Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Micro-extraction'
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Zill-E-Huma, Huma. "Hydrodiffusion assistée par micro-ondes : nouvelle technique d'éco-extraction." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00547428.
Full textZill-e-Huma, Huma. "Hydrodiffusion assistée par micro-ondes : nouvelle technique d'éco-extraction." Thesis, Avignon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AVIG0239/document.
Full textL'hydrodiffusion générée par micro-ondes est une nouvelle technique d'extraction mise au point au sein de l'Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse. Ce procédé est une combinaison entre une technique traditionnelle et une technologie innovante. En effet, le chauffage par micro-ondes a permis d'initier et de générer le transfert de matière et de chaleur de l"intérieur des matrices végétales (oignons) vers l'extérieur et de réduire de façon considérable les temps d'extraction des antioxydants sans aucune intervention de solvant. A titre de comparaison, les polyphénols de différentes variétés d'oignons ont été extraits par l'hydrodiffusion générée par micro-ondes et par la technique conventionnelle, l'extraction par solvant. Les rendements obtenus par micro-ondes sont presque identiques à ceux obtenus à l'aide d’un solvant alors que les temps d'extraction sont réduits. La capacité antioxydante des extraits micro-ondes est supérieure à celle obtenue par technique conventionelle. Ce qui présage des potentialités d'application dans le domaine agroalimentaire en particulier pour la valorisation des co-produits. Une étude cinétique de l'extraction, ainsi qu'une observation au microscope optique(cytologie) des matrices traitées soumises aux micro-ondes et au solvant ont mis en évidence la spécificité de l'extraction sans solvant assistée par micro-ondes au niveau des mécanismes de libération et d'extraction des molécules antioxydantes au sein du végétal. L'effet des micro-ondes a pour conséquence une libération plus rapide des principes actifs contenue dans la plante grâce à l'ouverture quasi instantanée des glandes et l'explosion des cellules. L'explication de la différence de composition chimique entre les procédés d'extraction par solvant et par micro-ondes pourrait être basée principalement sur des phénomènes de solubilité, de polarisation diélectrique ainsi qu'un transfert de matière et de chaleur inversé
Gaetano, Yannick de. "Nouveaux systèmes complexants sélectifs d'ions métalliques supportés." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10029/document.
Full textThe aim of the present work is dedicated to the valorization of calix[4]arene derivatives as transition-metal selective extraction agents, immobilized onto natural polymers (cellulose) or artificial (polystyrenic resins). We have elaborated a multi-step synthesis strategy, allowing the introduction of bipyridine units (2 or 3) on the lower rim and the incorporation of an amine spacer arm dedicated to grafting. Metal/Ligand stoechiometries studies in solution were undertaken by UV-Visible spectroscopy.Then, the ligands obtained were grafted onto PS-DVB resins functionnalized with aldehyde groups (Wang) or cholomethylene groups (Merrifield), and onto natural polymer (cotton). The grafting rates were determined by UV-Visible spectroscopy and ionic chromatography. Their extractive capacities were studied in aqueous/organic media, firstly for monometallic solutions then for more complex mixtures.The last part of our work was dedicated to the separation of a ternary mixture Ag/Zn/Pb, which could have an economic interest. A solid-liquid extraction process was developped, integrating recyclability and stability studies. The effective separation of these 3 metal ions was proved
Fogle, Orelle Ryan. "Human Micro-Range/Micro-Doppler Signature Extraction, Association, and Statistical Characterization for High-Resolution Radar." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1307733951.
Full textDejoye, Céline. "Eco-extraction et analyse de lipides de micro-algues pour la production d'algo-carburant." Thesis, Avignon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AVIG0251/document.
Full textThe biodiversity of microalgae is a real potential for research and industry. Compared to terrestrial plants, they are a promising route for biofuels. Still, a number of technological locks is to lift as the the algal oil extraction. The objective of this thesis has consisted of innovation and development of new methodologies, so-called “green” extraction of lipid of microalgae for biofuel application.The first part of this manuscript proposes an alternative to the use of petrochemical solvents (n-hexane) extraction of lipids on a dry biomass with terpene solvents from plant origin.These encouraging results have allowed in a second part of move towards the development of a technique for the extraction of lipids of wet microalgae (80% of humidity) by terpene solvents; the SDEP (Simultaneous Distillation and Extraction Process).To accelerate the process of extraction, in the third and final part of this work the microwaves have allowed to intensify this process. Microwave allow a fast heating of water surrounding and contained in cells thus implying a rapid release of the cell contents into the environment. Our work consisted in the intensification and optimization of the extraction technique (SDEP) intended for the extraction of lipids from wet microalgae: SDEP assisted by microwaves. The apparatus allows rapid and non-destructive extractions that can be generalizable for different species of microalgae discussed in this third part
Fouard, Céline. "Extraction de paramètres morphométriques pour l'étude du réseau micro-vasculaire cérébral." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00308884.
Full textClemente, Carmine. "Advanced high resolution methods for radar imaging and micro-Doppler signature extraction." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2013. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18909.
Full textLang, Susann-Cathrin. "Bioavailability of HOCs in marine sediments : application of solid phase micro-extraction." Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.731775.
Full textLetellier, Muriel. "Extraction assistée par micro-ondes de contaminants organiques dans les matrices environnementales." Bordeaux 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR10623.
Full textChavali, Gautam Krishna, Sai Kumar N. V. Bhavaraju, Tushal Adusumilli, and VenuGopal Puripanda. "Micro-Expression Extraction For Lie Detection Using Eulerian Video (Motion and Color) Magnication." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för tillämpad signalbehandling, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-3467.
Full textThis thesis uses a magnification technique to magnify the subtle, faint and spontaneous facial muscle movements or more precisely, micro-expressions. This magnification would help a system in classifying them and estimating the emotion behind them. This technique additionally magnifies the color changes, which could be used to extract the pulse without a physical contact with the subject. The results are presented in a GUI.
Gautam: +46(0)739528573, +91-9701534064 Tushal: +46(0)723219833, +91-9000242241 Venu: +46(0)734780266, +91-9298653191 Sai: +91-9989410111
Michel, Thomas. "Nouvelles méthodologies d'extraction, de fractionnement et d'identification : application aux molécules bioactives de l'argousier (Hippophae rhamnoides)." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00677211.
Full textLucchesi, Marie-Elisabeth. "Extraction Sans Solvant Assistée par Micro-ondesConception et Application à l'extraction des huiles essentielles." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00118895.
Full textA titre de comparaison, les huiles essentielles de plantes aromatiques fraîches et d'épices sèches ont été extraites par l'ESSAM et par une technique plus traditionnelle l'HD. Concernant les plantes aromatiques fraîches, les rendements sont identiques à ceux obtenus en HD et les temps d'extraction sont divisés par sept. Pour les épices, les rendements sont meilleurs en HD. La fraction en composés oxygénés, réputée pour être la plus valorisable au niveau olfactif, a une teneur toujours supérieure en utilisant l'ESSAM.
