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Journal articles on the topic 'Micro algae'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Cui, Jian Sheng, Xiao Hui Xu, and Yu Xin Cheng. "Study on the Characteristics of Microcystis aeruginosa Chlorophyll Fluorescence Responding on the Toxicity of HgCl₂." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 1538–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.1538.

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Chlorophyll fluorescence is a quick, precise, non-invasive technique which has been widely used in studies of photosynthesis in micro algae, particularly for investigations of stress physiology of micro algae. The toxicity of heavy metal Hg2+on algaM. aeruginosawas studied by the change in fluorescence intensity ofM. aeruginosaat 435 nm/680 nm which treaded with different Hg2+concentrations for 25 min. The results showed that high concentrations of Hg2+inhibited the photosynthesis ofM. aeruginosa, while a low concentration (0.0005 mg/L) of Hg2+promoted photosynthesis. When Hg2+level range from 0.001 mg/L to 0.500 mg/L, it had significant inhibition effects on photosynthesis ofM. aeruginosa. The chlorophyll fluorescence intensity increased with the concentration of Hg2+(0.001~0.400 mg/L), even the concentration of Hg2+and algal photosynthetic signal had a significant positive correlation, r=0.983 3.

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2

Alfaro, Andrea C., W. Lindsey Zemke-White, and Winifereti Nainoca. "Faunal composition within algal mats and adjacent habitats on Likuri Island, Fiji Islands." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, no. 2 (November 17, 2008): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315408002774.

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The faunal composition within three mono-specific algal habitats was investigated at Likuri Island, southern Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. Gracilaria maramae was the dominant alga within algal drift mat, seagrass bed, and rocky substrate habitats at the study site. This algal species exhibits two distinctive morphologies depending on whether it is attached or loose-lying. When attached to seagrass blades or rocky substrates, this alga has long straight branches stemming from a single holdfast, while detached individuals develop curled tendrils that re-attach to adjacent substrates. Re-attachment behaviour and high growth rates result in a dense mat of drift algae, which provides a suitable micro-habitat for macro-invertebrates. The sources of algal fragments that contribute to the algal mat appear to be nearby seagrass beds and rocky substrates, where this species may settle directly from spores. Storm events may detach these algae, although pulling experiments showed that the attachment to rocky substrates is 5 times stronger than the attachment to seagrass blades. Results from the macro-faunal samples indicate that the loose-lying algal mat habitat had the highest abundance and biodiversity of organisms, followed by the seagrass bed, and then the rocky substrate habitat. The ability of loose G. maramae fragments to re-attach, along with their high growth rate, may provide a unique micro-habitat for highly abundant and diverse faunal assemblages, which in turn may sustain adjacent near-shore communities. This study highlights the ecological importance of floating algal mats to coastal ecosystems, which should be considered in future management strategies throughout the Fiji Islands.

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3

Petkov, Georgi D., and Svetlana G. Bratkova. "Viscosity of algal cultures and estimation of turbulency in devices for the mass culture of micro algae." Algological Studies/Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement Volumes 81 (September 18, 1996): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/algol_stud/81/1996/99.

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4

Happey-Wood, Christine M. "Growth characteristics of micro-green algae." SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 22, no. 5 (June 1985): 2855–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1983.11897789.

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5

Patiño, R., and U. von Stockar. "Photo-Biocalorimetry and Micro-Algae Growth." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 75, no. 8 (August 25, 2003): 1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.200390248.

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6

Chaudhary, Rimsha, Khadija Nawaz, Amna Komal Khan, Christophe Hano, Bilal Haider Abbasi, and Sumaira Anjum. "An Overview of the Algae-Mediated Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications." Biomolecules 10, no. 11 (October 30, 2020): 1498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10111498.

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Algae have long been exploited commercially and industrially as food, feed, additives, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and fertilizer, but now the trend is shifting towards the algae-mediated green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs). This trend is increasing day by day, as algae are a rich source of secondary metabolites, easy to cultivate, have fast growth, and are scalable. In recent era, green synthesis of NPs has gained widespread attention as a safe, simple, sustainable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly protocol. The secondary metabolites from algae reduce, cap, and stabilize the metal precursors to form metal, metal oxide, or bimetallic NPs. The NPs synthesis could either be intracellular or extracellular depending on the location of NPs synthesis and reducing agents. Among the diverse range of algae, the most widely investigated algae for the biosynthesis of NPs documented are brown, red, blue-green, micro and macro green algae. Due to the biocompatibility, safety and unique physico-chemical properties of NPs, the algal biosynthesized NPs have also been studied for their biomedical applications, which include anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-cancerous, anti-fouling, bioremediation, and biosensing activities. In this review, the rationale behind the algal-mediated biosynthesis of metallic, metallic oxide, and bimetallic NPs from various algae have been reviewed. Furthermore, an insight into the mechanism of biosynthesis of NPs from algae and their biomedical applications has been reviewed critically.

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7

Puri, Munish. "Algal biotechnology for pursuing omega-3 fatty acid (bioactive) production." Microbiology Australia 38, no. 2 (2017): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma17036.

