Journal articles: 'Micro inertie'

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Mwasame, Paul M, Norman J Wagner, and Antony N Beris. "Micro-Inertia Effects in Material Flow." Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics 44, no. 3 (2019): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jnet-2018-0072.

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Abstract The mechanics of understanding a new application of the bracket theory of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics that allows for the incorporation of microstructural inertia effects within conformation tensor-based constitutive models of macroscopic material behavior is presented. Introducing inertia effects generally requires the replacement of a first order in time evolution equation for the conformation tensor by a second order one. Through the analysis of a simple damped oscillator we bring forward here the close connection to the structural dissipation brackets present in the two cases, with the weights being inverted as one transitions from the inertialess to the inertial description. Moreover, one may also describe inertial effects in material flow in certain situations through a simple modification of the first order evolution equation for the conformation tensor, which consists of adding a new non-affine term that couples the conformation and the vorticity tensors, as detailed in a recent publication (P. M. Mwasame, N. J. Wagner and A. N. Beris, Phys. Fluids, 30 (2018), 030704). As shown there, when applied to the low particle Reynolds flow of dilute emulsions, this reduced inertial flow model provides predictions consistent with literature-available microscopically based asymptotic results.

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Michelini, Maurizio. "An experimental result coming from Neutrino research gives for all particles the ratio (si /mi) defined by Quantum Inertial theory in conjunction with the Micro-quanta paradigm." Applied Physics Research 9, no. 6 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v9n6p1.

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Rejecting some old misconceptions (such as the “pulling” gravitation that ravaged classical physics) the Inertial-Gravitational theory supported by the Micro-quanta paradigm incorporates both the relativistic concepts of Mass - Momentum - Energy and the quantic Inertial Model of the particle mass. The flux of micro-quanta supports primarily the physical interaction that generates the Inertial forces defined by Newton. Scholars believing that Inertial forces originate from the properties of the empty space, do not pertain to the community of physicists believing on Newton’s Inertial Law. This great ancient physicist admitted he was unable to explicit the physical nature of his Law of Inertia (“Hypotheses non fingo”). However, marking the difference between “empty” and “absolute” space, he remained in his conviction that some unknown physical reality originates (in the absolute space) the inertial forces upon accelerated masses. At present, Micro-quanta paradigm describes the quantic objects that generate through collisions the physical inertial forces on particles. Since the flux of micro-quanta fills all space, there is no need to refer these collisions to some external System of reference. The relative velocity between quanta and particles comes out from the momentum that micro-quanta confer to particles. By this reason the Micro-quanta paradigm defines on pure dynamical bases the relativistic formalism that Special relativity derived from kinematics, so creating flaws that produced the well known paradoxes. To reveal the micro-quanta it's not necessary to devise particular experiments. The technique of the accelerometers has given many evidences of the physical reality guessed by Newton to explain inertial forces exerted on masses. Since the action of micro-quanta is always manifested in statistical terms, classical and relativistic physics allowed to describe Inertia and Gravitation without knowing the quantic nature of these phenomena. The micro-quanta Paradigm shows in particular the proportionality between cross section and mass (ratio Au) of all particles colliding with micro-quanta. To the aim of calculating the transmission across matter of micro-quanta and neutrinos (which show the same nature) the only unknown quantity is the numerical value of the ratio Au. Recalling that micro-quanta flux fills all space, it appears also interesting to search about neutrino collisions with micro-quanta flux as possible cause of the oscillations phenomena that occur during neutrino travels across the (so called) astronomic “empty” space. A quantitative indication on the ratio Ao is found in this paper from an experimental measurement of the solar neutrino flux interacting with the Earth mass in the course of the Borexino research carried out at Gran Sasso National Laboratory.

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PIGNATEL, FLORENT, MAXIME NICOLAS, and ÉLISABETH GUAZZELLI. "A falling cloud of particles at a small but finite Reynolds number." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 671 (February 17, 2011): 34–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112010005501.

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Through a comparison between experiments and numerical simulations, we have examined the dynamics of a cloud of spheres at a small but finite Reynolds number. The cloud is seen to flatten and to transition into a torus, which further widens and eventually breaks up into droplets. While this behaviour bears some similarity to that observed at zero inertia, the underlying physical mechanisms differ. Moreover, the evolution of the cloud deformation is accelerated as inertia is increased. Two inertial regimes in which macro-scale inertia and micro-scale inertia become successively dominant are clearly identified.

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Newberry, Sterling. "Is It Possible to Produce Micro-Gravity in Our Own Lab?" Microscopy Today 3, no. 9 (1995): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500065779.

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Wouldn't it be nice to have some kind of laboratory hood in which gravity is greatly reduced so we could grow more perfect crystals or do biological experiments without having to go into orbit. There was a report in Science last year which hinted that gravity cancellation or modification just might be possible some day, but I doubt that any of our readers noticed it. The title was “Inertia: Does Empty Space Put Up the Resistance?”. One has to read this news report carefully to find that physicists have long pondered the connection between the inertial property of mass and the gravitational attraction between masses and that the work quoted here, suggests that once inertia is understood it might be controlled, even canceled. Upon inquiry the editor, Robert Matthews found other physicists believed that the ability to modify inertia could soon be tested experimentally but remarked that “it is a bit too early to be talking about inertia free star ships.”

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Markolefas, Stylianos, and Dimitrios Fafalis. "Strain Gradient Theory Based Dynamic Mindlin-Reissner and Kirchhoff Micro-Plates with Microstructural and Micro-Inertial Effects." Dynamics 1, no. 1 (2021): 49–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dynamics1010005.