L'observation au Microscope Electronique à Balayage (MEB) des végétaux (feuilles ou graines) soumis à l'ESSAM et à l'HD a mis en évidence la spécificité de l'ESSAM au niveau des mécanismes de libération et d'extraction des molécules aromatiques au sein du végétal. L'effet des micro-ondes a pour conséquence une libération plus rapide de l'huile essentielle contenue dans la plante grâce à l'ouverture quasi instantanée des glandes et poils sécréteurs. L'explication de la différence de composition chimique entre les procédés d'extraction par HD et par ESSAM pourrait être basée principalement sur des phénomènes de solubilité.
CEYLAN, OZCAN. "ELECTROCHEMICALLY-AIDED CONTROL OF SOLID PHASE MICRO-EXTRACTION (EASPME) USING CONDUCTING POLYMER COATED FIBER." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1069853643.
Full textNagtegaele, Patrice. "Micro-résonateurs circulaires à base de polymère pour fonctions d'insertion-extraction en télécommunications optiques." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005DENS0001.
Full textHigh speed optical switching, modulation, wavelength multiplexing and filtering are becoming increasingly vital functions to realize fiber optic access networks that provide high bandwidth telecommunication services to the home or building. By using existing integrated optics microresonator technology and organic electro optic materials, large scale photonic integration of active functions is feasible. A new generation of integrated optics technology will be developed into robust densely integrated active photonic platform and eventually lead to the demonstration of low power, highly manufacturable and hence low cost multiwavelength transceivers for access networks. For the engineering of optical subsystems, two different approaches, both based on electro optic polymer microresonators vertically coupled to add drop waveguides, have been investigated and implemented. The first approach uses the hybrid integration of inorganic waveguides coupled to electro optic polymer microresonators whereas the second design associates polymer waveguides and microresonators. Using these approaches, we have designed and realized working microresonator prototypes used as mux/demux, high speed switches or modulators
Angoy, Alice. "Eco-extraction par micro-ondes couplée à un champ centrifuge Development of microwave-assisted dynamic extraction by combination with centrifugal force for polyphenols extraction from lettuce Microwave technology for food applications." Thesis, Avignon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AVIG0274.
Full textCurrent environmental concerns such as the depletion of fossil fuels, the emission of greenhouse gases or global warming are forcing industry to reduce their impact on the environment and to be part of a greener approach. In the field of extraction, this has led, for some years now, to the development of innovative techniques to replace current processes using petroleum-based and energy-intensive solvents. The aim of this thesis was therefore to research and develop a new green extraction process for plant products, thanks to the combination of a thermal effect (microwave heating) and an effect mechanical (centrifugal force). The extraction is carried out directly on the fresh vegetable matrix, the intracellular water of the plant acting as the extracting solvent.The first part of this manuscript will present the experimental pilot at the semi-industrial scale combining microwaves and centrifugation and its potential adaptation for the field of green extraction.In the second part, the tests carried out using this pilot have been described for the extraction of selected secondary metabolites. The results, obtained on “model” products such as salad and orange peel, highlight that this pilot is operational for the extraction of certain micronutrients. In addition, the use of a centrifugation combined with the application of microwaves makes it possible to intensify the extraction yield and a saving of time. Nevertheless, questions about the understanding of the aeraulic system and the distribution of the temperature field during extraction are raised to fully control all extraction parameters.Finally, this process appears as a real innovation in the field of extraction and is very promising because it
Lucchesi, Marie Elisabeth. "Extraction sans solvant assistée par micro-ondes : conception et application à l'extraction des huiles essentielles." La Réunion, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00118895/fr/.
Full textSolvent-Free Microwave Extraction (SFME) is a new extraction process developed at thé Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments of Université de La Réunion. SFME is a combination of traditional extraction technique and an innovative technology, microwave heating. When we compared SFME and HD oil extraction on aromatic herbs and spices, we found that, herb extraction times from leaves are greatly reduced (up to seven times less) using SFME, spice yields are higher using HD. However, substantially higher amounts of oxygenated compounds, thé most valuable in terms of fragrance, are présent in thé essential oils extracted by SFME when compared with HD. Scanning Electronic Microscope techniques showed that using microwaves contributes to an almost instantaneous release of essential oils from thé glandular hairs and cells. Différence in essential oil composition between ESSAM and HD could be explained by solubility phenomena
Guéhenneux, Gaëlle. "Etude des composés organiques semi-volatils en milieux extrêmes par micro-extraction en phase solide." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GRE10161.
Full textFarhat, Asma. "Vapo-diffusion assistée par micro-ondes : conception, optimisation et application." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00547809.
Full textAhmadi, Svensson Mozhgan. "Sampling and Analysis of Tars by Means of Photo Ionization Detection and Solid Phase Micro Extraction." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Kemisk apparatteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-131115.
Full textQC 20131009
Sicaire, Anne-Gaëlle. "Solvants alternatifs et techniques innovantes pour l'éco-extraction des huiles végétales à partir de graines oléagineuses." Thesis, Avignon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AVIG0260.
Full textIn recent years, the growing interest in environmental considerations and process safety raises the issue of the use of non-renewable petrochemical harmful solvents such as hexane, but also the amount of energy invested in the process of oilseed crushing. The objective of this thesis has consisted in the research and development of green extraction processes of vegetable oil from oil seeds through innovative technologies (ultrasonic and microwave) and alternative solvents more respectful of health and environment. The first part of this manuscript describes the optimization with ultrasound of the extraction process, using hexane, of oil from rapeseed cake. Although ultrasound have a positive impact on extraction yield, extraction time and solvent consumption, the use of hexane remains questionable. In the second part, substituting hexane by "green" alternative solvents has been considered. A first experimental approach was supplemented by a predictive approach through the use of decision tools: Hansen solubility parameters and COSMO-RS model. This led to the selection of a solvent, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, for conducting a comprehensive study from laboratory to pilot scale. In a third and final part, the combination of alternative solvents with an innovative technology, microwaves, for the extraction of oil from rapeseed cake was investigated. This study highlighted the benefit of microwaves in the case of a selective heating between biomass and solvent
Hansson, Helena. "A Novel Miniaturised Dynamic Hollow-Fibre Liquid-Phase Micro-Extraction Method for Xenobiotics in Human Plasma Samples." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för analytisk kemi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-41742.
Full textAt the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript.
Komaty, Sarah. "Extraction de métabolites du lichen "Pseudevernia furfuracea" via la technologie des liquides ioniques sous irradiation micro-onde." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S166.