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Algae are spread in diversified ecosystems that include marine, freshwater, desert and hot springs and even snow and ice environments. Algae are classified as multicellular large sea weeds (macroalgae) or unicellular microalgae. Macroalgae are targeted for mining of natural biologically active components, which include proteins, linear peptides, cyclic peptides, and amino acids1. Recently, microalgae have been exploited for the production of high-value compounds such as lipids (omega-3 fatty acids), enzymes, polymers, toxins, antioxidants, and pigments (carotenoids)2. Thus, algal biotechnology is defined as ‘the technology developed using algae (macro or micro) to make or modify bioactive compounds, or products (nutritional supplements, fine chemicals) and renewable fuels for specific use’.

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8

Mitra, Mautusi, Sara Michelle Broom, Kysis Pinto, Sovi-Mya Doan Wellons, and Ariel Dominique Roberts. "Engaging inexpensive hands-on activities using Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (a green micro-alga) beads to teach the interplay of photosynthesis and cellular respiration to K4–K16 Biology students." PeerJ 8 (August 25, 2020): e9817. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9817.

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Background Photosynthesis and cellular respiration play major roles in energy metabolism and are important Life Science topics for K16 Biology students. Algae beads are used for photosynthesis and cellular respiration labs. Currently there are a few companies that sell biology educational kits for making algae beads using non-motile green micro-algae to introduce students to photosynthesis. These kits are expensive and, do not come with detailed guidelines for trouble shooting and customizations for different grade levels. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a motile green micro-alga and is an excellent model system for photosynthesis studies. In this article, we are presenting the work conducted in the student-driven, American Society of Plant Biologists-funded, Plant-BLOOME educational outreach project. This project is a supervised collaborative effort of three undergraduates and one high school student. We have generated a protocol which can be used to make Chlamydomonas beads. We have used these beads to design two simple and inexpensive plant biology hands-on activities. These laboratory activities have been customized to teach the interplay of photosynthesis and cellular respiration to K4–K16 Biology students. Methods Chlamydomonas beads were used for two different laboratory activities that involved monitoring pH changes over time using a pH indicator. Our first activity centers on making and, using light-powered algae bead bracelets to monitor dramatic color/pH changes over time when exposed to darkness or light. Our second activity employs strain-specific algae beads with approximately equal cell numbers to conduct comparative photosynthesis and cellular respiration studies in two Chlamydomonas strains namely, wild type, 4A+ and, a high light-sensitive, photosynthetic mutant, 10E35/lsr1a. Results We optimized our experimental protocol using algae beads in a 5.5 mL screw capped glass vials before performing the same experiment in algae bead bracelets. We found that the algal cell density/bead, water type used in the experiment and, the duration of dark exposure of algal beads can affect successful implementation of the lab activities. Light-powered algae bead bracelets showed dramatic color/pH changes within 3 h upon exposure to light or darkness. These bracelets could be switched back and forth between darkness and light multiple times within 48–72 h to display color/pH changes, provided prior dark exposure time did not exceed 9 h. Our comparative studies of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in 10E35 and in 4A+ showed that relative respiration rate and photosynthetic rate is higher and lower in 10E35, respectively, compared to that in 4A+. Additionally, 10E35 failed to display the expected photosynthesis-induced pH/color changes in the light after prolonged exposure to darkness which indicated that prolonged dark exposure of 10E35, hindered photosynthesis.

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9

Bhattacharjee, Meenakshi. "PHARMACEUTICALLY VALUABLE BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF ALGAE." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 9, no. 6 (November 1, 2016): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9i6.14507.

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ABSTRACT Pharmaceutically valuable products from micro algae and its industrial commercialization today is still in its infancy and can be seen as a gateway to a multibillion dollar industry. Microalgae generally grow autotrophically and are ubiquitous in nature.They represent a major untapped resource of genetic potential for valuable bioactive agents and fine biochemical. This proven ability of microalgae to produce these compounds places these microorganisms in the biotechnological spotlight for applications and commercialization as in the Pharmaceutical industry. The production of microalgal metabolites, which stimulate defense mechanisms in the human body, has spurred intense study of the application of micro algal biomass and products thereof in various food preparations, pharmacological and medical products. There is therefore a huge scope for further study of the identified algal compounds and their activities in the treatment and prevention of various diseases, in addition to an ongoing search for other, as yet undetected, metabolites. Key words:Algae,Pharmaceuticals, Bioactive compounds.

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10

Isya, Anisa Azzahra, Kezia Rhesa Arman, and Joko Wintoko. "Mini-Review Teknologi Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) Berbasis Kombinasi Proses Kimia dan Bioproses." Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering 4, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v4i2.47908.

