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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Micro-level finite element analysis'
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1
Wong, Sze-chun, and 黃仕進. "Two level finite element method for structural analysis." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1988. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30425918.
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Wong, Sze-chun. "Two level finite element method for structural analysis /." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1988. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12430869.
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蘇啓亮 and Kai-leung Su. "Fractal two-level finite element method for elastic crack analysis." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31235323.
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Su, Kai-leung. "Fractal two-level finite element method for elastic crack analysis /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14777290.
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Tao, Chen. "Heterogeneous element : a new finite element method for the micro-stress analysis of composites /." Search for this dissertation online, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ksu/main.
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Ontac, Suat. "Finite Element Analysis Of A Micro Satellite Structure Under Vibration Induced Loads During Launch." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12609502/index.pdf.
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This study mainly covers the finite element analysis of a micro satellite structure by considering the vibration effects at the time interval from the launching to the Earth&rsquos orbit landing. Micro-satellites have a great importance in the satellite industry and several developing countries deal with micro-satellite design and production. Turkey is one of these countries by conducting new satellite projects. RASAT project is one the continuing micro-satellite project, which has being developed by TÜ
BiTAK Space Technologies Research Institute. In this thesis, the RASAT satellite is taken as the model for the study. On this model, many mechanical design studies which are performed according to the specified requirements and constraints are verified by finite element analyses. These analyses cover all the essential vibration loads during launching. In the study, firstly, a finite element model of RASAT is prepared. Then, the essential analyses are performed according to the specifications required by the launchers. In the analyses, commercially available finite element software is used. Finally all the results obtained from the finite element analyses are compared with the predefined requirements and constraints. The results show that the structural design verification regarding the reliability of the structure for the desired mission has been successfully completed.
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Jung, Yeonhee. "An efficient analysis of resin transfer molding process using extended finite element method." Phd thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00937556.
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Numerical simulation for Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) manufacturing process is attempted by using the eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM) combined with the level set method. XFEM allows to obtaining a good numerical precision of the pressure near the resin flow front, where its gradient is discontinuous. The enriched shape functions of XFEM are derived by using the level set values so as to correctly describe the interpolation with the resin flow front. In addition, the level set method is used to transport the resin flow front at each time step during the mold filling. The level set values are calculated by an implicit characteristic Galerkin FEM. The multi-frontal solver of IPSAP is adopted to solve the system. This work is validated by comparing the obtained results with analytic solutions.Moreover, a localization method of XFEM and level set method is proposed to increase the computing efficiency. The computation domain is reduced to the small region near the resin flow front. Therefore, the total computing time is strongly reduced by it. The efficiency test is made with simple channel or radial flow models. Several application examples are analyzed to demonstrate ability of this method. A wind turbine blade is also treated as industrial application. Finally, a Graphic User Interface (GUI) tool is developed so as to make easy the pre/post-processing of the simulation.
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York, Richard. "Characterization of Micro-Machining of Dental Screws and Abutments." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36069.
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In today’s society, dental implants are a growing solution for dental care. However, most dental components are very expensive when imported, and are purchased at premium costs solely from a few international companies. It is estimated that the current market price of dental implants is as much as one thousand times the material cost. To be cost effective in a growing competitive market, a local company is looking into producing their own components, and requires knowledge of manufacturing and quality assurance or expertise in order to validate the effectiveness of their fabricated components. These fabricated components need to be tested against currently in use market components in order to assure that prototype components are not inferior to the current market supply.
The present study focuses on the analysis of the fabrication process of dental implants, specifically the abutments and screws. The objective is to compare material properties of prototype and market components to determine if the prototype components have adequate quality. Furthermore, simulated models are developed for predicting material property changes due to the manufacturing process. The material properties are determined through hardness testing and microstructure analysis. Visual inspection is then used to investigate and characterize the components. The simulations use different machining parameters, such as the feed rate and the cutting speed to determine residual stress patterns.
Dental implant abutments and screws were successfully tested and compared. The prototypes show a good hardness and microstructure properties similar to market components, indicating a high level of prototype quality. The simulated models were successfully created and provided an adequate level of customization to be usable in place of future mechanical testing and showed results that complimented experimental findings. The standard cutting speed of 2000 rpm (100%) in the prototypes produced the optimal hardness and surface roughness. Prototypes were found to have an acceptable level of both hardness and surface finish for the investigated 50%, 100% and 150% of the standard 2000 rpm feed rate.
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Shopple, John P. "An interface-fitted finite element based level set method algorithm, implementation, analysis and applications /." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3359494.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 14, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-60).
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Dharmala, Rohini Misra Anil. "Finite element analysis of dentin/adhesive interface accounting for micro-scale geometrical and mechanical properties." Diss., UMK access, 2006.
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Thesis (M.S.)--School of Computing and Engineering. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2006."A thesis in mechanical engineering." Typescript. Advisor: Anil Misra. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed Sept. 12, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-101). Online version of the print edition.
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Barclay, Edward Andrew. "System level drop-impact simulation and validation of handheld radio devices." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Mechanical, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10275.
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This project was concerned with the development of a finite element model capable of simulating a drop-impact event of handheld radio devices. Handheld radios call for exceptional robustness and reliability due to their deployment in critical applications. The development of a drop-impact finite element model aims to provide greater understanding of impact behaviours, this insight would ultimately be used to develop more robust and optimised handheld electronic products. Before such analysis tools can be introduced into the product development cycle an understanding of finite element methods, of setup parameters for the finite element solver and the accuracy of simulation results must be considered. Experimental results were used throughout the project to validate the finite element models developed. A drop-impact test rig was designed and constructed to control both impact orientation and velocity of the handheld radios tested. Drop-impact modelling of a handheld radio is extremely challenging because of the complex interaction of the contacting surfaces, the complex stress-strain and damping characteristics of the materials, and the excitation of the high frequency modes. For this reason, the finite element model was developed in two stages: a simplified radio was used to develop the understanding of the above complexities and then the understanding implemented in a more detailed radio model. The mesh size of the finite elements, the elastic and the damping characteristics of the materials and the contact conditions for the simplified radio model were varied to understand their influence on the simulation results. The finite element input settings and parameters were altered to give better agreement with the experimental results of the simplified radio model. The detailed radio was subsequently modelled. The lessons learnt from the simplified radio model were applied to the analysis of the detailed radio assembly. Despite general agreements, there were some differences between the finite element and experimental results which was attributed to the high complexity of the model. The project delivered a workable finite element model capable of analysing the drop-impact event of handheld radio devices. Suggestions have been provided that would further improve the quality of the model.
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Dasari, Praveen K. "Investigation of Micro Channel Fabrication by Electroforming." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1289937833.
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Mikulik, Zoltan Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Application of fracture mechanics to predict the growth of single and multi-level delaminations and disbonds in composite structures." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41560.
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The high stiffness to weight ratio and fatigue resistance make carbon fibre composites suitable for both military and large civil aircraft. The limited ability of current numerical methods to capture the complex growth of damage in laminated composites leads to a conservative design approach applied in today??s composite aircraft structures. The aim of the presented research was to develop an improved methodology for the failure prediction of laminated composites containing delaminations located between arbitrary layers in the laminate, and to extend the investigations to composite structures subjected to barely visible impact damage (BVID). The advantages of fracture mechanics-based methodologies to predict interlaminar failure in composite structures were identified, from which the crack tip element (CTE) approach and the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) were selected for assessment. Extensive validation of these fracture mechanics methods is presented on a number of composite structures ranging from coupons to large stiffened panels. It was shown that the VCCT was relatively insensitive to the crack front mesh size, whilst predictions using the CTE methodology were significantly influenced by the element size. Based on the obtained results modelling guidelines for the VCCT and CTE were established. Significant contribution of this research to the field of the analysis of composite structures was the development of a novel test method for the evaluation of embedded single and multi-level delaminations. The test procedure of the single delamination specimen was proposed as an analogous test to conventional compression experiments. The transverse test overcame the inherent problems of in-plane compression testing and produced less scatter of experimental measurements. Quantitative analysis of numerical results employing the validated finite element modelling approaches showed that the failure load and location were in agreement with experiments. Furthermore, new modelling techniques for composite structures containing BVID proposed in this research produced good correlation with test data from the compression after impact (CAI) test. The study of BVID provided a significant contribution toward the knowledge of the applicability of implicit FE solvers to predict failure of CAI specimens as well as the criticality of centrally impacted specimens.
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Zhang, Zhiwei. "Modelling of ultrasonically assisted micro drilling." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2010. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6918.
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Micro drilling has been applied in the interconnection and precision manufacturing industries extensively. As a promising machining technique, Ultrasonically Assisted Drilling (UAD) has become increasingly popular in both academia and industry in recent years. In this thesis, modelling techniques and experiments for Ultrasonically Assisted Micro Drilling (UAMD) are investigated. Representative work on modelling of micro drills and UAD has been documented and categorised. Existing gaps in the literature are identified and the aims of this research are formulated. Using the Finite Element (FE) technique, a hybrid model is developed to realise modelling for the whole drill bit without compromising the computation efficiency, even when the drill has a complicated geometry (small diameter flute, multiple step shanks, etc). A specific drill model (Φ0.3 mm diameter, 2 step shanks) is chosen for a case study in order to evaluate the model. The hybrid tool shows sufficiently accurate results and impressive computation efficiency in the evaluation. For vibration modelling, force modelling and experimental work, a standard Φ1 mm drill with 1 step shank is used across the chapters. First of all, FE analysis is conducted on the whole drill and normal modes are solved with boundary condition as fixed simply supported. A 2 Degree-of-Freedom (DOF) model is then built considering rotation and the ultrasonic excitation to solve the transverse vibration with boundary conditions consistent with the FE model. The asymmetric geometric characteristics of the drill bit are taken account of through using the first two fundamental modes in the FE model. Potential parametric resonances are discussed in the numerical simulation. Other vibration characteristics are also discussed with varying parameters such as ultrasonic frequency, ultrasonic amplitude and rotational speed. In order to extend the vibration model, a nonlinear thrust force model has been developed for incorporation into the 2 DOF model. The force model considers ultrasonic parameters, feed rate, material properties and the nonlinearity of the UAMD process. Force reduction during the UAMD process is explained qualitatively with the model and a full range of feed rates have been simulated to study their effect on the force reduction. The limitations of this model have also been explained. A high speed UAMD system was designed to examine the effects of key parameters. Experiments with different ultrasonic frequencies, amplitudes and rotational speeds were conducted and the influences of these parameters on thrust force were investigated. With the thrust force data from these experiments, a correlation study to the simulation results based on the force model is carried out. The study identifies the limitations on the current one dimensional force model and leads to recommendations for the further development of the force model. Further work is identified for both modelling and experiments, and the present models can be expanded to suit the research and development of UAMD techniques.
