement de méthodes statistiques dédiées, on montre qu'un détecteur tel que celui proposé par la collaboration MIMAC, devrait permettre de découvrir la matière sombre avec une grande significance jusqu'à des sections efficaces 2 à 3 ordres de grandeur en dessous des limites actuelles. La mise en place d'une méthodologie d'analyse de données directionnelles constitue un second objectif de cette thèse car la reconstruction 3D des traces mesurées est un point clef de cette nouvelle stratégie de détection. On présente ainsi une nouvelle méthode d'analyse basée sur une approche par vraisemblance, permettant d'optimiser l'estimation des paramètres de chaque événement mesuré: position dans le détecteur et direction. Dans le cadre de la discrimination du bruit de fond électronique, on a mis en place une étude basée sur la topologie de la trace et utilisant une analyse par arbres de décision boostés qui nous permet d'obtenir des facteurs de rejet environ 20 fois supérieurs à ceux obtenus avec des analyses séquentielles. Du point de vue expérimental, on présente une méthode originale de la mesure de vitesse de dérive des électrons permettant d'obtenir des incertitudes de l'ordre du pourcent et de contraindre simultanément les coefficients de diffusion longitudinale. On termine enfin sur l'analyse des données obtenues auprès du champ de neutrons AMANDE permettant de valider la stratégie de détection du projet MIMAC.

Le collisionneur linéaire international (ILC) est prévu pour être le prochain grand projet de la physique des hautes énergies. ILC est proposé avec deux détecteurs, International Large Detector (ILD), et Silicon Detector (SID). Cette thèse s’est déroulée dans le cadre de l'ILD. L'un des principaux composants du détecteur ILD est la chambre à projection temporelle (TPC). Cette thèse se concentre sur le développement de la lecture de la TPC, basée sur l'intégration des détecteurs de gaz Micro-pattern (Micromegas) et de puces CMOS pixels ("Timepix"). Ce nouveau type de dispositif est appelé "Ingrid". Les exigences principales pour "Ingrid" sont d’atteindre la sensibilité aux électrons uniques et d’obtenir une très haute résolution spatiale (~ 30 µm). Avec une TPC, on reconstruit les traces en utilisant le profil 2D des charges sur la plaque a l’extrémité de la TPC et la troisième coordonnée est dérivée du temps de dérive. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, une mini-TPC a été construite a Saclay dans le but de tester plusieurs prototypes de détecteurs "Ingrid". En outre, un système compose de 8 puces nommé "Octopuce" a été construit pour développer des algorithmes de reconstruction de traces. Nous avons effectué plusieurs mesures à l'aide de source radioactive à Saclay. Par ailleurs, de grands modules ont été testés avec un prototype de grande TPC (LP) sur un faisceau de test à DESY. Les résultats obtenus avec deux modules différents ont été présentés et les résultats sont en bon accord avec la prédiction théorique. La présence de la matière noire fournit une bonne indication d'apparition de nouveaux phénomènes a proximité de l'échelle électrofaible, et l'hypothèse populaire d’existence des WIMP doit être testé. Comme les couplages des WIMP aux différentes espèces de particules du modèle standard sont a priori inconnus, la recherche de la production de WIMP en collisions e+e- est complémentaire à la production dans les collisions pp ou a la détection directe de WIMPs primordiaux par leur diffusion sur des nucléons. Dans ce travail, nous étudions possibilité de découverte (ou l'exclusion) de production de paires de WIMPs avec l’ILC. Dans ce processus, un unique photon est rayonne dans l'état initial et une énergie manquante est requise. Nous montrons que l’ILC peut découvrir cette signature, même si l'annihilation en paires électron-positon contribue faiblement au taux d’annihilation de la matière noire dans l'univers primordial. Nous avons traduit la sensibilité en terme d’échelles de masse pour différents types d’opérateurs effectifs et montré que la masse et les couplages des WIMPs peuvent être mesurés avec une précision de l’ordre de 1% si leur détection est avérée. En outre, des études de production de WIMPs avec l’ILC sont complémentaires aux études avec des états finaux mono-X au LHC, car ils testent le couplage WIMP-lepton. Au LHC, le couplage WIMP-proton est testé a une l'échelle de 1 TeV. Avec l’ILC, en utilisant une luminosité intégrée de 500 fb⁻¹, une énergie dans le centre de masse de √s = 500 GeV et avec des faisceau non polarisés, une limite pour l’échelle sur l'interaction de contact Λ de l’ordre de 2 TeV est accessible. De plus, les configurations de polarisation appropriées permettent d'améliorer la sensibilité pour les recherches de matière noire à l’ILC, en supposant que le couplage des paires de WIMP aux électrons et aux positons dépend du choix de l'opérateur
The International Linear Collider (ILC) is planned to be the next major project in the High Energy Physics. ILC is proposed to have two detectors, namely International Large Detector (ILD), and Silicon Detector (SiD). This thesis is done in the framework of the ILD. One of the main components of the ILD detector is the Time Projection Chamber (TPC). This PhD thesis concentrates on the development of TPC readout, based on integration of the Micro-pattern gas detectors (Micromegas) and CMOS pixel chips ("Timepix"). This new type of device is named "InGrid". Main requirements for "InGrid" is to achieve sensitivity to single electrons and a very high spatial resolution (~30 μm). In TPC one reconstructs tracks using 2D-charge profile on the TPC endplate and the third coordinate is derived from the drift time information. In Saclay mini-TPC was built. Using this mini-TPC, several prototype "Ingrid" detectors have been tested in the course of this PhD. In addition, 8-chips system named “Octopuce” was built to develop track reconstruction algorithms. We have performed several measurements using laboratory radioactive source in Saclay. In addition, the large modules were tested at a Large TPC Prototype (LP) in a test beam area at DESY. Results with two different modules were presented. Obtained results well agreed with theoretical prediction. The existence of Dark Matter provides a strong indication for the appearance of new phenomena near the electroweak scale, and the popular WIMP hypothesis is out there to be tested. Since the couplings of WIMPs to different species of Standard Model particles are a priori unknown, the investigation of WIMP production in e+e- collisions is fundamentally complementary to production in pp collisions or direct detection of primordial WIMPs scattering on nucleons. In this work we investigate the discovery (or exclusion) reach of the ILC based on the production of a pair of WIMPs, which recoils against an energetic photon from initial state radiation. We show that the ILC can discover this signature even if annihilation to electrons provides only a small fraction of the total dark matter annihilation rate in the early universe. We translated the sensitivity into mass scales of various effective operators and showed that the WIMPs mass and couplings can be measured at the percent level in case of an observation. Furthermore, WIMPs studies on ILC are complementary to current LHC in the mono-X final states, because they test WIMP-lepton coupling. LHC studies WIMP-proton coupling at the scale of 1 TeV. ILC could reach limits up to 2 TeV on the contact interaction scale Λ for the vector operator by using an integrated luminosity at 500 fb⁻¹, at the center-of-mass √s = 500 GeV with unpolarized beams. Moreover, proper polarization configurations allows to improve sensitivity for the Dark Matter searches at the ILC, assuming WIMPs pair couple differently to electron and positron for different operators