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<p class="p1"><strong>Abstrak.</strong> Saat ini kebutuhan energi masih mengandalkan bahan bakar fosil. Di sisi lain, emisi CO<sub>2<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></sub>yang dihasilkan dari pembakaran bahan bakar fosil terus meningkat dan berkontribusi sebagai gas rumah kaca di atmosfer. Pemanasan global menjadi ancaman bagi masa depan kehidupan. Salah satu upaya penanggulangannya adalah dengan mengembangkan teknologi <em>Carbon, Capture, and Utilization</em> (CCU) berbasis proses absorpsi kimia untuk menangkap gas CO<sub>2<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></sub> dari hasil pembakaran. CO<sub>2</sub> yang ditangkap kemudian disimpan dalam bentuk yang stabil sehingga tidak akan terlepas ke atmosfer atau dimanfatkan sebagai bahan baku industri kimia. Kendala utama penerapan teknologi CCU dalam skala besar adalah besarnya biaya yang diperlukan. Sementara, <em>revenue</em> yang dihasilkan relatif rendah. Pada teknologi CCU berbasis proses absorpsi kimia ini, bahan kimia sebagai absorbennya perlu diregenerasi lagi dan CO<sub>2</sub>-nya dipisahkan untuk disimpan atau dimanfaatkan. Namun regenerasi ini memerlukan biaya yang relatif mahal. Beberapa penelitian mencoba melakukan regenerasi ini dengan bioproses berbasis mikro-alga. Mikro-alga dapat mengambil energi dari cahaya matahari yang melimpah di daerah tropis seperti Indonesia. Di samping itu, beberapa jenis mikro alga mempunyai potensi untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan pangan dan lainnnya. Dalam <em>review</em> ini akan dibahas hasil-hasil penelitian terkini tentang bahan kimia yang sesuai untuk proses absorpsi CO<sub>2</sub> dari gas buang, metode regenerasinya mempergunakan mikro-alga, spesies mikro-alga yang dapat dipakai, dan potensi pemanfaatan mikro-alganya.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Currently, energy needs still rely on fossil fuels. On the other hand, CO<sub>2</sub> emissions resulting from burning fossil fuels continue to increase and contribute as a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Global warming is a threat to the future of life. One of the countermeasures is by developing Carbon, Capture, and Utilization (CCU) technology based on a chemical absorption process to capture CO<sub>2</sub> gas from combustion. The captured CO<sub>2</sub> is then stored in a stable form so it will not be released into the atmosphere or used as raw material for the chemical industry. The main obstacle to implementing CCU technology on a large scale is the cost involved. Meanwhile, the revenue generated is relatively low. In CCU technology based on this chemical absorption process, chemicals as absorbents need to be regenerated and the CO<sub>2</sub> is separated for storage or use. However, this regeneration requires a relatively high cost. Several studies have attempted to perform this regeneration with micro-algae-based bioprocesses. Micro-algae can take energy from sunlight which is abundant in tropical areas such as Indonesia. In addition, several types of micro algae have the potential to be used as food and other utilizations. This review will discuss the results of recent research on suitable chemicals for the absorption of CO<sub>2</sub> from flue gas, its regeneration method using micro-algae, usable micro-algae species, and the potential for micro-algae utilization.</p>

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11

Pearson, H. W., A. E. Marcon, and H. N. Melo. "The removal of thermo-tolerant coliform bacteria by immobilized waste stabilization pond algae." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 6 (March 1, 2011): 1271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.107.

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This study investigated the potential of laboratory- scale columns of immobilized micro-algae to disinfect effluents using thermo-tolerant coliforms (TTC) as a model system. Cells of a Chlorella species isolated from a waste stabilization pond complex in Northeast Brazil were immobilized in calcium alginate, packed into glass columns and incubated in contact with TTC suspensions for up to 24 hours. Five to six log removals of TTC were achieved in 6 hours and 11 log removals in 12 hours contact time. The results were similar under artificial light and shaded sunlight. However little or no TTC removal occurred in the light in columns of alginate beads without immobilized algae present or when the immobilized algae were incubated in the dark suggesting that the presence of both algae and light were necessary for TTC decay. There was a positive correlation between Kb values for TTC and increasing pH in the effluent from the immobilized algal columns within the range pH 7.2 and 8.9. The potential of immobilized algal technology for wastewater disinfection may warrant further investigation.

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12

Umen, James, and Susana Coelho. "Algal Sex Determination and the Evolution of Anisogamy." Annual Review of Microbiology 73, no. 1 (September 8, 2019): 267–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-120011.

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Algae are photosynthetic eukaryotes whose taxonomic breadth covers a range of life histories, degrees of cellular and developmental complexity, and diverse patterns of sexual reproduction. These patterns include haploid- and diploid-phase sex determination, isogamous mating systems, and dimorphic sexes. Despite the ubiquity of sexual reproduction in algae, their mating-type-determination and sex-determination mechanisms have been investigated in only a limited number of representatives. These include volvocine green algae, where sexual cycles and sex-determining mechanisms have shed light on the transition from mating types to sexes, and brown algae, which are a model for UV sex chromosome evolution in the context of a complex haplodiplontic life cycle. Recent advances in genomics have aided progress in understanding sexual cycles in less-studied taxa including ulvophyte, charophyte, and prasinophyte green algae, as well as in diatoms.

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13

Becker, E. W. "Micro-algae as a source of protein." Biotechnology Advances 25, no. 2 (March 2007): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2006.11.002.