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Song, Yin. "C-MEMS Based Micro Enzymatic Biofuel Cells." FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2013.
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Miniaturized, self-sufficient bioelectronics powered by unconventional micropower may lead to a new generation of implantable, wireless, minimally invasive medical devices, such as pacemakers, defibrillators, drug-delivering pumps, sensor transmitters, and neurostimulators. Studies have shown that micro-enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs) are among the most intuitive candidates for in vivo micropower.
In the fisrt part of this thesis, the prototype design of an EBFC chip, having 3D intedigitated microelectrode arrays was proposed to obtain an optimum design of 3D microelectrode arrays for carbon microelectromechanical systems (C-MEMS) based EBFCs. A detailed modeling solving partial differential equations (PDEs) by finite element techniques has been developed on the effect of 1) dimensions of microelectrodes, 2) spatial arrangement of 3D microelectrode arrays, 3) geometry of microelectrode on the EBFC performance based on COMSOL Multiphysics.
In the second part of this thesis, in order to investigate the performance of an EBFC, behavior of an EBFC chip performance inside an artery has been studied. COMSOL Multiphysics software has also been applied to analyze mass transport for different orientations of an EBFC chip inside a blood artery. Two orientations: horizontal position (HP) and vertical position (VP) have been analyzed.
The third part of this thesis has been focused on experimental work towards high performance EBFC. This work has integrated graphene/enzyme onto three-dimensional (3D) micropillar arrays in order to obtain efficient enzyme immobilization, enhanced enzyme loading and facilitate direct electron transfer. The developed 3D graphene/enzyme network based EBFC generated a maximum power density of 136.3 μWcm-2 at 0.59 V, which is almost 7 times of the maximum power density of the bare 3D carbon micropillar arrays based EBFC.
To further improve the EBFC performance, reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been integrated onto 3D mciropillar arrays to further increase EBFC performance in the fourth part of this thesisThe developed rGO/CNTs based EBFC generated twice the maximum power density of rGO based EBFC. Through a comparison of experimental and theoretical results, the cell performance efficiency is noted to be 67%.
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Pothapragada, Raja Mahesh. "FEM of nanoindentation on micro- and nanocrystalline Ni: Analysis of factors affecting hardness and modulus values." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4844/.
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Nanoindentation is a widely used technique to measure the mechanical properties of films with thickness ranging from nanometers to micrometers. A much better understanding of the contact mechanics is obtained mostly through finite element modeling. The experiments were modeled using the software package Nano SP1 that is based on COSMOSM (Structural Research & Analysis Corp, www.cosmosm.com), a finite element code. The fundamental material properties affecting pile-up are the ratio of the effective modulus to yield stress Eeff/σ and the work hardening behavior. Two separate cases of work hardening rates were considered; one with no work hardening rate and other with a linear work hardening rate. Specifically, it is observed that pile up is large only when hf/hmax is close to one and degree of work hardening rate is small. It should also be noted that when hf/hmax < 0.7 very little pile-up is observed no matter what the work-hardening behavior of the material. When pile-up occurs the contact area is greater than that predicted by the experimental methods and both the hardness and modulus are overestimated. In this report the amount by which these properties are overestimated are studied and got to be around 22% approx. Bluntness of the tip often leads to the misinterpretation of the load-displacement data. Further analysis was done in order to find out the amount of deviation from the ideal tip due to tip bluntness. Radius of the tips were also calculated for cubecorner (41.35 nm) and conical indenter (986.05 nm).
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Mustansar, Zartasha. "Selection of modelling level of detail for incorporating stress analysis into evolutionary robotics simulations of extinct and extant vertebrates." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/selection-of-modelling-level-of-detail-for-incorporating-stress-analysis-into-evolutionary-robotics-simulations-of-extinct-and-extant-vertebrates(1210393b-d7e7-40dd-91d8-c33598aca8dc).html.
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This thesis concerns the simulation of locomotion in vertebrates. The state-of-the-art uses genetic algorithms together with solid body kinematics to generate possible solutions for stable gaits. In recent work, this methodology led to a hopping gait in a dinosaur and the researchers wondered if this was realistic. The purpose of the research carried out in this thesis was to examine whether quick and simple finite-element analyses could be added to the simulator, to evaluate a simple ―break or―not break failure criterion. A break would rule out gaits that might damage theowner‘s skeleton. Linear elastic analysis was considered as a possible approach as it would add little overhead to the simulations. The author used X-ray computed tomography and the finite element method to examine the axial loading of a barnacle goose femur. The study considered four levels of detail for a linear elastic simulation, finding that all the analyses carried out overestimated the strength of the bone, when considering safety factors. The conclusion is that to incorporate stress-strain analysis into the gait simulation requires more realistic models of bone behaviour that incorporate the nonlinear response of bone to applied loading. A new study focusing on the use of novel techniques such as model order reduction is recommended for future work. The outputs of this research include chapters written up as journal papers covering a 4D tomography experiment; a level of detail study; an analysis of a purported tendon avulsion injury in Tyrannosaurus rex and a review of the elastic properties of bone.
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Mabbett, Arthur Andrew. "Aerodynamic Heating of a Hypersonic Naval Projectile Launched At Sea Level." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77363.
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Hypersonic flight at sea-level conditions induces severe thermal loads not seen by any other type of current hypersonic system. Appropriate design of the hypersonic round requires a solid understanding of the thermal environment. Numerous codes were obtained and assessed for their applicability to the problem under study, and outside of the GASP Conjugate Heat Transfer module, Navier-Stokes code from Aerosoft, Inc., no efficient codes are available that can model the aerodynamic heating response for a fully detailed projectile, including all subassemblies, over an entire trajectory. Although the codes obtained were not applicable to a fully detailed thermal soak analyses they were useful in providing insight into ablation effects. These initial trade studies indicated that ablation of up to 1.25 inches could be expected for a Carbon-Carbon nosetip in this flight environment. In order to capture the thermal soak effects a new methodology (BMA) was required. This methodology couples the Sandia aerodynamic heating codes with a full thermal finite element model of the desired projectile, using the finite element code ANSYS from ANSYS, Inc. Since ablation can be treated elsewhere it was not included in the BMA methodology. Various trajectories of quadrant elevations of 0.5, 10, 30, 50, and 80 degrees were analyzed to determine thermal time histories and maximum operating temperatures. All of the trajectories have the same launch condition, Mach 8 sea-level, and therefore will undergo the same initial thermal spike in temperature at the nose-tip of approximately 3,100 K (5600R). Of the five trajectories analyzed the maximum internal temperatures experienced occurred for the 50 degree quadrant elevation trajectory. This trajectory experienced temperatures in excess of 1,000 K (1800R) for more than 80% of its flight time. The BMA methodology was validated by comparisons with experiment and computational fluid solutions with an uncertainty of 10% at a cost savings of over three orders of magnitude.Ph. D.
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Ullah, Himayat. "Analysis of mechanical behaviour and damage of carbon fabric-reinforced composites in bending." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12173.
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Carbon fabric-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites are widely used in aerospace, automotive and construction structures thanks to their high specific strength and stiffness. They can also be used in various products in sports industry. Such products can be exposed to different in-service conditions such as large bending deformations caused by quasi-static and dynamic loading. Composite materials subjected to such bending loads can demonstrate various damage modes - matrix cracking, delamination and, ultimately, fabric fracture. Damage evolution in composites affects both their in-service properties and performance that can deteriorate with time. Such damage modes need adequate means of analysis and investigation, the major approaches being experimental characterisation and numerical simulations. This work deals with a deformation behaviour and damage in carbon fabric-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates caused by quasi-static and dynamic bending. Experimental tests are carried out first to characterise the behaviour of a CFRP material under tension, in-plane shear and large-deflection bending in quasi-static conditions. The dynamic behaviour of these materials under large-deflection bending is characterised by Izod-type impact tests employing a pendulum-type impactor. A series of impact tests is performed on the material at various impact energy levels up to its fracture, to obtain a transient response of the woven CFRP laminate. Microstructural examination of damage is carried out by optical microscopy and X-ray micro computed tomography (Micro-CT). The damage analysis revealed that through thickness matrix cracking, inter-ply delaminations, intra-ply delamination such as tow debonding, and fabric fracture was the prominent damage modes. These mechanical tests and microstructural studies are accompanied by advanced numerical models developed in a commercial code Abaqus. Among those models are (i) 2D FE models to simulate experimentally observed inter-ply delamination, intra-ply fabric fracture and their subsequent interaction under quasi-static bending conditions and (ii) 3D FE models based on multi-body dynamics used to analyse interacting damage mechanisms in CFRP under large-deflection dynamic bending conditions. In these models, multiple layers of bilinear cohesive-zone elements are placed at the damage locations identified in the Micro CT study. Initiation and progression of inter-laminar delamination and intra-laminar ply fracture are studied by employing cohesive elements. Stress-based criteria are used for damage initiation while fracture-mechanics techniques are employed to capture its progression in composite laminates. The developed numerical models are capable to simulate the studied damage mechanisms as well as their subsequent interaction observed in the tests and microstructural damage analysis. In this study, a novel damage modelling technique based on the cohesive-zone method is proposed for analysis of interaction of various damage modes, which is more efficient than the continuum damage mechanics approach for coupling between failure modes. It was observed that the damage formation in the specimens was from the front to the back at the impact location in the large-deflection impact tests, unlike the back-to-front one in drop-weight tests. The obtained results of simulations showed a good agreement with experimental data, thus demonstrating that the proposed methodology can be used for simulations of discrete damage mechanisms and their interaction during the ultimate fracture of composites in bending. The main outcome of this thesis is a comprehensive experimental and numerical analysis of the deformation and fracture behaviours of CFRP composites under large-deflection bending caused by quasi-static and dynamic loadings. Recommendations on further research developments are also suggested.
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Ward, Jonathan Joseph. "RELATIONSHIPS OF LONG-TERM BISPHOSPHONATE TREATMENT WITH MEASURES OF BONE MICROARCHITECTURE AND MECHANICAL COMPETENCE." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/cbme_etds/26.
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Oral bisphosphonate drug therapy is a common and effective treatment for osteoporosis. Little is known about the long-term effects of bisphosphonates on bone quality. This study examined the structural and mechanical properties of trabecular bone following 0-16 years of bisphosphonate treatment. Fifty-three iliac crest bone samples of Caucasian women diagnosed with low turnover osteoporosis were identified from the Kentucky Bone Registry. Forty-five were treated with oral bisphosphonates for 1 to 16 years while eight were treatment naive. A section of trabecular bone was chosen from a micro-computed tomography (Scanco µCT 40) scan of each sample for a uniaxial linearly elastic compression simulation using finite element analysis (ANSYS 14.0). Morphometric parameters (BV/TV, SMI, Tb.Sp., etc.) were computed using µCT. Apparent modulus, effective modulus and estimated failure stress were calculated. Biomechanical and morphometric parameters improved with treatment duration, peaked around 7 years, and then declined independently of age. The findings suggest a limit to the benefits associated with bisphosphonate treatment and that extended continuous bisphosphonate treatment does not continue to improve bone quality. Bone quality, and subsequently bone strength, may eventually regress to a state poorer than at the onset of treatment. Treatment duration limited to less than 7 years is recommended.