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In this study, a dynamic Mindlin–Reissner-type plate is developed based on a simplified version of Mindlin’s form-II first-strain gradient elasticity theory. The governing equations of motion and the corresponding boundary conditions are derived using the general virtual work variational principle. The presented model contains, apart from the two classical Lame constants, one additional microstructure material parameter g for the static case and one micro-inertia parameter h for the dynamic case. The formal reduction of this model to a Kirchhoff-type plate model is also presented. Upon diminishing the microstructure parameters g and h, the classical Mindlin–Reissner and Kirchhoff plate theories are derived. Three points distinguish the present work from other similar published in the literature. First, the plane stress assumption, fundamental for the development of plate theories, is expressed by the vanishing of the z-component of the generalized true traction vector and not merely by the zz-component of the Cauchy stress tensor. Second, micro-inertia terms are included in the expression of the kinetic energy of the model. Finally, the detailed structure of classical and non-classical boundary conditions is presented for both Mindlin–Reissner and Kirchhoff micro-plates. An example of a simply supported rectangular plate is used to illustrate the proposed model and to compare it with results from the literature. The numerical results reveal the significance of the strain gradient effect on the bending and free vibration response of the micro-plate, when the plate thickness is at the micron-scale; in comparison to the classical theories for Mindlin–Reissner and Kirchhoff plates, the deflections, the rotations, and the shear-thickness frequencies are smaller, while the fundamental flexural frequency is higher. It is also observed that the micro-inertia effect should not be ignored in estimating the fundamental frequencies of micro-plates, primarily for thick plates, when plate thickness is at the micron scale (strain gradient effect).

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Wang, Feng Yuan, De Hui Huang, and Sheng Li. "Identification of Inertial Parameters of Heavy Truck Powertrains." Applied Mechanics and Materials 43 (December 2010): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.43.225.

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Based on the quality of line frequency response function and the principle of rigid body micro-vibration, a technique was proposed to verify the experimental accuracy for the heavy truck powertrain by using rigid body inertia tensor transformation and additive theory. The measurement of inertial parameters of a heavy truck powertrain was carried out by hammer method. The total least square processing theory was proposed to process the experimental data. The experimental results showed satisfactory accuracy and reliability.

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Zhang, Donghui, Yongbin Wu, Liansong Xiong, and Chengyong Zhao. "Analysis of Inertia Characteristics of Direct-Drive Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Generator in Micro-Grid." Energies 12, no. 16 (2019): 3141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12163141.

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Micro-grid has received extensive attention as an effective way to absorb new energy. Compared to large power systems, the micro-grid system consisting of power electronics is relatively weak due to the lack of support for synchronous machines. In this paper, the direct-drive wind turbine (WT) is connected to the low-inertia micro-grid as the research background. Based on the virtual inertia control of the WT, the inertia source and the physical mechanism of the WT connected to the micro-grid system are studied. The inertia characteristics of the rotor of the WT on the electromechanical time-scale, the DC side capacitor on the DC voltage time-scale, and the simulated grid under the droop control are analyzed. The research results show that under the control of the system, the inertia of the system is derived from the WT, DC capacitor, and the micro-grid simulated by droop control converter. The equivalent inertia of each link is determined by the control parameters, steady-state operating point, and structural parameters. The resulting inertia characteristics will have frequency domain characteristics under control. Finally, the correctness of the system inertia analysis conclusion is verified by simulation and experiment.

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Mwenegoha, Hery, Terry Moore, James Pinchin, and Mark Jabbal. "Model-Based Autonomous Navigation with Moment of Inertia Estimation for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles." Sensors 19, no. 11 (2019): 2467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19112467.

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The dominant navigation system for low-cost, mass-market Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is based on an Inertial Navigation System (INS) coupled with a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). However, problems tend to arise during periods of GNSS outage where the navigation solution degrades rapidly. Therefore, this paper details a model-based integration approach for fixed wing UAVs, using the Vehicle Dynamics Model (VDM) as the main process model aided by low-cost Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) inertial sensors and GNSS measurements with moment of inertia calibration using an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF). Results show that the position error does not exceed 14.5 m in all directions after 140 s of GNSS outage. Roll and pitch errors are bounded to 0.06 degrees and the error in yaw grows slowly to 0.65 degrees after 140 s of GNSS outage. The filter is able to estimate model parameters and even the moment of inertia terms even with significant coupling between them. Pitch and yaw moment coefficient terms present significant cross coupling while roll moment terms seem to be decorrelated from all of the other terms, whilst more dynamic manoeuvres could help to improve the overall observability of the parameters.

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Chen, Tao, and Da Wei Zhang. "Development of Vibration Excitation and Control System for High Frequency Application." Applied Mechanics and Materials 246-247 (December 2012): 1283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.246-247.1283.

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A complete system of vibration excitation with force feedback control for piezoelectric inertial exciter is presented. The vibration exciter is constructed and its dynamic model is established composed by piezoelectric stack, inertial mass and pretension institutions based on principle of inertia and reaction. The control system takes software program as the core part. The workflow of the digital step sine sweep control software for exciting force limit is recounted. Variety techniques are utilized to ensure real time and stability in the control process, including synchronization output and acquisition, extracting single tone information from waveform, model reference adaptive scaling control for amplitude of the output waveform. Some tests on a micro driving platform with high stiffness are carried out to verify the actual performance of the system. The results show that the piezoelectric inertial exciter and control system designed are very suitable for step sine sweep vibration excitation and exciting force control in high frequency range.

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Ishimoto, Kenta. "A spherical squirming swimmer in unsteady Stokes flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 723 (April 16, 2013): 163–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2013.131.

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AbstractThe motion of a spherical squirmer in unsteady Stokes flow is investigated for a deeper understanding of unsteady inertial effects on swimming micro-organisms and differences of swimming strokes between a wave pattern and a flapping motion. An asymptotic analysis with respect to the small amplitude and the small inertia is performed, and the average swimming velocity after a long period of time under an assumption of a time-periodic stroke is obtained. This analysis shows that the scallop theorem still holds in a long-time asymptotic sense for tangential deformation, but that the time variation of the shape generates a net velocity even for a reciprocal swimmer. It is also found that the inertial effects on the swimming velocity are significant for a flapping swimmer, as contrasted with little influence on that of a swimmer with a wave pattern. The inertial effect is also illustrated with a simple squirmer, so that a reciprocal motion can be almost an optimal stroke under a constraint on energy consumption.

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Stocchino, Alessandro, Francesco De Leo, and Giovanni Besio. "Sea Waves Transport of Inertial Micro-Plastics: Mathematical Model and Applications." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 12 (2019): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120467.