A área de microfabricação de dispositivos de interesse em química analítica tem se expandido muito ao longo dos últimos anos. Uma série de produtos e processos tem sido proposta, tendo como base as tecnologias da área de microeletrônica. Muito destes processos são bastante sofisticados, estando além das necessidades para produção de alguns dispositivos relativamente simples e que são bastante úteis para a química analítica. Este é o caso, por exemplo, dos microcanais para implementação de sistemas eletroforéticos ou micro sistemas em fluxo. Neste contexto, surge a proposta deste trabalho, qual seja desenvolver processos e produtos de interesse nesta área. Esse objetivo foi alcançado pelo desenvolvimento de dois processos: um para produção de microcanais em resina de poliéster através de moldagem e outro de corrosão de vidro utilizando toner de impressora laser como resiste. O primeiro partiu de fotolito para produção de molde em silício através de processo de corrosão por plasma de SF6. Peças de resina de poliéster isoftálica são produzidas por polimerização sobre este molde. Para garantir a desmoldagem não traumática e boa reprodução de detalhes, foi incorporado óleo de silicone durante a preparação da resina. Com este procedimento, foi possível obter canais com 14,0 µm de profundidade e irregularidades superficiais de 1,4 µm para um molde com 15,3 µm de elevação e 0,5 µm de irregularidades superficiais. Com o uso de uma manta flexível de silicone como contraparte, foi possível gerar microcanais cuja altura foi avaliada como sendo da ordem de 5 a 7 µm. Esta avaliação foi conseguida através de medida de condutância após o preenchimento do microcanal com solução de KCl. No segundo processo, toner de impressora laser foi utilizado como resiste para corrosão de vidrO. O layout era diretamente impresso sobre papel aditivado com maltodextrina ou papel utilizado como suporte para etiquetas autocolantes através de uma impressora HP LaserJet 6L com resolução de 600 dpi. Após a transferência térmica da imagem para lâminas de vidro alcalino de 1,0 mm de espessura, a corrosão em ácido fluorídrico permitiu obter canais com 7,1 µm de profundidade e irregularidades de 1,0 µm. Embora este segundo processo apresente desvantagens com relação à resolução tanto no plano da lâmina como na profundidade do canal, quando comparado ao primeiro, deve-se ressaltar a extrema simplicidade, rapidez e baixo custo do processo que deve ser interessante para a produção de protótipos. Já para o primeiro processo, destaca-se a adequação à produção em pequena escala de dispositivos microcanais de baixo custo.
Several processes and products have been proposed to build and use microstructures for chemical purposes. Most of these processes were adapted from microelectronic technologies, which resulted in products with excellent resolution and quality. However, there are some devices that could be generated by simpler and rougher processes. In this work, two processes were developed in order to allow producing simple devices based on microchannels. The first process is a method to produce polyester based devices. A conventional microelectronic process was used to produce a silicon matrix. This matrix was used to produce blocks of isophthalic resin by in situ polymerization. The best results were obtained by adding 1 % (w/w) silicone oil during the polyester resin preparation. This additive improves the mold relief and the smoothness of the device surface. Channels 14.0-µm depth and roughness of 1.4 µm were obtained with a mold with structure height of 15.3 µm and roughness of 0.5 µm. A flexible sheet of silicone allows forming enclosed microchannels with depth of 5-7 µm. This dimension was evaluated by conductance measurement after filling the channel with KCl solution. A process for glass corrosion, using laser printer toner as resist, was proposed. In this method, the layout is printed over a special sheet of paper using a HP LaserJet 6L laser printer. The paper is used to transfer the toner to a soda-lime glass lamina by a thermic process. Hydrofluoric acid solution was used to promote the selective glass corrosion. Channels 7.1-µm depth and roughness of 1.0 µm were obtained. Although this second method does not give the saroe resolution and aspect ratio as the first one, it is suitable to easy and fast prototyping. Gn the other hand, the first method is suitable for low-cost production of devices in small scale.