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14

Matsui, Taka-o., Akihiro Nishihara, Chiyo Ueda, Munetaka Ohtsuki, Na-oki Ikenaga, and Toshimitsu Suzuki. "Liquefaction of micro-algae with iron catalyst." Fuel 76, no. 11 (September 1997): 1043–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-2361(97)00120-8.

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15

Rajvanshi, Shalini, and Mahendra Pal Sharma. "Micro Algae: A Potential Source of Biodiesel." Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems 02, no. 03 (2012): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jsbs.2012.23008.

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16

Bhansali, Isha, Hardik Pathak, and Jebi Sudan. "Potential of Micro-algae in Future Biofuels." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 10, no. 01 (January 10, 2021): 1568–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1001.183.

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17

Olivia, Monita, Navid Moheimani, Reza Javaherdashti, Hamid R. Nikraz, and Michael A. Borowitzka. "The Influence of Micro Algae on Corrosion of Steel in Fly Ash Geopolymer Concrete: A Preliminary Study." Advanced Materials Research 626 (December 2012): 861–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.626.861.

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Chloride is not the only main cause of corrosion of reinforced concrete structures in seawater environment. Microorganisms, such as bacteria and microalgae, in the seawater can induce microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) that leads to degradation of the concrete structures by formation of biofilm on the metallic surface. In this preliminary study, the impact of microalgae on the corrosion of steel reinforced bars in fly ash geopolymer concrete was studied. Corrosion potential, algae cells number, and pH measurement were carried out for fly ash geopolymer concrete and a control mix (Ordinary Portland Cement) samples. The results indicate that the corrosion potential of fly ash geopolymer concrete was influenced by the cathodic reaction during photosynthesis activities. The geopolymer concrete in algae-inoculated medium was found to be more tolerant to algal growth than the control mix (OPC concrete). There was a positive correlation between algae cell densities and the potential reading of the geopolymer.

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18

Eloka-Eboka, Andrew C., and Freddie L. Inambao. "Performance and Emission Profile of Micro-Algal Biodiesel in Compression Ignition Engine." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 30 (May 2017): 110–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.30.110.

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Micro-algae are a large and diverse group of simple typically autotrophic organisms which have the potential to produce greater amounts of non-polar lipids and biomass than most terrestrial biodiesel feedstocks. Having emerged as one of the most promising sources for biodiesel production, they are gaining research interests in the current energy scenario due to their phenomenal growth potential (< 21 days log phase) in addition to relatively high lipids production which are also excellent source of biodiesel. In this study, engine performance and emission profile was performed using biodiesel fuels and blends from micro-algal technology in a compression ignition engine. The technology of micro-algae involved open pond cultivation and the use of photo-bioreactor model BF-115 Bioflo/celli Gen made in the US of 14 litre capacity (200 Lux light intensity) and flowrate of 2.5L/min. The micro-algal species used were Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus spp. The biodiesel produced were blended with conventional diesel (AGO) at different proportions. The performance parameters evaluated include: engine power, torque, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), smoke opacity, thermal gravimetry, thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperatures and lubricity while the varying effects of emission pollutants during combustion were also studied. Results showed that viscosity, density and lubricity have significant effects on engine output power and torque than when throttled with AGO which was used as control. Combustion efficiency and emission profile were better than the AGO due to the oxygenated nature of the micro-algal biodiesel which brought about complete combustion. A striking deduction arrived is that oxygen content of the algal biodiesel had direct influence on smoke opacity and emissions in the engine and also thermo-gravimetrically stable for other thermal applications. The engine tests (BSFC, BTE, ThE, MechE, EGT) and overall emissions (CO2, CO, VOCs, HC, SOx, NOx) were within acceptable limits and comparable with AGO. The implication of the study is that Micro-algal technology is feasible and can revolutionise development in biodiesel industry.

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Hughes, Alison H., Florent Magot, Ahmed F. Tawfike, Cecilia Rad-Menéndez, Naomi Thomas, Louise C. Young, Laura Stucchi, et al. "Exploring the Chemical Space of Macro- and Micro-Algae Using Comparative Metabolomics." Microorganisms 9, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020311.

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With more than 156,000 described species, eukaryotic algae (both macro- and micro-algae) are a rich source of biological diversity, however their chemical diversity remains largely unexplored. Specialised metabolites with promising biological activities have been widely reported for seaweeds, and more recently extracts from microalgae have exhibited activity in anticancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant screens. However, we are still missing critical information on the distinction of chemical profiles between macro- and microalgae, as well as the chemical space these metabolites cover. This study has used an untargeted comparative metabolomics approach to explore the chemical diversity of seven seaweeds and 36 microalgal strains. A total of 1390 liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) features were detected, representing small organic algal metabolites, with no overlap between the seaweeds and microalgae. An in-depth analysis of four Dunaliella tertiolecta strains shows that environmental factors may play a larger role than phylogeny when classifying their metabolomic profiles.

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20

Sahu, Omprakash. "Reduction of Organic and Inorganic Pollutant from Waste Water by Algae." International Letters of Natural Sciences 13 (April 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.13.1.