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Paquet, Daniel. "Adaptive Multi-level Model for Multi-scale Ductile Fracture Analysis in Heterogeneous Aluminum Alloys." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1324565883.
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Das, Prabir Kumar. "Ageing of Asphalt Mixtures : Micro-scale and mixture morphology investigation." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Väg- och banteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-145051.
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There are many variables that affect the viscoelastic properties of asphalt mixtures with time, among which age hardening may be considered one of the important ones. Age hardening of asphalt mixtures is an irreversible process, which contributes to a reduction of the durability of pavements and eventually increases the maintenance cost. Beside the environmental effects, ageing in asphalt mixture depends on the physicochemical properties of bitumen and mixture morphology which is a combined effect of aggregate packing, porosity, air void distribution and their interconnectivity. Thus, a clear understanding on the physicochemical properties of bitumen and mixture morphology may help to predict the performance of asphalt mixtures, which will contribute to longer-lasting and better performing pavements. When looking at the bitumen at micro-scale, one can see microstructures appearing under certain conditions which can be partially explained by the interaction of the individual phases. Since the thermo-rheological behavior of bitumen depends largely on its chemical structure and intermolecular microstructures, studying these can lead to understanding of the mechanism, speed and conditions under which this phase behavior occurs. Linking this to the changes in properties of bitumen can thus lead to better understanding of the causes of ageing, its dominant parameters and the resulting diminished mechanical response. To investigate ageing in asphalt pavements, along with physicochemical properties of bitumen one needs to also focus on the influence of mixture morphology. It is known that asphalt mixtures with similar percentages of air-voids can have different morphologies and thus can age differently. Prediction of ageing behavior without considering the influence of mixture morphology may thus lead to erroneous conclusions and non-optimal mix design. Hence, it is important to understand the interplay between the mixture morphology and ageing susceptibility and relate this to the long term mixture performance. The aim of this Thesis was to develop fundamental understanding on ageing in asphalt mixtures that can contribute to the asphalt community moving away from the currently used accelerated ageing laboratory tests and empirical models that can lead to erroneous conclusions. To reach this aim, experimental and numerical micro-scale analyses on bitumen and meso-scale investigations on mixture morphology have been performed which, collectively, allowed for the development of a method for the prediction of asphalt field ageing, incorporating both mixture morphology and micro-scale bitumen mechanisms. For this, first, the mechanisms of surface ageing and diffusion controlled oxidative ageing were identified. Secondly, the influence of mixture morphology on asphalt ageing susceptibility was investigated. Procedures to determine the controlling parameter were then developed and an empirical framework to quantify the long-term field ageing of asphalt mixtures was set-up. For this, a combination of experimental and numerical methods was employed. An extensive experimental study was carried out to understand the fundamental mechanisms behind the micro-structural phase appearance and the speed or mobility at which they change. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was utilized at different temperatures to investigate the phase separation behavior for four different types of bitumen and co-relate it with the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) measurements. Based on the experimental findings, it was concluded that the observed phase separation is mainly due to the wax/paraffin fraction presence in bitumen (Paper I). A hypothesis was developed of the appearance of a thin film at the specimen surface due to ageing which is creating a barrier, restricting thus the microstructures to float towards the surface. Furthermore, investigation showed that depending on the bitumen and exposure types this surface thin film is water soluble and thus the moisture damage becomes more severe with the ageing of asphalt pavement (Paper II and IV). A new empirical relation to obtain the primary structure coating thickness was established utilizing mixture volumetric properties and gradation using a large set of data from different literature sources. It was found that the enhanced morphological framework can be used to optimize the long term performance of asphalt mixtures (Paper III). Thereafter, the effect of diffusion controlled oxidative ageing on different mixture morphologies based on oxidative ageing mechanism of bitumen and diffusion-reaction process was investigated using the Finite Element Method (FEM). From the FE analyses, the effect of air-void distribution and their interconnectivity combined with the aggregate packing was shown to have a significant effect on age hardening (Paper IV). It was shown that focusing only on the percentage of air-void as the main predictive ageing parameter may lead to an erroneous conclusion and non-optimal predictions of long-term behavior. To replace such approaches, a new way to predict the long-term ageing was proposed in this Thesis, utilizing the found influences of mixture morphology and fundamental mechanism. Though additional mechanisms and non-linear coupling between them may be still needed to reach the ‘ultimate’ ageing prediction model, the current model was found to be a significant improvement to the currently used methods and may lead the way towards further enhancing the fundamental knowledge towards asphalt mixture ageing (Paper V).QC 20140509
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Zha, Xu. "Numerical analysis of lead-free solder joints : effects of thermal cycling and electromigration." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/23446.
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To meet the requirements of miniaturization and multifunction in microelectronics, understanding of their reliability and performance has become an important research subject in order to characterise electronics served under various loadings. Along with the demands of the increasing miniaturization of electronic devices, various properties and the relevant thermo-mechanical-electrical response of the lead-free solder joints to thermal cycling and electro-migration become the critical factors, which affect the service life of microelectronics in different applications. However, due to the size and structure of solder interconnects in microelectronics, traditional methods based on experiments are not applicable in the evaluation of their reliability under complex joint loadings. This thesis presents an investigation, which is based on finite-element method, into the performance of lead-free solder interconnects under thermal fatigue and electro-migration, specifically in the areas as follows: (1) the investigation of thermal-mechanical performance and fatigue-life prediction of flip-chip package under different sizes to achieve a further understanding of IMC layer and size effects of a flip chip package under thermal cycling; (2) the establishment of a numerical method, simulating void-formation/crack-propagation based on the results of finite-element analysis, to allow the prediction of crack evolution and failure time for electro-migration reliability of solder bumps; (3) the establishment of a flow-based algorithm for combination effects of thermal-mechanical and electro-migration that was subsequent implemented in to an FE model to evaluate the reliability assessment of service lives associated with a flip chip package.
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Bhagwat, Pushkaraj. "A Computational Study of the Effects of Plasticity and Damage Models in Microscopic and Macroscopic Static Metal Friction." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1461593775.
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Placido, Eliane. ""Distribuição de tensões em testes de cisalhamento e micro-cisalhamento mediante análise de elementos finitos"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23140/tde-28082006-201138/.
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Os objetivos deste estudo foram comparar, através de análise de elementos finitos, a distribuição de tensões em modelos que representam arranjos experimentais nor-malmente utilizados em testes de cisalhamento e micro-cisalhamento, verificar a tendência de variar o local de início e o modo de fratura em função de mudanças nos parâmetros dos ensaios e analisar a influência de dois modos de fixação do substrato sobre a concentração de tensões. Os modelos bidimensionais em estado plano de deformações representaram o compósito (híbrido ou flow) aderido à dentina através de uma camada de adesivo de 50 μm. Duas condições de fixação da dentina foram estabelecidas: na primeira (mais rígida), os deslocamentos foram restritos em todas as direções nos nós das arestas que representam as três superfícies livres de adesão e na segunda, a restrição foi colocada apenas na parte posterior da dentina. Foi aplicado um carregamento pontual a várias distâncias da interface dentina-adesivo, de modo a obter um tensão nominal constante de 4MPa. Foram analisadas as tensões máximas de tração e cisalhamento, a distribuição das tensões ao longo dos nós da interface dentina-adesivo e os vetores de tensão máxima principal, como indicativos do local de início e o provável modo de fratura. A distribuição de tensões ao longo da interface aderida foi sempre não uniforme e apresentou picos muito ele-vados em todos os casos, o que conduz a pensar que os valores de resistência nominal não são representativos da máxima tensão suportada no momento da fratura. A tensão de tração predominou sobre a de cisalhamento. O módulo de elasticidade do compósito aderido, a espessura relativa da camada de adesivo e a distância de aplicação da carga influenciam a concentração de tensões e devem ser padroniza-dos. Para o teste de micro-cisalhamento, a camada de adesivo relativamente mais espessa e o uso do compósito com baixo módulo de elasticidade propiciaram a in-tensificação das tensões. O ensaio de cisalhamento parece mais suscetível que o de micro-cisalhamento para que o início da ruptura ocorra no substrato, pois o ponto de maior concentração de tensões localizou-se na dentina em alguns casos e verifica-se pequena diferença de módulo entre os maiores vetores localizados no adesivo e na dentina de base. O teste de micro-cisalhamento, embora mais favorável a que as fraturas se iniciem no adesivo, concentra muito a tensão, especialmente com a utili-zação de resinas do tipo flow, o que o torna menos representativo da máxima tensão que o espécime realmente resistiu no momento da fratura.The objectives of this study were to compare the stress distribution in finite element models that represented experimental designs commonly used for shear and micro-shear bond strength testing, to verify the tendency to vary the location and mode of fracture as a consequence of changes in the studied parameters, and to analyze the influence of two substrate restriction conditions on stress concentration. Bi-dimensional plane strain models represented a composite (hybrid or flow) bonded to dentin through a 50 μm adhesive layer. Two dentin restriction conditions were estab-lished: in the first (more rigid), movements were restricted in all directions on the nodes located in the dentin surface edges free of adhesion, and in the second, re-striction was imposed only to the posterior dentin surface. Concentrated loading was applied at several distances from the dentin-adhesive interface so as to obtain con-stant nominal bond strength of 4MPa. Maximum tensile and shear stress values, stress distribution along the dentin-adhesive interfacial nodes and the principal maximum stress vectors as indicative of the most probable location and mode of frac-ture were analyzed. Stress distribution along bonded interfaces was always non-uniform and presented very high stress peaks for all cases. This led to the assump-tion that nominal bond strength values are non-representative of the maximum stress supported at fracture. Tensile stresses were always predominant over shear stresses. The composite elastic modulus, relative adhesive layer thickness and different load application distances influenced stress concentration and should be stan-dardized. For micro-shear tests, the relatively thicker adhesive layer and use of a low modulus composite propitiated stress intensification. The shear test seems to be more susceptible than micro-shear to fracture initiation in the substrate, once the point of highest stress concentration was in some cases located in dentin, and small modulus difference was verified between the greatest stress vectors located both on the adhesive and dentin base. Although more favorable to fracture initiation in the adhesive, the micro-shear test design highly concentrated stresses, especially when flow composite was modeled, hence it might be less representative of the maximum stress the specimen resisted at fracture.