Neste trabalho são apresentados processos de microfabricação de estruturas contendo microcanais e sistemas de manipulação hidrodinâmica e eletroosmótica de fluídos. Foram desenvolvidos processos de microfabricação utilizando toner sobre poliéster, toner sobre vidro, toner como resiste, além de métodos alternativos de perfuração de lâminas e selagem de microestruturas em vidro, desenvolvimento de microestruturas para eletroforese capilar e espectrometria de massas com ionização por eletronebulização. A caracterização dos materiais e processos permitiu uma ampla visão das potencialidades e alternativas dos processos de microfabricação, tendo sido demonstrado que os dispositivos produzidos em toner-poliéster são quimicamente resistentes às substâncias tipicamente utilizadas em eletroforese capilar. Neste trabalho, um detector condutométrico sem contato foi implementado em microestruturas de toner-poliéster e a separação eletroforética de alguns metais alcalinos é demonstrada. A microestrutura foi projetada no formato padrão em cruz, tendo o canal de separação 22 mm de comprimento, 12 µm de profundidade e largura típica. A cela condutométrica foi construída sobre o canal de separação utilizando-se fita adesiva de cobre (1 mm de largura) como eletrodos. O sinal aplicado na cela foi de 530 kHz e 10 Vpp . A separação de K+, Na+ e Li+ na concentração de 100 µmol L-1 foi efetuada em torno de 0,8 min, utilizando-se 1 kV como potencial de separação. Foram desenvolvidos microchips para análise por espectrometria de massas com introdução de amostra por eletronebulização, sendo determinado cluster do íon cloreto em concentração de 1 mmol L+. Também solução com 1 mmol/L de glucosamina em água/metanol 1: 1 (v/v), sob corrente de 100 nA gerou sinal estável e livre de descarga corona. Utilizando detecção amperométrica, obteve-se eletroferogramas mostrando a separação de iodeto (10 mmol L-1) e ascorbato (40 mmol L-1) em potencial de separação de 4,0 kV (800 V cm-1 potencial de detecção de 0,9 V (vs. Ag/AgCI), injeção com 1,0 kV/1°s, tampão borato de sódio 10 mmol L+ com CTAH 0,2 mmol L-1, pH 9,2. Obteve-se eficiência de 1,6.104 pratos/m e foi possível obter limites de detecção de 500 nmol L-1 (135 amol) e 1,8 µmol L-1 (486 amol) para iodeto e ascorbato, respectivamente. O processo de fabricação utilizando toner como material estrutural para microchips em vidro foi bem estabelecido, assim como os modos de detecção fotométrico e condutométrico foram demonstrados. Foram obtidos eletroferogramas par detecção condutométrica sem contato de solução 200 µmol L-1 de K+, Na+ e U+, em tampão histidina/ácido lático 30 mmol L-1 9:1 (v/v) água:metanol, injeção eletrocinética de 2,0 kV/5,0 s, potencial de separação de 1 kV, 530 kHz de frequência e tensão de 2,0 Vpp. Também foi implementado um sistema de detecção fotométrico para microchip operando em 660 nm, tendo sido utilizado para a detecção de azul de metileno 1,0 mmol L-1 em tampão de corrida de barato de sódio 20 mmol L-1 (pH 9,2), com o detector posicionado a 40 mm do ponto de injeção e com injeção eletrocinética a 2,0 kV por 12 s com picos bem resolvidos em menos de 1 min.
Microfabrication processes and devices for hydrodynamic and electroosmotic manipulation were developed based on toner-polyester, toner-glass and toner-as-resist techniques. Additionally, techniques to perforate glass slides and sealing of glass devices were introduced. Microdevices for capillary electrophoresis and electrospray for mass spectrometry were developed using these techniques. The characterization of the materiais and the processes demonstrated that the devices obtained by the toner-polyester process are compatible with the media used for capillary electrophoresis. The detection of alkaline ions with capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection was demonstrated. The typical cross shape microstructure was designed with a 22-mm long and 12-µm deep separation channel. The conductivity cell was implemented with 1-mm wide adhesive copper stripes. The applied signal was 530kHz and 10Vpp . The separation of 100µmo1L-1 K+, Na+, and Li+ was accomplished in 0.8 min under a voltage of 1 kV. Another toner-polyester microchip was developed to demonstrate its usefulness for electrospray/mass spectrometry. Solutions of 1 mmol L-1 potassium chloride and 1 mmol L-1 glucosamine in water/methanol 1:1 (v/v) were introduced with stable current of 100 nA without corona discharge. Capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection was also demonstrated. The separation of iodide (10 mmol L-1) and ascorbate (40 mmol L-1) was carried out at 4.0 kV (800 V cm-1) with detection potential of 0.9 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), electrokinetic injection at 1.0 kV/10 s, running buffer of sodium borate 10 mmol L-1 with CTAH 0.2 mmol L-1 , pH 9.2. The efficiency was 1.6.104 plates/m and the limits of detection were 500 nmol L-1 (135 9mol) and 1.8 µmol L-1 (486 amol) for iodide and ascorbate, respectively. The toner-glass process was proposed and conductivity and photometric detections were demonstrated for the devices generated by this new technique. The separation of 200 pmol L-1 K+, Na+, and Li+ was achieved in buffer histidine/lactic acid 30 mmol L-1 water/methanol 9: 1 (v/v), electrokinetic injection at 2.0 kV/5.0 s, separation potential of 1 kV, and contactless conductivity detection at 530 kHz and 2.0 Vpp. The photometric detection of methylene blue at 660 nm was carried out in sodium borate 20 mmol L-1 (pH 9.2).

Le but de cette thèse est de déterminer si les objectifs que se fixent les institutions demicrofinance (IMF) en France en matière de lutte contre la pauvreté et l’exclusion, et en matièrede soutien au micro-entrepreneuriat, se traduisent dans les faits. Il s’agit plus précisémentd’apprécier la performance sociale des IMF tant en termes de portée sociale qu’en termesd’impact. Nous montrons dans une première partie que le microcrédit extra-bancaire en France aclairement un impact social car octroyé principalement aux personnes les plus pauvres et à cellesles plus en risque d’exclusion. Sa capacité à servir durablement le plus grand nombre estcependant remise en cause compte tenu du fait qu’aucune institution étudiée ne répond à lacontrainte de pérennité qu’est l’autosuffisance financière. Le maintien des subventions dans cecontexte s’avère donc indispensable. Nous trouvons en outre une adaptation de l’offre auxbesoins de la clientèle et mettons en évidence l’existence d’une stratégie dichotomique dans lesecteur (sociale vs économique), ce qui entraine un traitement différencié de la clientèle suivantl’objectif poursuivi par l’IMF. Dans une seconde partie, nous trouvons que dans un contextemarqué par la persistance de la crise économique, le microcrédit démontre une certaine capacité àsoutenir la création d’entreprises et d’emplois de qualité. Cette capacité dépend cependant dutype de microcrédit dont il s’agit (entrepreneurial vs insertion sociale). L’accompagnement serévèle fort utile dans l’ensemble, mais nous montrons des différences de perception parmi lesbénéficiaires. Le microcrédit se révèle en outre avoir un fort impact psychologique mais sesretombées économiques sont de faible ampleur. Nous trouvons en effet une amélioration globalede la situation professionnelle des bénéficiaires, mais soulignons la précarité des emplois occupéset la faiblesse des revenus. Ceci suggère un contraste entre perception et réalité économique
This thesis aims at determining whether microfinance institutions (MFIs) in France succeed inovercoming poverty and exclusion and in supporting entrepreneurship. More precisely, we assessthe social performance of the MFIs both in terms of outreach and impact. We show in a firstsection that non-bank MFIs in France reach the poor and individuals at high-risk of exclusion,and their offer is adapted to their clientele. However, because none of these IMFs are viable,their capacity to durably serve the largest number is questioned. This underlines the need formaintaining subsidies. We also highlight the existence of two types of strategy within the sector(social vs economic), which leads to a differentiated treatment of customers according to theobjective pursued by the MFI. In a second section we show that in a time of persistent economiccrisis, microcredit demonstrates some ability to support business and job creation. However, thisability depends on the type of microcredit in question (micro-enterprises lenders vs socialinclusion lenders). Business support shows itself very useful on the whole, but we bring to theforeground differences in perception among the beneficiaries. Besides, microcredit proves tohave a strong psychological impact even when economic gains are low. There is an overallimprovement in the working position of beneficiaries, although gains are limited by theprecariousness of jobs and relative low incomes. This suggests a contrast between perception andeconomic reality

