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La, Rosa Giulia. "Per un commento alle Senili di Petrarca : aspetti micro-testuali e macro-strutturali della raccolta." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 3, 2023. https://theses.hal.science/tel-04619703.
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Cette thèse porte sur le recueil des Res Seniles de Pétrarque, le dernier recueil épistolaire en latin commencé par l’auteur en 1361 et achevé in limine mortis en 1374. Ce travail de recherche se propose d’explorer l’espace macro-structurel des Senili de Pétrarque, en accordant une attention particulière aux paramètres de composition et aux stratégies de connexion interne qui sous-tendent la création du recueil de senilitate. Ma recherche se concentre précisément sur la relation réciproque qui existe entre les textes individuels et la collection conçue pour les accueillir. La thèse se compose de trois parties. La première est structurée en trois chapitres: le premier est consacré à la genèse du recueil des Senili; le deuxième se concentre sur la tradition du texte; le troisième chapitre de la première partie reconstruit l’histoire éditoriale de la syllogue. La section principale de la thèse propose un examen des dix-sept livres des Res Seniles. Pour chaque liber, a été défini une vue synthétique de son contenu, accompagné de données sur la cohérence textuelle, la datation et l’ordre des lettres, le nombre et l’identité des destinataires, et la présence éventuelle de liens intra- et intertextuelles qui permettent de démêler le réseau de renvois à d’autres écrits de Pétrarque.La troisième partie de la thèse rend compte de la solidité de la conception d’ensemble de l’ouvrage, en mettant en évidence la cohérence et la cohésion du macro-texte et en interprétant les logiques organisationnelles qui ont présidé à l’agencement des textes du recueil<br>This thesis focuses on the collection of Francesco Petrarca’s Res Seniles, the last latin epistolary started by the author in 1361 and concluded in limine mortis in 1374. This thesis intends to delve into the macro-structural space of Petrarca’s Senili, with specific attention toward the compositional parameters and the strategies of internal connection underlying the creation of the collection de senilitate. My research focuses precisely on the reciprocal relationship that exists between the individual texts and the collection designed to accommodate them. The thesis consists of three parts. The first is structured in three chapters; the first one is dedicated to the genesis of the Senili’s collection; the second one focuses on the tradition of the text; the third chapter of the first part reconstructs the editorial history of the sylloge. The main section of the thesis offers an examination of the Res Seniles seventeen books. For each liber, it has been defined a summary prospectus of its contents, accompanied by data on textual consistency, the dating and the ordering of the letters, the number and identity of the addressees, and the possible presence of intra- and intertextual references that allow unraveling the network of cross-references to other Petrarchan writings.The third part of the thesis gives an account of the solidity of the overall design of the work, highlighting the coherence and cohesion of the macro-text and interpreting the organizational logics that presided over the arrangement of the texts in the collection
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Crossman, Nathaniel C. "Stream Clustering And Visualization Of Geotagged Text Data For Crisis Management." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1590957641168863.
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Atherton, Paul. "Causes and consequences of educational achievement : a macro and micro-economic analysis of international school test scores." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.522990.
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Gao, Qian-Feng. "Micro-macro approach of dilatancy phenomenon in remoulded clays - Study of the behaviour under saturated and unsaturated conditions." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0257/document.
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La nature complexe de l'argile a amené les chercheurs à s’intéresser à ses comportements mécaniques et microstructure. L'objectif de cette recherche est d'étudier l'influence des chemins de contrainte triaxiaux sur le comportement mécanique et sur les mécanismes qui se produisent au niveau microstructural. L’étude est réalisée en considérant à un niveau de contrainte donné, le phénomène de dilatance est approché suivant des chemins de contraintes différents. Dans un deuxième temps, l’étude se porte sur l’influence de la succion sur le comportement. Pour les argiles remaniées saturées, le comportement dilatant à un niveau de contrainte donné, atteint par deux chemins de contrainte différents a été finement analysé. L’influence du niveau de contrainte a été également abordée dans le cadre de cette étude. L’analyse microstructurale a été analysée à différentes échelles au moyen de différentes méthodes. Au niveau macroscopique, les résultats ont montré que, pour un niveau de contrainte donné, le comportement volumétrique est fonction du chemin de contrainte. La dilatance est activée dans le cas d’argiles surconsolidées principalement lorsque le chargement est purement déviatorique. Au niveau microscopique, les résultats mettent en évidence cinq modes d’orientation des particules qui pourraient être activés sous chargement triaxial. Les résultats révèlent que l’apparition de la dilatance dans les argiles remaniées fortement surconsolidées peut être attribuée à l'arrangement tortueux des particules d'argile, l'ouverture des micropores ainsi que la formation et l’ouverture de fissures mésoscopiques. Pour les argiles remaniées non saturées, les études sont réalisés par les essais macroscopiques et mésoscopiques sur l'argile Kaolin K13 et un mélange kaolinite-montmorillonite. L’évolution des succions a été mesurée au moyen d’hygromètres placés dans les extrémités supérieure et inférieure d’échantillon. Les résultats démontrent que la contrainte déviatorique d’argile non saturée, lorsque la succion est forte, commence par augmenter jusqu'à un sommet puis diminue pour rejoindre une valeur résiduelle. La résistance au cisaillement d’argile non saturée augmente généralement avec la contrainte moyenne et la succion. Cependant, dans nos essais à succion très élevée le développement d’une fissuration lors du séchage a conduit à perdre l’homogénéité du matériau et à réduire la résistance au cisaillement de l’éprouvette<br>The complex nature of clay has aroused great interest of researchers in its mechanical behaviour and microstructure. The objective of this research is to examine the influence of triaxial stress paths on the mechanical behaviour of remoulded clay and the mechanisms that occur at the microstructural level. The dilatancy phenomenon is particularly investigated considering a given stress level reached by following different stress paths. In the second part, this research focuses on the influence of suctions on the mechanical behaviour. For the saturated remoulded clay, the dilative behaviour at a given stress level, reached by following two different stress paths was analysed in detail. The influence of stress levels was also examined in this research. The microstructural analysis was conducted at different scales by means of different methods. The macroscopic results of saturated clay show that, at a given stress level, the volumetric behaviour greatly depends on the stress path. In the case of overconsolidated clay, the dilatancy is activated especially when triaxial shearing is performed following the purely deviatoric stress path. At the microscopic level, the results highlight five modes of particle orientation that could be activated under triaxial loading. The results also reveal that the appearance of dilatancy phenomenon in highly overconsolidated remoulded clay may be attributed to the tortuous arrangement of clay particles, the opening of micropores, and the formation and opening of mesocracks. For the unsaturated remoulded clay, the studies were performed through many macroscopic and mesoscopic tests on Kaolin K13 clay and a kaolinite-montmorillonite mixture. The evolution of suctions was measured using hygrometers placed near the upper and lower ends of clay specimens. The results show that, at a high suction level, the deviatoric stress of unsaturated clay increases to a peak and then decreases down to a residual value. The shear strength of unsaturated clay generally increases with increasing mean stress and suction. However, in the high suction tests, the development of cracks during drying led to the inhomogeneity of the specimens and thus resulted in relatively small shear strengths
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Gao, Qian-Feng. "Micro-macro approach of dilatancy phenomenon in remoulded clays - Study of the behaviour under saturated and unsaturated conditions." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0257.