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Chean, Shen Lee. "Numerical study for acoustic micro-imaging of three dimensional microelectronic packages." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2014. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4502/.
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Complex structures and multiple interfaces of modern microelectronic packages complicate the interpretation of acoustic data. This study has four novel contributions. 1) Contributions to the finite element method. 2) Novel approaches to reduce computational cost. 3) New post processing technologies to interpret the simulation data. 4) Formation of theoretical guidance for acoustic image interpretation. The impact of simulation resolution on the numerical dispersion error and the exploration of quadrilateral infinite boundaries make up the first part of this thesis's contributions. The former focuses on establishing the convergence score of varying resolution densities in the time and spatial domain against a very high fidelity numerical solution. The latter evaluates the configuration of quadrilateral infinite boundaries in comparison against traditional circular infinite boundaries and quadrilateral Perfectly Matched Layers. The second part of this study features the modelling of a flip chip with a 140µm solder bump assembly, which is implemented with a 230MHz virtual raster scanning transducer with a spot size of 17µm. The Virtual Transducer was designed to reduce the total numerical elements from hundreds of millions to hundreds of thousands. Thirdly, two techniques are invented to analyze and evaluate simulated acoustic data: 1) The C-Line plot is a 2D max plot of specific gate interfaces that allows quantitative characterization of acoustic phenomena. 2) The Acoustic Propagation Map, contour maps an overall summary of intra sample wave propagation across the time domain in one image. Lastly, combining all the developments. The physical mechanics of edge effects was studied and verified against experimental data. A direct relationship between transducer spot size and edge effect severity was established. At regions with edge effect, the acoustic pulse interfacing with the solder bump edge is scattered mainly along the horizontal axis. The edge effect did not manifest in solder bump models without Under Bump Metallization (UBM). Measurements found acoustic penetration improvements of up to 44% with the removal of (UBM). Other acoustic mechanisms were also discovered and explored. Defect detection mechanism was investigated by modelling crack propagation in the solder bump assembly. Gradual progression of the crack was found have a predictable influence on the edge effect profile. By exploiting this feature, the progress of crack propagation from experimental data can be interpreted by evaluating the C-Scan image.
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Surampudi, Bala Anjani Vasudha. "High-Resolution Modeling of Steel Structures." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1504787210175847.
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Stewart, Eric C. "Shape and Structural Optimization of Flapping Wings." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/24808.
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This dissertation presents shape and structural optimization studies on flapping wings for micro air vehicles. The design space of the optimization includes the wing planform and the structural properties that are relevant to the wing model being analyzed. The planform design is parameterized using a novel technique called modified Zimmerman, which extends the concept of Zimmerman planforms to include four ellipses rather than two. Three wing types are considered: rigid, plate-like deformable, and membrane. The rigid wing requires no structural design variables. The structural design variables for the plate-like wing are the thickness distribution polynomial coefficients. The structural variables for the membrane wing control the in-plane distributed forces which modulate the structural deformation of the wing.
The rigid wing optimization is performed using the modified Zimmerman method to describe the wing. A quasi-steady aerodynamics model is used to calculate the thrust and input power required during the flapping cycle. An assumed inflow model is derived based on lifting-line theory and is used to better approximate the effects of the induced drag on the wing. A multi-objective optimization approach is used since more than one aspect is considered in flapping wing design. The the epsilon-constraint approach is used to calculate the Pareto optimal solutions that maximize the cycle-average thrust while minimizing the peak input power and the wing mass.
An aeroelastic model is derived to calculate the aerodynamic performance and the structural response of the deformable wings. A linearized unsteady vortex lattice method is tightly coupled to a linear finite element model. The model is cost effective and the steady-state solution is solved by inverting a matrix. The aeroelastic model is used to maximize the thrust produced over one flapping cycle while minimizing the input power.Ph. D.
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Sasikumar, Aravind. "Improving compression after impact response of composite laminates through ply level hybridization with thin plies and unsymmetrical designs." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668987.
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Despite the weight savings, composite materials are vulnerable to impact loads mainly due to the alarming reduction in the compression after impact strength (CAI). This thesis exploits the potential of laminate designs with novel stacking sequences with the aim to improve the CAI strength of composite thick and thin laminates. Using experimental and numerical studies, we propose unsymmetrical stacking sequence designs and hybrid laminates (mixing different ply grades in the laminate) in the different modules of the thesis. The proposed laminates improves the CAI strength over the baseline by a maximum of 40% which demonstrates the potential of laminate design as an efficient and economic methods towards improving the impact damage tolerance of compositesLos materiales compuestos son vulnerables a las cargas de impacto principalmente a causa de la reducción de la resistencia a la compresión después de impacto (CAI, de las siglas en inglés Compression After Impact). Esta tesis investiga el potencial de los diseños de laminados con nuevas secuencias de apilamiento con el objetivo de mejorar la resistencia CAI. Mediante ensayos experimentales y simulaciones numéricas, proponemos nuevos diseños con secuencias de apilamiento asimétricas y laminados híbridos. Estos últimos mezclan diferentes grosores de capa en el laminado. Los laminados propuestos mejoran la resistencia CAI sobre la línea base en un máximo del 40%, lo que demuestra el potencial del diseño de los laminados como método eficiente y económico para mejorar la tolerancia al daño por impacto de los materiales compuestos
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Manoharan, Krishna. "Design and Analysis of High-Q, Amorphous Microring Resonator Sensors for Gaseous and Biological Species Detection." Ohio : Ohio University, 2009. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1237489189.
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Rioux, Myriam. "Numerical Computations of Action Potentials for the Heart-torso Coupling Problem." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20533.
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The work developed in this thesis focusses on the electrical activity of the heart, from the modeling of the action potential originating from cardiac cells and propagating through the heart, as well as its electrical manifestation at the body surface. The study is divided in two main parts: modeling the action potential, and numerical simulations.
For modeling the action potential a dimensional and asymptotic analysis is done. The key advance in this part of the work is that this analysis gives the steps to reliably control the action potential. It allows predicting the time/space scales and speed of any action potential that is to say the shape of the action potential and its propagation. This can be done as the explicit relations on all the physiological constants are defined precisely. This method facilitates the integrative modeling of a complete human heart with tissue-specific ionic models. It even proves that using a single model for the cardiac action potential is enough in many situations.
For efficient numerical simulations, a numerical method for solving the heart-torso coupling problem is explored according to a level set description of the domains. This is done in the perspective of using directly medical images for building computational domains. A finite element method is then developed to manage meshes not adapted to internal interfaces. Finally, an anisotropic adaptive remeshing methods for unstructured finite element meshes is used to efficiently capture propagating action potentials within complex, realistic two dimensional geometries.
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Galiano, Kevin. "Scanning Probe Microscopy Measurements and Simulations of Traps and Schottky Barrier Heights of Gallium Nitride and Gallium Oxide." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1576715425331868.
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Bella, Malika. "Développement d'une approche multi-échelle de modélisation de dispositifs thermoélectriques : application à des systèmes de capteurs sans fils autonomes sur le corps humain." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4755.
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Les dispositifs thermoélectriques, basés sur la conversion d'énergie thermique, offrent des perspectives intéressantes pour le développement de systèmes autonomes. Les principaux défis pour le développement de telles technologies reposent sur l'obtention de dispositifs flexibles, écologiquement et économiquement viables pouvant alimenter des appareils électroniques à faible consommation d'énergie. Le but de cette thèse a donc été de proposer une méthodologie pour l'analyse globale de dispositifs thermoélectriques pour des applications à température ambiante. Dans un premier temps, une approche multi-échelle pour la modélisation de dispositifs thermoélectriques a été développée. A cet effet, trois niveaux d'abstraction ont été considérés. A l'échelle du système, un modèle compact a été développé afin d'évaluer les performances du dispositif dans son environnement. A l'échelle du dispositif, des prototypes virtuels de TEG ont été évalués par le biais de la simulation numérique. A l'échelle des matériaux, la DFT combinée à une approche semi-classique basée sur l'équation de transport de Boltzmann ont été utilisées afin de calculer les propriétés électroniques. La tétraédrite et la famatinite ont été sélectionnées en raison de leurs propriétés prometteuses à température ambiante ainsi que de leur abondance et faible coût. Dans un second temps, des travaux expérimentaux sur la synthèse de nanoparticules de Cu-Sb-S ont été menés. Des nanoparticules quasi-monodisperses avec des tailles inférieures à 50 nm ont été obtenues grâce à la mise au point d'un procédé basé sur la synthèse solvothermale avec surfactant, une méthode faible coût et facilement adaptable à grande échelleThermoelectric devices, capitalizing on waste heat conversion, offer good prospects for the development of autonomous systems. The main challenges for technology development are to obtain flexible, environmentally friendly and low-cost thermoelectric devices with performances sufficient enough to power small electronic devices. The aim of this thesis was thus to propose a methodology for the global analysis of thermoelectric devices for ambient temperature applications. The developed methodology enables the evaluation of key parameters impact on the global system. First, a multiscale approach for thermoelectric devices modelling is developed. In this scope, three parallel levels of modeling are addressed. At the system level, a compact model is developed in order to evaluate overall system efficiency as a function of the thermal environment. At the device level, virtual prototypes of printed devices are built and their performances are evaluated via a finite-element simulation tool. Low temperature gradient has to be dealt with by appropriate architecture design. At the material level, quantum DFT is used in conjunction with semi-classical approach using Boltzmann transport theory to calculate electronic properties. Tetrahedrite and famatinite compounds are chosen due to their promising thermoelectric properties at room temperature and their relative abundance and low cost. Secondly, an experimental work has been conducted on the synthesis of sulphide nanoparticles. Quasi-monodisperse nanoparticles with a size not exceeding 50 nm have successfully been fabricated via a low cost and easily scalable surfactant assisted solvothermal technique
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Samek, Josef. "Optimální plnění drážky s ohledem na použitou izolaci motoru a pracovního zatížení." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-256525.
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Polychronopoulou, Danai. "Globularisation dans les alliages de titane α/β : analyse expérimentale et simulation." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM013/document.