Full textLichens are symbiotic organisms constituted of fungus (mycobiont) associated to algae and/or cyanobacteria (photobiont). Their secondary metabolites are original molecules belonging to the group of depsides, depsidones, dibenzofurans. Lichens presented special interest for cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry due to their antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and UV filter properties. In this work we focused our study on Pseudevenia furfuracea lichen, which is intensively used as a raw material in perfumery and cosmetics (1900 tons/year), due to its large availability in nature as well as possessing various secondary metabolites. In this work we presented extraction of the secondary metabolites using a selective and innovative solventfree method in shorter extraction time in comparison to the conventional extraction methods requiring under reflux of large quantities of solvents with longer times for extraction. The proposed method is based on the use of microwave irradiation for extraction (MIE) associated to (or not) appropriate ionic liquids. Two kinds of hydrophilic or hydrophobic imidazolium- and pyridinium-based ionic liquids (ILs) were synthesized. Three different methods of grinding for lichen were used, leading to different particle size and the crushed products were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Heating optimization of MIE was performed during 15 min at optimal temperature (75 °C) (instead of 24 h under conventional heating). A comparative study of extraction rates between MIE and extraction with conventional heating was realized with a CAMAG® spectrodensitometer and results of analysis showed that MIE is efficient in most of the studied cases. The use of ionic liquids showed selectivity for extraction and it depended on the structure of ILs and also intermolecular interactions between ILs and extracted substances.Effect of each ionic liquid on the degradation of one of the secondary metabolites, atranorin, was also been studied. In addition, interactions between IL and the surface of the lichen surface were studied by measurements of the angle of contact and by Brunauer Emett and Teller measurements. Scale-up for extraction was carried out to investigate the reproducibility of the method and the possibility of reuse of the ionic liquid
Schneider, Mark S. "Analysis of Organic Pollutants by Micro Scale Liquid-Liquid Extraction and On-column Large Volume Injection Gas Chromatography." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46329.
Full textMaster of Science
Jajuli, Maizatul Najwa. "Extraction liquid-liquide modulée électrochimiquement et microextraction en phase solide de composés pharmaceutiques sélectionnés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0127.
Full textConventional sample preparation methods for the determination of polar compounds such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid phase extraction (SPE) are generally not effective because of their multiple steps, low recovery and high consumption of organic solvents. Thus, this thesis deals with the development of new sample preparation methods, i.e, electrochemically modulated liquid-liquid extraction (EMLLE) and bar-micro solid phase extraction (bar-μ-SPE) to determine selected pharmaceutical compounds, i.e., metformin (MET), buformin (BUF), phenformin (PHEN), and propranolol (PROP) having varied lipophilicity in biological samples. In the EMLLE method, the aid of electric field was utilized to extract the pharmaceutical compounds across the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES). ITIES formed when two bulk solvents aqueous phase (lithium chloride) and organic phase (I,2-dichloroethane), both containing electrolytes are brought into contact. Transfer potential for each analyte was analysed by voltammetry. The trend of transfer potential followed their lipophilicity; propranolol < phenformin < phenyl biguanide < metformin. Extraction of the analytes was performed by applying fixed potential to the biphasic system using potentiostat for 15 mins. The extraction performance was poor. Design of another ITIES cell and imposing interfacial potential by chemical polarization was done to enhance the extraction performance of this method. Thus, the EMLLE technique based on application of interfacial potential due to the presence of different concentrations of tetramethylammonium ion (TMA+) as common ion in each phase was studied. The optimum extraction conditions for this method are, [TMA+]o = 10 mM, [TMA+]w = 0.001 mM, Vorg = 2 mL, pHsample = 9, rotation speed = 900 rpm, extraction time = 600 s. The optimised parameters for back-extraction are: [TMA+]back = 50 mM, Vfinal = 0.1 mL, pHback = 2 . Nearly 100 % extraction of targeted analytes was achieved, and the enrichment factor obtained was up to ~ 60 for biguanide compounds. In the bar-μ -SPE method, adsorbent and a tiny metal rod was placed in a polypropylene membrane bag. Among the various adsorbents studied, graphene and zeolite showed some potential. Thus, extraction conditions were optimised for each adsorbent and adsorbent mixture. Despite the optimisations, the extraction was low (5.03-39.2 %). Nevertheless, enrichment factors of 1.49 -14.9 were obtained. Both proposed methods were applied to the determination of the analytes in urine. On the whole, the newly proposed methods are simple and markedly reduced consumption of organic solvents
Larroque, Virginie. "Développement d'une méthode de micro-extraction sur phase solide pour l'analyse de composés organiques volatils dans l'air intérieur." Pau, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PAUU3038.
Full textIndoor air quality is a recent concern and to improve the knowledge in this field, analytical methods are required for pollution characterisation. In this aim, SPME was studied as alternative to traditional sampling methods for the analysis of VOCs in indoor air. Despite its numerous advantages, SPME shows some limits for quantitative analysis. Therefore, an equilibrium sampling method was developed to overcome competitive adsorption. Operating conditions involves PDMS/Car fibre and static extraction in a fixed sample volume. Adsorption kinetics of model compounds were determined for 3 volumes in order to find the best compromise between extraction time and performance. 250 mL and 3h extraction were retained. Limits of detection in the sub -µg. M-3 order are reached in GC/MS and quantitative analysis is possible up to 9 µmol. M-3, even with 70% RH air humidity. For a better understanding of sampling mechanisms, a theoretical approach, based on diffusion modelling, was studied. Then, the method developed was compared to non-equilibrium methods involving short extraction times. Best results were obtained for the equilibrium method: linearity domains are larger and limits of detection are at least twice lower. Fibre storage was studied to avoid both contamination and losses before and after sampling. The methodology was then successfully applied to the analysis of VOCs in classrooms of two nursery schools built according to two different rules of building (traditional and HEQ). The effect of floor cleaning on VOCs content in air was also shown
Pasquet, Virginie. "Recherche bioguidée de molécules anticancéreuses issues de microalgues marines." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00665228.