Neste trabalho, foram desenvolvidos MicroLaboratórios Autônomos (MLA), baseados no conceito de MicrosSistemas de Análise Total (TAS), que permitem a integração das etapas associadas ao método analítico em único dispositivo. Os MLA foram fabricados utilizando a tecnologia LTCC (Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics), que permitiu um alto grau de integração das plataformas químicas microfluídica e eletrônica, utilizando o mesmo substrato. O MLA amperométrico foi construído de forma a integrar canais, misturadores e eletrodos (auxiliar, de referência e de trabalho (sendo o último facilmente removível, tornando o dispositivo mais versátil)). Também, possui integrado em sua superfície um potenciostato, capaz de aplicar potenciais constantes e registrar com precisão correntes na faixa de nA a A. Com o equipamento, foram realizadas medições de cianeto de ferro e cloro livre confirmando a funcionalidade do MLA amperométrico. Para tal, foram testadas concentrações de K4Fe(CN)6 variando de 0,1 3 mM, apresentando faixa linear de 0,1 a 0,75 mM com coeficiente de correlação linear de 0,997 e RSD de 1,91 % (calculado para a amostra de 0,75 mM, n = 13). Cloro livre foi medido na faixa de 0,35 7,10 mM apresentando resposta linear com r2 = 0,998, o RSD obtido foi de 1,93 % (3,5 mM; n = 15). O cloro livre foi medido em amostra reais de piscinas na faixa 0,4 a 1,1 mg L-1 e os resultados foram comparados com o método DPD (Ndietil- p-fenilenodiamina) apresentando resultados similares com r2 = 0,91. O MLA fotométrico segue o mesmo princípio do amperométrico com canais, misturadores, célula de fluxo, detector, arranjo de LEDs (420, 480, 515, 565, 590, 630 e 700 nm) e eletrônica de controle integrados no mesmo substrato. O equipamento foi desenvolvido permitindo dois modos de operação: espectrofotômetro e fotômetro. No modo espectrofotométrico foi empregado na determinação qualitativa e quantitativa de diversos corantes (alaranjado de metila, azul de metileno, verde de bromocressol e vermelho de fenol). Já na opção fotométrico foi usado na determinação de fósforo reativo em águas, por meio de um sistema completamente automatizado. Neste caso, o controle de diversas válvulas e uma bomba peristáltica permitiu a implementação de procedimentos de automatização como: multicomutação, amostragem binária e parada de fluxo (stopped flow. A utilização deste sistema automatizado permitiu a comparação entre dois métodos de preparações de amostra: diluição on-line (utilizando as válvulas) e preparadas manualmente. Para ambos os casos foram analisadas duas faixas de concentrações (0,1 a 1 mg L-1 e 1,5 a 15 mg L-1). A primeira faixa apresentou-se linear para ambos os métodos de preparação de amostra, apresentando limites de detecção para fósforo reativo de 15,8 g L-1 e 14,9 g L-1. Por outro lado, foi observado que a segunda faixa de concentração não obedece à lei de Beer. Na segunda faixa, a curva analítica foi linear no intervalo de concentração de 1,5 a 7,5 mg L-1 de fósforo reativo com r2 = 0,965 e RSD de 0,43 % (7,5 mg L-1, n = 3). A frequência de medições analíticas foi de 30 determinações por hora, o que indica que a plataforma proposta pode ser utilizada em monitoramente contínuo e de tempo real.
Analysis System (uTAS) concept which allows the integration of all steps related to an analytical process in a single device. The developed MLAs were used to monitor water quality. The MLAs were fabricated using the LTCC (Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics) technology which allows a high integration level between chemical, microfluidics and electronics platforms on the same substrate. The amperometric MLA was build in order to integrate channels, mixers and electrodes (reference, auxiliary and work) being the last one easily removable making the device even more versatile. It also has, integrated on its surface, a potentiostate capable of applying constant voltages and precisely recording currents in the range from nA to A. With this equipment, measurements were conducted for free chlorine and iron, confirming the functionality of the amperometric MLA. Concentrations from 0,1 to 3 mM of K4Fe(CN)6 were evaluated obtaining a linear range from 0,1 to 0,75 mM with a linear correlation coefficient of 0,997 and a RSD of 1,91 % (calculated for the 0,75 mM sample with n = 13). Free chlorine was evaluated in the range from 0,35 to 7,10 mM obtaining a linear response with a r2 = 0,998, the obtained RSD was 1,93 % (for 3,5 mM; n = 15). Free chlorine was also evaluated in real samples from swimming pools in the range from 0,4 to 1,1 mg·L-1, comparing the results with those obtained by the colorimetric DPD method, showing similar values with a r2 = 0,91. The photometric MLA follows the same principle of the amperometric one, with channels, mixers, flow cell, detector, LEDs array (420, 480, 515, 565, 590, 630 e 700 nm) and control electronics, integrated in the same substrate. This equipment was developed for two operation modes: spectrophotometric and photometric. The spectrophotometric mode was used for qualitative and quantitative determination of different dyes (methyl orange, methylene blue, bromocressol green and phenol red). The photometric option was used for the determination of phosphate concentration in water, by means of a fully automated system. In this case the control of several valves and a peristaltic pump allowed the implementation or automated procedures like multicommutation, binary sampling and stopped flow. The use of this automated system allowed the comparison between two methods for sample preparation: online dilution (with valves) and manual preparation. In both cases two concentration ranges were evaluated (0,1 a 1 mg L-1 and 1,5 a 15 mg L-1). The first range linear for both sample preparation methods, with detection limits of 15,8 g L-1 e 14,9 g L-1 for orthophosphate. On the other side it was observed that in the second range of concentrations it does not obey the Beers law. In the second range, the analytics curve was linear in the interval from 1,5 to 7,5 mg L-1 of orthophosphate with a r2 = 0,965 and a RSD of 0,43 % (7,5 mg L-1, n = 3). The analytical frequency was about 30 determinations per hour, which indicates a good performance of the proposed device for on-line and real time monitoring.