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Recently, algae have become significant organisms for biological purification of wastewater since they are able to accumulate plant nutrients, heavy metals, pesticides, organic and inorganic toxic substances and radioactive matters in their cells/bodies. Biological wastewater treatment systems with micro algae have particularly gained importance in last 50 years and it is now widely accepted that algal wastewater treatment systems are as effective as conventional treatment systems. These specific features have made algal wastewaters treatment systems an significant low-cost alternatives to complex expensive treatment systems particularly for purification of municipal wastewaters. By this method 70 % of biological oxygen demand, 66 % of chemical oxygen demand, 71 % total nitrogen, 67 % of phosphorus, 54 % volatile solid and 51 % of dissolved solid was reduced

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IWATA, Y., and M. SUZUKI. "PIXE APPLICATION FOR MEASUREMENT OF BIOACCUMULATION OF LEAD BY MARINE MICRO-ALGAE." International Journal of PIXE 10, no. 01n02 (January 2000): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083500000055.

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Marine micro-algae (Nannochloropsis sp., and Phaeodactylum sp.,) were obtained from the Pacific Ocean of Iwate Pref., Japan and purely cultured in nutritive seawater as a culture solution. The culture size for algae was 10 - 250 ml and every apparatus was small and of low cost. Marine micro-algae were given in different culture solutions including Pb 2+ from 0.01 to 1.0 mg /l. The algae in 5 ml of the culture solution were collected on a polycarbonate filter (pore size : 1.0 μm) by suction filtration. The algae on the filter were subjected to PIXE analysis. Concentrations of Na , Mg , Si , P , S , Cl , K , Ca , Cr , Mn , Fe , Cu , Zn , Sr and Pb were simultaneously determined. PIXE can do multi-element analysis for a sample of below 1 mg. The quantity of lead in marine micro-algae increases in proportion to the Pb 2+ concentration in the culture solution. The concentration factor (wet weight base) for lead is given as 200 ± 20 ml / g for Nannochloropsis sp. and 1900 ± 400 ml / g for Phaeodactylum sp.. It is shown that PIXE is a powerful tool for the measurement of the bioaccumulation of trace elements.

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Pretorius, W. A., and L. C. Hensman. "The Selective Cultivation of Easily Harvestable Algae Using Crossflow-Microscreening." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 4-5 (April 1, 1985): 791–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0180.

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The implementation of algal systems as a viable wastewater treatment option has been seriously limited by the availability of cost effective techniques for removing algae from the effluent stream. In this study, the problem of biomass separation was overcome by the selective cultivation of algae species which could be removed effectively by simple screening. The selection of desired species was achieved by a combination of short hydraulic space time and various size micro-screens operating as algae selectors on the effluent stream. A high rate algae growth system, in which the mean cell residence time and hydraulic space time could be manipulated independently, was developed. With humus tank effluent as feedstock, a hydraulic space time of 10 hours and a 200 µm opening size crossflow-microscreen, the filamentous green algae, Stigeoclonium, became the dominant species. This selected culture could be readily maintained at any predetermined concentration in the system with less than 20 mg/ℓ suspended solids in the effluent. The biomass produced was exceptionally easy to harvest.

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23

Elster, Josef, Alena Lukesová, Josef Svoboda, Jirí Kopecky, and Hiroshi Kanda. "Diversity and abundance of soil algae in the polar desert, Sverdrup Pass, central Ellesmere Island." Polar Record 35, no. 194 (July 1999): 231–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400015515.

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AbstractCyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae were investigated during three seasons in 18 plots established across Sverdrup Pass valley of central Ellesmere Island, 79°N, Canada. The sites differed in altitude, substratum, and other characteristics. A high species diversity totalled 136 taxa. Cyanobacteria accounted for 52 and eukaryotic algae 84 species. In both groups, numerous species did not correspond to any taxa described. However, high diversity did not always coincide with high algal abundance or biomass. On older and stable landscapes, visible crusts developed, containing mostly cyanobacteria, fungi, and other microbial components. Considerable variation in algal diversity and abundance was found among the sites. Also the southern, granitic portion of the pass was richer in green algae compared to its northern, dolomitic portion where motile cyanobacteria were more prominent. These micro-autotrophs occupied the soil profile to a depth of 7 cm. Their highest density was not at the surface but at 3–4 cm depth. One plot was contaminated by windblown copper-rich dust from a nearby outcrop and soil here was poorest in content of photosynthetic pigments, suggesting a local heavy-metal toxicity.

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Al-Dahhan, Muthanna, Faris Al-Ani, and Afaf Al-Saned. "Biodegradation of phenolic components in wastewater by micro algae: a review." MATEC Web of Conferences 162 (2018): 05009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816205009.

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The biodegradation of phenolic contaminant present in wastewater by micro algae has been investigated in the current research. The study focused on algae growth requirements and factors affecting algae growth in contaminated water leading to the best treatment. Different techniques used to functionalize microalgae in the treatment such as batch and continuous operation modes have been further investigated. Mechanisms for microalgae pollutants degradation and microalgae growth kinetics were also highlighted to present the required knowledge in phenol contaminant biodegradation field by microorganisms

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25

Mayfield, Stephen P., and Scott E. Franklin. "Expression of human antibodies in eukaryotic micro-algae." Vaccine 23, no. 15 (March 2005): 1828–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.11.013.

