Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Micro dépôts'
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Euphrasie, Sébastien. "Dépôts de films actifs épais pour micro-systèmes." Valenciennes, 2002. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/5a016950-2a68-47c3-b9f7-2922bb08fe96.
Full textThis dissertation deals with two methods of obtaining thick active films: the hydrothermal synthesis and the deposition by Laser Ablation of Microparticles (LAM). Hydrothermal techniques are presented to have a better understanding of the phenomena occurring during hydrothermal synthesis of PZT films. The advantage is to grow (at T<200ʿC) PZT films (5-30 thick) on non-planar titanium substrates. The importance of the way of putting precursors into the solution is stressed. A study, using in particular EXAFS, gives us information about the gel leading to the films. Piezoelectric, dielectric and ferroelectric characterizations are also shown. Deposition by LAM is characterized by the formation of 1-100æm-thick films by impacting nanoparticles made of laser ablation of a microparticles aerosol. Pulsed laser deposition (on flat target) and the apparatuses used by LAM are described. First film depositions of active material (PZT and Terfenol-D) and their characterizations are studied
Young, Thomas. "Dépôts micro structurés pour la réalisation de capteurs d’activité hydrolytique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILN062.
Full textPhytase, an enzyme capable of sequential hydrolysis of phytic acid to lower phosphorylated inositols and phosphate, has been increasingly added to animal diets to optimize phosphorus uptake by monogastric animals and to reduce its presence in faeces and soils. In this respect, the ability to measure its activity is obviously of primary interest. However, to date there are very few methods available to easily measure phytase activity in industry. The main reasons are that current techniques are time consuming, not suitable for complex feed samples and use hazardous reagents.In this thesis project, we proposed to develop an innovative enzymatic sensor dedicated to the detection of phytase activities in complex samples using a label-free approach thanks to Zymoptiq's technology. Phytic acid, the substrate of phytase, possesses numerous negative charges that can interact with positively charged polymers such as chitosan to form complexes. This phenomenon is well known and documented in the literature and is the cornerstone of our sensor. Our sensor is based on the degradation of micro deposits-based on a network structure of enzyme-insensitive chitosan chains cross-linked with phytic acid- when incubated in the presence of phytase activity (FTU/mL).However, to ensure the stability of the micro deposit, a systematic study was carried out to better control and understand all the underlying phenomena related to the complexes assembly. This also allows us to tailor our sensor's sensitivity. Through intermediate versions, we have demonstrated the ability to measure the activity of both a pure phytase sample of 100 FTU/mL and a simulated complex feed sample with activities as low as 20 mFTU/mL. Finally, after characterizing the hydrolysis mechanism of phytic acid complexed with chitosan by phytase, this study has enabled us to propose an innovative, safe and time-saving method of measurement
Taleb, Bendiab Anis. "Micro-capteur optique pour la caractérisation des dépôts de pulvérisation en agriculture." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG030.
Full textThe use of phytosanitary products in agriculture raises serious questions given their harmful effects on the environment. Various levers can be considered to help farmers reduce the amount of pesticides they use. One of these levers consists in optimizing spraying yields, and therefore spraying better to spray less. It is in this context that this thesis work has been carried out. It aims at proving the feasibility of optical micro-sensors based on RIB waveguides, which will eventually allow a reliable and fast measurement of the spraying of inputs on the leaves of plants, so that it can be optimized. It is based on the hypothesis that the guidance through RIB waveguides will be modified following the deposition of droplets on their surface, via the absorption of part of the evanescent wave.RIB waveguides based on chalcogenide thin films whose design has been optimized by simulation have been realized. Their response to the deposition of water droplets (main constituent of pesticides) was then studied. Experiments carried out at wavelength = 1.55 µm, where the water absorption coefficient is 50 cm-1, confirmed the initial hypothesis. The deposition of droplets on the surface of a guide does indeed lead to a decrease in transmitted light intensity, a decrease all the more important as the volume and the number of drops are important, results in agreement with the simulations. Other experiments carried out between 1 and 2 µm allowed to study the spectral response at the output of the guide, and to observe again the effects of water droplet deposition, with the appearance of absorption bands characteristic of water at 1.45 and 1.9 µm. A multivariate analysis also allowed to establish a predictive model, allowing to go back to the volume of the deposited drops, with a precision of 0.36 µl.These initial results prove the feasibility of optical micro-sensors for droplet detection and make them a potential solution to help farmers optimize their spraying processes
Blin, Antoine. "Du transistor à la puce à ADN : détection électronique de l'hybridation en micro dépôts." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066230.
Full textArbeltier, Steven. "Optimisation de dépôts de LIPON par pulvérisation magnétron RadioFréquence pour la fabrication de micro-batteries. Modélisation de l'interaction plasma-surface." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS170/document.
Full textThe scale reduction of batteries is a real technological challenge for the near future. These micro-batteries, about ten micrometers thick, are used to supply the power for small sized systems. LIPON is one of the most suitable electrolytes considered for industrial scale production. It is deposited in thin-film by radiofrequency magnetron sputtering of Li₃PO₄ in nitrogen plasma. This thesis is focused on particles behavior in plasma and during deposition. Optical emission spectroscopy and electron density measurements have been performed, to provide data used as input or validation for several numerical models. The first model describes plasma kinetics in the magnetron reactor, as 0D global model, and helps to identify the main chemical species and important reactions. This information has been useful to define a simplified kinetics for the second model, 2D, dealing with the charged species behavior in the plasma and describing target sputtering by ion bombardment. It provides the sputtered areas, ion energy and impinging angle onto the target. These obtained results have been employed in a 3D model that simulates sputtered atoms transport from the target to the substrate and predicting the thin-film features. Some characteristics of the target during sputtering have been highlighted and confirmed by the direct comparison between numerical and experimental results
Landreau, Xavier. "Dépôts organosiliciés par torche plasma micro-onde à la pression atmosphérique : de l’échelle micrométrique à l’échelle nanométrique." Limoges, 2012. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/7a2a0494-b1c6-4568-a8c9-5c942593c419/blobholder:0/2012LIMO4033.pdf.