Full textMedina, Aline Lisbôa. "Rápida extração de lipídios e transesterificação de triacilgliceróis de amostras cárneas assistidos por micro-ondas." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/255279.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T21:30:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Medina_AlineLisboa_D.pdf: 1555099 bytes, checksum: 5e3406d24ad9cc9e5db186ae2c4b697b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: O uso da energia de micro-ondas tem sido explorado para extração de compostos e para aceleração de reações químicas em diferentes amostras. Os métodos convencionais utilizados para extração de lipídios possuem limitações, como longo tempo, grande volume de solventes, e ainda a possibilidade de degradação dos compostos de interesse. Neste estudo foram desenvolvidos, com o uso de delineamento composto central rotacional, novos métodos de extração de lipídios e de transesterificação de triacilgliceróis em carnes, assistidos por micro-ondas. As condições utilizadas no procedimento para extração de lipídios foram: 300 mg de amostra, 54 °C e 15 minutos. O método de extração de lipídios em carnes assistido por micro-ondas resultou na obtenção de teores de lipídios sem diferença estatística do método de Folch. Além disso, não foi observada alteração na composição de ácidos graxos e formação de produtos de oxidação lipídica durante a extração, o que permite o uso do método sem a possibilidade de alteração química dos compostos. Para a transesterificação dos triacilgliceróis foram desenvolvidos dois métodos, sendo que no primeiro, a transesterificação é realizada no lipídio previamente extraído e no segundo método, a transesterificação é realizada diretamente nas amostras de carne. Em ambos os métodos foi excluído o uso de trifluoreto de boro, utilizado em metodologias convencionais como catalizador da reação. Nesse estudo, o hidróxido de sódio em metanol a 0,5 % foi utilizado como catalizador, sendo a reação acelerada pela energia de micro-ondas. Para a transesterificação dos triacilgliceróis da amostra de lipídios foram necessários 5 minutos de irradiação a 60 °C enquanto que na transesterificação direta de triacilgliceróis da amostra de carne, 30 minutos a 60 °C porém, no último caso, não é necessária a etapa da extração dos lipídios. Com o uso da energia de micro-ondas foi possível desenvolver métodos precisos e exatos para a extração de lipídios e obtenção de ésteres metílicos de ácidos graxos em carne
Abstract: Microwave energy has been used for compound extractions and for accelerating chemical reactions in different samples. The conventional methods used for lipid extraction has limitations like long time required, large solvent volume, and the possibility of compound degradation. In this study were developed, with response surface method, new methods for microwave-assisted lipid extraction and microwave-assisted triacylglycerols transesterification from meat. The parameters used in this procedure were: 300 mg of sample, 54 °C and 15 minutes. The microwave-assisted lipid extraction method resulted in lipid content with no difference when compared to the Folch method. Furthermore, no oxidation products were observed during the extraction, enabling the use of this method with no chance of chemical alteration of the compounds. For the triacylglycerols transesterification were developed two methods, being the first one a lipid transesterification with a lipid previously extracted, and a second method that allows a direct sample transesterification. In both methods it was excluded the use of boron trifluoride, originally used in conventional methods as a reaction catalyst. In this study, methanol sodium hidroxide (0,5 %) was used as catalyst, with the reaction being accelerated by the microwave energy. For lipid transesterification it was necessary 5 minutes of irradiation at 60 °C, and for direct transesterification, 30 minutes at 60 °C, however, in the latter case, it is not necessary the lipid extraction step to obtain the fatty acids methyl esters. It can be concluded that the use of microwave energy provides accurate and precise methods, faster, with less solvent volumes and sample mass when compared to conventional methods
Doutorado
Ciência de Alimentos
Doutora em Ciência de Alimentos
Дорошенко, І. О., and О. Б. Андрусенко. "Дослідження перспектив використання оксиетильованих алкілфенолів для міцелярної екстракції." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/66547.
Full textVeillette, Marc. "Production de biodiesel à partir de microalgues par catalyses homogène et hétérogène." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9752.
Full textAbstract : In Canada, near 80% of the greenhouse gases (GHG), 692 Mt eq. CO[subscript 2], are produced by CO[subscript 2] emissions from non renewable fossil fuel used. Following the United Nations conference on climate changes (COP21) (Paris, France), several countries have the objective to reduce their GHG emissions. Consequently, the microalgae should be used to trap industrial carbon dioxide and transform them to a biomass composed of lipids, carbon hydrates and proteins. Moreover, this type of culture does not require arable land in opposition to several oleagineous plant used to produce biofuels. Despite the fact that microalgae can be transformed to several biofuels as bioethanol (among others by fermentation) or biomethane (by anaerobic digestion), the lipid transformation into biodiesel shoud allow reducing the petrodiesel consumption. However, the cost linked to the biodiesel production from microalgae remain relatively high far for a short term commercialisation partially because microalgae are cultivated in aqueous phase in opposition to several oleagineous plants increase the biomass harvesting and the lipid extraction cost. Despite de fact that several techniques of microalgae lipids recovery which do not use organic solvents as mentioned in the literature, most methods tested in laboratory generally used organic solvents. The lipids extracted can be transformed into biodiesel in presence of an alcool such as methanol and a catalyst (homogeneous or heterogeneous). For the microalgae biodiesel commercialization, the respect of ASTM standards is an essential point. At the laboratory scale, it was shown that the lipid extraction in aqueous phase was possible to obtain a maximum yield of 36wt% (dry weight) by using a boiling pretreatment of the aqueous phase microalgae followed by an extraction with organic solvents. For the esterification of FFAs with a strong acid resin (Amberlyst-15), a FFAs conversion of 84% was obtained from Chlorella protothecoides microalgae lipids in the following conditions: temperature: 120°C, autogeneous pressure, reaction time: 60 min, methanol/lipids ratio: 0.57 mL/g and 2.5wt% Amberlyst-15 compared to lipids. With the same reaction conditions (1st step) with a homogeneous catalyst (H[subscript 2] SO[subscript 4]) and an alkaline second step with a catalyst of potassium hydroxide (KOH) (temperature: 60°C; reaction time: 22.2 min ; catalyst to microalgue ratio: 2.48wt%; methanol to lipids ratio: 31.4%), a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield of 33% (g FAME/g lipids) was obtained from the Scenedesmus obliquus microalgae lipids. These results showed that biodiesel can be produced from microalgae lipids. However, based on these results, further research had be conducted in order to prove that microalgae are a promising raw matrial to produce biodiesel.
Whiting, Susan Hayes. "The micro-foundations of institutional change in reform China property rights and revenue extraction in the rural industrial sector /." online access from Digital dissertation consortium, 1995. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?9610265.
Full textZhao, Peng. "Analysis of Light Extraction Efficiency Enhancement for Deep Ultraviolet and Visible Light-Emitting Diodes with III-Nitride Micro-Domes." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1346876941.
Full textSilva, Ana Claudia Lemes da. "Tipificação de meis brasileiros por micro-extração em fase solida combinada com cromatografia gasosa (SPME-CG)." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/250209.