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Les alliages de titane α/β ont beaucoup d’applications dans des domaines industriels divers comme l’aéronautique. Le phénomène de globularisation qui se produit lors de traitements thermomécaniques est un phénomène important dans la mesure où une microstructure globulaire présente une tenue mécanique et une ductilité accrues.Les microstructures lamellaires sont constituées de colonies de lamelles de phase α parallèles qui se développent dans les grains β au cours de leur refroidissement. La globularisation se fait en deux étapes : les lamelles se subdivisent d’abord en segments plus courts, puis ces segments globularisent, au cours de la déformation à chaud et des traitements thermiques. La subdivision des lamelles se fait au niveau des sous-joints formés au cours de la déformation à chaud. Lors de traitements thermiques prolongés, les plus gros globules de phase α grossissent au détriment des plus petits. La formation des sous-joints et le grossissement des globules n’ont pas été étudiés en détail dans ce travail. L’accent a été mis sur les mécanismes de migration des interfaces α/β et α/α qui conduisent à la subdivision des lamelles et à leur globularisation.Des essais de compression à chaud et des traitements thermiques appliqués à des échantillons de Ti-6Al-4V ont permis de confirmer que l’épaisseur des lamelles et de leur orientation sont des facteurs importants pour la globularisation. Les lamelles plus fines et celles orientées parallèlement à l’axe de compression globularisent plus facilement. Ce travail expérimental a permis de mieux appréhender la complexité du phénomène de globularisation et d’introduire un cadre numérique adapté pour sa simulation. Une méthode à champ complet, basée sur la méthode Level-Set dans un cadre Eléments Finis, a ainsi été testée pour simuler les mécanismes physiques de migration interfaciale menant à la subdivision des lamelles et à l'évolution vers une forme globulaire. Les premiers résultats sont très prometteurs et illustrent le potentiel du cadre numérique proposéΑ/β titanium alloys have many industrial applications in various fields such as aeronautics. Spheroidization is a phenomenon that occurs in initially lamellar α/β titanium alloys during thermomechanical processing and receives considerable attention as spheroidized microstructures exhibit enhanced strength and ductility.Lamellar microstructures are made of colonies of parallel α lamellae developed inside β grains while they are cooled down. Spheroidization actually proceeds in two successive steps: the lamellae first split into smaller α laths, which subsequently undergo spheroidization. This occurs during hot-deformation and subsequent annealing. Lamella splitting occurs where subboundaries were formed inside lamellae during hot-deformation. Over long term annealing the spheroidized α phase particles undergo coarsening. The formation of subboundaries and coarsening were not addressed in this work. The focus has been placed on the interfacial kinetics mechanisms leading α lamellae splitting during the first stages of spheroidization.Hot compression tests and subsequent annealings carried out on Ti-6Al-4V samples confirmed that the thickness and the orientation of the lamellae are important factors with regards to spheroidization. Thinner lamellae and lamellae oriented parallel to the compression axis spheroidize faster. Those experiments contributed to a better understanding of the phenomenon and allowed to introduce a suitable numerical framework to simulate the early stages of spheroidization. A full field method in a Finite Element/ Level Set framework has thus been tested for simulating the involved physical mechanisms of interface migration that lead to lamellae splitting and the subsequent shape evolution of the α laths towards a spheroidal shape. First results are promising and illustrate the potential of this numerical framework
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Nguyen, Thi Thu Nga. "Approches multi-échelles pour des maçonneries viscoélastiques." Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2077/document.
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Les structures maçonnées sont largement connues en génie civil comme constituant d’une partie des bâtiments, mais également en tant que garnissages réfractaires dans des structures utilisées à hautes températures, par exemple en sidérurgie. Malheureusement, les outils actuels ne sont pas suffisamment puissants pour prédire le comportement de ces structures avec l’apparition de fissures et pour tenir compte du comportement non linéaire d’un des deux constituants (le mortier par exemple). Ce travail de thèse contribue à la modélisation multi-échelles des maçonneries classiques et des garnissages réfractaires avec un faible coût numérique grâce à la technique d’homogénéisation périodique. Les techniques de modélisation et de simulation du comportement des maçonneries sont présentées et développées. L’influence des lois d’interface entre briques et mortier, des paramètres géométriques et matériels, ainsi que de la densité des fissures sur le comportement effectif des maçonneries est étudié. Trois approches (une extension analytique de Cecchi et Tralli, une approche numérique et un modèle micromécanique) sont proposées pour la détermination du comportement effectif d’une cellule périodique dans le cas de maçonneries avec mortier viscoélastique microfissuré et briques saines élastiques ou rigides. Les résultats des calculs sur deux exemples de maçonneries (1D et 2D) ont confirmé que l’approche multi-échelle est une solution appropriée avec une grande capacité à exprimer le comportement des maçonneries viscoélastiques microfissurées. Ce travail, limité au cas sans propagation de fissures, peut être étendu aux mortiers à comportement viscoplastiqueMasonry structures are widely used in civil engineering as part of buildings or in refractory linings of structures working at high temperatures, like in steel industry. Unfortunately, the present tools are not powerful enough to predict the behavior of these structures at their micro-cracked state and/or if one of their constituents behaves nonlinearly (e.g. the mortar). This research contributes to the multi-level modeling of classical masonries and refractory linings with a low numerical cost using basically the periodic homogenization technique. Modeling and simulation techniques of masonry behavior are presented and developped. The influence of interface law between bricks and mortar, of geometrical and material parameters, and of crack density on the effective masonry behavior is studied. Three approaches (analytical extension of Cecchi and Tralli, numerical approach and micromechanical modeling) were proposed to determine the effective behavior of a periodic masonry cell with micro-cracked viscoelastic mortar and safe elastic or rigid bricks. The results obtained on two examples of masonry (1D and 2D) confirmed that the multi-scale approach is a suitable solution with a great ability to model the effective behavior of microcracked viscoelastic masonry. This work, actually limited to the case without crack propagation, could be extended to mortars with viscoplastic behavior
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Beuchler, Sven. "Multi-level solver for degenerated problems with applications to p-versions of the fem." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB10673667.
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Kasvayee, Keivan Amiri. "On the deformation behavior and cracking of ductile iron; effect of microstructure." Doctoral thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Material och tillverkning, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-36852.
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This thesis focuses on the effect of microstructural variation on the mechanical properties and deformation behavior of ductile iron. To research and determine these effects, two grades of ductile iron, (i) GJS-500-7 and (ii) high silicon GJS-500-14, were cast in a geometry containing several plates with different section thicknesses in order to produce microstructural variation. Microstructural investigations as well as tensile and hardness tests were performed on the casting plates. The results revealed higher ferrite fraction, graphite particle count, and yield strength in the high silicon GJS-500-14 grade compared to the GJS-500-7 grade. To study the relationship between the microstructural variation and tensile behavior on macroscale, tensile stress-strain response was characterized using the Ludwigson equation. The obtained tensile properties were modeled, based on the microstructural characteristics, using multiple linear regression and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The models showed that silicon content, graphite particle count, ferrite fraction, and fraction of porosity are the major contributing factors that influence tensile behavior. The models were entered into a casting process simulation software, and the simulated microstructure and tensile properties were validated using the experimental data. This enabled the opportunity to predict tensile properties of cast components with similar microstructural characteristics. To investigate deformation behavior on micro-scale, a method was developed to quantitatively measure strain in the microstructure, utilizing the digital image correlation (DIC) technique together with in-situ tensile testing. In this method, a pit-etching procedure was developed to generate a random speckle pattern, enabling DIC strain measurement to be conducted in the matrix and the area between the graphite particles. The method was validated by benchmarking the measured yield strength with the material’s standard yield strength. The microstructural deformation behavior under tensile loading was characterized. During elastic deformation, strain mapping revealed a heterogeneous strain distribution in the microstructure, as well as shear bands that formed between graphite particles. The crack was initiated at the stress ranges in which a kink occurred in the tensile curve, indicating the dissipation of energy during both plastic deformation and crack initiation. A large amount of strain localization was measured at the onset of the micro-cracks on the strain maps. The micro-cracks were initiated at local strain levels higher than 2%, suggesting a threshold level of strain required for micro-crack initiation. A continuum Finite Element (FE) model containing a physical length scale was developed to predict strain on the microstructure of ductile iron. The material parameters for this model were calculated by optimization, utilizing the Ramberg-Osgood equation. The predicted strain maps were compared to the strain maps measured by DIC, both qualitatively and quantitatively. To a large extent, the strain maps were in agreement, resulting in the validation of the model on micro-scale. In order to perform a micro-scale characterization of dynamic deformation behavior, local strain distribution on the microstructure was studied by performing in-situ cyclic tests using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A novel method, based on the focused ion beam (FIB) milling, was developed to generate a speckle pattern on the microstructure of the ferritic ductile iron (GJS-500-14 grade) to enable quantitative DIC strain measurement to be performed. The results showed that the maximum strain concentration occurred in the vicinity of the micro-cracks, particularly ahead of the micro-crack tip.Denna avhandling fokuserar på effekten av variationer i mikrostrukturen på mekaniska egenskaper och deformationsbeteende hos segjärn. För att undersöka dessa effekter, två olika sorter av segjärn, (i) GJS-500-7 och (ii) högkisellegerad GJS-500-14, gjutits till plattor av olika tjocklekar för att generera mikrostrukturvariationen. Mikrostrukturundersökning, samt drag- och hårdhetsprov gjordes på de gjutna plattorna. Resultaten visade att en högre ferritfraktion, grafitpartikelantal och sträckgräns i den högkisellegerade GJS-500-14-sorten jämfört med GJS-500-7. För att studera förhållandet mellan mikrostrukturell variation och spännings-töjningsbeteendet på makroskala, modellerades detta med hjälp av Ludwigson-ekvationen. De erhållna spännings-töjningsegenskaperna modellerades baserat på mikrostrukturell karaktäristika genom multipel linjärregression och variansanalys (ANOVA). Modellerna visade att kiselhalt, grafitpartikelantal, ferritfraktion och porfraktion var de viktigaste bidragande faktorerna. Modellerna implementerades i ett simuleringsprogram för gjutningsprocessen. Resultatet från simuleringen validerades med hjälp av experimentella data som inte ingick i underlaget för regressionsanalysen. Detta möjliggjorde att prediktera spännings-töjningsbeteendet och dess variation hos gjutna segjärns komponenter med liknande sammansättning och gjutna tjocklekar som användes i denna studie. För att kunna undersöka deformationsbeteendet på mikroskala utvecklades en metod för kvantitativ mätning av töjning i mikrostrukturen, genom DIC-tekniken (digital image correlation) tillsammans med in-situ dragprovning. I denna metod utvecklades en grop-etsningsprocess för att generera ett slumpvis prickmönster, vilket möjliggjorde DIC-töjningsmätning i matrisen och i området mellan grafitpartiklarna med tillräcklig upplösning. Metoden validerades genom benchmarking av den uppmätta sträckgränsen mot materialets makroskopiska sträckgräns mätt med konventionell dragprovning. Det mikrostrukturella deformationsbeteendet under dragbelastning karakteriserades. Under elastisk deformation avslöjade töjningsmönstret en heterogen töjningsfördelning i mikrostrukturen, och bildandet av skjuvband mellan grafitpartiklar. Sprickbildning initierades vid låg spänning och redan vid de spänningsnivåer som ligger vis ”knät” på dragprovningskurvan, vilket indikerar energidissipering genom både begynnande plastisk deformation och sprickbildning. Den lokala töjningen vis sprickinitiering skedde då den lokala töjningen översteg 2%, vilket indikerar att detta skulle kunna vara en tröskelnivå för den töjning som erfordras för initiering av mikro-sprickor. En kontinuum Finita Element (FE) modell utvecklades för att prediktera töjningen hos ett segjärn och dess fördelning i segjärns mikrostruktur. Materialparametrarna för denna modell optimerades genom att anpassa parametrarna i Ramberg-Osgood ekvationen. De predikterade töjningsfördelningarna jämfördes med de experimentell uppmätta töjningsmönstren uppmätta med DIC, både kvalitativt och kvantitativt. Töjningsmönstren överensstämde i stor utsträckning, vilket resulterade i att modellerna kunde anses vara validerade på mikronivå. För att kunna mäta töjningsmönster under dynamiska förlopp på mikronivå utvecklades en metod för att skapa prickmönster och att utföra in-situ CT provning i ett svepeletronmikroskop (SEM). Prickmönstret skapades genom avverkning med en fokuserad jonstråle (FIB), och provades på det ferritiska segjärnet (GJS-500-14 grad). Resultaten visade att maximal töjningskoncentration fanns i närheten av mikrosprickorna, framförallt framför sprickspetsen.