Full textA new open air CVD process assisted by a microwave axial injection torch (TIA) has been developed for the deposition of organosilicon coatings on monocristalline silicon substrates. Both main effects of deposition parameters and first-order interactions on the physical & chemical properties of the films have been investigated from a Rechtschaffner design of experiments (DOE). “Response equations” relating the responses with the deposition variables have been obtained. After the mathematical, graphical and statistical analysis of the results, several correlations settings/responses and response/response have been discussed and possible mechanisms that contribute to these relations have been suggested. These results have demonstrated that the substrate temperature plays a major role on the responses. Therafter the effects of the substrate temperature on the structural and microstructural properties of the coatings have been studied more in detail. That way, a thorough FTIR spectroscopy study has been performed through the deconvolution of the IR-absorption spectral curves into elementary profiles. This works has allowed to determinate the kind and the contribution of structural components and estimate the structural arrangement of the constituent atoms. In addition, results have been used to explicit growth mechanisms of the coatings. OES characterization of the plasma has corroborated the emitted assumptions. Finally we have reported on the first steps of a lab-on-chip building through the clickchemistry functionalization of self-organized networked SiOxHyCz nano-islands on Si(100) and Pt/Si(100) substrates patterned by nano-indentation
Naudin, Florence. "Dépôt chimique en phase vapeur de silice dans une post-décharge micro-onde de grand diamètre : paramètres de dépôts, propriétés des films, diagnostics et modélisation du milieu réactif." Limoges, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LIMO0012.
Full textYounis, Georges. "Modélisation électrique des décharges RF dans des mélanges N2O/He pour applications aux dépôts PECVD utilisés en micro-électronique." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30145.
Full textThis work of thesis is dedicated to the modelling of the electric and energetic behaviour of RF discharges at low pressure and temperature, in the N2O/He mixtures, under different voltages and pressures. A particle model based on the Monte Carlo technique coupled to the Poisson equation is developed to reach this target. Among the results of this model, one can mention, among others, the dissipated power, the electric field and potential, the distribution functions, the reaction coefficients and reaction rates, the deposited energy, the parameters of reaction and transport as well as the densities of the charged particles. In the pure N2O as in the N2O/He mixture, the roles of the different collisional process, on the equilibrium and the maintenance of the discharge, have been highlighted. We showed that the N2O/He discharge, at least until 85% of helium, behave as the one of the pure N2O but with electronic and ionic average energies that increase with the percentage of helium. The energetic study of the discharge is made with the help of a new technique of power calculation, based on the counting of the energies deposited in the medium after every collisional process
Combettes, Claire. "Découvrir et occuper un archipel : dynamique des relations des premiers habitants au Vanuatu avec le milieu naturel : étude palynologique de dépôts holocènes." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MNHN0003/document.
Full textThe first settlers reached the Remote Oceania (east of the Solomon Islands) quite recently, around 3000 yr BP. There are several hypotheses concerning the causes of these migrations, and environmental changes have to be taken into account in the settlement proceeding. The arrival of populations on pristine islands has an influence on the native fauna and flora, but landscape responses to human impact vary for each site examined. The aims of this research are to describe the human influence on the environment since the first migrations, to discriminate the climate impact, which causes theses migrations and the landscape modification during the late Holocene; then, to characterize the human behaviour and adaptation on pristine island. To answer this problem, two palustrine cores, collected in Efate Island (central Vanuatu) were studied: the Emaotfer Swamp and the Otas Lake.I have mainly used pollen and micro-charcoal analyses to reconstruct the arboreal and herbaceous vegetation found around the sites. I have also conducted of past temperatures and rainfalls reconstructions thanks to density probability functions. At the climatic level, these analyses highlight a warm and wet period until 3700 cal yr BP. Then, a increase in magnitude and number of El Niño events caused a drier environment. Between 1950 and 750-600 cal yr BP, the results reveal a more humid climate, associated with the decrease in El Niño frequency and magnitude. The climatic variations recorded by the Otas Lake and the Emaotfer Swamp vegetation show a new dry period after 750-600 cal yr BP, corresponding to the Little Ice Age.Lapita people reached Efate Island ca. 3000 cal yr BP under frequent and sustained El Niño events. During this period, easterly winds stopped and favoured eastward sail. These results support the hypothesis of eastward migrations under low trade winds. The first settlers were seafarers and fishers-gatherers, they had little impact on the environment. A new population settled the Emaotfer Swamp from 1500-1300 cal yr BP, developed medicinal, ceremonial and food plants cultivations and has probably practiced slash and burn agriculture. This group lived under humid climate, also more suitable to the development of horticulture. Our results show the adaptive capacity of populations to new environmental and climatic constraints. The complementary of the pollen and micro-charcoal analyses deliver rather complete information on the palaeoenvironment, the Human-climate-vegetation relations and the emergence of the human impact. For future researches, it will be necessary to obtain more information on the pollen rain for a maximum of taxa, the ecological needs of plant species and the specific climate parameters for each island, to develop a robust model of past landscapes, climates and land-use (project LandCover6k)
Assaf, Bassam. "Etude du dépôt de micro particules par thermophorèse pour un écoulement laminaire entre deux plaques planes parallèles." Nancy 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NAN10007.
Full textThis work is an experimental and theoretical contribution to the study of the deposits of microparticles by thermophoresis for a laminar flow between two parallel flat plates. After a theoretical approach of the phenomenon, we study in experiments the deposit of microparticles of sodium chloride generated by pulverization in air circulates between two flat plates separated by 0,005 m. The thermal gradient between the two plates is 26000 K. M-1. The air flow rate is chooses so that the flow is laminar. We propose three models (two analytical models and a numerical model) to estimate the thermophoretic efficiency of the particles deposit. With our operating conditions, the experimental efficiency is low, the values are compatible with the values estimated by the numerical model which represents better the thermohydraulics of the gas phase in the deposit zone
Edouard, Magali. "Dosimétrie pour la radiothérapie stéréotaxique par rayonnement synchrotron : D'une vision macroscopique aux considérations microscopiques des dépôts d'énergie." Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENS022.
Full textNumerous therapeutic strategies are currently being evaluated to find a curative treatment for high grade glioma. Among them, radiation therapy is partially effective but limited by the insufficient differential effect that can be reached between the dose delivered to the tumor compared to the one received by the healthy tissues. Synchrotron stereotactic radiotherapy aims at increasing this differential effect with a localized dose boost obtained by low energy x-rays stereotactic irradiations (< 100 keV) in presence of heavy elements restricted to the target area. This PhD work takes place in the general context of the future clinical trials foreseen at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The first objective was to optimize the dose delivery to the target, at a macroscopic scale. We have demonstrated in particular that an even number of weighted beams was required to homogenize the tumor dose distribution. Microdosimetry studies were then performed to evaluate the dose delivered at the cellular level, taking into account the fine high-Z element distribution. These theoretical results have been compared to in vitro studies. Cell survival studies were performed using either a 3D glioma model (spheroids) or cells irradiated in suspension in an iodinated medium
Edouard, Magali. "Dosimétrie pour la radiothérapie stéréotaxique par rayonnement synchrotron : d'une vision macroscopique aux considérations microscopiques des dépôts d'énergie." Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00512664.