Full textTese (doitorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Resumo: O mel é uma das misturas mais complexas de carboidratos produzida pela natureza. É um alimento energético muito importante pelas suas propriedades nutritivas, pelo seu aroma e sabor que dependem fortemente das plantas, flores e condições climáticas presentes na região geográfica onde está localizada a colméia. Não existem metodologias que possibilitem identificação não subjetiva, rápida e confiável da origem floral do mel. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma metodologia que permitisse a identificação da origem floral de méis brasileiros a partir da caracterização química de sua fração de voláteis utilizando micro-extração em fase sólida através do headspace e cromatografia gasosa (HS-SPME-CG). Para o desenvolvimento da metodologia, foram avaliadas 90 amostras de méis brasileiros de vinte origens florais diferentes e variadas procedências geográficas. Onze destas amostras eram unitárias e permitiram apenas um estudo exploratório. Cada tipo de mel apresentou um perfil cromatográfico diferente. Foram identificados potenciais marcadores para os méis de eucalipto (Eucalyptus sp), laranja (Citrus sp), assa-peixe (Vernonia polianthes), cambará (Lantana montevidensis), morrão de candeia (Croton sp) e marmeleiro (Cydonia vulgaris). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que SPME-CG é útil na tipificação de méis e pode eventualmente ser utilizada na sua certificação
Abstract: Honey is one of the most complex mixtures of carbohydrates produced by Nature. It is a very important energetic food for its nutritional properties and for its aroma and flavor that depend strongly on the fauna, flowers and on the climatic conditions in the geographic region where the beehive is located. There are no objective, fast and reliable methodologies for the identification of the floral source of honeys. The objective of this work was to develop a methodology to allow identification of the floral source of Brazilian honeys through characterization of its volatile fraction using headspace solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography (HS-SPME-GC). To develop the methodology, 90 samples of Brazilian honeys of twenty different botanical sources and several geographic locations were employed. Eleven honey types had just one sample, allowing only exploratory studies. Different chromatographic profiles were obtained for honeys from different floral sources. Potential chemical markers were identified for the honeys of eucaliptus (Eucalyptus sp), orange (Citrus sp), assa-peixe (Vernonia polianthes), lantana (Lantana montevidensis), morrão of candeia (Croton sp) and quince (Cydonia vulgaris). The results obtained showed that SPME-GC is useful to identify the floral origin of honey and may eventually be used for its certification
Tese (doitorado) - Universidad
Quimica Analitica
Doutor em Ciências
Costa, Débora dos Santos Venancio 1979. "Desenvolvimento e validação de um método para extração de lipídeos de peixes assistida por micro-ondas." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/255274.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: A utilização da energia de micro-ondas tem sido explorada para extração de compostos orgânicos, inorgânicos e para aceleração de reações químicas em diferentes matrizes. Os métodos convencionais utilizados para extração de lipídeos são métodos laboriosos e que utilizam grandes quantidades de solventes, com a possibilidade de degradar os compostos de interesse. A técnica de extração assistida por micro-ondas (microwave assisted extraction - MAE) combina a energia de micro-ondas gerada pela condução iônica e rotação de dipolos e a extração com solventes, sob freqüência de 2,45 GHz. O aquecimento das moléculas ocorre de forma mais rápida, o que aumenta a eficiência da extração em um tempo menor que as técnicas convencionais. Nesse trabalho foi desenvolvido um novo método de extração de lipídeos para peixes a partir de um delineamento composto central rotacional utilizando material de referência certificado de tecido de peixe homogeneizado (1946 NIST). Os parâmetros avaliados foram massa de amostra, massa de sulfato de sódio e volume de solvente extrator. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, as melhores condições para a MAE foram 0,60 g de amostra; 0,8 g de sulfato de sódio e 9 mL de solvente extrator (acetato de etila:metanol 2:1 (v/v)), a 54°C por 15 minutos (Medina, 2013). O método foi validado com material de referência de peixe homogeneizado e filé de tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus). O teor de lipídeos obtido pela MAE no material certificado foi 10,07 ± 0,25 g/100g e o valor declarado no material certificado de peixe é 10,17 ± 0,48 g/100g. No filé de tilápia o teor de lipídeos obtido pela MAE foi 2,28 ± 0,14 g/100g enquanto pelo método de extração sólido-líquido (Folch et al., 1957) foi 2,33 ± 0,09 g/100g. Esses valores não apresentaram diferença estatística ao nível de significância de 95% pelo Test t, além disso, não foi observada alteração na composição de ácidos graxos. Foram realizadas análises de produtos de oxidação lipídica (dienos conjugados, peróxidos, substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico e compostos voláteis) nos extratos lipídicos provenientes da MAE e do método de extração sólido-líquido. Os valores obtidos para estes parâmetros por MAE foram menores que os valores obtidos pelo método de extração sólido-líquido. Para avaliar o efeito das micro-ondas no tecido de filé de tilápia foi realizada microscopia eletrônica de varredura. O tecido do peixe foi totalmente destruído nas amostras irradiadas por micro-ondas enquanto que o tecido proveniente do método de extração sólido-líquido manteve-se íntegro. O método foi aplicado em amostras de peixes pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), pescada (Cynoscion jamaicensis) e atum (Thunnus thynnus), cujos valores de lipídeos totais variaram de 1 a 13 g/100g. Os valores de lipídeos totais e de ácidos graxos obtidos não apresentaram diferença estatística quando comparados aos valores obtidos pelo método de extração sólido-líquido. Dessa forma, a MAE pode ser aplicada para extração de lipídeos em peixes, uma vez que os resultados demonstraram boa exatidão e precisão, além de ser uma técnica rápida, robusta e de baixo consumo de solvente comparada à extração sólido-líquido
Abstract: The use of microwave energy has been explored for extracting organic and inorganic compounds and accelerating chemical reactions in different matrices. The conventional methods used for extracting lipids are laborious and use a large amount of solvent, possibly degrading the compounds of interest. Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) combines microwave energy generated by ionic conduction and dipole rotation and the solvent extraction, at a 2.45 GHz frequency. Molecule heating occurs more rapidly, which increases extraction efficiency in a shorter time than conventional techniques. In the present study, a new lipid extraction method assisted by microwave was developed for fish meat by way of a rotational composite design using lake superior fish tissue certified reference material (1946, NIST). According to the results, the best conditions for for MAE were 0.60 g of sample; 9 mL of extraction solvent (ethyl acetate:methanol 2:1 (v/v)), 0.8 g de of sodium sulfate, at 54°C for 15 min (Medina, 2013). The method was validated using the lake superior fish tissue certified reference material and tilapia fillet (Oreochromis niloticus). Lipid content of the certified reference material by MAE was 10.07 ± 0.25 g/100g while the value declared in the certificate is 10.17 ± 0.48 g/100g. Lipid content of tilapia fillet by MAE was 2.28 ± 0.14 g/100g while by solid-liquid extraction (Folch et al., 1957) it was 2.33 ± 0.09 g/100g. These values were not statistically different by the t test at a 95% significance level; in addition, no changes in fatty acid composition were noticed. Lipid oxidation products (conjugated dienes, peroxides, TBARS and volatile compounds) were determined in the lipids extracted by MAE and solid-liquid extraction, being the values obtained for MAE lower than those obtained by solid-liquid extraction. Scanning electron microscopy was carried out in the microwave irradiated samples to evaluate the effects of microwave on the tilapia fillet tissue. The fish tissue submitted to microwave irradiation was completely destroyed in comparison to the tissue from the fish tissue submitted to solid-liquid extraction, which remained intact. The method was applied to fish samples, i.e., pacu fish (Piaractus mesopotamicus), hake (Cynoscion jamaicensis) and tuna (Thunnus thynnus), whose lipid contents varied between 1 and 13 g/100g. No significant differences were found between MAE and solid-liquid extraction for total lipid content and fatty acid composition of these three fishes. Therefore, MAE can be applied for lipid extraction from fish since the results showed good accuracy and precision, moreover it is a fast and robust technique with low solvent consumption as compared to solid-liquid extraction
Mestrado
Ciência de Alimentos
Mestra em Ciência de Alimentos
Petigny, Loïc. "L'eau dans tous ses états comme solvant alternatif pour l'éco-extraction du végétal." Thesis, Avignon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AVIG0252.