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La nature complexe de l'argile a amené les chercheurs à s’intéresser à ses comportements mécaniques et microstructure. L'objectif de cette recherche est d'étudier l'influence des chemins de contrainte triaxiaux sur le comportement mécanique et sur les mécanismes qui se produisent au niveau microstructural. L’étude est réalisée en considérant à un niveau de contrainte donné, le phénomène de dilatance est approché suivant des chemins de contraintes différents. Dans un deuxième temps, l’étude se porte sur l’influence de la succion sur le comportement. Pour les argiles remaniées saturées, le comportement dilatant à un niveau de contrainte donné, atteint par deux chemins de contrainte différents a été finement analysé. L’influence du niveau de contrainte a été également abordée dans le cadre de cette étude. L’analyse microstructurale a été analysée à différentes échelles au moyen de différentes méthodes. Au niveau macroscopique, les résultats ont montré que, pour un niveau de contrainte donné, le comportement volumétrique est fonction du chemin de contrainte. La dilatance est activée dans le cas d’argiles surconsolidées principalement lorsque le chargement est purement déviatorique. Au niveau microscopique, les résultats mettent en évidence cinq modes d’orientation des particules qui pourraient être activés sous chargement triaxial. Les résultats révèlent que l’apparition de la dilatance dans les argiles remaniées fortement surconsolidées peut être attribuée à l'arrangement tortueux des particules d'argile, l'ouverture des micropores ainsi que la formation et l’ouverture de fissures mésoscopiques. Pour les argiles remaniées non saturées, les études sont réalisés par les essais macroscopiques et mésoscopiques sur l'argile Kaolin K13 et un mélange kaolinite-montmorillonite. L’évolution des succions a été mesurée au moyen d’hygromètres placés dans les extrémités supérieure et inférieure d’échantillon. Les résultats démontrent que la contrainte déviatorique d’argile non saturée, lorsque la succion est forte, commence par augmenter jusqu'à un sommet puis diminue pour rejoindre une valeur résiduelle. La résistance au cisaillement d’argile non saturée augmente généralement avec la contrainte moyenne et la succion. Cependant, dans nos essais à succion très élevée le développement d’une fissuration lors du séchage a conduit à perdre l’homogénéité du matériau et à réduire la résistance au cisaillement de l’éprouvette<br>The complex nature of clay has aroused great interest of researchers in its mechanical behaviour and microstructure. The objective of this research is to examine the influence of triaxial stress paths on the mechanical behaviour of remoulded clay and the mechanisms that occur at the microstructural level. The dilatancy phenomenon is particularly investigated considering a given stress level reached by following different stress paths. In the second part, this research focuses on the influence of suctions on the mechanical behaviour. For the saturated remoulded clay, the dilative behaviour at a given stress level, reached by following two different stress paths was analysed in detail. The influence of stress levels was also examined in this research. The microstructural analysis was conducted at different scales by means of different methods. The macroscopic results of saturated clay show that, at a given stress level, the volumetric behaviour greatly depends on the stress path. In the case of overconsolidated clay, the dilatancy is activated especially when triaxial shearing is performed following the purely deviatoric stress path. At the microscopic level, the results highlight five modes of particle orientation that could be activated under triaxial loading. The results also reveal that the appearance of dilatancy phenomenon in highly overconsolidated remoulded clay may be attributed to the tortuous arrangement of clay particles, the opening of micropores, and the formation and opening of mesocracks. For the unsaturated remoulded clay, the studies were performed through many macroscopic and mesoscopic tests on Kaolin K13 clay and a kaolinite-montmorillonite mixture. The evolution of suctions was measured using hygrometers placed near the upper and lower ends of clay specimens. The results show that, at a high suction level, the deviatoric stress of unsaturated clay increases to a peak and then decreases down to a residual value. The shear strength of unsaturated clay generally increases with increasing mean stress and suction. However, in the high suction tests, the development of cracks during drying led to the inhomogeneity of the specimens and thus resulted in relatively small shear strengths
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Caruel, Marie. "Thermomechanical characterization and modeling of shape memory alloys - application on 26at%Nb-Ti." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPAST146.
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Le comportement des alliages à mémoire de forme est piloté par une transformation de phase solide-solide du premier ordre se développant aux échelles microscopiques (échelle du grain ou sub-grain). Grâce à leur comportement atypique (propriété mémoire de forme et pseudo-élasticité), ils sont le candidat privilégié de nombreuses applications. La famille la plus utilisée aujourd'hui est celle des alliages binaires nickel-titane en proportion stœchiométrique. Leur grande capacité pseudo-élastique (déformation réversible de 5% à 10 %) a permis leur utilisation massive dans le domaine du médical. Aujourd'hui, les études montrent que le nickel est toxique pour l'homme, avec une augmentation du risque de cancers. Les alliages NiTi présentent d'autre part une raideur mécanique trop élevée. Les alliages binaires de niobium-titane peuvent constituer une alternative intéressante.La mise en place d'essais de caractérisations thermo-mécaniques micro-macro est nécessaire afin de mieux comprendre leur comportement. L'objectif ensuite est de proposer une modélisation adaptée, capable de reproduire au mieux le comportement de ces alliages tout en assurant une identification simple des paramètres matériaux<br>The behaviour of shape memory alloys is driven by a first-order solid-solid phase transformation taking place at microscopic scales (grain or sub-grain scale). Thanks to their atypical behaviour (shape memory and pseudo-elastic capacities), they are the privileged candidate for many applications. The family most widely used today is that of binary nickel-titanium alloys in stoichiometric proportions. Their high pseudo-elastic capacity (reversible strain from 5% to 10%) has led to their widespread use in the medical field. Today, studies show that nickel is toxic to humans, with an increased risk of cancer. NiTi alloys exhibit a too high mechanical stiffness. Niobium-titanium binary alloys can be a promising alternative.Micro-macro thermo-mechanical characterisation tests need to be developed to gain a better understanding of their behaviour. The next objective is to propose a suitable model capable of reproducing the behaviour of these alloys as closely as possible, while ensuring simple identification of the material parameters
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VIALE, NICOLA. "A new flat jack test for evaluating shear properties on unreinforced masonry." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2846617.
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Morrell, John Bryant. "Parallel Coupled Micro-Macro Actuators." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7066.
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This thesis presents a new actuator system consisting of a micro-actuator and a macro-actuator coupled in parallel via a compliant transmission. The system is called the Parallel Coupled Micro-Macro Actuator, or PaCMMA. In this system, the micro-actuator is capable of high bandwidth force control due to its low mass and direct-drive connection to the output shaft. The compliant transmission of the macro-actuator reduces the impedance (stiffness) at the output shaft and increases the dynamic range of force. Performance improvement over single actuator systems was expected in force control, impedance control, force distortion and reduction of transient impact forces. A set of quantitative measures is proposed and the actuator system is evaluated against them: Force Control Bandwidth, Position Bandwidth, Dynamic Range, Impact Force, Impedance ("Backdriveability'"), Force Distortion and Force Performance Space. Several theoretical performance limits are derived from the saturation limits of the system. A control law is proposed and control system performance is compared to the theoretical limits. A prototype testbed was built using permanenent magnet motors and an experimental comparison was performed between this actuator concept and two single actuator systems. The following performance was observed: Force bandwidth of 56Hz, Torque Dynamic Range of 800:1, Peak Torque of 1040mNm, Minimum Torque of 1.3mNm. Peak Impact Force was reduced by an order of magnitude. Distortion at small amplitudes was reduced substantially. Backdriven impedance was reduced by 2-3 orders of magnitude. This actuator system shows promise for manipulator design as well as psychophysical tests of human performance.
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Lee, Soyoung. "Micro Heterogeneity and Macro Implications." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1591019323932109.
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Caloia, Francesco Giuseppe <1991>. "Micro effects of macro policies." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/18456.
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Li, Degao. "Dynamics of macro/micro manipulator systems." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ27681.pdf.
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Lew, Jae Young. "Control of bracing micro/macro manipulators." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15867.
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Weisenbach, Luke. "Micro-images of macro-lensed objects." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/120203.
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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, 2018.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 79-80).<br>The study of gravitational micro-lensing at high optical depth has only rarely involved the close examination of the individual actual micro-images that arise as a result of the phenomenon. We discuss methods that refine on previous work done in the search for micro-images, which have been largely ignored in favor of other methods to study micro-lensing. With the help of magnification maps generated by Herr Prof. Dr. Joachim Wambsganss, we ran simulations that track positions and magnifications of micro-minima as functions of source position. We discuss the breakdown of a commonly used approximation for magnifications near fold caustics. Our results show that the approximation is noticeably broken at a caustic strength-scaled distance of 0.1. The relevance of this breakdown to work done by other authors is briefly examined. We then then discuss a few new results for the statistics of micro-images, deriving a formula for the mean micro-minimum magnification. We present a method for exactly calculating the caustic networks of micro-lensed systems, and calculate probability distributions for the caustic strength for two sets of parameters of interest. We present the creation of videos of the micro-lensing affect for pedagogical purposes. Finally, we briefly examine micro-lensing near macro-caustics and study the motion of micro-images as a point source crosses a macro-caustic.<br>by Luke Weisenbach.<br>S.B.
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Zhang, Guangfeng. "Exchange rates : macro and micro fundamentals." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2009. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/933/.
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This thesis aims to examine a number of issues related to exchange rate movements at different time horizons: long-run, in terms of investigating equilibrium real exchange rates; medium-run, in terms of investigating predictability of exchange rates in out-of-sample forecasting contexts; and short-run, in terms of studying high-frequency exchange rate dynamics in the actual foreign exchange trading. Specifically, we reassess four topics concerning exchange rate movements through macroeconomic fundamental analysis and microstructure approaches to exchange rates. With macro approaches, our study demonstrates, in a panel data setting, the link between real exchange rates and net foreign asset could be through the association between real exchange rates and trade balance. The panel study indicates the heterogeneity, in terms of the association between real exchange rates and trade balance, between the OECD economies and less mature economies. Our study on the monetary exchange rate model indicates the monetary model can describe the long-run behaviour of nominal exchange rates. Furthermore, we find the short-term exchange rate deviation adjustments to equilibrium and nonlinearities involved in the association between exchange rates and monetary fundamentals. With micro approaches, our study demonstrates, in short run, order flow has a significant impact on the contemporaneous exchange rate dynamics. However, we observe the prediction of order flow on the future exchange rate is quite weak. Our study also finds the weak interaction between macro news and private information in the exchange rate volatility study.
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Boudifa, Mohamed. "Modélisation macro et micro-macro des matériaux polycristallins endommageables avec compressibilité induite." Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00262103.