Full textLaporte, Julie. "Etude et modélisation de l'endurance électrique de micro-contacts soumis à des sollicitations de fretting-usure : caractérisation de nouveaux dépôts base Argent." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEC034/document.
Full textAdvanced instrumentation in mechanical systems (aeronautical, automobile etc…) goes hand in hand with an ever increased use of electrical connectors. However, the unfavorable operating environment (chemical attack and vibrational loads) causes more or less severe degradation of electrical contacts, which in turn perturbs their electrical conductivity. Gold plating is usually applied in electrical contacts in order to limit damage and to ensure connector stability. However, economic constraints and the high cost of gold require cheaper alternatives. Amongst conductive metals, silver is the best candidate. Hence, the purpose of this PhD project is to investigate the electrical response and the degradation of silver coatings when subjected to fretting loadings. The study is divided into three main research axes. The first axis consists in realizing a complete study of a homogeneous silver/silver contact in order to identify the degradation mechanisms that are responsible for the electrical failure, both in fretting loadings and reciprocating sliding. It was possible to formalize a predictive model, using an energy density approach, allowing to extrapolate the lifetime of the contact as a function of various loading parameters. A complementary study also showed the impact of a corrosive sulfur atmosphere on these electric contacts. As part of the second research axis, an investigation of the tribological and electrical behavior of novel silver-based materials, solely synthesized as a gold replacement, was performed. The analysis of these homogeneous contacts allowed to explain the degradation mechanism and the mechanical behavior of these contacts when subjected to a wet environment. In the last research axis a study was led on the same silver-based materials but in a heterogenous configuration against a gold coating in order to identify the tribological and electrical behavior of these contacts when composed by materials with similar or opposite properties
Renaud, Lionel. "Réalisation d'alliages de surface par fusion laser de dépôts de Nickel et Nickel + Chrome sur acier doux : caractérisation micro structurale et électrochimique." Lyon, INSA, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990ISAL0082.
Full text[Surface alloys have been realized by laser melting of different per-deposits on a mild steel, using a high power carbon dioxide laser. Three types of coatings have used electron-less nickel (containing phosphorus), electron-less nickel containing chromium carbides and duplex coatings made of a nickel electron-less or electrolytic layer covered by a chromium one. Surface alloys of good qua1ity, without crack or porosity can be obtained with these deposits. A detailed micro structural study, using different characterization techniques, has been performed and revealed a fine dendrite micro-structure. Phosphorus, when present, was segregated in the inter dendrite spaces. The electro-chemical behavior of the obtained surface alloys has been tested in various saline solutions. With the first type of predeposit, surface alloys exhibited a carrosion resistance similar to that of electron-less nickel but with a much higher adherence with the substrate. The presence of chromium was expected to increase the corrosion resistance of surface alloys (especially passivation ability). With the second type of predeposit this increase was limited due to the low sol id solution chromium concentrations obtained. With the third type of predeposit the obtained surface alloys exhibited a high corrosion resistance, especially with electrolytic nickel coating. A simplified economical analysis allowed to evidence the main factors having an influence on the cost of the treatment. ]
Chafik, Khalid. "Etude thermodynamique et structurale de la formation des dépôts minces isolants sur silicium pour la micro-electronique. : Application au systeme NH3/Silicium monocristallin." Lyon, INSA, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ISAL0040.
Full text[Thin insulating films on silicium are of great interest for the fabrication of structures (namelly memories) used in microelectronics on silicon. Since the very beginning of the study of thin insulating layers deposition on silicon, several authors have paid attention to the chemical reactions that could occur during the layer formation. Generally, these studies have used models very far from a chemical reality. Th us, we have decided to investigate the formation of thin insulating layers from the point of view of the chemical reaction, and we have developed a thermodynamical and structural approach of the problem. Due to the vast number of chemical reagents which can be used to deposit insulating films on silicon, we have initially limited our study to the formation of silicon nitride on monocrystalline silicon (100)-(2xl) using ammonia NH3 and as the nitridation gas. We have developed a surface model taking into account both crystallographic considerations and classical thermodynamics computations. The model shows that the silicon surface is strongly modified, nor only on the first plane, but somewhat in the bulk : two planes of silicon contain Nitrogen. The model is in very good agreement with what has been observed experimentally in the literature. It also shows that the nitride growth cannot be homogeneous and that thus, the Prigogin model cannot be applied. We have completed and improved our model using computation programs which help determine the eventuality of chemical reactions by means of Gibbs free energy minimization. These computations confirm our initial results. They give more information concerning the species which are formed at high temperature. The validity of models amalgams ting structural and classical thermodynamics studies are discussed. ]
Diers, Mathieu. "Conception, étude et optimisation de nouvelles sources plasma à la résonance cyclotronique électronique. Application aux dépôts par voie chimique et par pulvérisation." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00782845.
Full textLeloup, Marine. "Etude expérimentale du comportement des aérosols et de leurs dépôts dans un élévateur à godets : impact sur la contamination croisée en alimentation animale." Phd thesis, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00731654.
Full textBourdoiseau, Jacques-André. "Rôle des espèces sulfures sur le comportement d’un acier non allié en milieu de stockage des déchets radioactifs de type C : interaction sulfures / produits de corrosion." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LAROS328/document.