Lab-on-a-chip devices, also known as micro total analysis systems (μTAS), are implementations of chemical analysis systems on microchips. These systems can be fabricated using standard thin film processing techniques. Microfluidic and nanofluidic channels are fabricated in this work through sacrificial etching. Microchannels are fabricated utilizing cores made from AZ3330 and SU8 photoresist. Multi-channel electroosmotic (EO) pumps are evaluated and the accompanying channel zeta potentials are calculated. Capillary flow is studied as an effective filling mechanism for nanochannels. Experimental departure from the Washburn model is considered, where capillary flow rates lie within 10% to 70% of theoretical values. Nanochannels are fabricated utilizing cores made from aluminum, germanium, and chromium. Nanochannels are made with 5 μm thick top layers of oxide to prevent dynamic channel deformation. Nanochannel separation schemes are considered, including Ogston sieving, entropic trapping, reptation, electrostatic sieving, and immutable trapping. Immutable trapping is studied through dual-segment nanochannels that capture analytes that are too large to pass from one channel into a second, smaller channel. Polymer nanoparticles, Herpes simplex virus type 1 capsids, and hepatitis B virus capsids are trapped and detected. The signal-to-noise ratio of the fluorescently-detected signal is shown to be greater than 3 for all analyte concentrations considered.

Le fond diffus cosmologique (CMB) est la première lumière libérée par l’Univers.À ce titre, elle constitue la photographie la plus ancienne à laquelle nous ayons accès.Ces photons recèlent des trésors d’informations capables de nous renseigner tant sur le contenu énergétique de l’Univers que sur son histoire. En retraçant son évolution jusqu’aujourd’hui, on est capable d’établir des scénarios quant à la période qui a précédé l’émission du CMB, inaccessible aux observations. Plus particulièrement,la plupart des modèles s’accordent à dire que l’Univers aurait connu juste après le Big Bang une période d’expansion exponentielle qualifiée d’inflation. L’un des défis majeurs de la cosmologie consiste à confirmer et contraindre ces modèles en cherchant sur le CMB les empreintes théoriques laissées par l’inflation : un motif de polarisation qualifié de mode B. Cependant, ce signal est attendu à un niveau très faible, sa détection requiert donc la mise en place d’instruments extrêmement sensibles. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans l’effort technologique mené au sein du projet QUBIC pour cette quête. Dans cette optique on s’est intéressé aux détecteurs, des matrices de plusieurs centaines de bolomètres supraconducteurs. Dans un premier temps, on a défini une méthode permettant de dimensionner les détecteurs et la matrice pour répondre au mieux à nos attentes à travers l’ajustement de paramètres pertinents. Puis on a mené pour la première fois dans la collaboration toute la réalisation d’une matrice de 256détecteurs sur laquelle on a par la suite effectué et exposé des tests préliminaires prometteurs pour la future implémentation du plan focal de QUBIC
The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is the very first light of the Uni- verse and thus constitutes the oldest picture of its initial state. These photons carry valuable information constraining both the energy content and the history of the Universe. CMB observations allow us to reconstruct what occurred before the CMB anisotropies were imprinted. The most promising theoretical models all postulate an epoch of exponential expansion known as inflation just after the Big Bang. One of the major challenges of observational cosmology is hence to confirm or falsify inflation as well as to discover how inflation was realized in a particular model by searching for its imprint on the CMB polarization B-mode. This signal is however expected to be extremely weak and its detection requires a very sensitive experiment. This thesis reports on contributions to the technology development for the innovative QUBIC instrument, focusing on the perfection of an array of several hundreds of supercon- ducting bolometric detectors. A method was defined to design the detector array through tuning the relevant parameters to best meet our requirements. Then a 256- detector prototype array was fully manufactured and characterized. The preliminary characterization gave promising results for the forthcoming implementation of the QUBIC focal plane