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Colafemina, João Paulo. "Manufatura de microelementos ópticos difrativos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18146/tde-15092011-172640/.
Full textAbstract:
Os elementos ópticos difrativos representam um mercado em franco crescimento, da ordem de bilhões de dólares. Seu uso ostensivo está nos microeletrônicos, sistemas de iluminação, telecomunicações, equipamentos de segurança e outros. Por isso, esta tese teve como objetivo realizar investigação pública profunda no assunto. Insertos de cobre eletrolítico foram usados por proporcionar excelente acabamento superficial quando usinados com ferramenta de diamante monocristalino obtendo valores de Ra = 10,2 nm, Rq = 13,56 e Rt = 363,06 µm e para o aço inoxidável polido os resultados foram de Ra = 7,02 nm, Rq = 9,05 nm e Rt = 225,19 nm. As réplicas foram construídas em PMMA - DH ECL P com transmitância da luz avaliada em aproximadamente 90% em todo o espectro visível e infravermelho. Foram produzidos sete tipos de microelementos ópticos difrativos, baseados na geometria de Fresnel e nos arranjos de microlentes esféricas. Foi necessário desenvolver o código computacional denominado LF2010 para auxiliar a construção do projeto das microlentes anesféricas de Fresnel e calcular sua modulação de fase. Quatro processos determinísticos na fabricação dos µEODs foram usados: torneamento de ultraprecisão com ferramenta de diamante, microforjamento, microfresamento e a combinação dos dois últimos. O método estocástico de polimento foi usado para gerar acabamento óptico e compará-lo ao torneamento com SPDT. As análises metrológicas qualitativas e dimensionais foram conduzidas com o uso do MEV e da perfilometria óptica. No torneamento de ultraprecisão com ferramenta de diamante foi comprovada a presença do fenômeno conhecido como \"stick slip\" nos degraus da zona de Fresnel, corrigidos alterando-se o projeto. Para os arranjos de empacotamento completo os valores da rugosidade foram mais elevados em função da interatividade das lentes adjacentes do conjunto com \'fi\' = 100%, chegando até mesmo a causar microfraturas na estrutura das microlentes. Após sucessivos processos de calibragem, foram manufaturadas as réplicas pelas técnicas de termomoldagem e moldagem por injeção. Os resultados de replicação das microlentes mostraram que a razão de aspecto e a relação superfície/volume influenciaram significativamente na fidelidade de replicação das microlentes, sendo constatado que as lentes de Fresnel com altura variável possuem maior volume em relação às de altura constante e, consequentemente, melhor fidelidade na replicação. Na termomoldagem, as variações nas dimensões das cristas foram de nanômetros e a fidelidade no processo foi de aproximadamente 100% para todas as zonas de Fresnel. Nesta técnica, porém, os tempos de ciclos são até 40 vezes maiores que os da moldagem por injeção. As investigações paraxiais de FTM para a microlente de Fresnel com altura variável convexa foram de 85,2 % para 25 lp/mm, 67,5% para 50 lp/mm e 71,2% para 75 lp/mm. A simulação por elementos finitos foi usada para auxiliar nos estudos conferindo a sensibilidade do método de cálculo numérico do simulador nas escalas macroscópicas e microscópicas. No final, investigado o desgaste da aresta de corte da ferramenta, verificou-se o desgaste de flanco e a formação da APC, constituída de partículas do cavaco de cobre com formação lamelar. Conclui-se que é possível reproduzir diversos tipos de µEODs com métodos de produção em massa da moldagem por injeção tomando-se cuidado com as variáveis do processo, geometria da peça e propriedades físicas e químicas do material a ser replicado.Diffractive optical elements represent a fast growing market, in order of billions dollars. Its use is employed in microelectronics, illumination systems, telecommunications, security devices, and others. For this reason, this thesis aimed to make depth public research in the subject. Electrolytic copper inserts were used for providing excellent surface finish when machined with monocrystalline diamond tool getting values of Ra = 10,2 nm, Rq = 13,56 e Rt = 363,06 µm, for the polished stainless steel the results were Ra = 7,02 nm, Rq = 9,05 nm e Rt = 225,19 nm. The replicas were built in PMMA - DH ECL P with light transmittance approximately 90% for visible and infrared spectrum. Seven types of diffractive optical microelements were produced, based in Fresnel geometry and spherical microlens array. For this, it was necessary to develop the computer code called LF2010 to support the construction design of aspheric Fresnel microlenses and calculate its phase transformation function. Four deterministic manufacturing processes of µDOEs were used: ultraprecision diamond turning, microforging, micromilling and the combination of the two last. Stochastic method of polishing was used to obtain mirror surface roughness and compare to SPDT. The qualitative analysis and dimensional metrology were conducted using MEV and optical profiling system respectively. In ultraprecision diamond turning has proved the presence of the phenomenon known as stick slip on the steps of Fresnel zone that was corrected by changing the design. For complete packaging arrays the roughness values were higher due the interaction of adjacent lenses of set with \'fi\' = 100% have even cause microfractures in the structure of microlenses. After successive calibration procedures in the manufacture of copper inserts, replicas were fabricated by techniques of hot emboss and injection molding. The results of microlenses replication showed that the aspect ratio and surface/volume ratio affected the fidelity replication of microlenses, and had been noted that the Fresnel lenses with variable height have higher volume in relation to constant height and consequently better fidelity in replication. Hot emboss process show little variations in the dimensions of the crests, in order of few nanometers, resulting a fidelity approximately 100% for all zones of Fresnel, however the cycle\'s technique are up to 40 times higher than injection molding. The paraxial FTM analysis shows 85,2% for 25 lp/mm, 67,5% for 50 lp/mm and 71,2% for 75 lp/mm to convex Fresnel microlens with variable height. Finite element analysis was used to aid in the studies giving the sensitivity of numerical method adopted in terms of macroscale and microscale. In the end, the wear of edge cutting tool was investigated and found wear flank and formation of built up edge that was made up of chip particles of copper, witch were formed continuously with segmented structure lamellar. Hence, after numerous studies and analysis we can conclude that it is possible to construct µDOEs by means of mass production methods of injection molding taking care of process variables, part geometry and physical and chemical properties of material being replicated.
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Valsamis, Jean-Baptiste. "A study of liquid bridge dynamics: an application to micro-assembly." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210117.
Full textAbstract:
Micro-assembly processes suffer from some breaches due to the continuing trend towards an increase in the production capabilities as well as in the size reduction of the components manipulated. Usual manipulating schemes have reached their limit and capillary forces constitute a valuable alternative strategy.The goal of this work is to describe the dynamics of liquid bridges in the application of micro-assembly processes. The description is obtained using the Kelvin-Voigt model, with a spring, a damper, and a mass connected in parallel, supported by numerical simulations, analytical approximations and experiments.
The works is divided into three parts. First we present important aspects of microfluidics, as well as the constitutive equations and an overview of numerical approaches used to describe fluid flow problems with moving interfaces.
The second part is devoted to the capillary rise case, intended to validate and to compare the numerical approaches to analytical laws and experimental results. The implementation of the slipping and the dynamic contact angles is discussed.
The last part focuses on the dynamics of the liquid bridge. The liquid bridge is confined between two circular and parallel plates and presents an axial symmetry. The description reveals that the stiffness depends on the surface tension and on the shape of the air/liquid interface, the damping coefficient depends on the viscosity and the volume of liquid and the equivalent mass depends on the density and the volume.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Le, Carlier de Veslud Christian. "Etude et réalisation de logiciels d'éléments finis sur micro-ordinateur : mailleurs automatiques résolution auto-adaptative de problèmes de mécanique utilisant la méthode multigrilles." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1991. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1991_LE_CARLIER_DE_VESLUD_C.pdf.
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Nous construisons un ensemble de logiciels permettant la modélisation par éléments finis de problèmes de mécanique et leur résolution par des méthodes multigrilles sur micro-ordinateur macintosh. Nous privilégions la simplicité, la sureté de l'emploi et l'automaticité des logiciels développés. Pour cela, 4 algorithmes de maillages automatiques bi et tridimensionnels (par bloc, et par une méthode de Delaunay en 2D, par bloc et par élévation de maillage plan en 3D) utilisant les plus récents développements ont été mis au point. La gestion graphique de ces logiciels utilise un grand nombre d'utilitaires (menus déroulants, saisie directe à l'écran, élimination des parties cachées, modification locale ou globale du maillage, etc. . . ). Ces stratégies sont appliquées aux ossatures planes linéaires de poutre avec ou sans cisaillement transverse et ainsi au cas de l'élasticité linéaire plane. Dans ce dernier cas, l'utilisation de la méthode multigrilles associée à des mailleurs auto-adaptatifs permet d'affiner l'étude là où c'est nécessaire, offrant ainsi un gain de précision et de rapidité
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Mazars, Vincent. "Étude des endommagements sur CMC par une approche de modélisation micro-méso alimentée par des essais in situ." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0251/document.