Full textThis PhD work deals with the nuclear waste disposal. In France, it is envisaged byAndra (French national radioactive waste management agency) that high-level radioactivewastes will be confined in a glass matrix, stored in a stainless steel canister, it self placed in a carbon steel overpack. The wastes will then be stored at a depth of ~500 m in a deep geological repositery, drilled in a very stiff (indurated) clay (argillite) formation. The kineticsof corrosion expected for the overpack in this disposal concept are low and will stay low if the somehow protective rust layer that will develop initially on the steel surface remains undamaged. Local changes of the physico-chemical conditions may however degrade this layer and induce accelerated kinetics of corrosion. In particular, the growth of sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) close to the steel overpack cannot be excluded and the sulphid especies these micro-organisms produce may modify the corrosion process. The aim of this work was then to achieve a better understanding of the corrosion system constituted with steel, its rust layer mainly made of siderite FeCO3, and a sulphide-containing electrolyte.First, it proved necessary to characterise the iron sulphides involved in the corrosion processes by Raman micro-spectroscopy so as to study their formation and transformation mechanisms in various conditions of Fe(II) and S(-II) concentration, pH, temperature andaeration. It could be demonstrated that the Raman spectrum of mackinawite FeS, thecompound that precipitated in any case from dissolved Fe(II) and S(-II) species with the experimental conditions considered here, depended on the crystallinity and oxidation state.Moreover, the mechanisms of the oxidation of mackinawite into greigite Fe3S4 in acidicanoxic solutions at 80°C could be described. Finally, iron sulphides, often present on archaeological artefacts, could be identified using Raman micro-spectroscopy. The compounds present were mainly mackinawite and greigite.Secondly, to investigate the nature and properties of carbonated rust layers, carbonsteel electrodes were polarised anodically in NaHCO3 electrolytes continuously de-aerated byan argon flow. The experiments were performed at room temperature. The carbonated greenrust was observed to form at 0.003 and 0.1 mol L-1 NaHCO3 whereas FeCO3 was obtained atthe largest concentrations (0.5 and 1 mol L-1). Additional experiments were performed similarly in solutions of NaHCO3 and Na2SO4. Chukanovite, the Fe(II) hydroxycarbonate with formula Fe2(OH)2CO3, could be obtained in solutions containing 0.03 mol L-1 of eachsalt.Finally, interactions between sulphide species and corrosion products were studied.Siderite, goethite and lepidocrocite proved to be reactive towards sulphide. So, it seems clear that sulphide species produced by SRB should interact with the rust layer before to reach the metal underneath. Tests were performed with ferrous archaeological artefacts immersed 2months in anoxic sulphide-containing electrolytes to demonstrate it. The main effect of theimmersion was the formation of iron sulphide at the interface between the dense corrosion products layer, mainly constitute of siderite, and the transformed medium, where minerals ofthe soil are mixed with corrosion products. Sulphide species were not detected at the vicinityof the iron surface
Bou, Pierre. "Dépôt de diamant par CVD assistée par plasma micro-onde." Orléans, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ORLE2061.
Full textVérité, Marc. "Etude de dépots de ferrite pour dispositifs intégrés micro-ondes non réciproques." Limoges, 2002. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/88d2bfa0-11e2-4e82-a478-a02d532d3c37/blobholder:0/2002LIMO0026.pdf.
Full textDuring this thesis, barium hexaferrite thick films properties have been optimized. Films are realized by electron beam evaporation and the final goal is to make an integrated circulator functionning at 70 GHz. We have observed that the layers are crystallized when substrates temperature is equal to 700ʿC, with in-plane preferential orientation. Moreover, we have observed a pure BaFe12O19 phase or a mixture of phases : BaFe12O19 + BaFe2O4. All measured magnetic properties are acceptable for the application. We have also observed a preferential evaporation phenomenon. The solution consists to use a three beams evaporation system to evaporate separately barium oxide and iron oxide to control the iron on barium ratio. Finally, we have investigated the Thaguchi method
Duchanoy, Christophe. "Étude des phénomènes de transfert dans un procédé de micro-électrodéposition." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPL098N.
Full textDel, Puppo Hélène. "Dépôt chimique en phase vapeur d'oxyde de silicium dans une post-décharge micro-onde." Limoges, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIMO0177.
Full textBélaubre, Pascal. "Conception et réalisation d'un microsystème robotisé de dépôt de produits biologiques par microleviers en silicium pour l'élaboration de biopuces." Toulouse, INSA, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ISAT0023.
Full textBiochips allow to analyze thousands of samples (DNA, proteins) in hours and therefore to know which gene responds to the action of a certain molecule or takes part of a certain disease. Our work is focused on the design and fabrication of a miniaturized and robotized silicon-cantilever-based microsystem for biological sample deposition to elaborate biochips. After an overview of the different methods to fabricate biochips, we describe our goals. The association of a 50 nm precision positionning system and silicon micro-cantilevers was retained. The method is based on direct contact between those cantilevers and the biochip support. The deposition is made through capillary forces. The originality of our work relies on geometric dimensions (spots of a few microns in diameter), the use of minimal amount of biological samples (picoliters), enabling a lot of depositions with a single loading process. Another advantage relies on the mass production process of our cantilevers which makes our system particularly cost effective. Our study focuses on the checking of our approach on different aspects: a biological one showing our capability to realize DNA and proteins chips and deposit various liquids with a single cantilever; a mechanical one demonstrating our system's compatibility with micro- and nano-technologies (use of cantilevers, positioning and size). Then, the loading process of the cantilevers is highlighted: an electrowetting method is firstly used. Then dielectrophoresis which is well known to manipulate liquids is developped through the use of an electric field applied between aluminum passivated electrodes implemented along the cantilevers. Finally piezoresistors located along the cantilevers allow the detection of the contact with the support. Therefore we have an active control of both the loading process and the deposition process in order to waranty uniformity of contact force and contact time
Hidalgo, Hervé. "Dépôt chimique en phase vapeur de couches minces d'alumine dans une post-décharge micro-onde." Limoges, 2003. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/5bf66218-3817-4018-89e7-b6e3ca4d72a0/blobholder:0/2003LIMO0056.pdf.
Full textAlumina thin films were deposited on silicon substrate by chemical vapor deposition using an organometallic precursor (trimethylaluminium) introduced in the afterglow of oxygen microwave plasma. Columnar and oxygen over-stoichiometric films presented hydrogen content between 4 and 25 at. % which stabilized gamma alumina at the nanometric scale. An amorphous interphase (5 nm-thick) was detected at the substrate/coating interface. Parametrical study pointed out that lower pressure, higher substrate-holder RF bias and elevated substrate temperature improved the film quality. Correlations between the gas phase composition in radiative species and films properties were complex. Statistical tools were used in order to optimize the process. The influence of the most significant parameters (pressure, RF bias, temperature, substrate/injector distance) on the film properties was studied by mean of a response surface design of experiments. Finally, principal component analyses were conducted to identify quality markers in the gaseous phase
Rayar, Marius. "Dépôt assisté par plasma micro-onde de films diamants dopés au bore : procédé et diagnostics." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2006/50376_2006_104.pdf.
Full textSalem, Rania. "Modélisation des plasmas micro-ondes utilisés pour le dépôt de diamant intrinsèque ou dopé au bore." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCD013.
Full textThis thesis deals with modelling of high power density microware plasmas of H2/CH4 and H2/CH4/B2H6 mixtures used for growing intrinsic and boron-doped diamond films. The aim of this work is to establish chemical kinetic schemes in order to describe the gas phase composition and to manage limitations of physical models of high power density H2/CH4 and H2/CH4/B2H6 plasmas. This investigation relies on a numerical approach using different physical models (ID and 2D) as well as chemical models according to differents experimental parameters (pressures, power, gas composition). Comparisons are carried out with integrated densities of CH4, CH3, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, B2H6 and B measured by TDLAS and OES in order to validate the models. Significant discrepancies highlight limitation of ID approach for high power density whereas the use of a 2D fluid model (Fluent based) proposes better description of transport phenomena. The chemical analysis of H2/CH4, H2/B2H6 and H2/CH4/B2H6 MW plasmas also shows a limitation of the current kinetic schemes for a wide range of operating conditions. In particular C/B mechanisms do not reproduce the strong influence of methane addition on B. At least, a numerical study of spatial composition of boron species near the substrate is compared to experimental results on doping efficiency
Bec, Sandrine. "Micro-pyrolyse de couches minces de polymères précurseurs de céramiques." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 1992. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00151134.