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
The of Serrinha plutonic suite, northeastern portion of the Borborema Province (NE Brazil), is characterized by a voluminous and diversified magmatism of Neoproterozoic age, intrusive in the Archean to Paleoproterozoic gneissic-migmatitic basement of the S?o Jos? de Campestre massif. Field relations and petrographic and geochemical data allowed us to individualize different lithologic types among this plutonic suite, which is represented by intermediate to mafic enclaves, porphyritic diorites, porphyritic granitoids, porphyritic granodiorites, microporphyritic granites and dykes/sheets of microgranite. The intermediate-to-mafic enclaves occur associated with porphyritic granitoids, showing mixture textures. The porphyrytic diorites occur as isolated bodies, generally associated with intermediate-to-mafic enclaves and locally as enclaves within porphyritic granites. The granodiorites represent mixing between an intermediate to mafic magma with an acidic one. The micropophyritic granites occur as isolated small bodies, generally deformed, while the microgranite dykes/sheets crosscut all the previous granitoids. A U-Pb zircon age of 576 + 3 Ma was obtained for the Serrinha granite. This age is interpreted as age of the peak of the regional ductile deformational event (D3) and of the associated the E-W Rio Jacu shear zone, which control the emplacement of the Neoproterozoic syntectonic plutons. The porphyrytic granitoids show monzogranitic composition, transitional between peraluminous and metaluminous types, typically of the high potassium subalkaline-calc-alkaline series. The intermediate-to-mafic enclaves present vary from quartz diorite to tonalite/granodiorite, with metaluminous, shoshonitic affinity. The diorites are generally quartz-monzodiorite in composition, with metaluminous, subalkaline affinity. They display coarse-grained, inequigranular, porphyrytic texture, with predominance of plagioclase phenocrystals immersed in a matrix composed of biotite and pyroxenes. The microporphyrytic granites are essentially monzogranites of fine- to medium-grained texture, whereas microgranite dikes/sheets varying from monzogranites to syenogranites, with fine to media texture, equigranular. The diversified magmatism occurring at a relatively small surface associated with shear zones, suggests lithospheric dimensions for such structures, with magma extractions from different depths within the lower crust and upper mantle. The geological, geochemical and geochronological characteristics of the Serrinha plutonic suite suggest a pos-collisional geodynamic context for the Neoproterozoic magmatism. Thermobarometric data show emplacement conditions in the range 5-6 kbar (AlTamphibole) and 730-740?C (plagioclase-amphibole) for the porphyrytic granitoids (Serrinha body) and the intermediate-to-mafic enclaves
A su?te plut?nica da regi?o de Serrinha, localizada no extremo nordeste da Prov?ncia Borborema (NE do Brasil), caracteriza-se por um volumoso e diversificado magmatismo de idade neoproteroz?ica, intrusivo no substrato gn?issico-migmat?tico, de idade arqueana a paleoproteroz?ica, do Maci?o S?o Jos? de Campestre. Rela??es de campo, dados petrogr?ficos e geoqu?micos permitiram individualizar os diferentes tipos litol?gicos desta su?te plut?nica, que s?o representados por encraves intermedi?rios a m?ficos, rochas dior?ticas porfir?ticas, granit?ides porfir?ticos, granodioritos porfir?ticos, granitos microporfir?ticos e diques/sheets microgran?ticos. Os encraves intermedi?rios a m?ficos ocorrem, principalmente, associados aos granit?ides porfir?ticos, exibindo fei??es de mistura. Os dioritos porfir?ticos ocorrem como corpos isolados, associados com encraves intermedi?rios a m?ficos, e localmente como encraves nos granitos porfir?ticos. Os granodioritos representam um f?cies t?pico de mistura entre um magma intermedi?rio a m?fico, dior?tico, e outro ?cido, granitico. Os granitos microporfir?ticos apresentam-se como pequenos corpos isolados, geralmente deformados. Os diques e sheets microgran?ticos s?o tardios na seq??ncia magm?tica da ?rea estudada, com rela??es intrusivas nas demais unidades magm?ticas. Uma idada U-Pb em zirc?o de 576 + 3 Ma foi obtida para o Granito Serrinha, que ocorre controlado por uma zona de cisalhamento de dire??o geral E-W (Zona de Cisalhamento Rio Jacu). Tendo em vista o car?ter sintect?nico desse pl?ton, essa idade marca a sua coloca??o e o pico da deforma??o D3 associada. Este evento ? respons?vel pela atual arquitetura estrutural da ?rea mapeada, com gera??o da tect?nica ranscorrente/distensional impressa nas zonas de cisalhamento que controlam o alojamento dos pl?tons neoproteroz?icos. Os granit?ides porfir?ticos apresentam composi??o predominantemente monzogran?tica, apresentando caracter?sticas transicionais entre peraluminosos e metaluminosos, tipicamente de afinidade subalcalina - c?lcio-alcalina de alto K. Os encraves intermedi?rios a m?ficos variam de quartzo dioritos a tonalitos/granodioritos, com textura faner?tica fina a m?dia. S?o rochas metaluminosas de afinidade shoshon?tica. As rochas dior?ticas porfir?ticas s?o principalmente quartzo monzodioritos, com textura inequigranular porfir?tica, com predom?nio de fenocristais de plagiocl?sio imersos numa matriz composta por biotita e pirox?nios. S?o rochas metaluminosas, de afinidade subalcalina m?fica. Os granitos microporfir?ticos s?o essencialmente monzogranitos de textura fina a m?dia, inequigranular, e os diques e sheetsmicrogran?ticos apresentam composi??o variando de monzogranitos a sienogranitos, com textura fina, equigranular. Apesar da pouca quantidade de dados, essas rochas apresentam caracter?sticas de afinidade geoqu?mica com a s?rie c?lcio-alcalina de alto K. O diversificado magmatismo ocorrendo em uma superf?cie relativamente pequena, associado a zonas de cisalhamento, apontam dimens?es litosf?ricas para essas estruturas, com extra??o de magmas a partir de diferentes n?veis da crosta e do manto superior. As caracter?sticas geol?gicas, geoqu?micas e geocronol?gicas da su?te plut?nica Neoproteroz?ica da regi?o de Serrinha sugerem um contexto geodin?mico p?s-colisional para a coloca??o dos corpos estudados ao final da orog?nese Neoproteroz?ica. Dados termobarom?tricos apontam condi??es P-T da ordem de 5-6 kbar (AlT-anfib?lio) e 730-740?C (plagiocl?sio-anfib?lio) para a coloca??o dos granit?ides porfir?ticos e encraves intermedi?rios a m?ficos associados

The analysis of low abundant biological molecules is often challenging due to their chemical properties, low concentration and limited sample volumes. Neuropeptides are one group of molecules that fits these criteria. Neuropeptides also play an important role in biological functions, which makes them extra interesting to analyze. A classic chemical analysis involves sampling, sample preparation, separation and detection. In this thesis, an enhanced solid supported microdialysis method was developed and used as a combined sampling- and preparation technique. In general, significantly increased extraction efficiency was obtained for all studied peptides. To be able to control the small sample volumes and to minimize the loss of neuropeptides because of unwanted adsorption onto surfaces, the subsequent analysis steps were miniaturized to a micro total analysis system (µ-TAS), which allowed sample pre-treatment, injection, separation, manipulation and detection.

In order to incorporate these analysis functions to a microchip, a novel microfabrication protocol was developed. This method facilitated three-dimensional structures to be fabricated without the need of clean room facilities.

The sample pre-treatment step was carried out by solid phase extraction from beads packed in the microchip. Femtomole levels of neuropeptides were detected from samples possessing the same properties as microdialysates. The developed injection system made it possible to conduct injections from a liquid chromatographic separation into a capillary electrophoresis channel, which facilitated for advanced multidimensional separations. An electrochemical sample manipulation system was also developed. In the last part, different electrospray emitter tip designs made directly from the edge of the microchip substrate were developed and evaluated. The emitters were proven to be comparable with conventional, capillary based emitters in stability, durability and dynamic flow range. Although additional developments remain, the analysis steps described in this thesis open a door to an integrated, on-line µ-TAS for neuropeptides analysis in complex biological samples.