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Plastic pollution in seas and oceans has recently been recognized as one of the most impacting threats for the environment, and the increasing number of scientific studies proves that this is an issue of primary concern. Being able to predict plastic paths and concentrations within the sea is therefore fundamental to properly face this challenge. In the present work, we evaluated the effects of sea waves on inertial micro-plastics dynamics. We hypothesized a stationary input number of particles in a given control volume below the sea surface, solving their trajectories and distributions under a second-order regular wave. We developed an exhaustive group of datasets, spanning the most plausible values for particles densities and diameters and wave characteristics, with a specific focus on the Mediterranean Sea. Results show how the particles inertia significantly affects the total transport of such debris by waves.

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Bhardwaj, Renu, Neelesh Kumar, and Vipan Kumar. "Errors in micro-electro-mechanical systems inertial measurement and a review on present practices of error modelling." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 40, no. 9 (2017): 2843–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331217708237.

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Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology-based accelerometers and gyroscopes are small size, mass produced, low cost inertial sensors, which are now being used in aerospace, underwater vehicles, automotive, robotics, mobiles, gaming consoles, prosthetic devices and many other applications. MEMS inertial sensors are available in many grades in market and selecting the appropriate grade sensor is very important. Owing to interaction of different types of energies, different noises are generated in MEMS devices; these noises cause significant change in output and the first section of this paper illustrates that. In application, where MEMS inertial sensors are used, the accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility of inertia measurement is probed primarily by complex testing, using extensive range of physical stimuli. Noises in inertial measurement are generally dealt by designing a unit measurement model. Noises are treated as additive error in linear unit model and are modelled using various techniques so that errors can be compensated to improve the accuracy. This paper reviews the theory, framework and methodology used in the error model of a MEMS inertial sensor and stochastic modelling of measurement. Experimental results from the most commonly used Allan variance techniques are discussed. Error modelling methodology, consisting of testing and calibration methods, designing thermal model, stochastic modelling and parameter estimation techniques, is illustrated. Figures and tables under each section summarize features, merits, limitation and future research scope. This paper should serve as a single reference for researchers and engineers working on application specific system design and instrumentation using MEMS inertial sensors. Conclusion from the study should help in selecting the appropriate grade of sensor as well as the best error modelling as per the trade-off existing between accuracy and development cost of error modelling.

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Esteves‐Sorenson, Constança, and Fabrizio Perretti. "Micro‐costs: Inertia in Television Viewing." Economic Journal 122, no. 563 (2012): 867–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2012.02507.x.

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Stiefvater, Otto L. "Micro wave Spectra of Furazan I. The Doubly Determined Substitution Structure." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 43, no. 6 (1988): 597–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1988-0611.

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Double Resonance Modulation (DRM) microwave spectroscopy has been used to determine the rotational constants of isotopic forms of normal (C2H2N2O2) and perdeuterated furazan (C2D2N2O). From these data the complete substitution structures have been derived by Kraitchman methods and by the computer program GEOM. The latter procedure fails to give correct results due to the decrease of the moment of inertia about the C2v -axis and the simultaneous interchange of inertial axes in the 18O-3,4-d2-form. The following bondlengths (in Å) and angles (in degrees) are best compatible with the total body of isotopic information: 0 - N = 1.3729 [6] ∢ NON = 111.15 [8] N -C = 1.3032 [13] ∢ ONC = 105.53 [5] C -C =1.4211 [9] ∢ NCC = 108.89 [3] C -H = 1.0763 [5] ∢ CCH = 130.16 [3] Here, the uncertainties cover small differences between normal and d2-furazan as well as discrepancies resulting from different schemes of structure calculation.

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Madeo, Angela, Patrizio Neff, Elias C. Aifantis, Gabriele Barbagallo, and Marco Valerio d’Agostino. "On the role of micro-inertia in enriched continuum mechanics." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 473, no. 2198 (2017): 20160722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0722.

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In this paper, the role of gradient micro-inertia terms η ¯ ∥ ∇ u , t ∥ 2 and free micro-inertia terms η ∥ P , t ∥ 2 is investigated to unveil their respective effects on the dynamic behaviour of band-gap metamaterials. We show that the term η ¯ ∥ ∇ u , t ∥ 2 alone is only able to disclose relatively simplified dispersive behaviour. On the other hand, the term η ∥ P , t ∥ 2 alone describes the full complex behaviour of band-gap metamaterials. A suitable mixing of the two micro-inertia terms allows us to describe a new feature of the relaxed-micromorphic model, i.e. the description of a second band-gap occurring for higher frequencies. We also show that a split of the gradient micro-inertia η ¯ ∥ ∇ u , t ∥ 2 , in the sense of Cartan–Lie decomposition of matrices, allows us to flatten separately the longitudinal and transverse optic branches, thus giving us the possibility of a second band-gap. Finally, we investigate the effect of the gradient inertia η ¯ ∥ ∇ u , t ∥ 2 on more classical enriched models such as the Mindlin–Eringen and the internal variable ones. We find that the addition of such a gradient micro-inertia allows for the onset of one band-gap in the Mindlin–Eringen model and three band-gaps in the internal variable model. In this last case, however, non-local effects cannot be accounted for, which is a too drastic simplification for most metamaterials. We conclude that, even when adding gradient micro-inertia terms, the relaxed micromorphic model remains the best performing one, among the considered enriched models, for the description of non-local band-gap metamaterials.

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Wewala, W. A. H. S. S., Nitin Afzulpurkar, Jafar Khan Kasi, Ajab Khan Kasi, Amporn Poyai, and Dhananjay W. Bodhale. "Design and Simulation of Ascending Curvilinear Micro Channel for Cancer Cell Separation from Blood." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 2361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.2361.

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Cancer is one of the leading causes for human death. However, if cancer cells are identified at initial stage, patient treatment will be low cost and successful. This research presents the design and simulation of ascending curvilinear micro channel for separation of particles resembling cancer cells. The separation system is designed and simulated by using inertia focusing cell separation technique. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) design and simulation of ascending micro channel for cell separation using inertial focusing technique is used for separation. The simulation was carried in two stages; for focusing and separation. The mixture flow velocities were 0.105 m/s, 115 m/s and 125 m/s, and with Reynolds number Re = 8.5, 9.25 and 10.06. The ascending curvilinear channel design demonstrated favorable focusing, and separation. 100% purity and 100 % efficiency for separation of 15 µm particles was achieved at Re = 8.50 and maximum output/input ratio at velocity 0.105m/s. Cancer cells are also of size about 15 µm and the our proposed micro channel is a good candidate for cancer cells separation from blood.