Full textDans un premier temps, l'analyse du comportement de dépôts pyrolysés sous différentes atmosphères est effectuée avec un dispositif de micro-pyrolyse spécialement développé pour cette étude. Il permet d'observer en microscopie optique la surface du dépôt en continu pendant le traitement thermique. Nous mettons ainsi en évidence plusieurs phénomènes pendant le chauffage. En particulier, nous montrons que la fissuration des dépôts se produit pendant la montée en température, vers 580°C sous azote ou sous argon. Des caractérisations chimiques montrent que, dans ces conditions, les dépôts sont du type SiCNO avec une couche oxydée (SiO2) en surface (épaisseur 100 nm environ).
Des modélisations mécaniques issues de la littérature, puis la construction d'un modèle monodimensionnel simple nous permettent de décrire la fissuration et le décollement des dépôts de manière plus quantitative.
La dernière partie de ce travail consiste en la détermination des paramètres principaux qui gouvernent cette fissuration. La caractérisation mécanique des dépôts à différents stades de la transformation du précurseur est effectuée par nanodureté. Nous montrons que la fissuration des dépôts coïncide avec un brutal accroissement des propriétés mécaniques du matériau (dureté et module d'Young) entre 550°C et 650°C, couplé à une augmentation importante du retrait à ces températures. Nous en déduisons que la fissuration résulte de la transition polymère/céramique.
Bulou, Simon. "Dépôt de couches minces de SiCN par dépot chimique en phase vapeur assisté par plasma micro-onde : caractéristion du procédé et des films synthétisés dans un mélange N2/Ar/CH4/H2/hexaméthyldisilazane." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10107/document.
Full textThin films made of Si, C, and N exhibit promising properties such as high hardness or wide tunable bandgap. This study concerns the deposition of SiCN thin films by MPACVD, whose optical properties can be changed by varying experimental deposition conditions. A gaseous mixture made of N2/Ar/hexamethyldisilazane(HMDSN) allows the synthesis of hard and transparent coating. The deposited material is very close to those of amorphous hydrogenated silicon nitride, with rather low carbon content. Effects on the films of different experimental deposition parameters are explored. CH4 addition to the N2/Ar/HMDSN gaseous mixture does not widely modify the chemical composition but leads to denser and smoother layers. H2/Ar/HMDSN plasma instead of N2/Ar/HMDSN results in thin films with a high C content. Thin film composition is closed to SiCx:H with N content lower than 15 %. Refractive index is high (2.15) and band gap (3.5 eV) is closed to that of SiC material. Addition of a small quantity of N2 (5 %) to the gaseous mixture leads to a sharp atomic composition change. The deposited material is closed to SiNx:H and exhibits a refractive index of 1.95 and a bandgap of 4.5 eV. These large modifications could be related to Si-C cross-links density. This dramatic change is probably due to two combined effects. On one hand, carbon in gaseous phase reacts with nitrogen and produces stable products, in particular CN and HCN. On the other hand, Si preferentially links with N than with C what results in material close to silicon nitride. Wide modifications of SiCN thin films optical properties can thus be obtained by adding very low N2 flow in H2/Ar/HMDSN plasma
Quemper, Jean-Marie. "Croissance électrolytique sélective de métaux : application à la fabrication de micro-objets tridimensionnels." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112222.
Full textLauque, Pascal. "De la couche sensible au système :dépôt par plasma froid et capteurs de gaz." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00428567.
Full textAsad, Syed Salman. "Torche plasma micro-onde à la pression atmosphérique : application au dépôt de couches minces d'oxyde de silicium." Limoges, 2009. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/93aac550-eab7-4ab4-b1bd-62860d0c1b23/blobholder:0/2009LIMO4074.pdf.
Full textA new open air CVD process assisted by a microwave axial injection torch to deposit thin silicon oxide films has been developed. To obtain these films, in an environment and operator friendly manner, it was necessary to design and install the gas injection system and incorporate the torch in an open metallic chamber containing a mobile substrate holder, which in turn modifies the microwave-plasma energy transfer. Hence, a simulation study is carried out using CST microwave studio in order to optimize the torch parameters (waveguide length= 202 mm, base cavity depth= 13 mm) and the geometry (simple cylinder) around the torch to maximize and stabilize this energy transfer during the process. These results are confirmed by the experiments and helped improving the reactor design. Thin silicon oxide films are deposited using two different organometallic precursors (TMS, HMDSO). The parametric studies showed that transparent films at a relatively high deposition rate (450 nm. Min-1 for 1. 5 minutes) could be obtained in conditions: 500 W for microwave power, 3 10-4 L. Min-1 for precursor flow rate, 30 mm for torch to substrate distance and 15 L. Min-1 for total plasma flow (argon). A decrease in the net deposition rate from 1500 nm. Min-1 after 15 seconds to almost zero after 5 minutes and evolution of the film from transparent (< 1. 5 minutes) to powdery (> 1. 5 minutes) was observed. The increase in the substrate temperature during the process is identified to play an important role. The films and the gas phase are analyzed using different techniques allowing a simplistic vision of the possible mechanisms involved in the process
Brinza, Ovidiu. "Stratégies pour la croissance de cristaux de diamant par CVD assisté par plasma micro-onde." Paris 13, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA132005.
Full textThis study aims to optimize a CVD growth process for mono-crystalline diamond films and to develop tools suitable for the development of growth strategies. In a first stage, the observation of stabile {113} faces on our diamond crystals has motivated us to develop a 3D geometric growth model whose input parameters are the displacement speeds of {111}, {110} and {113} respectively, which are normalized to those of one the {100}faces ( denoted α, β and γ respectively). The validation of the proposed model was demonstrated through the experimental measurement of the growth speeds of {100}, {111}, {110} and {113} crystallographic orientations respectively, which depend on the growth conditions. However, with this tool a particular growth strategy can be developed, in order to obtain a specific morphology, or to increase particular surface planes of the growing crystals. As the diamond substrate used played an important role in the growth quality, a study concerning its pre-treatment and origin was carried out. It has been demonstrated that in order to obtain thick CVD diamond films, using high microwave power density, it is essential that the substrate be etched by a H2/O2 plasma. Furthermore, it has been proven that synthetic HPHT Ib substrates, despite having a high concentration of nitrogen, are well-suited to obtaining thick films as they have relatively few dislocations, including theirpolishing characteristics which are better than the currently available CVD substrates. Finally, solutions are proposed to limit the production cost of this material which is quite high. The first refers to using a pulsed-discharge which allows an increased deposition speed by almost 25%, reducing at the same time the average injected microwave power by 15%, as well as preserving a material quality equivalent to that obtained before. The second solution refers to introducing nitrogen in the gas phase, a well-known component for its capacity to considerably increase the growth speed. Moreover, the highlight of this study is that, at a high power density, there is a strong link between the deposition temperature and the nitrogen concentration; when the nitrogen concentration is increased, the growth mode evolves from a step-flow to a bi-dimensional mode
Boussadi, Amine. "Optimisation d'un procédé de dépôt plasma micro-onde pour l'élaboration de substrats de diamant fortement dopés au bore." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCD065/document.