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Ce travail est dédié à la prise en compte d'une compressibilité plastique induite par l'endommagement ductile dans les matériaux métalliques pour des applications en simulation des procédés de mise en forme. Dans le cadre de la mécanique de l'endommagement continu (MEC), nous généralisons deux modèles existants afin d'y introduire une variation de volumique induite par l'endommagement. Le premier modèle, de nature macroscopique, utilise deux variables d'endommagement, dont une gouvernée par le comportement hydrostatique. Le deuxième de nature micro-macro introduit un critère d'écoulement endommageable à l'échelle des systèmes de glissement cristallin (plasticité cristalline). Ce critère combine les effets de la contrainte de cisaillement et de la contrainte normale pour tenir compte de la variation de volume induite. <br />Ces deux modèles ont été implémentés dans le code Zébulon avec un schéma d'intégration local implicite (prédiction élastique retour radial) et explicite (Runge-Kutta). <br />La validation de ces modèles a été réalisée avec des simulations numériques par la MEF sur des exemples simples (essai de traction) et concernent l'étude des étapes des phénomènes de localisation (diffuse, striction, et modes de rupture finale) en comparaison avec un modèle de type Gurson. Quelques applications de procédés de mise en forme (poinçonnage et emboutissage) ont suivis pour les deux familles de modèles.
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Johansson, Annelie. "Claims Reserving on Macro- and Micro-Level." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-173113.
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Three methods for claims reserving are compared on two data sets. The first two methods are the commonly used chain ladder method that uses aggregated payments and the relatively new method, double chain ladder, that apart from the payments data also uses the number of reported claims. The third method is more advanced, data on micro-level is needed such as the reporting delay and the number of payment periods for every single claim. The two data sets that are used consist of claims with typically shorter and longer settlement time, respectively. The questions considered are if you can gain anything from using a method that is more advanced than the chain ladder method and if the gain differs from the two data sets. The methods are compared by simulating the reserves distributions as well as comparing the point estimates of the reserve with the real out-of-sample reserve. The results show that there is no gain in using the micro-level method considered. The double chain lad- der method on the other hand performs better than the chain ladder method. The difference between the two data sets is that the reserve in the data set with longer settlement times is harder to estimate, but no difference can be seen when it comes to method choice.<br>Tre reservsättningsmetoder jämförs på två dataset. De första två metoderna är den välkända chain ladder-metoden som använder sig av aggregerade utbetalningar samt den relativt nya metoden double chain ladder som förutom utbetalningarna använder sig av antalet anmälda skador. Den tredje metoden baseras på mikro-nivå och kräver information om varje enskild skada, såsom anmälningstid och antalet utbetalningsperioder. De två dataseten som används är ett som innehåller skador med typiskt kortare avvecklingstider och ett som innehåller skador med typiskt längre avvecklingstider. Frågorna som behandlas är om man vinner något på att använda en mer avancerad metod än chain ladder och om det skiljer sig åt mellan dataseten. Metoderna jämförs genom simulering av reserven, men också genom att jämföra punktskattningar med den verkliga reserven. Resultaten visar att man I detta fall inte vinner något på att använda mikro-metoden. Double chain ladder å andra sidan presterar bättre än chain ladder. Skillnaden mellan de två dataseten är att det är svårare att estimera reserven när avvecklingstiden är längre, men ingen skillnad ses när det gäller val av metod
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Phillips, Morgan Hope. "Micro and macro approaches to environmental education." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2008. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/3176/.
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The root cause of the majority of environmental problems lies not in surface manifestations such as carbon dioxide and ozone, but with social and cultural factors that encourage people to consume far more than they need. Environmental education can be divided into two main kinds: micro approaches, which the majority of current approaches fall under, and macro approaches, which are currently emerging. Micro environmental education considers environmental problems in terms of surface manifestations, and proposes micro-changes such as recycling to address them, without questioning the possibility of a cultural shift away from consumerism. This form of environmental education typically seeks to change the behaviour of social actors by building and appealing to their environmental consciousness in the expectation that they will act rationally. It is argued here that this expectation fails to recognise that social actors are subject to plural rationalities and that their behaviour is driven by complex interrelationships with other social actors. As a result, micro environmental education, despite its best intentions, often fails to adequately address and change the environmentally unsustainable behaviour of the social actors it targets. This thesis firstly aims to uncover why micro approaches to environmental education exist and persist. Primary qualitative research with environmental educators drawn from formal, free-choice and accidental channels of environmental education was conducted and is presented alongside a review of the historical development of environmental education. The second aim of this thesis is to argue against a reliance on micro approaches to environmental education and environmentalism in general and propose instead that environmental education becomes embedded within a wider macro approach. Macro approaches seek to change behaviour through the development of a critical understanding of interrelationships among social actors, leading ultimately to environmentally positive changes in them. Findings from the primary research also help reveal the conditions necessary for macro approaches to emerge from the current environmental education infrastructure. The thesis concludes that macro environmental education is both necessary and possible and calls for further research into its development and practice.
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Wang, Qiutao. "Macro-modeling of micro-electrical-mechanical system devices." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9917.
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Altintas, Evrim. "Parents' time with children : micro and macro perspectives." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:bb2e04e8-3d35-4265-b977-78fbfa62462a.
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This thesis studies the dynamics of parents’ time with children. It uses self-reported time diary data to empirically document discrepancies between high- and low-educated parents’ time spent in various childcare activities. By doing so, the study considers one important but under-researched form of childhood inequality, namely inequality in parental time investment. The thesis is among the first to provide an extensive and detailed empirical documentation of variations in parents’ time use with children and to examine the effect of macro-structure and policy context on parenting behaviour. Using the American Time Use Survey (2003-2008), the thesis first investigates variations in parents’ time spent in different types of childcare among white parents in the US. Then, the American Heritage Time Use Survey (1965-2010) is employed to examine whether differences between high-and low-educated parents’ time spent with children have been growing or diminishing over time. Finally, the Multinational Time Use Survey (1965-2008) is used to explore the relationship between specific policies, macro-economic structure and childcare across time and across countries. The results can be summarized as follows. High-educated parents provide more primary childcare for their children compared to low-educated parents. The difference is particularly acute during the early years of childhood, and the gap is particularly wide for childcare activities which are fundamentally important for the social and cognitive development of children. This parental investment gap, most notably between high-and low-educated mothers, has been widening in the US. The main source of this widening phenomenon is the steady increase in high-educated mothers’ time spent in interactive and developmental childcare activities, rather than in routine and physical childcare activities. The analysis of cross-national data shows that the strong positive effect of education on childcare is a cross-national occurrence. However, the strength of this association varies considerably across time and across countries: universal paid leave for mothers and a gender egalitarian labour market structure help alleviate the education and gender gap in childcare. Mothers provide more primary childcare as the number of available paid leave weeks increases, while fathers increase their contribution to primary childcare as the percentage of women in the labour market increases. The provision of paid leave for mothers decreases the effect of education on primary childcare, and specific family policies as well as gender egalitarian socio-economic contexts can help alleviate inequalities in parental time investment in children.
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Louis, Maryse. "Migration-development nexus : macro and micro empirical evidence." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1084/document.
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Cette thèse examine la relation complexe et la causalité entre la migration et le développement, sujet d'actualité vus les flux croissants de migrants et les transferts de fonds privés. La revue de la littérature théorique et empirique montre la complexité de cette relation, et l’absence de consensus dégagé par les travaux menés sur les causes et les effets de la migration sur le développement. Sur les causes de migration, une première estimation empirique montre qu’elle fait partie intégrante du processus de développement et n’est donc pas une simple conséquence de faibles niveaux de développement: le niveau de développement des pays d'origine s’accroissant, les aspirations et les capabilités des populations augmentent et si celles-ci font face à l'absence d’opportunités, elles vont migrer à condition d’en avoir les capabilités (compétences requises, moyens financiers, politiques de migration, etc.). Concernant l’impact de la migration, une deuxième estimation empirique montre un effet positif sur le développement via les transferts privés. Les modèles indiquent que leur contribution se fait à travers deux principaux canaux, l'investissement en capital et le capital humain (éducation et santé), lesquels sont susceptibles de permettre un développement à long terme des pays d'origine. Au niveau micro, une troisième série de modèles étudie le mécanisme de cet impact au niveau de ménages, à partir du cas de l'Egypte. Ces modèles confirment l'importance des transferts privés sur les niveaux d'éducation et de santé dans les ménages qui les reçoivent. Ces résultats sont censés contribuer à la compréhension de cette relation complexe entre migration et développement<br>This thesis is concerned with the causal and complex relation between migration and development. A timely subject, especially with increasing flows of migrants and the remittances these migrants send home. Both the theoretical and empirical literature reviews address the complexity of this relation but consensuses on the causes and impacts of migration on development are generally inconclusive. On the causes of migration, our first empirical estimation shows that migration is part of the development process and not a simple result of its low levels: the increasing development level of the home countries increase the aspirations and capabilities of their populations and if these are faced with lack of opportunities at home, individuals seek migration provided they have the right capabilities (skills required, financial means, migration policies, etc.). On the impact of migration, our second empirical estimation gives evidence of a positive impact through remittances on the development of the home countries. The models show the positive contributions of remittances towards development through two main channels: capital investment and human capital (education and health). These two channels are believed to achieve long-term development of the home countries. At the micro level, we look at the mechanism of this impact at the household level, addressing the case study of Egypt. Our third models give evidence of the importance of these remittances in increasing both education and health status of the recipients’ households’. These findings are believed to make a contribution towards the understanding of this complex relation between migration and development
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Dempster, Tim. "Integrated crustal processes : micro-scale to macro-scale." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7147/.