Full textThe use of innovative extraction technologies is of outmost importance in the cosmetic industry. This process step is consuming large amounts of energy and materials. Furthermore, some solvents used are not benign. Some of them are from oil products. In order to better preserve the environment and human health, we must find alternatives to solvents and conventional extraction methods. To pursue this goal, we will use water as solvent and innovative technologies to create new extraction methods of natural products. The work presented in this thesis first establishes a review of extraction methods. All those methods, old as well as new ones, are specific in terms of target matrix or extracted molecules. Then, we focused on a mature extraction method: hydrodistillation. The simultaneous extraction and separation of water soluble compounds as well as volatile compounds from boldo leaves (Peumus boldus, Mol.), is undertaken with the help of microwaves. The parameters optimization leads to a pilot scale-up. The intensification and continuous mode transition of the ultrasound assisted extraction of boldo leaves is then studied. Afterwards, we studied the maturing method of surfactant addition to water. This is in order to extract hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Finally, we explored an extraction method still in R&D. This method use only water in order to extract hydrophobic compounds of sweet orange peels ( Citrus sinensis L.) with a microwave device
Schebywolok, Tomi. "Application of Relative Response Factors in Solid-Phase Micro Extraction GC/MS for the Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37860.
Full textSostaric, Tomislav. "Development of a solid phase micro-extraction-gas chromatographic method for the analysis of volatile components in vanilla extracts and flavourings." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2001. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1042.
Full textCosta, Suzara Santos 1983. "Extração de espilantol assistida por micro-ondas a partir de flores, folhas e caules de jambu (Acmella oleracea (L.) R. K. Jansen)." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266116.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química
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Resumo: Jambu (Acmella oleracea (L.) R. K. Jansen) é uma planta que está despertando o interesse de empresas e pesquisadores, devido a sua amida, espilantol. A extração assistida por micro-ondas é uma técnica de irradiação que tem revelado excelentes resultados em termos de desempenho do processo. O sistema de aquecimento fornece energia suficiente para romper as estruturas celulares, melhorando a introdução do solvente na matriz e aumentando o rendimento do processo. Este trabalho reporta a extração de espilantol assistida por micro-ondas. Avaliou-se o efeito da temperatura (40 ¿ 60 °C) e do tempo de extração (10 ¿ 30 min) no rendimento do componente majoritário, através de um planejamento composto central de face centrada (FCCCD), onde a variável resposta foi quantificada a partir de um padrão de espilantol obtido em escala de laboratório. Antes da execução do planejamento, um procedimento de calibração do forno foi desenvolvido. Além disso, determinou-se as propriedades dielétricas do sistema sólido-solvente, em diferentes níveis de frequência e temperaturas. Os modelos ajustados durante a calibração do forno, racional (R2 = 0,9988) e linear (R2 = 0,9999), foram capazes de atingir e manter a temperatura-objetivo constante na cavidade durante todo o processo e os valores preditos estiveram em concordância com os dados experimentais. GC/MS foi capaz de identificar o pico de espilantol e a biblioteca NIST confirmou a presença do composto através do seu espectro de massas. A equação linear ajustou muito bem os resultados (R2 = 99,8 %) e foi utilizada na quantificação dos resultados do planejamento experimental. Os rendimentos mínimos e máximos de espilantol obtidos a partir do FCCCD foram 1,71 e 4,47 g/ 100 g de matéria seca para as flores, 0,75 e 1,90 g/ 100 g de matéria seca para as folhas e 0,40 e 0,63 g/ 100 g de matéria seca para os caules. Os resultados foram reprodutíveis e indicaram baixa variabilidade para o rendimento de espilantol nos pontos centrais do planejamento, tais como, 3,85 ± 0,07 g/ 100g de matéria seca para as flores, 1,67 ± 0,15 g/ 100 g de matéria seca para as folhas e 0,45 ± 0,02 g/ 100 g de matéria seca para os caules. Os termos lineares e quadráticos, combinados ou não, da temperatura e tempo de extração mostraram um efeito estatístico significante para todas as partes da planta, utilizando 90 % de confiança e ? = 0,1. As propriedades dielétricas foram afetadas pela frequência (0,45 ¿ 10,45 GHz) e temperatura (20 ¿ 60 °C)
Abstract: Jambu (Acmella oleracea (L.) R. K. Jansen) is a plant, which is gaining attention both from research community and Brazilian companies, due to its great value, spilanthol. The microwave extraction is an irradiation technique that has shown excellent results in terms of process performance. Its heating system provides enough energy to rupture the cell structure improving the solvent penetration in the matrix and increasing the process recovery. This work reports a microwave extraction of the jambu. The effect of temperature (40 ¿ 60 °C) and time of extraction (10 ¿ 30 min) for the spilanthol yield were evaluated following a face-centered central composite design (FCCCD), where the response variable was quantified by the spilanthol yield that was obtained at a laboratory scale. Before the experimental design, a calibration procedure of the oven was developed. Besides, the dielectric properties of the system solid-solvent were determined for different frequency and temperature levels. The adjusted models during the calibration, rational (R2 = 0.9988) and linear (R2 = 0.9999), were able to attain and maintain the temperature constant in the cavity throughout the process and the predicted values were in accordance with the experimental data. GC/MS was able to identify the spilanthol peak and the NIST library showed a high match for the compound, confirmed by its mass spectrum. The linear equation fitted very well the results (R2 = 99.8 %) and it has been used in the experimental design results. The minimum and maximum spilanthol yields obtained from the FCCCD were of 1.71 and 4.47 g/ 100g of dry matter for flowers, 0.75 and 1.90 g/ 100 g of dry matter for leaves, and 0.40 and 0.63 g/ 100 g of dry matter for stems. The results were reproducible and indicated low variability for the spilanthol yield in the central points of the design, such as, 3.85 ± 0.07 g/ 100g of dry matter for flowers, 1.67 ± 0.15 g/ 100g of dry matter for leaves and 0.45 ± 0.02 g/ 100 g of dry matter for stems. Linear and quadratic terms, combined or not, of temperature and time of extraction showed a statistical significant effect for flowers, leaves and stems, using 90 % of confidence and ? = 0.1. The dielectric properties were influenced by frequency (045 ¿ 10,45 GHz) and temperature (20 ¿ 60 °C)
Doutorado
Engenharia de Processos
Doutora em Engenharia Quimica
Bracale, Alexandre. "Caractérisation et modélisation des transistors MOS sur substrat SOI pour des applications micro-ondes." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066035.