Full textThe main objective of this PhD thesis is the optimization of diamond growth conditions in a MPACVD reactor in order to one hand, synthesize single crystal diamond films with low dislocation density, prerequisite to their use in the field of power electronics and on the other hand, synthesize thick intrinsic and boron doped monocrystalline diamond films (>100 microns) on (111)-oriented substrates, crystallographic orientation which is well known to promote twinning. In a first part, a process of inflection and confinement of the dislocations has been developed using (100) pyramidal shape substrates coupled with specific growth conditions. This innovative and original study open the way for the fabrication of single crystal diamond films with low defect density. In a second part, the effect of different growth parameters has been studied to optimize our growth process for (111) orientation. It was thus demonstrated the existence of a narrow window of growth parameters pressure, microwavepower, temperature and methane concentration which ensures a good trade-off between crystalline quality and growth rate, allowing the synthesis of heavily boron-doped diamond thick films on this specific orientation, thus opening the possibility of combining the n-type doping efficiency and achieving vertical bipolar components for applications in hightemperaturehigh-voltage electronics
Hallot, Maxime. "Micro-batteries tout solide en technologie Li-ion sur substrats Silicium planaires et tridimensionnels pour objets connectés." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1I115.
Full textMiniaturized sensors for Internet of Things (IoT) application is in expansion since the last 10 years. All solid-state lithium-ion battery is a promising candidate. Nevertheless, in spite of high technological readiness level, planar micro-batteries suffer from a lack of energy density meaning that it is necessary to develop new architectures to fullfill the performances requirements. 3D structures is needed for such application and this work is focused on the synthesis of positives electrodes with high storage capacity and high operating voltage by Atomic layer deposition (ALD). In the frame of this work,we will rely structurals and electrochemicals properties by differents characterisations techniques for batteries materials
Parrat, Didier. "Traitement de surface du PMMA par plasma micro-onde en post-décharge et réalisation d'un dépôt de collagène IV." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO10074.
Full textMohasseb, Francis. "Etude d'un procédé de dépôt de films de diamant nanocristallin par des plasmas micro-ondes de CH4/H2/Ar." Paris 13, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA132005.
Full textThouvenin, Amanda. "Dépôt et caractérisation de couches minces de SiCxNy.H par CVD assistée par plasma micro-ondes ECR avec précurseurs organosiliciés." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0196/document.
Full textSi, C and N based thin films are multifunctional materials with optical, electronical and mechanical properties showing great potential for photovoltaic and microelectronic applications and more. Those properties exhibit a strong dependency upon the structure of the thin film. Several goals were set for this thesis work: the development of a ECR microwave plasma assisted CVD deposition reactor using organosilicon precursors (hexamethyldisilazane or HMDSN and tetramethylsilane or TMS), the characterization of SiCN thin films deposited in this reactor, and the development of diagnosis tools suited for the analysis of the growing film. Two in situ characterization techniques have been developed. The interferential baseline extraction from FT-IR spectra enables the determination of thin film optical parameters (refractive index and thickness) in the infrared range. This diagnosis is applied as well with post-deposition analysis as with real time in situ control of the deposition process. Moreover, the development of a reflectometry diagnosis has allowed to monitor and control the deposition process in the visible range. Influence of substrate temperature, precursor flow and plasma power as well as thin film ageing has been studied. Those analyses have enabled the derivation of optimal deposition conditions leading to denser films with better oxidation resistance. Then, the variation of nitrogen concentration in the gaseous mixture has led to the synthesis of a wide variety of thin film compositions ranging from SiC to SiN like thin films with a large range of refractive index. Finally, using an innovative hybrid system coupling an ECR microwave plasma with the pulverization of a Si target, Si-richer thin films have been synthesized allowing for denser thin films with higher refractive indices owing to an increase in Si-C bonding
Frégnaux, Mathieu. "Élaboration et caractérisation de nanocristaux de sulfure de cadmium - dépôt en couches minces nanostructurées." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0284/document.
Full textTwo chemical methods are developed to synthesize cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanocrystals (NC) in bottom-up approach: (i) single-source precursor methodology and (ii) microwave synthetic route. These two growth techniques are complementary in the size range obtained and allow production of small NC (2.8 nm - 5.2 nm) in only (i) 120 min and (ii) some minutes. A joint technique characterization protocol is developed to study the synthesized NC. Mass spectrometry (MS) coupled to soft ionization sources allows to control the purity and stability of the precursors and to estimate the NC size and size distribution. These estimations are confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Comparison between SM and TEM results suggests that NC have (i) spherical and (ii) prolate shapes. X-ray diffraction reveals nanoparticle crystalline structure in (i) wurtzite and (ii) zinc blende symmetries. Room temperature optical spectrometry (absorption and photoluminescence - PL) evidences quantum confinement effects by the shift of the excitonic response as a function of the NC size, in the blue-UV spectral range. These results are consistent with the well-known empirical energy-size correspondence. For optoelectronic application purpose, thin film deposition of polymer (PMMA) containing CdS NC is initiated by spin coating. The previous characterization protocol, extended to techniques dedicated to thin film studies, shows that NC maintain their integrity and PL properties after inclusion in PMMA layer
Huang, Peihua. "On-chip micro-supercapacitors based on nano-structured carbon materials." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU30342.