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This thesis contains a selection of forty-three research papers [1-43], published by the author that investigate key processes in the formation and stabilization of continental crust. The processes are addressed at a micro-scale and linked to crustal processes at a global scale. Many of the studies included in this thesis take an integrated but novel approach, typically combining disciplines in ways different to "traditional" research on crustal rocks and/or studying mineral groups in ways not typically used to investigate crustal processes. Metamorphic equilibrium in rocks is driven by the thermodynamic forces controlling the stability of mineral assemblages, and is inhibited by kinetic inertia of mineral reactions. It is the balance between these two factors that controls metamorphic reactions. Much existing literature on metamorphic processes is concerned with assessing thermodynamically constrained equilibrium conditions. This thesis includes many studies that emphasize the importance of chemical disequilibrium preserved by individual minerals and the kinetic consequences for metamorphic processes [1,2,3,4]. Deformation and volume diffusion are recognized as key factors in allowing thermodynamic equilibrium to be established between minerals and the significance of many metamorphic changes is re-evaluated. It is within polymetamorphic rocks that the kinetic "problems" associated with metamorphic reactions are most apparent, such that only rocks that have experienced multiple events at similar temperatures reliably retain the evidence [5]. The importance of kinetic controls on equilibrium is emphasized both in their effect on major rock-forming minerals and in ground breaking petrological studies of accessory phases. Solid-state diffusion is a key to allowing chemical and isotopic transport within grains, however, communication between grains is typically controlled by the characteristics of grain boundaries such as the presence, absence or geometry of fluids. As such grain edges are probably the most important, but perhaps the least studied, "phase" present in any rock. Innovative approaches have been used to investigate the characteristics of mineral boundaries [8,9], the extent of isotopic exchange within rocks [6] and the role that highly localized fluid infiltration may have on the metamorphic responses of the crust [7,9]. Many of the studies address key factors controlling metamorphic processes and use a variety of different minerals, such as garnet [1], muscovite [2,3,7], apatite [8,9] and zircon [10,11] to assess crustal behaviour. The use of accessory minerals to directly understand a range of metamorphic processes is a unique aspect to the research. Studies included here describe zircon and apatite textures in-situ within rocks. Zircon was previously thought of as an exceptionally stable unreactive mineral, but in a series of studies is shown to be one of the most reactive and hence informative of silicate minerals capable of recording reaction histories and fluid movements through a wide range of crustal conditions [12,13,14,15,16]. In studies of crustal behaviour, time is a key component and investigations of the fundamental controls on metamorphic processes have been integrated with data from thermochronometers to provide insights into the low temperature cooling history of the crust. Rb-Sr and K-Ar geochronology on biotite and muscovite, lower temperature thermochronometers including apatite fission track, U-Th-He on apatite and zircon, together with cosmogenic isotopes are applied in a range of investigations to assess unroofing histories. The impact of spatial and temporal variability of exhumation rates is linked back to metamorphic and structural processes within the deeper crust [17,18,24]. The variation acts as a trigger to structural collapse [19], causes major diachroneity in metamorphic events [18] and facilitates significant lateral heat transfer that impacts on isograd patterns [22]. Surprising general conclusions are reached suggesting that some thermochronometers can not record erosional unroofing but may reveal the thermal influence of fluid movements [20,21]. Factors such as localized uplift, and fluid and magma movements in the crust, are explored further as effective agents for modifying lateral and vertical geothermal gradients in a range of tectonic settings and point to considerable complexity in the geothermal gradients of orogenic belts [22,23,24,25]. The exotic nature of crustal terranes in the British Caledonides is addressed in a range of collaborative studies, through a variety of isotopic determinations, constraining movements, amalgamation histories and events within crustal blocks [26,27,28]. Such studies are then integrated with petrological and stratigraphic evidence to present models for crustal evolution in the Caledonides [29,31,32] and in addition develop general models for the formation of metamorphic terranes in strike-slip environments [30]. The approach of using detailed characterization of minerals to understand metamorphic rock-forming processes is similarly applied to deciphering magmatic processes in the crust. A wealth of published research on the petrogenesis of igneous rocks focusses on bulk rock geochemical and isotopic approaches to study the origin of the melts and examples of such investigations are included here [35,36,37]. However many of the studies included in this thesis emphasise small-scale chemical disequilibrium, question this approach, and open new avenues to investigate magmatic processes. The evolution of slowly cooling granite magma chambers is studied at a range of different scales using zoned feldspars [37,38,39] and accessory minerals [42,43]. Crustal contamination [40], magma mixing [39,42,43], sub-solvus crystallization [37,38], and late stage permeability [42] are all processes that are investigated through detailed textural and geochemical characterization of magmatic minerals. The importance of inefficient diffusion is again emphasized and the controls on melt permeability during crystallization are highlighted. Such techniques may yield unprecedented details of the magmatic processes that complement traditional whole rock geochemical and isotopic investigations. Small-scale processes that operate in magma chambers are also linked to models of large-scale crustal generation processes, including the formation of the enigmatic Late Proterozoic massif anorthosites [41]. The theme throughout the thesis is integration of geological disciplines that are not commonly combined. Metamorphic processes traditionally linked to thermodynamics are investigated via kinetic controls, such as deformation and fluid access [3,4,13,16]. Denudation histories traditionally linked to surface processes are integrated with metamorphic histories and structural evolution [e.g. 18,19,25]. Magmatic systems traditionally investigated using bulk rock geochemical and isotopic approaches are instead studied using disequilibrium crystallization histories of minerals [e.g. 38,39,42,43].
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Gregori, Wildmer Daniel <1983>. "Micro and Macro essays in Applied Fiscal Policy." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6508/1/Gregori_Wildmer_tesi.pdf.
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This thesis analysis micro and macro aspect of applied fiscal policy issues. The first chapter investigates the extent to which local budget spending composition reacts to fiscal rules variations. I consider the budget of Italian
municipalities and exploit specific changes in the Domestic Stability Pact’s rules, to perform a difference-in-discontinuities analysis. The results show that imposing a cap on the total amount of consumption and investment is not as binding as two caps, one for consumption and a different one for investment. More specifically, consumption is triggered by changes in wages and services spending, while investment relies on infrastructure movements. In addition, there is evidence that when an increase in investment is achieved, there is also a higher budget deficit level.
The second chapter intends to analyze the extent to which fiscal policy shocks are able to affect macrovariables during business cycle fluctuations, differentiating among
three intervention channels: public taxation, consumption and investment. The econometric methodology implemented is a Panel Vector Autoregressive model with a structural characterization. The results show that fiscal shocks
have different multipliers in relation to expansion or contraction periods: output does not react during good times while there are significant effects in bad ones.
The third chapter evaluates the effects of fiscal policy announcements by the Italian government on the long-term sovereign bond spread of Italy relative to Germany. After collecting data on relevant fiscal policy announcements, we perform an econometric comparative analysis between the three cabinets that followed one another during the period 2009-2013. The results suggest that only fiscal policy announcements made by members of Monti’s cabinet have been effective in influencing significantly the Italian spread in the expected direction, revealing a remarkable credibility gap between Berlusconi’s and Letta’s governments with respect to Monti’s administration.
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Gregori, Wildmer Daniel <1983>. "Micro and Macro essays in Applied Fiscal Policy." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6508/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis analysis micro and macro aspect of applied fiscal policy issues. The first chapter investigates the extent to which local budget spending composition reacts to fiscal rules variations. I consider the budget of Italian
municipalities and exploit specific changes in the Domestic Stability Pact’s rules, to perform a difference-in-discontinuities analysis. The results show that imposing a cap on the total amount of consumption and investment is not as binding as two caps, one for consumption and a different one for investment. More specifically, consumption is triggered by changes in wages and services spending, while investment relies on infrastructure movements. In addition, there is evidence that when an increase in investment is achieved, there is also a higher budget deficit level.
The second chapter intends to analyze the extent to which fiscal policy shocks are able to affect macrovariables during business cycle fluctuations, differentiating among
three intervention channels: public taxation, consumption and investment. The econometric methodology implemented is a Panel Vector Autoregressive model with a structural characterization. The results show that fiscal shocks
have different multipliers in relation to expansion or contraction periods: output does not react during good times while there are significant effects in bad ones.
The third chapter evaluates the effects of fiscal policy announcements by the Italian government on the long-term sovereign bond spread of Italy relative to Germany. After collecting data on relevant fiscal policy announcements, we perform an econometric comparative analysis between the three cabinets that followed one another during the period 2009-2013. The results suggest that only fiscal policy announcements made by members of Monti’s cabinet have been effective in influencing significantly the Italian spread in the expected direction, revealing a remarkable credibility gap between Berlusconi’s and Letta’s governments with respect to Monti’s administration.
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Carry, Pauline. "The Micro and Macro of Labor Market Policies." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023IPPAG003.