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Wang, Pi Wen, Chun Hsien Yang, and Mu Tian Yan. "High Stable Mechanism Design for Micro-Wire Transport System in WEDM." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 1366–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.1366.

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A high stable wire transport system of wire-cut electrical discharge machine (WEDM) that can exercise the micro-wire machining is developed in this paper. In the wire transport system, two novel designs are proposed to improve wire tension variation during machining. 1. Active wire feeding unit: a device is used to isolate the inertia of the wire reel from the wire transport system. Hence the inertial loading of the wire can be reduced and the stability is also increased. 2. Multilayer sandwich vibration absorber: the axis of the reel is connected to a damped sandwich beam. When the perturbation occurs, the flexible motion of the beam can absorb the fluctuation of the wire. Then the wire tension can be more stable and better working precision is also achieved. Finally, two mechanisms were implemented on a micro wire-EDM machine to suppress the fluctuation of wire tension. Experimental results show that the variation of wire tension can be significantly reduced from 12.4 gf to 5.5 gf.

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Hrytsyna, Olha, Jan Sladek, and Vladimir Sladek. "The Effect of Micro-Inertia and Flexoelectricity on Love Wave Propagation in Layered Piezoelectric Structures." Nanomaterials 11, no. 9 (2021): 2270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11092270.

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The non-classical linear governing equations of strain gradient piezoelectricity with micro-inertia effect are used to investigate Love wave propagation in a layered piezoelectric structure. The influence of flexoelectricity and micro-inertia effect on the phase wave velocity in a thin homogeneous flexoelectric layer deposited on a piezoelectric substrate is investigated. The dispersion relation for Love waves is obtained. The phase velocity is numerically calculated and graphically illustrated for the electric open-circuit and short-circuit conditions and for distinct material properties of the layer and substrate. The influence of direct flexoelectricity, micro-inertia effect, as well as the layer thickness on Love wave propagation is studied individually. It is found that flexoelectricity increases the Love-wave phase velocity, while the micro-inertia effect reduces its value. These effects become more significant for Love waves with shorter wavelengths and small guiding layer thicknesses.

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Yatsyshyn, S., and Kh Melnyk. "Inertia of liquid microthermometer readings." Metrology and instruments, no. 4 (September 7, 2019): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33955/2307-2180(4)2019.39-43.

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Currently the need for micro thermometers with low inertia and accordingly with the small diameter of the capillary is increasing, and information about their inertia, which is necessary, in particular, for medicine, becomes insufficient. Micro thermometers with liquid-phase sensitive elements are made on the basis of capillaries filled with liquid. Important is the type of liquid (water, alcohol, mercury, etc.), the angle of inclination of the thermometer capillary, and its internal diameter. The time of their thermal inertia is rather small, since the thermal equilibrium of the thermometer and the controlled object is set extremely fast. However, in reality, the movement of a liquid in a capillary of a thermometer, which determines the readout of the temperature value, due to the change in the thermodynamic conditions during the measurement, is not so rapid to satisfy the metrology. The experience of studying the spontaneous penetration of liquids in porous micro and nano channels of natural structures is limited mainly by works that capture the significance of the influence of initial conditions. The features of filling capillaries of different internal diameters at different angles of inclination are considered in the paper. It enables us to work out the technology of manufacturing and application of these thermometers, and thus to predict the duration of setting the micro thermometers’ indications not limited by thermal inertia. For this purpose, the Washburn’s and Bosanquet equations are considered. Rate of filling the capillary is affected by fluid viscosity, surface tension, length of the filled capillary, and its diameter. Since the viscosity of the liquid increases slightly with pressure and decreases exponentially with temperature, it is inversely proportional to the rate of liquid penetration or to the rate of moving meniscus. We have analyzed the impact of these factors on the micro thermometers’ performance that promotes their efficient production and application.

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Luo, Jun, Zhixuan Zhao, Lehua Qi, Hongcheng Lian, and Yufang Zhao. "Direct Fabrication of Micron-Thickness PVA-CNT Patterned Films by Integrating Micro-Pen Writing of PVA Films and Drop-on-Demand Printing of CNT Micropatterns." Nanomaterials 11, no. 9 (2021): 2335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11092335.

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The direct fabrication of micron-thickness patterned electronics consisting of patterned PVA films and CNT micropatterns still faces considerable challenges. Here, we demonstrated the integrated fabrication of PVA films of micron-thickness and CNT-based patterns by utilising micro-pen writing and drop-on-demand printing in sequence. Patterned PVA films of 1–5 μm in thickness were written first using proper micro-pen writing parameters, including the writing gap, the substrate moving velocity, and the working pressure. Then, CNT droplets were printed on PVA films that were cured at 55–65 °C for 3–15 min, resulting in neat CNT patterns. In addition, an inertia-pseudopartial wetting spreading model was established to release the dynamics of the droplet spreading process over thin viscoelastic films. Uniform and dense CNT lines with a porosity of 2.2% were printed on PVA substrates that were preprocessed at 55 °C for 9 min using a staggered overwriting method with the proper number of layers. Finally, we demonstrated the feasibility of this hybrid printing method by printing a patterned PVA-CNT film and a micro-ribbon. This study provides a valid method for directly fabricating micron-thickness PVA-CNT electronics. The proposed method can also provide guidance on the direct writing of other high-molecular polymer materials and printing inks of other nanosuspensions.

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Zhu, Dan, Qiang Wang, and Ming Lang Hu. "The Inertia Force of Insect-Like Flapping Wing Micro Air Vehicle." Advanced Materials Research 327 (September 2011): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.327.186.