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Les composites SiC/SiC pr´esentent d’excellentes propri´et´es thermom´ecaniques `a hautes temp´eratures. Ils apparaissent donc comme des candidats cr´edibles pour remplacer les alliages m´etalliques dans les zones chaudes de moteurs a´eronautiques civils afin d’en r´eduire l’impact environnemental. Comprendre et pr´evoir l’apparition des premiers endommagements constitue donc un enjeu industriel majeur. La d´emarche multi-´echelle propos´ee permet d’int´egrer dans des mod`eles num´eriques les sp´ecificit´es du mat´eriau. Elle s’articule autour d’une phase exp´erimentale de caract´erisation des endommagements et d’une phase de mod´elisation par ´el´ements finis aux ´echelles microscopique et m´esoscopique. Des essais in situ sous microscopes et sous micro-tomographie X (μCT) sont e↵ectu´es pour visualiser et quantifier les m´ecanismes d’endommagement `a des ´echelles compatibles avec les mod`eles num´eriques. Sur la base des observations exp´erimentales, des calculs d’endommagement sont r´ealis´es `a l’´echelle microscopique afin de simuler la fissuration transverse des torons. Des essais virtuels permettent alors d’identifier des lois d’endommagement `a l’´echelle sup´erieure et de mod´eliser l’apparition des premi`eres fissures dans des textures tiss´ees 3D `a l’´echelle m´esoscopique. Cela permet de mettre en ´evidence les liens entre l’organisation du mat´eriau aux di↵´erentes ´echelles et l’initiation des premiers endommagements. Des confrontations essais/calculs sont finalement propos´ees, en comparant notamment les sites d’amor¸cage des endommagements observ´es exp´erimentalement lors des essais in situ sous μCT avec ceux pr´edits par les simulationsSiC/SiC composites display excellent thermomechanical properties at high temperatures. They appear as promising candidates to replace metallic alloys in hot parts of aircraft engines to reduce their environmental impact. Thus, to understand and to predict the onset of damage in such materials is critical. An integrated multi-scale approach is developed to construct numerical models that integrate the specificities of the material at the di↵erent relevant scales. This work is twofold : an experimental characterization of the damage, and finite element modeling at the microscopic and mesoscopic scales. In situ tensile tests are carried out under microscopes and X-ray micro-tomography (μCT). Images are analyzed to visualize and quantify the damage mechanisms at scales consistent with the numerical models. Based on these observations, damage calculations are performed at the microscopic scale to simulate the transverse yarns cracking. Virtual tests are then used to identify damage laws at the upper scale and to simulate the first cracks in 3D woven composites at the mesoscopic scale. Through these simulations, we highlight the links between the organization of the material at di↵erent scales and the initiation of the damages. Comparisons between experiments and calculations are finally performed. In particular, the predicted damage events are compared to those obtained experimentally on the same specimen during in situ μCT tensile tests
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Liu, Xiongjie. "Développement de la caractérisation du comportement local à haute température des alliages métalliques par micro indentation." Thesis, Compiègne, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017COMP2326/document.
Full textAbstract:
Au cours des deux dernières décennies, l'essai d'indentation à haute température a été développé progressivement afin de satisfaire aux exigences industrielles de plus en plus importantes. Pour garantir un bon niveau de précision des mesures, il faut résoudre les problèmes notamment associés à la température élevée tels que le choix du matériau de la pointe, la stabilité thermique du système, la conception du chauffage, etc. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans la problématique du développement de la méthodologie de l'essai d'indentation à haute température pour caractériser les matériaux métalliques. Une attention particulière a été accordée à la recherche des matériaux candidats pour la pointe et à la détermination des plages de forces et de pénétrations utilisées au bon fonctionnement d'un indenteur. Les analyses éléments finis nous aident d'étudier l'influence de défauts tels que la présence d'un revêtement mince et celle d'un défaut d'alignement entre l'axe d'indentation et la surface d'échantillon. Pour trouver un bon matériau de pointe, il est nécessaire de tester la stabilité géométrique et chimique de différents matériaux candidats pouvant remplacer le diamant à haute température. La collaboration avec la société suisse Anton Paar, qui se spécialise dans la fabrication des machines de mesure pour la caractérisation mécanique d'une grande variété de matériaux, permet de développer un nouvel équipement de micro- et nano-indentation à haute température. En utilisant le nouvel dispositif, nous avons pu réaliser des essais d'indentation pour caractériser des propriétés mécaniques de différents matériaux et vérifier la stabilité thermique de cet instrumentOver the past two decades, the high-temperature indentation experiment has been developed gradually to meet increasingly high industrial demand. ln order to guarantee a good level of accuracy of the measurements, it is necessary to solve the problems associated with high temperature, such as the choice of the indenter material, the thermal stability of the system, heating design, etc. This thesis aims to develop the methodology of the high-temperature indentation experiment to characterize metallic materials. Particular attention has been given to the search for candidate materials for the tip and to the determination of the force and penetration ranges used for the correct operation of an indenter. The finite element analysis helps us to study the influence of defects such as the presence of a thin film and that of a misalignment between the indentation axis and the sample surface. To find a better indenter material, it is necessary to test the geometric and chemical stability of different candidate materials that can replace the diamond at elevated temperature. The collaboration with the Swiss company Anton Paar, which specializes in the manufacture of measuring machines for the mechanical characterization of a wide variety of materials, enables the development of new high-temperature micro- and nano-indentation equipment. By using the new device, we were able to carry out the indentation tests to characterize the mechanical properties of different materials and to check the thermal stability of this new instrument
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Wang, Zhu. "Reduced-Order Modeling of Complex Engineering and Geophysical Flows: Analysis and Computations." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27504.
Full textAbstract:
Reduced-order models are frequently used in the simulation of complex flows to overcome the high computational cost of direct numerical simulations, especially for three-dimensional nonlinear problems.
Proper orthogonal decomposition, as one of the most commonly used tools to generate reduced-order models, has been utilized in many engineering and scientific applications.
Its original promise of computationally efficient, yet accurate approximation of coherent structures in high Reynolds number turbulent flows, however, still remains to be fulfilled. To balance the low computational cost required by reduced-order modeling and the complexity of the targeted flows, appropriate closure modeling strategies need to be employed.
In this dissertation, we put forth two new closure models for the proper orthogonal decomposition reduced-order modeling of structurally dominated turbulent flows: the dynamic subgrid-scale model and the variational multiscale model.
These models, which are considered state-of-the-art in large eddy simulation, are carefully derived and numerically investigated.
Since modern closure models for turbulent flows generally have non-polynomial nonlinearities, their efficient numerical discretization within a proper orthogonal decomposition framework is challenging. This dissertation proposes a two-level method for an efficient and accurate numerical discretization of general nonlinear proper orthogonal decomposition closure models. This method computes the nonlinear terms of the reduced-order model on a coarse mesh. Compared with a brute force computational approach in which the nonlinear terms are evaluated on the fine mesh at each time step, the two-level method attains the same level of accuracy while dramatically reducing the computational cost. We numerically illustrate these improvements in the two-level method by using it in three settings: the one-dimensional Burgers equation with a small diffusion parameter, a two-dimensional flow past a cylinder at Reynolds number Re = 200, and a three-dimensional flow past a cylinder at Reynolds number Re = 1000.
With the help of the two-level algorithm, the new nonlinear proper orthogonal decomposition closure models (i.e., the dynamic subgrid-scale model and the variational multiscale model), together with the mixing length and the Smagorinsky closure models, are tested in the numerical simulation of a three-dimensional turbulent flow past a cylinder at Re = 1000. Five criteria are used to judge the performance of the proper orthogonal decomposition reduced-order models: the kinetic energy spectrum, the mean velocity, the Reynolds stresses, the root mean square values of the velocity fluctuations, and the time evolution of the proper orthogonal decomposition basis coefficients. All the numerical results are benchmarked against a direct numerical simulation. Based on these numerical results, we conclude that the dynamic subgrid-scale and the variational multiscale models are the most accurate.
We present a rigorous numerical analysis for the discretization of the new models. As a first step, we derive an error estimate for the time discretization of the Smagorinsky proper orthogonal decomposition reduced-order model for the Burgers equation with a small diffusion parameter.
The theoretical analysis is numerically verified by two tests on problems displaying shock-like phenomena.
We then present a thorough numerical analysis for the finite element discretization of the variational multiscale proper orthogonal decomposition reduced-order model for convection-dominated convection-diffusion-reaction equations. Numerical tests show the increased numerical accuracy over the standard reduced-order model and illustrate the theoretical convergence rates.
We also discuss the use of the new reduced-order models in realistic applications such as airflow simulation in energy efficient building design and control problems as well as numerical simulation of large-scale ocean motions in climate modeling. Several research directions that we plan to pursue in the future are outlined.Ph. D.
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Kasvayee, Keivan Amiri. "Microstructure and deformation behaviour of ductile iron under tensile loading." Licentiate thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH. Forskningsmiljö Material och tillverkning – Gjutning, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-28335.
Full textAbstract:
The current thesis focuses on the deformation behaviour and strain distribution in the microstructure of ductile iron during tensile loading. Utilizing Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and in-situ tensile test under optical microscope, a method was developed to measure high resolution strain in microstructural constitutes. In this method, a pit etching procedure was applied to generate a random speckle pattern for DIC measurement. The method was validated by benchmarking the measured properties with the material’s standard properties. Using DIC, strain maps in the microstructure of the ductile iron were measured, which showed a high level of heterogeneity even during elastic deformation. The early micro-cracks were initiated around graphite particles, where the highest amount of local strain was detected. Local strain at the onset of the micro-cracks were measured. It was observed that the micro-cracks were initiated above a threshold strain level, but with a large variation in the overall strain. A continuum Finite Element (FE) model containing a physical length scale was developed to predict strain on the microstructure of ductile iron. The materials parameters for this model were calculated by optimization, utilizing Ramberg-Osgood equation. For benchmarking, the predicted strain maps were compared to the strain maps measured by DIC, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The DIC and simulation strain maps conformed to a large extent resulting in the validation of the model in micro-scale level. Furthermore, the results obtained from the in-situ tensile test were compared to a FE-model which compromised cohesive elements to enable cracking. The stress-strain curve prediction of the FE simulation showed a good agreement with the stress-strain curve that was measured from the experiment. The cohesive model was able to accurately capture the main trends of microscale deformation such as localized elastic and plastic deformation and micro-crack initiation and propagation.
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Moussaed, Carine. "Modèles variationnels dynamique et hybride pour la simulation numérique d'écoulements turbulents." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20130/document.