Full textThe increasing number of functions in portable electronic devices requires more and more energy and power within a limited space. Li-ion thin film or so-called micro-batteries are the current solution for power supply. Drawbacks of these storage elements are poor power performance with limited life-span and temperature range. Carbon-based micro- supercapacitors, on the other hand, are able to deliver energy in short time, thus offering high power capability, to work at low temperature and they present an unlimited life-span. This thesis proposes several carbon-based micro-supercapacitors, to be integrated on a silicon substrate together with other electronics components or sensors. They are foreseen as a potential replacement or complement of Li-ion micro-batteries to enhance the total performance of the whole power source system. The thesis work is mainly focused on adapted materials and technologies for enabling micro-supercapacitors realization. Two types of on-chip micro-supercapacitors with planar interdigitated electrodes configuration were developed: one prepared from Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) and its combination of different carbon materials and different types of electrolytes, the other from patterned titanium or silicon carbide derived carbon film (TiC-CDC or SiC-CDC) on Si chip with different microfabrication techniques. Onion like carbon-based micro-supercapacitor by EPD shows high power delivery (scan rate up to 100V/s) in organic electrolyte, and high temperature range (-50 °C - 80 °C) in a eutectic mixture of ionic liquids. Different techniques for patterning carbide films have been developed to fabricate a CDC based micro- supercapacitor: reactive ion etching (RIE) or focused ion beam (FIB). TiC-CDC film based micro-supercapacitors show promising preliminary results. The developed technologies pave the way to a full and effective integration of micro-size energy storage devices on-chip
Kouakou, Ahoutou Paul. "Synthèse de films minces de CNx et de SiCN par dépôt chimique en phase vapeur assisté par plasma micro-onde et par dépôt physique en phase vapeur assisté par pulvérisation magnétron réactive." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NAN10018/document.
Full textThis thesis contributes to the study of the synthesis of CNx and SiCN thin films by Microwave Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition (MPACVD) and by reactive magnetron sputtering assisted Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD). The study on this subject has begun since the prediction of the existence of a material, particularly the ß-C3N4 phase that could have properties close to those of diamond. The main object of this thesis is to study the growth mechanisms of these thin films in order to optimize their synthesis. The work was divided into 5 chapters. A state of the art made on these types of materials enabled us to show that they have many potential applications. An in-situ study of the microwave discharge in the gas mixture N2/CH4 was systematically carried out according to the experimental parameters, namely, the microwave power, the gas pressure, the total flow rate, the gas percentage, by Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES). It permits us to observe a maximum reactivity of the discharge at 4% CH4. The films were also realised according to the experimental parameters. This study permits us to show that the methane percentage should be less or equal to 4 % in order to avoid the formation of carbon balls on the surface of obtained films. The micrographs obtained by scanning and transmission electron microscopy show that films are made of nanocristallites with size varying between 20 and 70 nm. A structural study carried out by X-Ray Diffraction, coupled with Electronic Diffraction has shown that the films are probably made of a mixture of ß-C3N4, c-C3N4 and c-SiCN phases. We then studied the microwave discharge in pulsed mode according to the pulse parameters namely, the duty cycle, the frequency and the post-discharge duration. We found more important etching of the film beyond a frequency of 700 Hz. In the fourth chapter, we proposed growth mechanisms of the films and found the role of the silicon in deposition process. This study has enabled us to clearly understand that the silicon in the films comes from the etching of the silicon by the plasma species. The silicon acts as a catalyst and promotes the incorporation of nitrogen in the films. It also helps to stabilize the C3N4 phases. Finally, amorphous SiCN thin films depositing by PVD with silicon and carbon target have been studied. Unlike metallic target, the sputtering of carbon target is easier when it is nitride. The SiCN film deposition rate increases with the nitrogen flow rate without substrate polarization while it decreases very quickly when the substrate is biased because of the re-sputtering of the deposited film as a result of ion bombardment. The substrate biasing promotes formation of strong C=N types bonds observed by Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Nanoscratch tests realised on films deposited on different kinds of under-layers have shown that the SiNx under-layer is most appropriate to get a better SiCN film adhesion on the WC-Co substrate
Khallaayoune, Jamal. "Dépot d'oxyde de silicium aplanissant par plasma multipolaire micro-onde à résonance cyclotronique électronique répartie." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992GRE10153.
Full textPorthault, Hélène. "Étude de nouvelles voies de dépôt du matériau d'électrode positive LiCoO2 pour la réalisation de micro-accumulateurs 3D à haute capacité surfacique." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112185/document.
Full textThe miniaturization of electronic systems is today a main topic of research and requires an important evolution of energy sources. All solid state micro-batteries are a perfectly adapted solution for this need. However, their specific capacity is limited to 50-200 µAh.cm-2 due to the difficulty to use films of active materials thickness over than 5 µm. One of the answers to enhance micro-batteries specific capacity is to deposit materials on textured substrate. Nevertheless, classical vacuum deposition techniques are not adapted to deposit conformal thin films on such surfaces because of shadow effects. The aim of this PhD-work was to develop new synthesis routes to realize 3D all solid state micro-batteries. Two chemical synthesis routes were studied: the sol-gel method and the electrodeposition under hydrothermal conditions. The sol-gel synthesis was not efficient to realize conformal and dense films. However, this technique was very effective to obtain rhombohedra LiCoO2 powders with high specific surface, without grinding step, at moderate temperature (600-700°C). The electrodeposition under hydrothermal conditions was very promising, both for its high deposition rate (up to 300 nm.mn-1) and its low synthesis temperature (from 125°C) without any annealing. The synthesized films exhibited excellent electrochemical performances in liquid electrolyte and a conformity higher than 97 % on textured substrates
Hellala, Nesrine. "Synthèse et caractérisation chimique de cristaux et films de diamant par dépôt chimique en phase vapeur assisté par plasma micro-ondes." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPL075N/document.
Full textThe aim of this work was to investigate chemical characterization of diamond crystals and films elaborated by microwave plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition on silicon. This study was focused on a pluri-technique approach founded on the spectroscopic techniques. Raman spectroscopy, XPS spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy have provided essential and additional information about physico-chemical and structural properties of diamond deposits according to a various synthesis parameters. As examples, a new electronic transition was observed for hydrogen-terminated diamond surface films. This transition presents a surface gap at 2,7 eV provided by a resonant Raman. Anisotropic internal stresses were observed for films presenting a fiber axis <110> and for isolated twinned crystals presenting a secondary nucleation
Dufour, Renaud. "Conception et caractérisation de surfaces flexibles superomniphobes : phénomène d'hystérésis et dépôt contrôlé de nano-volumes." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10087/document.