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We used the method of theoretical modeling and simulation to study how changes in wing kinematics influence the production of inertia forces and moments in flapping flight. We examined 153 separate sets of kinematic patterns that differed with respect to stroke amplitude, mid-stroke angle of attack, acceleration and deceleration duration of flip rotation and acceleration and deceleration duration of azimuthal rotation. For each pattern, we also calculated mean stroke- or quarter - averaged values of the inertia forces and force moments. The results of the analysis may be divided into three main point: (i) The insect wing’s chordwise inertia is much higher than its spanwise inertia--higher by an order of magnitude; (ii) The influence of inertia moment of azimuthal rotation is much higher than that of inertia moment of flip rotation, so the inertia moment of flip rotation can be ignored; (iii) Consider the flapping motion is approximate symmetrical if the stroke is symmetrical and the flapping motion is absolute symmetrical if the stroke and the flip is both symmetrical, then the inertia force can be ignored.

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Nugroho, FX Satriyo Dwi. "Kajian Inertial Measurement Unit Berbasis Arduino Untuk Dokumentasi Digital Motion Capture Tarian Tradisional." Journal of Animation & Games Studies 2, no. 2 (2017): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.24821/jags.v2i2.1423.

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Visual digital documentation of traditional dance in Indonesia is still limited to photographs and videos recording. Motion capture technology has the potential to add more depth documenting traditional dances. This technology maps the position of the model (in this case the human body) and its motion in three dimensions. There are two popular ways in recording motion capture, using Vision Based Camera and Inertial measurement unit. Inertial Measurement Unit works by combining accelerometer and gyroscope to detect changes in the rotation axis relative lateral and angular. Those changes will be interpreted Arduino micro-controller platform as functions of motions that recorded as a motion capture data. Motion capture data that was obtained from traditional dance in Indonesia can be applied for many things such as education, standardization, documentation, and preservation of cultural assetsKeywords: digital documentatuion, motion capture, inertia measurement unit, angular relative, digital heritage. Abstrak Dokumentasi digital secara visual untuk tari tradisional di Indonesia masih terbatas pada perekaman secara fotografis dan videografis. Teknologi motion capture memiliki potensi untuk menambah kekayaan dokumentasi untuk tari tradisional. Teknologi ini memetakan posisi model (dalam hal ini tubuh manusia) dan pergerakannya secara 3 dimensi. Ada dua cara yang populer dalam perekaman motion capture, menggunakan Vision Based Camera dan Inertial measurement unit. Inertial Measurement Unit bekerja dengan menggabungkan accelerometer dan gyroscope untuk mendeteksi perubahan sumbu rotasi secara lateral dan angular relative. Perubahan ini yang oleh platform mikro-kontroler Arduino akan diterjemahkan sebagai fungsi gerakan yang nantinya akan direkam sebagai data motion capture. Data dokumentasi digital motion capture yang didapat dari perekaman gerak tari tradisional di Indonesia dapat diaplikasikan untuk banyak hal seperti edukasi, standarisasi, pembuatan animasi, game, dan pelestarian aset budaya. Kata kunci: dokumentasi digital, motion capture, inertia measurement unit, angular relative, pelestarian asset budaya

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Zhang, Li Yong. "Design and Research of Dynamical Property Testing System for Nano and Micron Inertial Components." Key Engineering Materials 609-610 (April 2014): 1349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.609-610.1349.

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The accelerometer is a sensitive inertial component of the inertial navigation system, and its output signal is proportional to the transporters acceleration. In system design and test, the dynamic characteristic of the closed-loop system is an important parameter. At present, the use of wire vibration or angular vibration to provide an input signal cannot meet the amplitude and phase of system testing requirements, and the test cost is high. Therefore, the study of how the dynamic characteristics of electrical simulation test system to give a precise mathematical accelerometer model is an important part of the analysis of the inertial navigation system,which is an effective method to acquire the dynamic characteristics and can be extended to mini inertia instruments. In this paper, we use the system identification method to identify the model of the system. Modeling of the system identification method is to determine the mathematical model of the system by observing the relationship between system inputs and outputs. The content of system identification generally includes four parts which are experimental design, model structure identification, parameter estimation and model test. Circuit simulation test of dynamic character of accelerometer system and model identification method have been applied in practical application. This paper has tested the accuracy of developed system designed by different system identifications.

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Fish, Jacob, Vasilina Filonova, and Sergey Kuznetsov. "Micro-inertia effects in nonlinear heterogeneous media." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 91, no. 13 (2012): 1406–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.4322.

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Dushaq, Ghada H., Tadesse Muluget, and Mahmoud Rasras. "Micro-opto-mechanical disk for inertia sensing." Photonic Sensors 6, no. 1 (2016): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13320-015-0294-4.

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Wang, Hong Cheng, Li Jun Yang, Jia Liu, and Zhen Dong Dai. "Controlled Encapsulation of Micron-Sized Beads in a Droplet Based on Pulse Inertia Force Driving of Micro-Fluids." Key Engineering Materials 645-646 (May 2015): 1009–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.645-646.1009.

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Loading drops with discrete objects, such as particles and cells, is often necessary when performing chemical and biological assays in microfluidic devices. The vast majority of reported encapsulating methods of particles into monodisperse picolitre droplets are based on micro-fluidic chip using the standard soft lithography technique are necessary. This paper presents a new approach, not based on micro-fluidic chip, for encapsulating particles into droplets actuated by microfluidic pulse inertia force. The polystyrene bead suspension can be ejected out of a tapered glass capillary in mineral oil drop by drop actuated by an enough pulse inertia force which is produced by a hollow PZT stack. The polystyrene beads will be randomly encapsulated in monodisperse picolitre droplets. The tapered glass capillary has the advantages of good chemical resistance, low friction, easy to manufacture and low cost and is suitable for chemical and biological analysis. The minimum size of the spherical droplets can reach 12 μm in diameter and about 1 picolitre in volume. The percentage of the droplets with single 5 μm-diameter polystyrene bead can reach 40% when the droplet size is 40 μm and the concentration of the bead suspension is 1×107 beads per milliliter. The experiment result can be applied in droplet-based single cell encapsulating and analyzing.