Full textAbstract:
Ce travail est une contribution à la simulation numérique d'écoulements turbulents dans un but d'application industrielle. Nous nous intéressons dans un premier temps à une nouvelle combinaison "VMS-LES/procédure dynamique" pour la simulation d'écoulements autour de cylindres circulaire et carré. L'approche VMS-LES mise en œuvre a pour originalité d'utiliser une procédure de moyennage sur des volumes finis agglomérés dans le but de séparer les échelles, l'approche dynamique étant celle introduite par Germano en LES. Une approche hybride RANS/VMS-LES est ensuite évaluée sur le problème du cylindre circulaire à des nombres de Reynolds élevés. Cette approche introduit un paramètre d'hybridation qui selon la résolution locale de grille privilège le modèle RANS ou celui VMS-LES. Enfin, les performances d'un algorithme de Schwarz deux-niveau, qui utilise les méthodes de déflation et de balancing, sont examinées d'un point de vue efficacité et scalabilité dans le cas de simulations VMS-LESThis work is a contribution to the numerical simulation of turbulent flows with the aim of industrial application. At first, we focus on a new combination "VMS-LES/dynamic procedure" for the simulation of flows around circular and square cylinders. The VMS-LES approach adopted in this work is original in using an averaging procedure over agglomerated finite volumes in order to separate the scales, the dynamic approach being the one introduced by Germano in LES. A RANS/VMS-LES hybrid approach is then evaluated on the circular cylinder test case at high Reynolds numbers. This approach introduces a hybridization parameter which privileges the RANS model or the VMS-LES model according to the grid resolution. Finally, the performance of a two-level Schwarz algorithm, which uses the deflation and balancing methods, are examined in terms of efficiency and scalability in the context of VMS-LES simulations
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Valette, Stéphane. "Effets thermiques dus à l'interaction laser-matière dans les métaux en régime femtoseconde." Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004642.
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L'objet de ce travail de these est l'etude des effets thermiques dus a l'interaction laser-matiere dans le cas de materiaux metalliques irradies avec des impulsions femtosecondes. Deux approches sont developpees. La premiere utilise un traitement numerique a deux dimensions du Modele a Deux Temperatures (MDT). Apres definition d'une Zone Affectee Thermiquement (ZAT) sur la base d'arguments de physique des materiaux, l'etendue de celle-ci est estimee par simulation numerique dans la direction perpendiculaire au faisceau laser. La deuxieme approche est de type experimentale. Les techniques de microscopie electronique en transmission et a balayage sont utilisées pour mesurer l'evolution des microstructures en bordure de la zone irradiee. Les regimes femtoseconde et nanoseconde sont compares dans l'ensemble des resultats de ce travail.
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Bounasser, Meriem. "Étude du comportement mécanique des renforts tressés pour les matériaux composites." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI004.
Full textAbstract:
L'utilisation des composites à renforts fibreux est en continuelle croissance dans plusieurs domaines, tels que les industries aérospatiales, les transports et le génie civil. Cela est dû principalement à leur excellent ratio légèreté/performances. Les structures tressées font partie des structures textiles utilisées comme renforts pour les composites. Leur procédé de fabrication permet la réalisation de formes complexes et de géométries très variées. Cependant, les nombreux paramètres présents tant au niveau des matières utilisées qu'au niveau des procédés de mise en œuvre impliquent la nécessité de bien maitriser la technologie du tressage afin d'optimiser les paramètres de fabrication et de prédire le comportement final de ces structures de renfort. Ce projet de recherche constitue une étude des paramètres de tressage et du comportement mécanique des structures tressées. Cette étude comporte une partie expérimentale et une partie numérique. Dans la partie expérimentale, plusieurs renforts tressés tubulaires en fibre de carbone sont fabriqués à l'aide d'une machine de tressage radiale 2D couplée à un robot six axes. Des composites à base de ces renforts sont ensuite élaborés par le procédé RTM. Plusieurs essais expérimentaux sont réalisés pour caractériser le comportement des renforts secs et leurs composites afin de pouvoir évaluer l'influence des paramètres géométriques, comme l'angle de tressage, le diamètre de la tresse et le type de la tresse (biaxiale ou triaxiale), sur les propriétés mécaniques des tresses tubulaires. Dans la partie numérique de l'étude, la microtomographie aux rayons X est utilisée pour obtenir le modèle géométrique des renforts tressés. Une analyse par élément finis à l'échelle mésoscopique est réalisée en utilisant une loi de comportement hypoélastique implémentée dans Abaqus/Explicit à l'aide d'une subroutine VumatThe use of textile composites is increasing in several areas, such as aerospace industries, transportation, civil engineering and others, due to their high strength-weight ratio. Braided structures are one of the textile reinforcements used in different industrial applications for the cost effectiveness of their manufacturing technique, its versatility and the wide range of shapes it can offer. The special structures with the special functionalities needed in each composite application make the braiding a delicate process that needs to be studied in order to fulfill the demands of each specific sector. This PhD project aims to achieve a proper understanding of the process, the structures, the various parameters and the behavior of the final products. The study is conducted using the Herzog 2D braiding machine of Ifth, which, combined with a 6 axes robot, can prototype 3D structures by over-braiding complex shaped mandrels. Multiple carbon fiber braided samples are produced by varying the process parameters (Braid angle, Braid's diameter ...) and characterized in order to assess the influence of these parameters on the braid's geometry and its mechanical properties. To reach a better understanding of the materials' behavior and to avoid the time-consuming trial and error manufacturing and testing way, a modeling procedure is necessary to support the experimental work and optimize the design phase of the braids. Different models have been developed by researchers to predict the properties of braids at different scales of the structure (microscopic - mesoscopic - macroscopic). This work will be focused on the finite element analysis at the meso-scale, i.e. the braid unit cell scale, which considers the orientation of the yarns and the braid's architecture. This analysis is conducted using a hypo-elastic constitutive law which is implemented in user subroutine Vumat in Abaqus/Explicit. In this work, the geometric model is obtained using micro-computed tomography, which is a nondestructive scanning technique that allows detailed and precise analysis of the geometry of a textile reinforcement
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Gbetchi, Kokouvi. "Multi-scale modeling of thermo-mechanical dynamic damage in quasi-brittle materials." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0049.
Full textAbstract:
Sous l’effet des impacts mécaniques, les structures constituées de matériaux fragiles peuvent être exposés à la rupture dynamique. La modélisation appropriée des mécanismes de rupture à différentes échelles d’observation et la prédiction de l’endommagement thermomécanique dans ces matériaux sont essentielles pour la conception de structures fiables. Des observations expérimentales sur la rupture dynamique des matériaux fragiles montrent des effets de refroidissement et d’échauffement importants à proximité d’une pointe de fissure. La modélisation du couplage thermomécanique lors de la rupture fragile a été entreprise, en général, sans tenir compte des aspects microstructuraux. L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer une procédure pour obtenir des lois d’endommagement thermomécaniques dans lesquelles l’évolution de l’endommagement est déduite à partir de la propagation des microfissures et des effets thermiques associés à l’échelle petite du matériau. Nous utilisons la méthode d’homogénéisation asymptotique pour obtenir la réponse macroscopique thermomécanique et d’endommagement du solide. Pour la propagation des microfissures, en mode I ou II, un critère de type Griffith est adopté. Des sources de chaleur sont considérés aux pointes des microfissures en mouvement, en lien avec l’énergie dissipée pendant la propagation. Nous considérons aussi des sources de chaleur représentant la dissipation par frottement sur les lèvres des microfissures qui se propagent en mode de cisaillement. Grâce à une analyse énergétique combinée avec la méthode d’homogénéisation nous obtenons des lois d’endommagement macroscopiques. Dans le système thermoélastique et d’endommagement ainsi obtenu, on identifie de forts couplages entre les champs mécaniques et thermiques. Le calcul des coefficients effectifs nous a permis d’étudier la réponse locale prédite par les nouveaux modèles. Cette réponse montre des effets de vitesse de déformation, de taille de la microstructure, de dégradation des propriétés thermoélastiques et des évolutions thermiques spécifiques engendrées par la microfissuration et le frottement à l’échelle petite du matériau. Dans l’équation macroscopique de la température, on retrouve des termes sources de chaleur distribuées en lien avec les dissipations d’endommagement et de frottement. L’implémentation de modèles d’endommagement dans un logiciel d’éléments finis nous a permis d’effectuer des simulations numériques à l’échelle des structures. Nous avons reproduit numériquement certains tests expérimentaux publiés dans la littérature concernant la rupture rapide d’échantillons de PMMA sous sollicitation d’impact. Les résultats des simulations obtenus sont en bon accord avec les observations expérimentalesUnder impact mechanical loadings, structural components made of brittle materials may be exposed to dynamic failure. The appropriate modeling of the failure mechanisms at different scales of observation and the prediction of the corresponding thermomechanical damage evolution in such materials is essential for structural reliability predictions. Experimental observations on dynamic failure in brittle materials report important cooling and heating effects in the vicinity of the crack tip. Theoretical modeling of the thermo-mechanical coupling during fracture have been generally undertaken without accounting for microstructural aspects. The objective of the present thesis is to develop a procedure to obtain macroscopic thermo-mechanical damage laws in which the damage evolution is deduced from the propagation of microcracks and the associated small-scale thermal effects in the material. We use the asymptotic homogenization method to obtain the macroscopic thermo-mechanical and damage response of the solid. A Griffith type criterion is assumed for microcracks propagating in modes I or II. Heat sources at the tips of microcracks are considered as a consequence of the energy dissipated during propagation. Frictional heating effects are also considered on the lips of microcracks evolving in the shear mode. An energy approach is developed in combination with the homogenization procedure to obtain macroscopic damage laws. The resulting thermoelastic and damage system involves strong couplings between mechanical and thermal fields. Computation of the effective coefficients allowed us to study the local response predicted by the new models. The macroscopic response exhibits strain-rate sensitivity, microstructural size effects, degradation of thermoelastic properties and specific thermal evolutions due to microcracking and frictional effects at the small scale. Distributed heat sources are present in the macroscopic temperature equation linked to damage and frictional dissipations. The implementation of the proposed damage models in a FEM software allowed us to perform numerical simulations at the structural level. We reproduced numerically experimental tests reported in the literature concerning the rapid failure of PMMA samples impact. The results obtained in the simulations are in good agreement with the experimental observations
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Herblum, Ryan. "Evaluation of the Micro Level Structural Integrity of the Spine through Micro Finite Element Modeling and Histological Analysis." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/30634.
Full textAbstract:
Advancements in computational power and micro-imaging has allowed the creation of finite element (FE) models on a microstructural level that can represent complex skeletal structures. These µFE models can analyze the structural integrity of individual trabeculae and may be used to model the impact of complex pathologies on skeletal stability. This thesis aims to: 1) optimize the histological identification of microdamage in healthy and mixed metastatic whole rat vertebrae, 2) quantify trabecular level stress and strain using µFE models and deformable registration generated from µCT data and 3) evaluate stress and strain in µFE models comparing undamaged regions with areas of mechanically induced microdamage. This novel technique allows the histological identification of microdamage in whole vertebrae with accurate alignment to 3D μCT data sets. In the μFE models, significantly higher stresses and strains were found in areas of damaged bone in both healthy and metastatically involved vertebrae.