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26

Mohsenpour, Seyedeh Fatemeh, Sebastian Hennige, Nicholas Willoughby, Adebayo Adeloye, and Tony Gutierrez. "Integrating micro-algae into wastewater treatment: A review." Science of The Total Environment 752 (January 2021): 142168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142168.

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27

Hossain, Md Nahian Bin, Joyanta Kumar Basu, and Mohammad Mamun. "The Production of Ethanol from Micro-Algae Spirulina." Procedia Engineering 105 (2015): 733–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.05.064.

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Abdel-Aty, Azza, and Mohamed El-Dib. "RESPONSE OF MICRO ALGAE TO WATER TREATMENT OPERATION." Egyptian Journal of Phycology 6, no. 1 (December 1, 2005): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/egyjs.2005.114059.

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29

Tran, N. H., J. R. Bartlett, G. S. K. Kannangara, A. S. Milev, H. Volk, and M. A. Wilson. "Catalytic upgrading of biorefinery oil from micro-algae." Fuel 89, no. 2 (February 2010): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.08.015.

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Boeckaert, C., B. Vlaeminck, J. Mestdagh, and V. Fievez. "In vitro examination of DHA-edible micro algae." Animal Feed Science and Technology 136, no. 1-2 (July 2007): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.08.015.

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31

Fievez, V., C. Boeckaert, B. Vlaeminck, J. Mestdagh, and D. Demeyer. "In vitro examination of DHA-edible micro-algae." Animal Feed Science and Technology 136, no. 1-2 (July 2007): 80–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.08.016.

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32

Kishimoto, Michimasa, Toru Okakura, Hideyuki Nagashima, Tomoaki Minowa, Shin-Ya Yokoyama, and Keiko Yamaberi. "CO2 fixation and oil production using micro-algae." Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering 78, no. 6 (January 1994): 479–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0922-338x(94)90052-3.

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Sérodes, J. B., E. Walsh, O. Goulet, J. de la Noue, and C. Lescelleur. "Tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater using bioflocculating micro-algae." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 18, no. 6 (December 1, 1991): 940–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l91-116.

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Design criteria of a pilot plant for treating secondary municipal effluents using filamentous, bioflocculating micro-algae were evaluated. Using a sequential batch reactor, the best removal rate of ammonia nitrogen was reached for 25% draw volume; at 20–22 °C, up to four cycles per day could be achieved giving a removal efficiency of approximately 2 g of N per day and per square meter of basin (200 mm deep) with negligible nitrogen residual; increasing the water level by increments of 200 mm (from 200 to 600 mm) increased the N removal efficiency in a way similar to an increase in the number of renewals per day on a 200 mm deep basin. The dominant micro-algae (Chlorhormidium) was heavily influenced by the water temperature. Key words: micro-algae, municipal wastewater, water treatment, ammonia nitrogen, removal rate, removal efficiency.

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Ueno, Ryohei, Shun Wada, and Naoto Urano. "Repeated batch cultivation of the hydrocarbon-degrading, micro-algal strain Prototheca zopfii RND16 immobilized in polyurethane foam." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 54, no. 1 (January 2008): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w07-112.

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This study reports on the stability of the cells of a heterotrophic green micro-algal strain Prototheca zopfii RND16 immobilized in polyurethane foam (PUF) cubes during degradation of mixed hydrocarbon substrate, which was composed of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in 5 successive cycles of repeated batch cultivation at 30 °C. Both RND16 cells and mixed hydrocarbon substrate components had been entrapped in PUF cubes through cultivation. PUF-immobilized RND16 degraded n-alkanes almost completely, whereas the strain hardly degraded PAHs in PUFs, rather they accumulated in the matrices. It is noteworthy that this result is strikingly different from that of the free-living cell culture, where RND16 reduced concentrations of both n-alkanes and PAHs. However, PAHs accumulation in the PUFs did not impair the performance of the immobilized alga to utilize n-alkanes. These results suggest that the PUFs harboring RND16 cells could be used repeatedly for selective retrieval of PAHs from oil-polluted waters after preferential biodegradation of n-alkanes by algae.

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Samad, Lakshmi Kumari, and Siba Prasad Adhikary. "Diversity of Micro-algae and Cyanobacteria on Building Facades and Monuments in India." ALGAE 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 91–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.4490/algae.2008.23.2.091.

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Rose, P. D., B. A. Maart, T. D. Phillips, S. L. Tucker, A. K. Cowan, and R. A. Rowswell. "Cross-Flow Ultrafiltration Used in Algal High Rate Oxidation Pond Treatment of Saline Organic Effluents with the Recovery of Products of Value." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 10 (May 1, 1992): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0258.