Full textAndersson, Johan. "Odour Communication in Pieris Butterflies." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Chemistry, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3699.
Full textSeno, Hiroshi, Osamu Suzuki, Akira Ishii, Kei Zaitsu, Hideki Hattori, Tadashi Ogawa, and Masae Iwai. "SIMPLE AND RAPID ASSAY METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS QUANTIFICATION OF URINARY NICOTINE AND COTININE USING MICRO-EXTRACTION BY PACKED SORBENT AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY." Nagoya University School of Medicine, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/18475.
Full textBourg, Samantha. "Développement de systèmes miniaturisés à base d’aptamères pour la détection de biomarqueurs de cancer." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEC020.
Full textCommon methods of cancer diagnosis are invasive, expensive and rarely allow early cancer diagnosis. The discovery of cancer biomarkers present in the early stage of the disease, well before the development of symptoms make them interesting candidate for early cancer diagnosis. These markers are still not widely used, particularly because of their low concentration in healthy patient samples, but also because of their lack of specificity taken individually. Nowadays, clinical analyses for the diagnosis are performed by dividing samples and separate measurements of the concentration of the various clinically relevant analytes. In this context, the development of devices for the simultaneous detection of these markers in biological fluids is a real challenge. In addition, the miniaturization of measurement devices and their integration on a chip opens the way to automated analysis units that can be transported to the bedside and meet the needs of hospitals for fast, low-volume, low-cost, high throughput, sensitive and specific analyses. The objective of this thesis is to develop methods for the localized immobilization of selective ligands based on molecular recognition (aptamers) on different microsystem materials for the simultaneous detection of several biomarkers. Aptamers are a new classe of synthetic DNA/RNA molecules, known for their high affinity and excellent specificity for a selected target or family of targets. They also have the advantage of being easy to handle at room temperature and easily regenerated after denaturation. Despite these advantages, very few publications have been published on aptamer-based technologies for the selective extraction and analysis of biomarker traces in microfluidic devices. The creation of such localized zones ensures the overconcentration of target analytes to improve detection performance
Pleines, Maximilian. "Viscosity-control and prediction of microemulsions." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS139.
Full textViscosity is a fundamental property of complex fluids that is still nowadays extremely difficult to predict quantitatively. This macroscopic property originates from molecular and mesoscopic properties. The understanding and prediction of the evolution of the viscosity with changing parameters is crucial for several applications, amongst others for liquid-liquid extraction processes and for formulation of aqueous surfactant systems.In this work, a “minimal” model taking into account the relevant free energies was developed that helps to understand, control and predict the evolution of the viscosity of microemulsions in presence of solutes. The term “minimal” means in that context that this model is based on a minimal set of parameters that are all measurable and have a physical meaning, thus avoiding input of any adjustable parameter. This model that considers the chemical terms at molecular scale, the physical terms at meso-scale as well as the flow characteristics at macroscale was applied on water-poor extracting microemulsions as well as on aqueous anionic surfactant systems
Huertas-Rivera, Adhly M. "Identification of the Active Odors From Illicit Substances for the Development of Optimal Canine Training Aids." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2990.
Full textSinkevičius, Robertas. "Prieskoninių augalų, eterinių aliejų sudėties tyrimas, panaudojant skirtingus ekstrakcijos metodus." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120620_124200-02369.
Full textAs the word industry develops, the amount of wastes, that are being released in to our environment is always increasing, as a result vegetables that are growing in such a environment are also contaminated with compounds that can affect the health of people that are using them. Many methods can be used to obtain essential oils, such as distillation using water vapour, extruding from fresh fragrant, extraction using solvents, but these kind of methods are used for getting large amounts of essential oils, so staple is used. For chemical analysis faster and less staple demanding methods are used, such as, super critical fluid extraction, solid phase micro extraction or direct head space extraction. The goal of this work is to determine the composition of essential oils and to estimate witch, super critical fluid extraction, solid phase micro extraction or direct head space extraction is the best for obtaining essential oils from spice herbs. In order to secure the precision of data each sample was analyzed three times, for correct compound identification kovach retention indexes were calculated and compared with the known ones on the internet library. Using the obtained data the most effective method foe essential oils obtaining was determined, also compound composition in samples and the amount of specific compounds were analyzed.
Lane, Marshalle. "Dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction coupled with gas chromatography for the detection of trihalomethanes in different water sources in the Western Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2852.
Full textTrihalomethanes (THMs) are a group of four compounds that are formed, along with other disinfected by-products. This happens when chloride or other disinfectants are used to control microbial contamination in drinking water, which then reacts with natural organic or inorganic substances in water. Trihalomethanes are better known by their common names such as chloroform, bromodichloromethane, chlorodibromomethane and bromoform. These four compounds are known to be classified as cancer group B carcinogens (shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals). Trihalomethane levels tend to increase with pH, temperature, time and the level of “precursors" present. Precursors are known to be organic substances which react with chloride to form THMs. One significant way of reducing the amount of THMs in water is to eliminate or reduce chlorination before filtrations and reduce precursors. There are guideline limits for THMs in the SANS 241:2015 document, but they are not continuously monitored and their levels in natural water are not known. The aim of this study is to develop a rapid, fast and reliable liquid-liquid microextraction technique, to determine the presence of THMs in natural water sources. This study particularly focuses on different water sources e.g. river, underground, borehole and chlorinated water. Chlorinated water is the water that has been presumably treated for bacteria and fungus growth. The results that were obtained for chlorinated water are as follow, 10.120 μg/L − 11.654 μg/L for chloroform, 2.214 μg/L - 2.666 μg/L for bromodichloromethane, 0.819 μg/L − 0.895 μg/L chlorodibromomethane and 0.103 μg/L - 0.135 μg/L for bromoform from validation data. All these THMs concentrations have been found to be below the SANS 241:2015 limits. Natural water shows a very high affinity for chloroform. This is what is expected under normal conditions as chloroform is the most abundant THM of all THMs present in natural water. The liquid-liquid microextraction technique that was optimized and used for the determination of THMs in this study is a rapid, simple and inexpensive technique that provides low limits of detection (LOD) e.g. 0.1999 μg/L chlorodibromomethane and 0.2056 μg/L bromoform and wide dynamic range (LOQ) of 0.6664 μg/L chlorodibromomethane and 0.6854 μg/L bromoform for the determination of THMs.