碩士
大華科技大學
機電研究所
102
Nowadays the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) of the 3Cs electronic products in Taiwan has been prosperous all over the world. To meet the requirement of consumers, the 3Cs industries minimize the shapes of products which cause highly exquisite and precise technical coordination of the manufactures. On the other hand, numerous internal threads with micro-taps need for 3Cs electronic products which can fix the internal components as well as the covers. The demand of micro-tap in domestic mainly imported. Three factors: low intensity, machinable difficulty, and short life cycle, easily yield cracking while tapping by domestic micro-tap. Based on the mentioned defects in the micro-tap, domestic industrialists propose improvements but few succeed. Taguchi methods analyses the variance of process in minor experimental data which effectively increase the qualities of the products. This study, according to Taguchi methods, tries to investigate the tapping influences of the 1.2 mm carbide micro-tap on 1.2 mm thickness SUS 304 with various tool geometry and tapping parameters. The tapping quality is the consequence of tapping torque (minimum) as well as the screw area (maximum). Taguchi methods could only discuss single qualitative characteristic but not multi-qualitative characteristics. Hence, this research takes advantages of grey relation theory to obtain the best multi-qualitative characteristics and further expect the micro-tap can be operated with the best benefits. In conclusion, this study of the new tools is expected to increase the efficiency and quality of the micro-taps toward 3Cs manufacturers in future and further promote the upgrades as well as developments of the domestic industries.

As an important type of organic semiconductors, organic small molecule crystals have great potential for low-cost applications such as plastic solar cells (PSC), organic light emitting diodes (OLED) and organic field-effect transistors (OFET). Among numerous molecular crystals, 6, 13-Bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (Tips-pentacene) has aroused much attention because it combines good solubility in common solvents and strong π-π stacking from self-assembly. However, the inability to achieve ordered array of Tips-pentacene prevents the fabrication of high-performance organic integrated circuits. In this work, two new fabrication methods to pattern Tips-pentacene micro- and nano-scale single crystals are proposed. Both methods are facilitated by nanofabrication techniques such as nanoimprint and photolithography. In the first method, the surface of a silicon substrate is treated by surfactant coating and Tips-pentacene single crystals are deposited in squared patterns. In the second method, we made an ordered array of Tips-pentacene single crystals confined in Teflon-AF patterns. In both techniques, the effects of solvent type, processing temperature and template pattern size on crystal morphology and size are systematically studied.

碩士
國立成功大學
化學系碩博士班
90
In this study, we developed two kinds of integrated devices for protein analysis. These devices are based on the flow-through design of the microchip for the coupling of hydrodynamic and electrokinetic flows. The first device was designed to integrate the solid phase extraction and electrophoretic separation and was applied for protein pre-concentration prior to separation. A C18 micro-cartridge was connected to the hydrodynamic inlet of the microchip. Using this device, the wash/elution step can be integrated on-line with electrophoretic separation and detection on the microchip. Results indicated that the calibration curve of Cy5-BSA obtained from this integrated device has a R2 value greater than 0.99 and a concentration enhancement about one order of magnitude. The second device was designed to integrate the immunoreaction bed and electrophoretic separation and was applied for protein purification prior to immunoseparation. A first-antibody immobilized micro-cartridge was connected to the hydrodynamic inlet of the microchip. Results indicated that the eluted antigen still remained its activity. Using this device, the concentrated antigen from the first antibody bed was recognized by the second antibody in the separation channel via immunoseparation. Using BSA conjugated phosphotyrosine (P-BSA) as the test model; P-BSA was concentrated by the first antibody (anti-BSA) and then recognized by the second antibody, anti-phosphotyrosine antibody. The results were further confirmed for the comparing with that obtained using BSA as the negative control. The traditional method for detecting phosphoproteins is using immunoprecipitation followed by gel electrophoresis and southern blotting. This process is slow and time-consuming. This device has a great potential to be applied for rapid detection of specific phosphoproteins with a great reduction in the analysis time and sample consumption.

Face au contexte socio-économique actuel, les firmes sont amenées à se créer des avantages compétitifs afin de survivre et de croître. Le développement d'innovations est une réponse à cette problématique. Le mémoire qui suit est une étude exploratoire sur les processus de développement de l'innovation sur la base d'un système ouvert. Ainsi, nous cherchons à déterminer s'il existe un modèle pratique et générique du processus d'innovation des entreprises en interaction avec leur environnement. L'enjeu est ici de proposer aux dirigeants de firmes un outil qui crée de la valeur aussi bien pour eux-mêmes que pour les clients et les employés. Afin de répondre à cette problématique, nous nous fixons trois objectifs de recherche: (1) développer un modèle issu de la littérature sur la complexité de l'innovation, (2) tester sur le terrain la représentation théorique et (3) adapter, s'il y a lieu, ledit modèle en fonction des spécificités propres au terrain. Pour atteindre nos objectifs, nous avons articulé notre mémoire en deux phases. Premièrement, nous présentons une revue de littérature portant sur la complexité, les changements environnementaux et l'innovation. Par association d'idées, nous avons identifié et relié les concepts en principes fondateurs afin d'élaborer un modèle intégrateur. Deuxièmement, nous testons le modèle intégrateur générique à l'aide d'un échantillon ciblé d'entreprises. Nous comparons ainsi la théorie et la pratique et proposons une version du modèle, adaptée au terrain. Les données que nous étudions sont acquises par entretiens semi-directifs auprès de TPE françaises agroalimentaires implantées au Québec. Les résultats de notre étude exploratoire satisfont nos trois objectifs initiaux. En effet, lors de la première phase de recherche, nous sommes capables de proposer une simulation théorique du processus d'innovation ouverte selon un cycle, fondée sur dix-sept principes issus de la 1ittérature. Durant la seconde phase de notre étude, nous analysons les données de notre échantillon et les comparons avec la théorie. Nous validons sur le terrain quatorze des principes théoriques, en infirmons trois et découvrons quatre spécificités liées aux TPE étudiées. Nous pouvons alors conclure que le modèle intégrateur initial est un patron viable du processus cyclique d'innovation. Nous proposons une représentation adaptée aux principes théoriques confirmés et infirmés, spécifique aux sujets étudiés et basée sur le patron du cycle d'innovation. Au bout de la démarche, notre mémoire offre les outils nécessaires à la personnalisation du patron «caméléon» du processus d'innovation. Toutefois, nous ne sommes pas en mesure d'assurer l'universalité du patron et recommandons aux dirigeants de s'approprier le modèle suivant notre méthodologie et ainsi, de personnaliser leur processus d'innovation de la même manière que nous avons pu le faire pour les quatre TPE françaises agroalimentaires implantées au Québec. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Innovation, Système ouvert, Modèle générique, Patron, Processus, Cycle, TPE, Secteur agroalimentaire.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
機械工程系
105
This research mainly focuses on three parts, first of all, using the previous developed automatic optical inspection (AOI) system of the micro fluteless taps measure the geometric features of the different coating fluteless taps which is including the outside diameter, pitch, and the thread angle, and using the coordinate measuring machine compare the error between the AOI system and the coordinate measuring machine. Use the Taguchi’s method analyze the tool wear results and set the different factor, for example, the different coating of the tap, the speed and the viscosity of the oil, tapping the SUS304 stainless steel plate with the thickness of 1mm for 9 times. Measure the tool wear of each tooth, discussing the tool wear results. Using the S/N ratio and the mean ratio do analysis of variance (ANOVA), finding the most influential factor in the experiment. After tapping, the tool wear results have been determined, the workpiece have been verified in this study. The research results regarding micro fluteless tapping are expected to be used as a helpful reference for the industry.