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An algal high rate oxidation ponding process for treating organic s present in saline effluents has been described. The extreme halophile Dunaliella salina can be made to predominate in the system by manipulating salinity, producing products of value together with a waste treatment function. Application in treating tannery saline organic wastes was examined. Techniques appropriate for the harvesting of micro-algae from this and other algal production systems presents a limiting factor in the development of algal biotechnology. Cross-flow filtration was evaluated as a technique for micro-algal cell separation. Both microfiltration and ultrafiltration were found to produce effective algal removal from the medium, Cross-flow ultrafiltration with a polyethersulfone coated tubular filter produced effective separation with the production of cell concentrates in a viable condition. Flux rates of 30 - 40 LMH fall within acceptable levels for application in industrial processes. Cell shattering observed with microfiltration precludes its use for recovering whole or viable cell concentrates.

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Zaware, B. N., M. M. Shinde, and S. D. Pingle. "Seasonal Variation of Physicochemical Parameters and Fresh Water Algae in Pashan Lake." Mapana - Journal of Sciences 2, no. 2 (November 17, 2004): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12723/mjs.4.13.

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Pashan lake is situated northwest to Pune railway station on NDA road. It is about 3 km from University of Pune Railway Station. The lake was screened for different physicochemical parameters of water and different form of algae during the year 2001-2002. Periodic collections have been made from selecting sampling points of the lake at an interval of a fortnight during January 2001-December 2002. The water samples have been collected in bottles and characterized for different physiochemical parameters the algal forms were observed preserved in 4% formalin and Lugol's solution for detail studies. The live as well as preserved forms were observed under phase contract microscope and identifies with the help of Philipose, Smith, Fritsch and Prescott. Individual algal form or colony was micro photographed in Department of Botany, University of Pune, Pune-411007. The result revealed that the water temperature varied from 16-36oC, where as pH ranged from 6.5 to 7.4 . A marked variation in total alkalinity was observed during summer season. The dissolved oxygen content was high during summer season Nitrate level varied from 1.02 2.532 mg /L. Lowest concentration of nitrate, phosphate, chloride, carbonate, sulphate, calcium and magnesium were recorded during the pre-monsoon seasons. The results on fresh water algae indicated that most of the algae forms were planktonic, free floating and epiphytic. The algae forms belong to different genera of Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Dinophyceae, Chrysophyceae and Euglenophyceae. The results on seasonal variations in algal forms revealed that the members of Cyanophyceae were abundant in monsoon while members of Chlorophyceae were increased during the post monsoon to winter season. On the other hand diatoms were found abundant throughout the year except in October-November. The result of the present investigation revealed that physicochemical parameters of lake water significantly influenced the algae vegetation.

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Ueno, Ryohei. "Visualization of sporopollenin-containing pathogenic green micro-alga Prototheca wickerhamii by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 55, no. 4 (April 2009): 465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w08-155.

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Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using taxon-specific, rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes is one of the most powerful tools for the rapid identification of harmful microorganisms. However, eukaryotic algal cells do not always allow FISH probes to permeate over their cell walls. Members of the pathogenic micro-algal genus Prototheca are characterized by their distinctive cell-wall component, sporopollenin, an extremely tough biopolymer that resists acid and alkaline hydrolysis, enzyme attack, and acetolysis. To our knowledge, there has been no report of the successful permeation by the oligonucleotide probes over the cell walls of unicellular green micro-algae, which contain sporopollenin. The DNA probes passed through the cell wall of Prototheca wickerhamii after treating the algal cells with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Most cells in the middle logarithmic growth phase culture fluoresced when hybridized with the rRNA-targeted universal probe for eukaryotes, though individual cells included in this culture differed in the level of cell-wall vulnerability to attack by the polysaccharide-degrading enzyme, thus reflecting the different stages of the life cycle. This is the first report regarding the visualization of sporopollenin-containing, green micro-algal cells by FISH.

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Mahfud, Mahfud, Ummu Kalsum, and Viqhi Ashwie. "Biodiesel Production through Catalytic Microwave In-situ Transesterification of Micro-algae (Chlorella sp.)." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 9, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.9.1.113-117.

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Aim of this research are to study and develop research related to the potential of Chlorella sp. into biodiesel with the help of microwaves in-situ transesterification by characterizing parameters such as microwave power (300; 450; 600 W) and reaction time (10; 30; 50 minutes) with catalyst concentration of KOH and molar ratio of microalga : methanol are 2% and 1:12 respectively and optimized by response surface methodology with Face Centered Central Composite Design (FCCCD). The study was carried out by dissolving the catalyst into methanol according to the variable which was then put into a reactor containing microalgae powder in the microwave and turned on according to the predetermined variable. After the reaction process is complete, the mixture is filtered and resuspended with methanol for 10 minutes to remove the remaining FAME and then the obtained filtrate is cooled. Water is added to the filtrate solution to facilitate the separation of hydrophilic components before being separated and pushed apart until 3 layers are formed. Amount of FAMEs in the first layer formed were extracted with n-hexane solution and washed with water and the FAME product obtained was then distilled to remove the remaining n hexane and then weighed. The results indicated that yield increased with increasing reaction time and microwave power with the best conditions of 50 minutes each and 440.53 watts with the highest yield reaching 35.72% (dry basis) through using of KOH catalysts with low concentrations, 2%.©2020. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved

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Park, Kitae, Pooreum Kim, Hyoung Gun Kim, and JiHoon Kim. "Membrane Fouling Mechanisms in Combined Microfiltration-Coagulation of Algal Rich Water Applying Ceramic Membranes." Membranes 9, no. 2 (February 22, 2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes9020033.