Chupin, Lucie. "Etude de l’extraction de tanins d’écorce de pin maritime pour l’élaboration de colles tanin-lignosulfonate." Thesis, Pau, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PAUU3023/document.
Full textThis study has two main objectives: the extraction of condensed tannins from maritime pine bark and the preparation of tannin-lignosulfonate adhesives. Two extraction methods were studied. The first is hot water extraction which is a simple, cheap method without the use of an organic solvent. The second is microwave-assisted extraction which is a fast, innovative method using only a small amount of solvent. Optimum extraction conditions were determined for hot water extraction. The extracts were characterised by their reaction to formaldehyde and by using colorimetric tests, Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high pressure liquid chromatography, 1H NMR and heteronuclear single quantum correlation 2D NMR.. The two types of extraction were compared. It was found that microwave-assisted extraction produced a lower yield of extractibles than the hot water method but that it produced more condensed tannins, simple flavonoids and sugars. The condensed tannins extracted from maritime pine bark are catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate and epigallocatechin, whatever the extraction method used. Tannin-lignosulfonate adhesives were produced using hexamethylenetetramine as a hardener. First, mimosa tannins were used with sodium lignosulfonates and ammonium lignosulfonates. The lignosulfonates underwent two glyoxal treatments which were compared using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and by determining the thermal and mechanical properties of the adhesives and of the particle boards made using the lignosulfonates resulting from the two treatments. The optimum mimosa tannin-glyoxalated lignosulfonate ratio was determined and the thermal properties of the adhesives were measured. The optimum conditions of pressing the particle boards were determined. Particle boards which recorded a good mechanical performance were produced. Adhesives using maritime pine bark tannins and lignosulfonates were prepared with 40% tannins and 60% lignosulfonates. These adhesives were characterised using FTIR, thermomechanical analysis, TGA and DSC. These adhesives were used to produce particle boards. The emission of formaldehyde and the internal bond of the boards were measured and compared to those of boards made with a mimosa tannin-lignosulfonate adhesive and to those of boards made with a urea-formaldehyde resin. Thanks to these results, we were able to produce particleboards with bio-based adhesives that didn’t emit formaldehyde
Bousbia, Nabil. "Extraction des huiles essentielles riches en anti-oxydants à partir de produits naturels et de co-produits agroalimentaires." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00915117.
Full textBouras, Meriem. "Etude comparative et optimisation de prétraitements des écorces de bois pour l'extraction des composés phénoliques." Thesis, Compiègne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015COMP2245.
Full textThis research work focuses on the intensification of polyphenols extraction from Quercus robur and Norway spruce barks using innovative technologies : pulsed electric field (PEF), ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave assisted extraction (MAE). These pre-treatments enhance the release of intracellular compounds by damaging the membrane and/or cell wall. The effect of each of these technologies (PEF, UAE and MAE) on polyphenols extraction has been highlighted in a quantitative and qualitative optimization analysis by evaluating the polyphenols concentration, antioxidant activity and by the chemical characterization of the extracted compounds.A comparative study of pre-treatments (PEF, UAE and MAE) coupled with an extraction step in an alkaline hydro-alcoholic medium allowed us to better understand the involved phenomena. The induced process efficiency is independent of the tree family to which the bark belongs (coniferous and hardwood). For bark valorization, the application of PEF treatment (20 kV/cm, 200 pulses, 3.2 kJ/g bark) followed by a diffusion step seems to be an alternative to ultrasound and microwave assisted extractions and to the extraction from grinded barks. In fact, the electrical and mechanical effect of PEF treatment allow to obtain an extract rich in polyphenols (10.5 g GAE/100g DM and an efficiency of 83 % for Norway spruce and 5 g GAE /100g DM and an efficiency of 82 % for Quercus robur bark)
Alves, Claudete. "\"Análise de fármacos em fluidos biológicos empregando o acoplamento SPME-LC/MS\"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75132/tde-18042007-171857/.
Full textConventional methods used for the determination of drugs in biological fluids are based on chromatographic and immunochemical techniques. The biological samples treatment - which includes extraction, pre-concentration and clean up steps has been required in drugs analysis in order to increase both analytical sensitivity and selectivity. Nevertheless, lately, within the advancements in instrumentation, different techniques have been evaluated for the analysis of different drugs in biological fluids, such as: solid phase microextraction (SPME) and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC/MS). SPME presents many advantages towards the conventional extraction techniques (soxhlet, LLE and SPE), which include: use of simple analytical instrumentation, analysis automation, reuse of extractor fibers and integration of extraction, concentration and sample introduction in the same chromatographic system. In this work, a versatile and low cost interface was developed, which allows the coupling of SPME-LC/MS techniques to tricyclic antidepressants and anticonvulsivant drugs analysis. The employed factorial design has shown to be a simple and useful statistical tool. With this device more information could be obtained with fewer experiments by evaluating not only the main interaction effects but also the interaction effects of all variables on the results. The optimized chromatographic conditions were adequate for LC/MS analysis. The obtained detection levels highlight the importance of high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The developed method, for both tricyclic antidepressants and anticonvulsivants drugs, has presented specificity, accuracy, linearity and adequate limit of detection for this analysis.
Comte, Julien. "Mise au point d’une méthodologie d’échantillonnage utilisant la micro-extraction sur phase solide pour la quantification de goudrons sur des procédés de thermolyse de la biomasse." Grenoble 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE10152.
Full textThe gasification of biomass by thermochemical processes is presently a promising method of producting H2 and CO which are used for synthesis of biogasoil. However, the thermal treatment of biomass leads to the production of unwanted compounds referred to as "tar" (heavy hydrocarbons) of which the content in syngas must to be inferior to 0. 1 mg. Nm-3. Knowledge oftar content is consequently needed. To this end, a sampling methodology using SPME (Solid Phase MicroExtraction) was developed for the quantification of "model compounds" which represents the total tar content mainly emitted by two gasification or pyrolysis processes. Introduction of the notion of model compounds is intended to simplify the sampling methodology on one hand to overcome the possible limitations related to the sampling system developed in this work to allow SPME extraction on the other. For the two thermochemical processes,15 model compounds were selected. The quantification of these compounds required calibration of SPME fibres (polydimethylsiloxane coating) which allow us, over a range oftemperatures, to establish the absorption profiles and to determine distribution coefficients. Influence of the sampling conditions on the absorption and performance of the coupled SPME-gas Chromatography were also evaluated. Ln order to avoid repetitive calibrations, a model based on thermodynamic considerations was developed to speed-up determination of the distribution coefficient