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Cette thèse présente de nouveaux résultats sur les effets des institutions du marché du travail et propose de nouveaux outils afin de les quantifier. De nombreuses régulations de l'emploi sont toujours débattues et il est nécessaire de pouvoir relier les effets de ces régulations sur les travailleurs et entreprises à leur impact agrégé. Ces travaux évaluent les effets des réformes sur le marché du travail au niveau microéconomique (sur les travailleurs et entreprises) et au niveau macroéconomique (sur l'emploi, le chômage et le bien-être). Les effets de débordement ou d'équilibre général, ainsi que l'hétérogénéité sont pris en compte afin de connecter les deux aspects. A partir de données administratives sur les travailleurs et les entreprises et de méthodes d'évaluation en forme réduite, je documente les effets des politiques sur le marché du travail sur les individus et entreprises directement visés, mais aussi les effets indirects. Ensuite, afin de quantifier les effets agrégés en tenant compte des effets directs et indirects, je construis et estime des modèles structurels qui modélisent les effets d'équilibre général sur le marché du travail.Le Chapitre 1 porte sur une augmentation du niveau de protection de l'emploi au Portugal et le Chapitre 2 s'intéresse à la mise en place d'une durée minimale de travail en France<br>This dissertation documents new evidence on the effects of labor market institutions and provides new tools to assess the impact of labor policies. Many labor market regulations remain controversial, and we lack evidence connecting the impact of these regulations on firms and workers and their aggregate effects. The dissertation evaluates the effects of labor market reforms at the microeconomic level (on workers and firms) and at the aggregate level (on overall employment, welfare, and the unemployment rate). It also accounts for spillovers, general equilibrium effects and heterogeneity to connect the micro and macro impacts. Relying on administrative data on workers and firms and reduced-form evaluation methods, I provide evidence on the effects of labor market policies on targeted individuals and firms, but also on the indirect effects. Second, to quantify the aggregate impact accounting for both direct and indirect effects, I build and estimate structural models, allowing for general equilibrium effects on the labor market.Chapter 1 studies an increase in the level of employment protection in Portugal and Chapter 2 considers the introduction of a minimum working time in France
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Schroeder, Gina. "Diversity investigations from the micro- to the macro-scale." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27918.
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Macroecology and experimental evolution are two disparate sub-disciplines with contrasting approaches to the study of biological diversity. First I use macroecology and the Global Invasive Species Database to determine the best predictors of diversity patterns of invasive species around the globe. I show that economic factors account for more of the variance in invasive species richness among countries than typical ecological variables used to explain broad-scale species diversity patterns. I then use a microecological approach in which experimental evolution is performed with the soil bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens to evaluate the idea that selection in environments varying in productivity will impact the degree of ecological specialization and maintenance of diversity. The results show that although ecological specialization increases with productivity, diversity does not. Both disciplines can be used to inform each other with the aim of explaining the abundance and distribution of species in nature through space and time.
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Jacob, Jeffry Ankur. "Essays in micro- and macro-determinants of economic development." Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3220411.
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Thesis (Ph.D. in Economics)--S.M.U.<br>Title from PDF title page (viewed July 9, 2007). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-05, Section: A, page: 1833. Adviser: Thomas Osang. Includes bibliographical references.
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Phillips, Richard James. "Macro-and micro structural evolution of the Karakoram fault." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414221.
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Shreve, Matthew Adam. "Automatic Macro- and Micro-Facial Expression Spotting and Applications." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4770.
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Automatically determining the temporal characteristics of facial expressions has extensive application domains such as human-machine interfaces for emotion recognition, face identification, as well as medical analysis. However, many papers in the literature have not addressed the step of determining when such expressions occur. This dissertation is focused on the problem of automatically segmenting macro- and micro-expressions frames (or retrieving the expression intervals) in video sequences, without the need for training a model on a specific subset of such expressions. The proposed method exploits the non-rigid facial motion that occurs during facial expressions by modeling the strain observed during the elastic deformation of facial skin tissue. The method is capable of spotting both macro expressions which are typically associated with emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, and surprise, and rapid micro- expressions which are typically, but not always, associated with semi-suppressed macro-expressions. Additionally, we have used this method to automatically retrieve strain maps generated from peak expressions for human identification. This dissertation also contributes a novel 3-D surface strain estimation algorithm using commodity 3-D sensors aligned with an HD camera. We demonstrate the feasibility of the method, as well as the improvements gained when using 3-D, by providing empirical and quantitative comparisons between 2-D and 3-D strain estimations.
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Zafer, Safaa El-Din Mohamed. "Micro-macro accounting integration : NASCO, an Egyptian case study." Thesis, University of Hull, 1994. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:3696.
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Increased government involvement in the control of the Egyptian economy has resulted in greater need for accounting information, mainly for planning and control purposes. Egyptian public enterprises are subject to control by a number of ministerial and other bodies, to which they must supply information in a format specified by the Uniform Accounting System.This study considers government information needs in a planned economy and the aim of accounting uniformity.It also examines the relevance, appropriateness, and adequacy of the information provided as a result of the application of the Egyptian Uniform Accounting System, to meet the needs of planning, administration and control of economic activities, including the linkage between micro and macro accounting.A case study of the El-Naser Company for Motor-Car Manufacturing (NASCO) is presented. The company's management policies and planning and control both within NASCO and by its holding company, are examined, and its current operations account, sources and applications of funds statement and value-added statement, are analysed from the stand-point of National Income Accounts. Deficiencies are found in all these areas.Suggestions are therefore put forward as to how the above-mentioned account and statements might be modified,and reporting further developed, in order to provide greater assistance to the government in planning, control, and the preparation of National Income Accounts.
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Quagliariello, Mario. "Essays on bank stability : micro and macro-prudential issues." Thesis, University of York, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.434142.
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Butt, Mehmood Sadiq. "Micro- and macro-vascular function in obstructive sleep apnoea." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3926/.
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Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is common worldwide and is associated with cardiovascular disease. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is regarded as a crucial step in disease development and has been demonstrated in peripheral vasculature in OSA population. However the effect of ventilatory dysfunction on myocardial perfusion is unknown. I performed comprehensive assessment of endothelial function in moderate to severe OSA subject compared with helthy and hypertensive controls, using flow mediated dilatation (FMD), laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), flow cytometry in addition to studying vascular elastic properties. I also performed myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) and real time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE). All these tests were repreated after 6 months of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy. I demonstrated endothelial dysfunction in the peripheral circulation and coronary circulation as well as cardiac remodeling in OSA. However, I did not note a significant change in the indices of arterial stiffness and in the flow cytometric analysis. I noted marked improvement in the peripheral and coronary endothelial dysfunction after OSA subjects were treated with CPAP therapy for 6 months. In summary, micro- and macro-vascular dysfunction exists in otherwise healthy moderate to severe OSA subjects and improves with effective CPAP therapy. These findings may have strong clinical and prognostic implications.
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Gallego, Francisco A. "Human capital, institutions, and incentives : micro and macro perspectives." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34504.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2006.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>This dissertation consists of four essays on human capital, institutions, and incentives. In the first essay, I investigate the effects of voucher-school competition on educational outcomes in Chile. I present a theoretical model that produces three empirical predictions: voucher-school competition 1) improves student outcomes; 2) may put stronger pressure on public schools to increase quality; and 3) has weaker effects when public school budget constraints are softer. I exploit the interaction of the number of Catholic priests and the institution of the voucher system as a potentially exogenous determinant of voucher school entry. Using this instrument, I confirm the main predictions of my theoretical model. In the second essay, I show that cross-country differences in schooling persist to the present because colonial factors influence the extent of institutional variables, such as democracy and political decentralization. By using the number of native cultures before colonization as an instrument for political decentralization, I show that the degree of democratization positively affects the development of primary education, whereas political decentralization is the more important explanation for differences in higher levels of schooling.<br>(cont.) In the third essay, coauthored with Robert Woodberry, we show that competition between Protestant and Catholic missionaries increased schooling in former colonies. Our evidence implies that Protestant missionaries increased schooling in Catholic countries, and that the impact of Protestant and Catholic missionaries on educational outcomes was similar when missionaries of both denominations faced the same legal and institutional treatment. We interpret these results in the context of an economic rationale in which different institutions created differences in competitive pressures faced by Catholic and Protestant missionaries. Finally, in the fourth essay, I investigate the evolution of the skill premium in Chile over the last decades. I present evidence that patterns of skill upgrading in Chile have followed the evolution of the same variable in the US, consistent with a model of endogenous technological choice where new technologies are produced in developed countries and adopted in developing economies.<br>by Francisco A. Gallego.<br>Ph.D.
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Benali, Abderraouf. "Outils d'adaptation d'impedance d'une structure de micro-macro manipulation." Paris 6, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA066612.