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Matysko, Robert, Jarosław Mikielewicz, and Eugeniusz Ihnatowicz. "Changes of the thermodynamic parameters in failure conditions of the micro-CHP cycle." Archives of Thermodynamics 35, no. 1 (2014): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoter-2014-0003.

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Abstract The paper presents the calculations for the failure conditions of the ORC (organic Rankine cycle) cycle in the electrical power system. It analyses the possible reasons of breakdown, such as the electrical power loss or the automatic safety valve failure. The micro-CHP (combined heat and power) system should have maintenance-free configuration, which means that the user does not have to be acquainted with all the details of the ORC system operation. However, the system should always be equipped with the safety control systems allowing for the immediate turn off of the ORC cycle in case of any failure. In case of emergency, the control system should take over the safety tasks and protect the micro-CHP system from damaging. Although, the control systems are able to respond quickly to the CHP system equipped with the inertial systems, the negative effects of failure are unavoidable and always remain for some time. Moreover, the paper presents the results of calculations determining the inertia for the micro-CHP system of the circulating ORC pump, heat removal pump (cooling condenser) and the heat supply pump in failure conditions.

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Daniec, Krzysztof, Karol Jędrasiak, Roman Koteras, and Aleksander Nawrat. "Embedded Micro Inertial Navigation System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 249-250 (December 2012): 1234–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.249-250.1234.

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This paper presents Embedded Inertial Navigation System designed and manufactured by the Department of Automatic Control and Robotics in Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland. Designed system is currently one of the smallest in the world. Within it there is implemented INS-GPS loosely coupled data fusion algorithm and point-to-point navigation algorithm. Both the algorithms and the constructed hardware were tested using two unmanned ground vehicles varying in size. Acquired results of those successful tests are presented.

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Wen, Jian Ming, Ji Jie Ma, Zhong Hua Zhang, Guang Ming Cheng, and Jun Wu Kan. "Inertial Piezoelectric Micro Rotary Actuator." Advanced Materials Research 487 (March 2012): 208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.487.208.

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A newly inertial piezoelectric rotary actuator is proposed based on controlling the orderly changes of friction force between the rotator and supporting faces in mechanical way. The dynamic simulation model of the actuator is derived. A prototype small inertial rotary actuator characterized by two symmetric piezoelectric stacks has been fabricated based on the proposed method. The actuator can rotate when it is powered with a square-wave or sine-wave voltage. The experimental and simulation results show that its angular speed is proportional to both the driving voltage’s amplitude and the frequency. The experimental results also show good agreement with the simulation analysis.

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Phan-Thien, Nhan, John S. Field, and Michael V. Swain. "Micro-Fourier rheometer: Inertial effects." Rheologica Acta 35, no. 5 (1996): 410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00368992.

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Askes, Harm, Duc C. D. Nguyen, and Andy Tyas. "Increasing the critical time step: micro-inertia, inertia penalties and mass scaling." Computational Mechanics 47, no. 6 (2011): 657–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00466-010-0568-z.

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Wang, Bing, and Jing Lin. "Numerical prediction on deposition of micro-particulate matter in turbulent channel flows." International Journal of Modern Physics C 26, no. 12 (2015): 1550134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012918311550134x.

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A direct numerical simulation of Navier–Stokes equation coupled to the Lagrangian tracking of individual particles was used to predict the dispersion of deposited micro-particulate matter in turbulent channel flows on the walls. The different interaction conditions between particles and walls were considered for particles with Stokes numbers ranging from 0.1 to 104. The particle deposition rates were predicted accurately because of the accurate calculation of turbulence and particle dispersion. It was found the interaction between the turbulent particles and the walls determined the re-entrainment mechanism of inertial particles away from the wall. The dispersion of deposition of particles were independent of the wall conditions in the partial diffusional and whole diffusion-impaction regime, consistent with a log–log law with particle Stokes number, which was found to be [Formula: see text]. The deposition rate decreased with decreasing adhesion of the wall in the inertia-moderated regime. The present results may be helpful for establishing and evaluating accurate prediction models of micro-particle deposition rates in various engineering applications.

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Tsuda, A., J. P. Butler, and J. J. Fredberg. "Effects of alveolated duct structure on aerosol kinetics. II. Gravitational sedimentation and inertial impaction." Journal of Applied Physiology 76, no. 6 (1994): 2510–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.76.6.2510.

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We studied the effects of alveolated duct structure on deposition processes for particle diameters > or = 1 micron. For such large particles, Brownian motion is insignificant but gravity and inertial forces play an important role. A Lagrangian description of particle dynamics in an alveolated duct flow was developed, and computational analysis was performed over the physiologically relevant range. At low flow rates gravity caused deposition. Gravitational cross-streamline motion depended on the coupled effects of curvature of gas streamlines and duct orientation relative to gravity. The detailed convective flow pattern was an important factor in determining deposition. At higher flow rates, inertial impaction contributed markedly to deposition. The curved nature of streamlines again played a major role on deposition, but duct orientation had little effect. In the medium range of flow rates, both gravitational and inertial forces simultaneously influenced particle motion. Particle inertia, per se, did not cause deposition but substantially suppressed gravitational deposition. The deposition mechanism was complex; contrary to what is often assumed in past analyses, the interaction between gravitational and inertial effects could not be described in a simple additive fashion. We conclude that the structure of the alveolar duct has an important role in gravitational sedimentation and inertial impaction in the lung acinus.

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Fan, Yu Bao, Jie Li, Bo Wang, Xiao Chun Tian, and Jun Liu. "A Rapid Field Calibrating Method for MIMU." Applied Mechanics and Materials 80-81 (July 2011): 1140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.80-81.1140.

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When the Micro Inertial Measurement Unit is been placed randomly in the case of stationary, the sum vectors that measured by the inertial devices configured orthogonally along three axis, are constant vectors. In view of the above objective facts, a field calibration method of micro inertial measurement unit was proposed. On the base of the establishment and optimization of calibration model, all parameters to be calibrated can be obtained through the least square by the ellipsoid fitting, with the result of high-precision field calibration for micro inertial measurement unit. Finally, a filed calibration program for micro inertial measurement unit is scheduled reasonably. The experiment results show that the method has such characteristics such as easily-operation, time-saving, higher calibration accuracy, and not depending on the baseline direction and datum offered by precision instruments. Especially, it fits for inertial measurement systems which work short time and ask for high accuracy. In addition, it can also significantly increase the measurement accuracy of micro inertial measurement system in practical application.