Full textOn a superhydrophobic surface, water drops rebound and roll off due to trapping of air pockets between micro or nano structures (“Fakir” state). However, the same surface is inefficient toward alcohol drops which spread in the asperities.In order to extend the superhydrophobic effect to a wide range of liquids, it is necessary to design microstuctures with a “re-entrant” geometry. These surfaces are then called superomniphobic. In a first time, we present two microfabrication processes enabling to obtain such surfaces in polymer, or in polymer and silicon nitride. In a second time, we study the adhesion properties (contact angle hysteresis) as a function of microstructures geometrical parameters. The results point out a saturation effect which is not described by actual models. In order to better understand the underlying physical mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon, we present an experiment enabling to visualize the liquid interface deformation on these surfaces. Measurements show that dewetting occurs through the formation of micro capillary bridges. By analyzing the instability modes of these liquid bridges, we show that it is possible to qualitatively demonstrate the observed saturation effect. The experiments also point out the presence of nano-scale liquid volumes on the micro-structures resulting from de-wetting of the surface. The heterogeneities of these deposits is correlated to the triple line dynamic. The phenomenon presents interesting perspectives for the controlled and passive deposition of colloids or bio-materials
Derkaoui, Nadira. "Etude des plasmas micro-ondes à haute densité de puissance en systèmes H₂-CH₄ et H₂-CH₄-B₂H₆." Paris 13, 2012. http://scbd-sto.univ-paris13.fr/intranet/edgalilee_th_2012_derkaoui.pdf.
Full textThis thesis deals with high power density microwave plasmas of H₂/CH₄and H₂/CH₄ et H₂/CH₄/B₂H₆ mixtures used for growing intrinsic and boron-doped diamond films. The aim of this work is to understand phenomena occurring in the plasma phase and near the plasma/surface interface for high power and high pressure (high power density) in order to overcome the technological limits of the reactors in terms of growth rates for constant quality (in particular purity) and deposition area. This study is based on an approach coupling experiments and modeling that allows, on the one hand the description of the plasma physics and on the other hand, the validation of a 1D model previously developed at LSPM and adapted to the new reactor geometry that has been used for high power density conditions. Evolutions of electron, hydrogen and methyl densities as well as the gas and electronic temperatures are analyzed in relation to process parameters (flow rate, power, pressure, CH₄ %. . . ). Experimental measurements are carried out by actinometry, OES and microwave interferometry and are completed by TALIF. On the whole, comparisons between model and experiments are in good agreement but some limits of the model have been highlighted, e. G. Ionization processes. Moreover, a quasi linear relation has been established between the single diamond growth rate and the hydrogen density of the plasma. Finally, a kinetic scheme for H₂-CH₄-B₂H₆ plasmas is implemented in the 1D model, taking into account 21 reactions and 7 boron containing species, in order to study boron-doped diamond processes
Porthault, Helene. "Étude de nouvelles voies de dépôt du matériau d'électrode positive LiCoO2 pour la réalisation de micro-accumulateurs 3D à haute capacité surfacique." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00658071.
Full textDamiani, David. "Interaction laser-materiaux : applications au dépôt de couches minces supra-conductrices à haute température critique et au micro-usinage de divers materiaux." Limoges, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LIMO0125.
Full textAnger, Eric. "Elaboration de couches minces de diamant par dépôt chimique en phase gazeuse assisté par plasma micro-onde : Application à la réalisation de membranes." Paris 13, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA132043.
Full textLe, Berre Maël. "Dépôt de matière et formation de motifs sur une surface solide : Méthodes microfluidiques, Contrôle par forces capillaires et Génération de vésicules géantes." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00388698.
Full textDans la première partie du manuscrit, nous présentons une méthode originale, la micro-aspiration, permettant de réaliser des assemblages réversibles de canaux microfluidiques sur un substrat et servir à guider les liquides. Nous avons étudié les propriétés de ces systèmes avec des modèles physiques simples et appliqué ces phénomènes à la micromanipulation de liquides, le dépôt de protéines à diverses concentrations sur un substrat, la fabrication de motifs de polymères, nanoparticules, gels, etc.
Dans la seconde partie, nous avons exploré des nouvelles méthodes de dépôt de films de phospholipides multicouches sur des substrats solides et les avons appliqués à la fabrication de vésicules unilamellaires géantes de taille contrôlée. Tout d'abord, l'adaptation de techniques conventionnelles (micro-contact printing, moulage, etc.) a permis d'obtenir des motifs de phospholipides de taille micrométrique. Les dépôts ont ensuite été réalisés par retrait d'un ménisque en situation d'évaporation (assemblage capillaire). Nous avons identifié deux régimes de dépôt en fonction de l'importance relative des forces visqueuses et de l'évaporation, permettant un contrôle de l'épaisseur du film jusqu'à 200 nm à la bicouche près. L'émergence d'instabilités de mouillage ou le guidage sur micro-structures ont permis en outre de réaliser des motifs variés. En utilisant des substrats comme électrodes, ces différents niveaux d'organisation ont permis d'obtenir par électroformation des vésicules unilamellaires géantes de taille contrôlée. L'ensemble de ces travaux ouvre de nouvelles voies à la réalisation de surfaces et de motifs micrométriques d'intérêt biologique.
Belaubre, Pascal. "Conception et réalisation d'un microsystème robotisé de dépôt de liquide biologiques par microleviers en silicium pour l'élaboration de biopuces." Phd thesis, INSA de Toulouse, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004456.
Full textAprès un descriptif détaillé des différentes techniques pour fabriquer des biopuces, nous expliquons notre démarche et nos objectifs. La combinaison d'une plate-forme de positionnement ayant une précision de 50nm et de micro-leviers en silicium est retenue.
La méthode de fabrication est basée sur l'utilisation de ces micro-leviers en silicium et la mise en place d'une technique de dépôt par contact direct entre ces outils et le support de la biopuce. Le dépôt s'effectue par capillarité. L'originalité de notre travail repose sur les dimensions géométriques (dépôts de quelques microns en diamètre), sur l'utilisation de volumes très faibles (quelques picolitres) donc la réalisation de nombreux spots avec un seul chargement de levier. Un autre avantage réside
dans le fait qu'il est possible de produire ces leviers en masse, à faible coût en utilisant une technique de réalisation très simple.
L'étude se poursuit sur la validation de cette approche suivant différents aspects: un aspect biologique démontrant la possibilité de réaliser des puces à ADN et à protéines et de déposer différents produits avec un seul et même levier; un aspect mécanique démontrant la compatibilité de notre approche avec les micro- et nano-technologies (utilisation des micro-leviers, positionnement et taille).
Puis, le problème du chargement des microleviers est traité: une technique d'électromouillage est tout d'abord utilisée mais son efficacité reste limitée. Elle évolue vers la diélectrophorèse, technique connue pour permettre de transporter des liquides en modifiant l'équilibre des charges, où l'application du champ électrique se fait par des électrodes en aluminium passivées placées le long des leviers. Enfin, l'intégration de piézorésistances sur les leviers permet de détecter le contact avec le support. Ainsi, après le contrôle actif du chargement, on peut réaliser un contrôle actif du dépôt, en garantissant une uniformité dans la force d'appui et le temps de contact.