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Les travaux traites dans cette these ont porte sur l'elaboration d'outils de commande en impedance d'une structure de micro-macro manipulation. Nous entendons par cette derniere le couplage serie de deux robots : le premier appele porteur est destine aux actions de grandes amplitudes, le second appele poignet est un manipulateur parallele destine aux mouvements fins. Le but de controler cette structure est d'ameliorer les performances habituellement rencontrees lors de la commande d'un manipulateur lorsque ce dernier est en mouvement contraint. L'avantage apparait lorsque les caracteristiques de l'environnement sont inconnues. Apres la presentation des modeles de comportement necessaire a la description des mouvements de chaque manipulateur, nous donnons les modifications a apporter pour permettre de modeliser la structure complete consideree comme un seul robot. Nous donnons ensuite les parametres pertinents a la representation des perturbations ou des phenomenes d'interaction. Les differents modeles obtenus sont utilises ensuite a l'elaboration des lois d'adaptation d'impedance en fonction du comportement desire. En premier nous avons considere une approche globale nous permettant de specifier l'impedance du point terminal du systeme augmente par rapport a la base. Pour la mise en oeuvre de cette approche, nous avons propose deux techniques de commandes. La premiere ecrite en fonction des variables articulaires est inspiree des techniques classiques de la dynamique inverse. La seconde est plus proche de la specification des taches est decrite en fonction des variables operationnelles. Ces deux commandes presentent l'avantage de pouvoir specifier le mouvement du point terminal meme dans l'espace nul. Nous avons traite ensuite le probleme de commande de facon locale, c'est a dire par rapport a chaque robot. Chaque robot adapte son impedance en fonction du comportement desire et de l'environnement rencontre. Nous avons propose pour cela une structure de commande inspiree des techniques d'optimisation. La mise en oeuvre de cette approche est effectuee a travers un bouclage externe pilote par le gradient du critere de performance utilise. Outre la possibilite de repondre aux performances demandees la solution proposee presente l'avantage d'etre quantifiable ce qui la rend systematique. Une verification experimentale sur differents taches a permis de valider ce principe et de quantifier les performances.
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Fiorencio, Antonio. "L'Indexation salariale : fondements micro-économiques et implications macro-économiques." Paris, EHESS, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993EHES0054.
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L'objet de la these est l'indexation salariale. Trois questions principales sont analysees. (i) le choix de la frequence des reajustements salariaux et le choix entre la pre-determination et l'indexation salariale. (ii) la determination du degre d'indexation salariale et du niveau d'emploi. (iii) la determination du degre d'indexation et du taux d'inflation d'equilibre. L'analyse est faite dans le cadre d'un modele a concurrence parfaite ou les agents choisissent les parametres du contrat de travail a partir de la maximisation de leur esperance d'utilite<br>The thesis discusses wage indexation. There are three main points to the analysis. (i) the choice of the frequency of wage changes and the choice of whether these changes will be determined ex-ante or ex-post. (ii) the determination of the degree of wage indexing and of the level of employment. (iii) the determination of the degree of wage indexing and of the level of inflation. The theoretical framework is one of a competitive model where agents maximize expected utility to choose the parameters of the labour contract
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Wang, Xiaojun. "Durable goods consumption : from micro foundation to macro dynamics /." The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486394475977619.
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Griffiths, Jonathan. "Modelling of laser forming at macro and micro scales." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2012. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/9633/.
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Laser forming (LF) offers industry the promise of controlled shaping of metallic and nonmetallic components in prototyping, correction of design shape or distortion and precision adjustment applications. In order to fulfil this promise in a manufacturing environment the process must have a high degree of controllability, which can be achieved through a better understanding of its underlying mechanisms. The work presented in this thesis is primarily concerned with the use of modelling of the LF process at macro and micro scales as a means of process development. At the macro scale, finite element (FE), finite difference (FD) and analytical modelling were used to gain a better understanding of the complex interrelation between the various process parameters for specific geometries, reducing the need for extensive empirical investigations. A particular focus of the investigation was ascertaining which of these parameters influenced the fall off in bend angle per pass in multiple pass LF, along with the magnitude of their influence. The development of a full thermal-mechanical model of the LF process is detailed, as well as its application in a feasibility study into the forming of square section mild steel tubes for the automotive industry. Using this model, experimental observations were rationalized and novel scan strategies were developed which optimized the efficiency and accuracy of the process, something hitherto not possible using empirical methods alone. At the micro-scale, FE modelling was used to determine the mechanism of deformation in a novel laser micro-forming (LμF) technique, in conjunction with a full empirical study. The technique combined short pulse durations (20 ps) with high repetition rates (500 kHz) to generate localized heat build-up on the top surface of micro-scale stainless steel components, allowing for controlled and repeatable micro-adjustment. Modelling results suggest the mechanism works by confining the heating effect to the surface of the material, thereby selectively inducing thermal stresses and avoiding thermal damage of the component.
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Bru, Amélie Gruel Pierre Hoornaert Alain. "Macro-usures et micro-usures dentaires applications en paléontologie /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://castore.univ-nantes.fr/castore/GetOAIRef?idDoc=28291.
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MCGUCKIAN, FERGUS. "Behavioural finance and financial markets: micro, macro and corporate." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242680.
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Questa tesi si compone di quattro capitoli che esplorano i diversi aspetti del rapporto tra finanza comportamentale, le decisioni finanziarie e i mercati finanziari. La finanza comportamentale è un’area di ricerca e di studio interdisciplinare che affronta l'impatto della psicologia sul comportamento delle scelte individuali, delle decisioni finanziarie e le conseguenti implicazioni sui mercati finanziari. I temi di finanza comportamentale beneficiano di conoscenze derivanti soprattutto dalla psicologia ma trasferire tali conoscenze interdisciplinari nel contesto di studi e delle ricerche tradizionali di finanza, apportando innovazioni teoriche e metodiche, non è semplice. I modelli comportamentali basati sulle classiche teorie economiche devono sviluppare approcci alternativi ai problemi finanziari, applicando i concetti della psicologia. Ogni individuo presenta caratteristiche irrazionali e preferenze alquanto mutevoli mentre opera nei mercati finanziari. Le metafore dell’homo oeconomicus, sempre razionale, o le ipotesi, come quella circa l’immutabilità delle preferenze espresse da parte degli individui o quella della perfezione dei mercati perfetti circa la distribuzione dell’informazione tempestiva e diffusa tra tutti gli operatori, vengono superate e rifiutate dalla finanza comportamentale. Ipotesi e metafore che caratterizzano non pochi lavori di finanza tradizionali. La finanza comportamentale è molto di più di una via secondaria che tratta i mercati finanziari. Negli ultimi due decenni questa disciplina ha fornito molti spunti interessanti agli operatori economici aiutando nella comprensione delle decisioni sia a livello individuale che collettivo e delle dinamiche dei mercati finanziari a livello macro.
La tesi è strutturata come segue. Il primo capitolo riguarda l’evoluzione degli studi accademici in questa area di ricerca e delinea il contesto della tesi. Gli schemi teorici della finanza tradizionale e comportamentale vengono confrontati e contrapposti. Il secondo capitolo indaga le basi della finanza comportamentale a livello micro, con specifica attenzione al singolo investitore. Vengono discussi gli studi sulle euristiche cognitive e sui pregiudizi comportamentali nel processo decisionale finanziario. Inoltre viene indagato se è possibile adottare delle misure per ridurre questi due tipi di errori mentali. Sono illustrate come le scoperte della finanziaria comportamentale possano essere applicate alla teoria moderna del portafoglio e al rapporto tra consulente finanziario e singolo investitore al dettaglio in merito alle decisioni relative asset allocation, l'acquisto, la vendita, il prestito e il risparmio. É proposto un modello di riferimento per la verifica e la categorizzazione degli investitori secondo la loro personalità. Il terzo capitolo discute la finanza comportamentale a livello macro, l'efficienza dei mercati finanziari e le irregolarità dei mercati. Lo studio si aggiunge al dibattito teorico ed esamina se i mercati finanziari sono influenzati dalle variabili psicologiche e, in caso affermativo, se questi si riflettono nei prezzi dei titoli. Di particolare interesse è lo studio dell'intonazione emotiva degli investitori, in quanto fattore in grado di mutare lo stato d’animo individuale-collettivo e in grado di spiegare molti aspetti evolutivi delle quotazioni azionarie, osservate in particolari periodi. In questo senso viene descritto il ruolo del cosiddetto sentimento di mercato come fattore comportamentale in grado di condizionare l’evoluzione delle quantità di titoli negoziati e dei prezzi a cui si concludono le negoziazioni relative. Il capitolo finale esamina un aspetto centrale della finanza aziendale, vale a dire l'offerta pubblica primaria, nel contesto istituzionale della Borsa Italiana e dal punto di vista
comportamentale. Si effettua un’analisi dei fattori che possono essere in grado di influire sulle variazioni dei prezzi delle azioni emesse nel mercato primario. Questo permette di descrivere la natura e la portata di alcune delle anomalie che caratterizzano le tendenze delle quotazioni relative alle nuove emissioni. In tal senso viene sottolineato il ruolo dei fattori psicologici, assai mutevoli ed irrazionali, nel condizionare le quotazioni dei titoli trattati nel mercato primario.<br>This thesis consists of four chapters that explore different aspects of the relationship between behavioural finance, financial decisions and financial markets. Behavioural finance has emerged as a multidisciplinary research approach which addresses the impact of psychology on individual choice behaviour and financial decisions, and the subsequent implications for financial markets. The behavioural models posited build upon classical economic theories to develop alternative approaches to financial problems, by applying concepts from psychology to create an open-minded line of scientific enquiry that is more flexible in its assumptions. The conceptualisation of homo oeconomicus, i.e. the always rational economic man, is refuted in behavioural finance: people are thought to often behave irrationally, due to the fact that when confronted with a range of alternatives, they do not always select the choice associated with the optimum payoff, and secondly, because they regularly fail to make utility maximising decisions in reality. Indeed, behavioural finance has emerged to be much more than a peripheral way to deliberate financial markets. Over last two decades, the discipline has provided many fascinating insights about economic agents, and these new notions have aided the advancement of understanding of both individual level financial decisions, and of macro level financial market dynamics.