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Owczarek, Sebastian, Ionel-Dumitrel Ghiba, Marco-Valerio d’Agostino, and Patrizio Neff. "Nonstandard micro-inertia terms in the relaxed micromorphic model: well-posedness for dynamics." Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 24, no. 10 (2019): 3200–3215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1081286519838311.

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We study the existence of solutions arising from the modelling of elastic materials using generalized theories of continua. In view of some evidence from physics of metamaterials, we focus our effort on two recent nonstandard relaxed micromorphic models including novel micro-inertia terms. These novel micro-inertia terms are needed to better capture the band-gap response. The existence proof is based on the Banach fixed-point theorem.

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Park, Jang Min, Seok Ho Yoon, Kong Hoon Lee, and Chan Ho Song. "Numerical Study of the Inertia Effect on Flow Distribution in Micro-gap Plate Heat Exchanger." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B 38, no. 11 (2014): 881–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-b.2014.38.11.881.

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Lee, Hye Jin, Nak Kyu Lee, and Seo Gou Choi. "Development of Miniaturized Micro Metal Forming Manufacturing System." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.223.

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The existing forming press uses a hydraulic actuator and high powered mechanical actuator, therefore occupying a large space because of its size. This type of system is inefficient for manufacturing micro size and precision products. As forming components are small in size, forming equipment must also be small in size because the forming die and load must be small. The micro forming manufacturing system is an ultra precision forming equipment the size of several micros to millimeters and precision of sub-micro to micrometer. This micro forming manufacturing system has the advantage of minimization in manipulating distance and working space. As equipment and tools become smaller in size, minute inertia force and high natural frequency can be obtained. Therefore, high precision forming performance can be obtained. This allows the factory to quickly provide the customer with goods because the manufacturing system and process are reduced. To construct a micro manufacturing system, many technologies are necessary such as high stiffness frame, high precision actuating part, structural analysis, high precision tools and system control. In this paper Research development about a micro metal forming manufacturing system has been developed. To coincide with the purpose to be more practical, we set the development of the equipment including micro deep drawing, micro punching and micro restriking process to the goal. To achieve this goal, the miniaturized micro metal forming manufacturing system is designed and made with miniaturized size system. A micro deep drawing process and system dynamic characteristic experiments are researched using this miniaturized micro forming system. A micro deep drawing experiment is performed using micro thin foil materials (Al-1100, SUS-304). If this miniaturized micro forming technology is used, efficient material practical use in the micro forming field which uses the micro metal thin foil is possible.

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Wautier, Antoine, Stephane Bonelli, and François Nicot. "Micro-inertia origin of instabilities in granular materials." International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 42, no. 9 (2018): 1037–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.2777.

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Mita, Makoto, Manabu Ataka, Hiroyuki Fujita, and Hiroshi Toshiyoshi. "An Inertia Driven Micro-actuator for Space Applications." IEEJ Transactions on Sensors and Micromachines 132, no. 5 (2012): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejsmas.132.96.

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Mita, Makoto, Manabu Ataka, Hiroyuki Fujita, and Hiroshi Toshiyoshi. "An Inertia Driven Micro-Actuator for Space Applications." Electronics and Communications in Japan 97, no. 3 (2014): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecj.11502.

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41

Ye, Tao, and Joseph L. Bull. "Direct Numerical Simulations of Micro-Bubble Expansion in Gas Embolotherapy." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 126, no. 6 (2004): 745–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1824131.

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We are currently developing a novel gas embolotherapy technique that involves the selective, acoustic vaporization of liquid perfluorocarbon droplets in or near a tumor as a possible treatment for cancer. The resulting bubbles can then stick within the tumor vasculature to occlude blood flow and “starve” the tumor. The potential development of high stresses during droplet vaporization is a major concern for safe implementation of this technique. No prior study, either experimentally or theoretically, addresses this important issue. In this work, the acoustic vaporization procedure of the therapy is investigated by direct numerical simulations. The nonlinear, multiphase, computational model is comprised of an ideal gas bubble surrounded by liquid inside a long tube. Convective and unsteady inertia, viscosity, and surface tension affect the bubble dynamics and are included in this model, which is solved by a novel fixed-grid, sharp-interface, moving boundary method. We assess the potential for flow-induced wall stresses to rupture the vessel or damage the endothelium during vaporization under a range of operating conditions by varying dimensionless parameters—Reynolds, Weber, and Strouhal numbers, inertial energy and initial droplet size. It is found that the wall pressure is typically highest at the start of the bubble expansion, but the maximum wall shear stress occurs at a later time. Smaller initial bubble diameters, relative to the vessel diameter, result in lower wall stresses.

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Fang, Susu, Zengcai Wang, and Lei Zhao. "Research on the automotive sensor–aided low-cost inertial navigation system for land vehicles." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 1 (2019): 168781401882287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018822876.

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When a low-cost micro-electro-mechanical system inertial measurement unit is used for a vehicle navigation system, errors will quickly accumulate because of the large micro-electro-mechanical system sensor measurement noise. To solve this problem, an automotive sensor–aided low-cost inertial navigation system is proposed in this article. The error-state model of the strapdown inertial navigation system has been derived, and the measurements from the wheel speed sensor and steer angle sensor are used as the new observation vector. Then, the micro-electro-mechanical system inertial measurement unit/wheel speed sensor/steer angle sensor–integrated system is established based on adaptive Kalman filtering. The experimental results show that the positioning error of micro-electro-mechanical system inertial measurement unit/wheel speed sensor/steer angle sensor is 94.67%, 98.88%, and 97.88% less than the values using pure strapdown inertial navigation system in the east, north, and down directions, respectively. The yaw angle error is reduced to less than 1°, and the vehicle velocity estimation of micro-electro-mechanical system inertial measurement unit/wheel speed sensor/steer angle sensor–integrated navigation system is closer to the reference value. These results show the precision of the integrated navigation solution.