碩士
淡江大學
化學學系碩士班
96
In contrast to the prior schemes of plasma treatment, dynamic coating, covalent bonding, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD), in preparation of micro total analysis system (μ-TAS), a prompt, reliable, and permanent scheme to enhance the electroosmotic flow of native PDMS was described. The results indicate the relative standard deviations for dopamine, levodopa, and DOPAC are 1.65%, 2.10%, and 2.82%, respectively. Here, we intend to develop a new μ-TAS to determine one of the most important neurotransmitters, dopamine, and its metabolite, DOPAC, and the most frequently used therapeutic medication, levodopa. The modification of electroosmotic flow (EOF) was simply mixing together with 12 milligrams of potassium biphthalate (KHP) and 10 grams of PDMS. In contrast to the native PDMS with resolution (RS) of 0.57, the 0.10%(w/w) KHP modified PDMS microchannel was used to separate dopamine, levodopa, and DOPAC, with improved resolution of 1.01 between dopamine and levodopa. In the mean time, the EOF was also studied by the retention time of neutral molecule, catechol, and the contact angle studies.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
機械工程系
104
This research mainly focuses on three parts, namely, the improvement of the former developed automatic optical inspection (AOI) system of the micro fluteless taps, the design optimization of the geometric features of the fluteless taps, and the tool life investigation of the tapping for SUS304 stainless steel sheet. Regarding the improvement of the developed AOI system, the software modules for the efficient inspection of the pitch and the chamfer angle have been amended based on the same hardware architecture. Concerning the reduction of the manufacturing cost and the increase the tool life of the micro fluteless taps, the optimal design of the geometrical features of the micro fluteless taps has been carried out. This study focuses on two parameters design of the taps by Creo3.0 Pro/MECHANICA software, including the chamfer angle and the shovel depth, respectively. With regard to the tool life investigation of the tapping, this study aims to analyze the tool life of the micro fluteless taps in terms of the number of tapping holes and to find the optimal diameter of the leading hole. According to the experimental results for tapping the SUS304 stainless steel plate with the thickness of 1mm, the tool wear results have been determined. The plot of the number of holes versus tool wears including wear length vs. tapping number, wear width vs. tapping number, radial wear vs. tapping number, thrust force vs. tapping number, and torque vs. tapping number, have been obtained in this study. The research results regarding micro fluteless tapping are expected to be used as a helpful reference for the industry.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
製造科技研究所
102
Micro spherical stylus tip plays an important role in micro coordinate measuring machine (CMM) metrology. A micro CMM needs a tiny spherical stylus tip with diameter less than 0.125mm to measure micro components such as micro slots, micro holes, and micro gears. With combination WEDG technology and one pulse electro discharge (OPED) process, micro spherical stylus tips with 60μm in diameter has been fabricated successfully. However the time consuming of a long micro electrode tool fabrication is still a critical problem by WEDG technology. In order to fabricate micro ball-ended stylus tips more efficiency, this study presents a new hybrid process with combination micro ECM and OPED to produce micro spherical stylus tips for micro CMM’s probing heads. To fabricate high quality spherical stylus tips, the parameters of micro ECM and OPED such as feeding speed, concentration of electrolyte, and pulse duration will be also investigated in this study. It is expected that micro spherical stylus for CMM’s probing heads could be fabricated more efficiency by this hybrid machining process.

碩士
國立中興大學
機械工程學系
94
A single transformer coupled plasma dry etching (TCP) process for forming a micro-channel with a pair of silicon tips was investigated. This micro-channel can act as a floating gate in a flash memory to increase erase speed. In each experiment, a substrate with a silicon layer was carefully prepared. This substrate was placed in the reaction chamber of a TCP etching machine. By passing an etching gas mixture through the substrate and processing it with a radio frequency power, a concavity was formed on the silicon layer. The middle region at the bottom of the concavity would be lower than the edge region, a silicon tip was thus obtained. In this work, the effects of etching gas composition, chamber pressure and radio frequency power on the angle of silicon tip and bottom dimple were investigated. The considered etching gas mixture comprises of Cl2, O2, HBr, and He. The upper radio frequency power was fixed at 600 W and the lower radio frequency power was either at 10 W or at 20 W. Three chamber pressures, 4.5, 6, and 10 mTorr, were individually considered. The result shows that for the case with the lower radio frequency power of 20 W, chamber pressure of 10 mTorr and the Cl2, O2, HBr, and He composition setting at 20.4%, 5.5%, 12.9%, 61.2%, a silicon tip without bottom dimple can be formed.