The thesis is structured as follows. The introductory chapter discusses the development of the academic area, and outlines the context of the thesis. The foundations of both traditional and behavioural finance are compared and contrasted. Chapter two investigates the micro-level foundations of behavioural finance, with specific regard to the individual investor. Of particular interest is research about cognitive heuristics and behavioural biases in financial decision making, and whether or not measures can be taken to reduce mental errors of this nature. The professional application of behavioural finance findings to modern portfolio theory, to consumer finance, and also within the financial advisor/retail investor relationship about decisions pertaining to asset allocation, buying, selling, borrowing, and saving is deliberated, and a framework for testing and categorising investors according to their personality is proposed. The research in chapter 3 investigates financial anomalies, macro behavioural finance, and market efficiency. The study adds to the theoretical debate and examines whether financial markets are affected by mood variables, and if so, if this is reflected in asset prices. The final essay discusses a focal corporate finance area, the Initial Public Offering, in the institutional context of the Italian Stock Exchange from a uniquely behavioural perspective. It is contended that the primary influence on security prices is emotion, not reason, in that market sentiment rather than fundamental factors is the biggest explanatory factor in IPO share price performance.
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Festa, Andrea. "Tax wedge, employment and productivity: micro and macro evidence." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/1287.
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2009 - 2010<br>In this paper I investigate the effect of the tax wedge on productivity and employment. The first chapter presents an overview of existing literature, both at micro and macro level. The second chapter analyzes the effect of the tax wedge on total factor productivity. Using plant-level data referred to a sample of OECD countries, I find that the tax wedge has a negative effect on productivity at the firm level, especially with regard to the small ones. Moreover, the results suggest that the manufacturing sector is relatively more affected by introductions or increases of the tax wedge on labour income, while, among the countries involved in the sample, Italy is relatively more affected by changes in the tax wedge. The third chapter examines, for the Italian case, the impact of the tax wedge on private employment with data disaggregated at region/sector level. The results show that the tax wedge has a negative effect on private regional employment, especially with regard to the northern regions. In particular, building and construction is the sector that experiences the most negative employment effect due to introductions or increases in the tax wedge. [edited by author]<br>IX n.s.
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Campagnolo, Lorenza <1982>. "Distributional effects of energy policy: a micro-macro perspective." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/4603.
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This work analyses the profitability of enhancing a macroeconomic framework (Computable General Equilibrium model) using microdata from household surveys and assessing distributional effects on income and consumption induced by a simulated shock. On this purpose, the modelling options range from the fragmentation of the usual representative agent in a multi-household representation to the creation of a soft-link between the household data and the macro model. A focus is presented on inequality and poverty issues in the context of environmental and energy policies.
A non-behavioural microsimulation model is developed and it is used to evaluate the distributional impacts of a policy reducing fossil fuel subsidies in Indonesia. The creation of the microsimulation link begins analysing the 2007 Indonesian household survey (IFLS4, World Bank); it follows a reconciliation procedure with the Indonesian Social Accounting Matrix using the Cross-Entropy method. Around 10000 different households heterogeneous with respect to income sources and expenditure choices and consistent with the macroeconomic variables are represented in the microsimulation module. The policy scenario, implemented using ENV-Linkages model, determines a change of prices, factor remuneration and transfers. The impact of this reform on households’ welfare is analysed under two different revenue recycling schemes (unconditioned lump-sum transfer to all households and increased governmental expenditure) and highlights the heterogeneity of policy effects across households. In the first scenario the reform results strongly progressive and slightly regressive in the second one.
Furthermore, the behavioural response of household to energy policy is estimated using the Indonesian household survey data. An Extended Linear Expenditure System is fitted at county level and for urban/rural households taking in account the zero expenditure bias issue. A shock corresponding to a fossil fuel phase-out policy is imposed on consumer prices. The consumption behavioural response in the ELES system, evaluated at country level and for rural and urban households, draws attention on heterogeneous demand response and on the value added by characterising expenditure functions across agents.<br>Questo lavoro analizza la possibilità di introdurre in un modello macroeconomico (Computable General Equilibrium - CGE) dei dati microeconomici provenienti da sondaggi sulle famiglie e di valutare gli effetti redistributivi sul reddito e sul consumo generati dall’introduzione di uno shock esterno. A questo proposito, le possibilità modellistiche vanno dalla frammentazione dell’agente rappresentativo, caratteristico nell’approccio CGE, alla creazione di soft-link tra le variabili microeconomiche, a livello di famiglia e le macro variabili. Una sezione è incentrata sull’analisi della diseguaglianza e povertà nel caso di politiche ambientali ed energetiche.
Lo sviluppo di un modello microeconomico permette di valutare la distribuzione dell’impatto di una politica di riduzione dei sussidi sui combustibili fossili in Indonesia. Il modulo microeconomico si fonda sull’analisi di un sondaggio delle famiglie indonesiane nel 2007 (IFLS4, World Bank) e richiede una procedura di riconciliazione con i dati macroeconomici indonesiani. Il modulo microeconomico descrive 10000 famiglie, eterogenee per fonti di reddito e scelte di consumo, ma in linea con le statistiche macroeconomiche. Lo scenario di policy sviluppato con il modello ENV-Linkages, determina l’alterazione dei prezzi, della remunerazione dei fattori primari e dei trasferimenti. L’impatto della riforma è analizzato considerando due differenti opzioni redistributive delle entrate fiscali generate (trasferimento lump-sum a tutte le famiglie e aumento della spesa governativa) e sottolinea l’effetto eterogeneo della politica sulle differenti famiglie. Nel primo scenario la riforma risulta fortemente progressiva; è invece leggermente regressiva nel secondo caso.
Inoltre le variazioni del consumo delle famiglie in seguito ad una politica energetica vengono stimate con un Extended Linear Expenditure System, usando i dati microeconomici indonesiani. La stima, condotta a livello nazionale e per le categorie di famiglie urbane e rurali, prevede una correzione dell’errore dovuto alle molte osservazioni in cui la spesa risulta nulla. La variazione di prezzo, imposta da una riforma che prevede l’eliminazione dei sussidi sul consumo di combustibili fossili, determina differenti reazioni da parte delle famiglie e sottolinea l’importanza dell’integrazione di questa procedura in un contesto macroeconomico.
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Rosenqvist, Gunnar. "Micro and macro data in statistical inference on Markov chains." Helsingfors : [Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration], 1986. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/17480391.html.
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Van, Vliet Christopher John. "Predicted and observed active damping performance of macro-micro manipulators." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0003/MQ34498.pdf.
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Emanuelsson, Emma Anna Carolina. "Microbial aspects of bioreactor engineering : from macro to micro scale." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412479.
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Scott, I. M. "Macro economic policy and micro effects in Chile 1973-1996." Thesis, Swansea University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.638782.
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This thesis sets out to examine the relationship between macro economic policies in Chile and their consequences at the micro (local) level. The time period under examination covers the 1973-90 military dictatorship period, the 1990-93 transitional government of Patricio Aylwin and the current Christian Democratic government of Eduardo Frei. The research carried out between 1990 and 1997 looks at three case studies from distinct sectors with the objective of examining micro economic changes which occurred under each set of macro policies. First of all a study of the forestry sector examines how natural resources were affected by the pure neo-liberal economic model adopted by the military government. Secondly, a study of apple juice production in the IX region analyses the socio-economic consequences of attempts to integrate small producers into the agro-industrial chain as a result of the economic policy changes undertaken during Chile's first transitional period. Thirdly, a participatory project in the Concepcion metropolitan area is examined, to see to what extent the Frei government has been successful in achieving its aims of decentralising planning functions and incorporating local people into the decision making process. The central hypothesis of the study is that there is a direct link between macro economic policy and micro effects, and that the free market neo-liberal model in its pure form is incapable of meeting the challenge of sustainable development. We conclude that rather than merely modifying the existing free market model, with punitive social and environmental measures, a structural transformation may be necessary. A fundamental prerequisite for this change based on case study experience would appear to be the successful incorporation of local knowledge and experiences into the planning process.
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Bakar, Azhar Abu. "Micro- and macro-mechanical properties in advanced polymer matrix composites." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301430.
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Wang, Yuze. "Microbial-Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation : from micro to macro scale." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/288238.