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Peng, Yingchun, Yanling Sun, Guoxi Luo, Guoguo Wu, and Tao Zhang. "Recent Advancements in Inertial Micro-Switches." Electronics 8, no. 6 (2019): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8060648.

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Inertial micro-switches have great potential in the applications of acceleration sensing, due to the integrated advantages of a small size, high integration level, and low or even no power consumption. This paper presents an overview of the recent advancements made in research on the sensitive direction, threshold acceleration, contact effect, and threshold accuracy of inertial micro-switches. The reviewed switches were categorized according to the performance parameters, including multi-directional switches, multi-threshold switches, persistent closed switches, flexible-electrode switches, and low-g high-threshold-accuracy switches. The current challenges and prospects are also discussed.

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Qiu, Zu Rong, L. Y. Nie, Guo Xiong Zhang, and C. J. Yao. "Inertial Fusion Micro-Target Semiautomatic Assembly." Key Engineering Materials 315-316 (July 2006): 843–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.315-316.843.

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This paper describes a micro-target semiautomatic assembly system used in ICF. In the system two halves of a cylindrical gold hohlraum (1.6 mm long by 0.8 mm in diameter) and a microsphere capsule (about 0.2 mm in diameter) are assembled. CCD cameras are applied to monitor the process of closed loop assembly.

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Haifeng Dong and Wendong Zhang. "Micro inertial measurement system from China." IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 5, no. 1 (2002): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/5289.988733.

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Lin, Jaw Ren, and Shu Ting Hu. "Non-Newtonian Inertia Squeeze Film Characteristics in Rectangular Stepped Plates." Applied Mechanics and Materials 775 (July 2015): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.775.73.

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A study of non-Newtonian inertia squeeze film in rectangular stepped plates has been presented in this paper. Applying the momentum integral method incorporating the micro-continuum theory of non-Newtonian fluids, a non-Newtonian inertia lubrication equation is derived. It is found that the fluid inertia effects yield in a higher normal load capacity as well as a longer squeeze film time as compared to the non-Newtonian stepped squeeze film in the absence of fluid inertia forces.

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Liu, Ting Ting, Wei Su, Chao Wang, and Tao Yang. "Threshold Model of Micro-Fluidic Inertial Switch Based on Orthogonal Regression Design." Key Engineering Materials 645-646 (May 2015): 455–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.645-646.455.

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The micro-fluidic inertial switch with liquid metal droplet moving under the action of acceleration has overcome the disadvantages of contact bounce, arcing and welding, as are found in the traditional inertial switch. Micro-fluidic inertial switches have no moving parts, a small contact resistance, a long service life and a large current capability. In this paper, we present a micro-fluidic inertial switch that is composed of two-stage micro-valves. This design facilitates tuning of the threshold by adjusting the mercury volume, and so provides better switching performance. Numerical simulation of an orthogonal experiment is used to identify the semi-analytical model of the switch threshold. Results show that the identified model is in accordance with simulation results. Switch prototypes are fabricated by micro-machining techniques including ICP dry etching, sputtering technology and anodic bonding. Centripetal test results show that the switch threshold can be tuned by the careful adjustment of mercury volume.

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Huang, Shujuan, Diana-Andra Borca-Tasciuc, and John A. Tichy. "A simple expression for fluid inertia force acting on micro-plates undergoing squeeze film damping." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 467, no. 2126 (2010): 522–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2010.0216.

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Squeeze film damping in systems employing micro-plates parallel to a substrate and undergoing small normal vibrations is theoretically investigated. In high-density fluids, inertia forces may play a significant role affecting the dynamic response of such systems. Previous models of squeeze film damping taking inertia into account do not clearly isolate this effect from viscous damping. Therefore, currently, there is no simple way to distinguish between these two hydrodynamic effects. This paper presents a simple solution for the hydrodynamic force acting on a plate vibrating in an incompressible fluid, with distinctive terms describing inertia and viscous damping. Similar to the damping constant describing viscous losses, an inertia constant, given by ρL 3 W / h (where ρ is fluid density, L and W are plate length and width, respectively, and h is separation distance), may be used to accurately calculate fluid inertia for small oscillation Reynolds numbers. In contrast with viscous forces that suppress the amplitude of the oscillation, it is found that fluid inertia acts as an added mass, shifting the natural frequency of the system to a lower range while having little effect on the amplitude. Dimensionless parameters describing the relative importance of viscous and inertia effects also emerge from the analysis.

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Alba, David, Horace W. Crater, and Luca Lusanna. "On the relativistic micro-canonical ensemble and relativistic kinetic theory for N relativistic particles in inertial and non-inertial rest frames." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 12, no. 04 (2015): 1550049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887815500498.

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A new formulation of relativistic classical mechanics allows a reconsideration of old unsolved problems in relativistic kinetic theory and in relativistic statistical mechanics. In particular a definition of the relativistic micro-canonical partition function is given strictly in terms of the Poincaré generators of an interacting N-particle system both in the inertial and non-inertial rest frames. The non-relativistic limit allows a definition of both the inertial and non-inertial micro-canonical ensemble in terms of the Galilei generators.

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Huang, Xin, Keyou Wang, Guojie Li, and Hua Zhang. "Virtual Inertia-Based Control Strategy of Two-Stage Photovoltaic Inverters for Frequency Support in Islanded Micro-Grid." Electronics 7, no. 11 (2018): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics7110340.

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For an islanded micro-grid with a high penetration of photovoltaic (PV) power generators, the low inertia reserve and the maximum peak power tracking control may increase the difficulty of maintaining the system’s supply–demand balance, and cause frequency instability, especially when the available generation is excessive. This will require changes in the way the PV inverter is controlled. In this paper, a virtual inertia frequency control (VIFC) strategy is proposed to let the two-stage PV inverters emulate inertia and support the system frequency with a timely response (e.g., inertia response), and the required power for inertia emulation is obtained from both the DC-link capacitor and the PV reserved energy. As the rate of the system frequency change can be reduced with the inertia increase, the proposed method can mitigate the frequency contingency event before the superior-level coordination control is enabled for the frequency restoration. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Micro inertie'

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