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In this paper, we investigated the membrane fouling mechanism according to the coagulant dosage in algal rich water using a ceramic membrane. The algae that were used in this experiment were Microcystis sp. of cyanobacteria, and the fouling mechanism was analyzed through irrigation and filtration resistance through a constant flow operation. The experimental results showed that the filtration resistance decreased as the coagulant dosage increased, but the irreversibility at above optimum coagulant dosage increased. Additionally, as the coagulant dosage increased, the resistance value due to cake and adsorption contamination decreased, and membrane fouling by adsorption was dominant in comparison with cake fouling and adsorption fouling. The specific cake resistance was decreased as the coagulant dosage increased. The characteristics of the cake layer according to the coagulant dosage were found to loosely form the cake layer by increasing micro-size algae as the coagulant dosage increased. The results of this experiment confirmed the membrane fouling mechanism according to coagulant dosage when the ceramic membrane filtered algal rich water.

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Chen, Shuwen, Jingcheng Xu, Jia Liu, Qiaoling Wei, Guangming Li, and Xiangfeng Huang. "Algae separation from urban landscape water using a high density microbubble layer enhanced by micro-flocculation." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 5 (July 2, 2014): 811–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.258.

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Eutrophication of raw water results in outbreaks of algae, which hinders conventional water treatment. In this study, high density microbubble layers combined with micro-flocculation was adopted to remove algae from urban landscape water, and the effects of pressure, hydraulic loading, microbubble layer height and flocculation dosage on the removal efficiency for algae were studied. The greatest removal efficiency for algae, chemical oxygen demand, nitrogen and phosphorus was obtained at 0.42 MPa with hydraulic loading at 5 m/h and a flocculation dosage of 4 mg/L using a microbubble layer with a height of 130 cm. Moreover, the size, clearance distance and concentration of microbubbles were found to be affected by pressure and the height of the microbubble layer. Based on the study, this method was an alternative for algae separation from urban landscape water and water purification.

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42

Manea, Elena, Costel Bumbac, Alina Banciu, Catalina Stoica, and Mihai Nita-Lazar. "New biotechnological model of bacteria micro-algae wastewater treatment." SIMI 2019, Abstract Book, SIMI 2019 (September 20, 2019): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21698/simi.2019.ab12.

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43

Gupta, Deep. "SUSTAINABLE METHOD OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT USING MICRO-ALGAE." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 5 (May 31, 2020): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/10926.

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44

Yeo, Hwan-Goo. "Diversity of Planktonic Micro Algae in Saemangeum Water Regions." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 11, no. 9 (September 30, 2010): 3610–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2010.11.9.3610.

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45

Poelman, E., N. De Pauw, and B. Jeurissen. "Potential of electrolytic flocculation for recovery of micro-algae." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 19, no. 1 (January 1997): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-3449(96)01156-1.

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46

Ishihara, Kohji, Nobuyoshi Nakajima, Hitomi Yamaguchi, Hiroki Hamada, and Yuu-shi Uchimura. "Stereoselective reduction of keto esters with marine micro algae." Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic 15, no. 1-3 (September 2001): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1381-1177(00)00247-2.

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47

Araji, Mohamad T., and Iqbal Shahid. "Symbiosis optimization of building envelopes and micro-algae photobioreactors." Journal of Building Engineering 18 (July 2018): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.02.008.

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48

Xie, Peng. "Research Progress on Degradation of PPCPs by Micro-Algae." Science Discovery 5, no. 3 (2017): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.sd.20170503.16.

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Fachini, Adriano, and Maria Teresa S. D. Vasconcelos. "Effects of zeolites on cultures of marine micro-algae." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 13, no. 6 (January 20, 2006): 414–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.293.

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Thapa, Puja. "Application of micro algae in poultry nutrition; a review." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 3, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v3i2.32512.

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In this review, we unveil the the use of microalgae as a feed ingredient in poultry nutrition. Microalgae are small-sized algae, unicellular, photosynthetic aquatic plants which have been studied as a natural marine resource for a number of economically applications, including animal feed. They are introduced to poultry diets mainly as a rich source of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, including docohexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid, but they can also serve as a protein, microelement, vitamin and antioxidants source, as well as a pigmentation agent for skin and egg yolks. The majority of experiments have shown that microalgae, mainly Spirulina and Chlorella sourced as a defatted biomass from biofuel production, can be successfully used as a feed ingredient in poultry nutrition. They can have beneﬁcial effects on meat and egg quality, through an increased concentration of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids, and in regards to performance indices and immune function. Positive results were obtained when fresh microalgae biomass was used to replace antibiotic growth promoters in poultry diets. Because of their chemical composition, microalgae can be efﬁciently used in poultry nutrition to enhance the pigmentation and nutritional value of meat and eggs, as well as partial replacement of conventional dietary protein sources.

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