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Microbial-Induced Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) Precipitation (MICP) is a biological process in which microbial activities alter the surrounding aqueous environment and induce CaCO3 precipitation. Because the formed CaCO3 crystals can bond soil particles and improve the mechanical properties of soils such as strength, MICP has been explored for potential engineering applications such as soil stabilisation. However, it has been difficult to control and predict the properties of CaCO3 precipitates, thus making it very challenging to achieve homogeneous MICP-treated soils with the desired mechanical properties. This PhD study investigates MICP at both micro and macro scales to improve the micro-scale understandings of MICP which can be applied at the macro-scale for improving the homogeneity and mechanical properties of MICP-treated sand. A microfluidic chip which models a sandy soil matrix was designed and fabricated to investigate the micro-scale fundamentals of MICP. The first important finding was that, during MICP processes, phase transformation of CaCO3 can occur, which results in smaller and less stable CaCO3 crystals dissolving at the expense of growth of larger and more stable CaCO3 crystals. In addition, it was found that bacteria can aggregate after being mixed with cementation solution, and both bacterial density and the concentration of cementation solution affect the size of aggregates, which may consequently affect the transport and distribution of bacteria in a soil matrix. Furthermore, bacterial density was found to have a profound effect on both the growth kinetics and characteristics of CaCO3. A higher bacterial density resulted in a quicker formation of a larger amount of smaller crystals, whereas a lower bacterial density resulted in a slower formation of fewer but larger crystals. Based on the findings from micro-scale experiments, upscaling experiments were conducted on sandy soils to investigate the effect of injection interval on the strength of MICP treated soils and the effects of bacterial density and concentration of cementation solution on the uniformity of MICP treated soils. Increasing the interval between injections of cementation solution (from 4 h to 24 h) increased the average size of CaCO3 crystals and the resulting strength of MICP-treated sand. An optimised combination of bacterial density and cementation solution concentration resulted in a relative homogeneous distribution of CaCO3 content and suitable strength and stiffness of MICP-treated sand. This thesis study revealed that a microfluidic chip is a very useful tool to investigate the micro-scale fundamentals of MICP including the behaviour of bacteria and the process of CaCO3 precipitation. The optimised MICP protocols will be useful for improving the engineering performance of MICP-treated sandy soils such as uniformity and strength.
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Xu, Jie. "Polymerization mechanism, micro-macro properties, and carbonization of polyurethane foams." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/43925/.
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Polyurethane is one of the most diversified macropolymers with versatile properties for many applications including construction, transportation, personal wear, household appliance, etc. The research of this PhD study covers many aspects of polyurethane, including modelling on urethanisation and foaming mechanism, cell microstructure and packing polyhedrons, macroscopic properties and performance, and functional carbon materials developed from carbonisation of polyisocyanurate (PIR) foams. The work contains both theoretical modelling and experimental measurements. Urethanisation Kinetics The catalysed polyisocyanurate reaction kinetic model was developed based on generalized copolymerization scheme. PIR/PUR ratio was derived from mathematical manipulation on rate equations. The structural unit effects of isocyanurate, urethane and urea were evaluated based on Mayo-Lewise tercopolymerization scheme. Two reaction scenarios – bifunctional and macropolyol – were taken into consideration. Two ratios of isocyanate/polyol and urethane/urea rather than isocyanurate concentration were found to have impact on isocyanate conversion. Cell Growth and Foaming Process The cell microstructural configuration model was developed based on FOAMAT reactivity profiling (FOAMAT is a foam qualification system to measure the formation by curing and foaming parameters). The cell constructions were well understood by characterization of interstitial border area between cells. The cell anisotropic degree was calculated based on 2D cell shapes deformation comparison between free rising and stress stretching. The foaming process of continuous line panel production was further modelled based on cell anisotropic stretching. Plateau Borders The geometric Plateau border model for closed cell polyurethane foam was developed based on volume integrations of approximated 3D four-cusp hypocycloid structure. The tetrahedral structure of convex struts was orthogonally projected into 2D three-cusp deltoid with three central cylinders. The idealized single unit strut was modeled by superposition. The volume of each component was calculated by geometric analyses. The strut solid fraction f_s and foam porosity coefficient δ were calculated from developed strut model based on representative elementary volume (REV) of Kelvin and Weaire-Phelan structures. The specific surface area Sv derived from packing polyhedra model and deltoid approximation model respectively were put into contrast against strut dimensional ratio ε. The characteristic parameters modeled from this semi-empirical method were further employed to predict foam thermal conductivity. The correlation results show good agreement with actual measurement. The deviation gap can be caused by disorderedness and irregularity of actual cells. The periodical numerical method still has limit in predicting foam mechanics. Foam Defect Microstructure Streak and blister cell defects pose extensive surface problems for rigid polyurethane foams. In this study, these morphological anomalies were visually inspected using 2D optical techniques, and the cell microstructural coefficients including degree of anisotropy, cell circumdiameter, and the volumetric isoperimetric quotient were calculated from the observations. A geometric regular polyhedron approximation method was developed based on relative density equations, in order to characterize the packing structures of both normal and anomalous cells. The calculated cell volume constant, C_c, from polyhedron geometric voxels was compared with the empirical polyhedron cell volume value, C_h. The geometric relationship between actual cells and approximated polyhedrons was characterized by the defined volumetric isoperimetric quotient. Binary packing structures were derived from deviation comparisons between the two cell volume constants and the assumed partial relative density ratios of the two individual packing polyhedrons. The modelling results show that normal cells have a similar packing to the Weaire-Phelan model, while anomalous cells have a dodecahedron/icosidodecahedron binary packing. Insulation Performance Polyurethane (PU) is a commonly used insulation material for cold storage warehouses. The insulation performance of PU sandwich panels made from blended blowing agents were re-assessed by k-factor measurements and the insulation thickness was calculated based on cold warehouse design standard. The purposes of this study is test the impact of thermal conductivity value from experimental measurements on insulation barrier thickness calculation, and try to identity the gap between experimental data and empirical data in real practice and its impact on insulation design. The building design standard of cold warehouse can be a good benchmark to showcase this difference in aggressive cooling environment. The results have confirmed significant positive impact of blowing agents for energy saving. Post-curing Stability Problem The foam post-curing stability was evaluated by mathematic manipulation. The developed 3D paraboloid model based on gridding measurements has provided a scientific solution to foam panel shrinkage problem. Cell microstructure characterisation and post-growth angle coefficients calculation were further performed in this study. The results show the cell microstructure undergoes severe contraction during cooling and some cell destruction has happened on foam defects. Meanwhile, the cell anisotropic degree is getting more uniformed and this phenomenon is considerably prominent in central position. Thermal Degradation The thermal degradation of polyisocyanurate foam samples were studied by TG/DTA, FTIR, and SEM. All samples with different isocyanate index (NCO/OH = 100, 200, 300) were pre-treated by H2SO4, K2CO3, and NaOH before heating. The measurements of DTG and DTA presented corresponding variability for different acidic and alkaline treatments. The activation energy of thermal decomposition was calculated based on kinetic reaction evaluation. The pronounced polyol and isocyanate regenerations were observed over degradation. Further FTIR measurements at elevated temperatures suggested the possibility of acidic hydrogen bonding catalyzation and alkaline reversible amide regeneration during degradation by chemical treatments. The morphology study by SEM show localized corrosion is severe for high temperature carbonisation by acidic treatment (H2SO4) and microcrystallization occurs for alkalic treatments (K2CO3 and NaOH). The microcrystals vary by geometric shape. Carbonization The isocyanate index (NCO/OH) of diisocyanate and macropolyol can dictate the carbonisation of polyisocyanurate (PIR) foams. The carbon amorphousness was characterized by DSC which suggests the disorderedness can be aggravated by acidic pre-treatment. XRD investigation on crystallography suggests intercalation layered structure was created during carbonisation. Synchrotron-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses of all carbonaceous residues reveal that N-doping carbonisation has been realized by isocyanate dipolar cycloaddition. The N-doping structures with pyridinic (N-6) and pyrrolic (N-5) nitrogen atoms were found in carboncyclic rings, but no graphitic (N-Q) structure was identified. Higher isocyanate index (NCO/OH) can increase the opportunity for N-doping by creating more pyrrolic (N-5) nitrogen structure. The acidic treatment by H2SO4 can promote pyridinic (N-6) structure formation by cyanic acid trimerization. The derived carbons from higher isocyanate index (NCO/OH) were further found from electrochemical tests to possess improved capacitance but with negative resistivity which is attributed to more capacitive but amorphous N-doping carbon structure.
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Seltzer, Judith B. (Judith Beth) 1959. "Developing a macro- and micro-metrics package for microfinance institutions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9204.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2000.<br>Also available online at the DSpace at MIT website.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>This paper attempted to extract from the literature a package of measures, or metrics, that can be used by microcredit programs and institutions to gauge their success as financial institutions, as well as their broader societal impact as welfare organizations. What was learned is that microcredit organizations, unlike more traditional financial institutions, are largely unregulated and therefore tend to use of variety of non-standardized measures to assess their success and sustainability. Moreover, it is clear that microfinance institutions can not easily trade-off those measures that track institutional success, for those that measure the well-being of the community as a result of borrowing money and mounting a micro-enterprise, since a number of confounding factors make direct correlation difficult. By employing the Balanced Scorecard framework, microcredit organizations can collect regularly data that reports on the financial status of the organization, its internal business practices, the rate of borrower success, and lessons learned. Moreover, the microcredit organization that assumes to impact the borrower community at large, can use the same framework to aggregate these data across borrower communities and monitor them along with certain health and welfare data to infer a degree of behavioral impact.<br>by Judith B. Seltzer.<br>M.B.A.
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Sharon, Andre. "The macro/micro manipulator : an improved architecture for robot control." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14434.
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Schulist, Jason Andrew. "Micro and macro throuput improvements in an automotic assembly facility." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43435.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 1997, and Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1997.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-90).<br>by Jason Andrew Schulist.<br>M.S.