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Journal articles on the topic 'Micro level language planning'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Barkhuizen, Gary, and Ute Knoch. "Macro-Level policy and Micro-Level planning." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 3.1–3.18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2104/aral0603.

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This article reports on a study which investigated the language lives of Afrikaans-speaking South African immigrants in New Zealand. Particularly, it focuses on their awareness of and attitudes to language policy in both South Africa and New Zealand, and how these influence their own and their family’s language practices. Narrative interviews with 28 participants living in towns and cities across New Zealand reveal that while living in South Africa they were generally aware of macro-level language policies in the country, and were able to articulate how these policies influenced language practices at work and within their families. The absence of an explicit national language policy in New Zealand means that these immigrants, on arrival in New Zealand, base their understanding of the linguistic context in the country on the language practices that they observe in their day-to-day lives. It is these observations which guide their decision-making with regard to their own and their family’s language practices.

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Barkhuizen, Gary, and Ute Knoch. "Macro-Level policy and Micro-Level planning." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 29, no. 1 (2006): 3.1–3.18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.29.1.01bar.

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This article reports on a study which investigated the language lives of Afrikaans-speaking South African immigrants in New Zealand. Particularly, it focuses on their awareness of and attitudes to language policy in both South Africa and New Zealand, and how these influence their own and their family’s language practices. Narrative interviews with 28 participants living in towns and cities across New Zealand reveal that while living in South Africa they were generally aware of macro-level language policies in the country, and were able to articulate how these policies influenced language practices at work and within their families. The absence of an explicit national language policy in New Zealand means that these immigrants, on arrival in New Zealand, base their understanding of the linguistic context in the country on the language practices that they observe in their day-to-day lives. It is these observations which guide their decision-making with regard to their own and their family’s language practices.

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3

Mac Giolla Chríost, Diarmait. "Micro-level Language Planning in Ireland." Current Issues in Language Planning 7, no. 2-3 (May 15, 2006): 230–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2167/cilp096.0.

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4

Cru, Josep. "Micro-level language planning and YouTube comments: destigmatising indigenous languages through rap music." Current Issues in Language Planning 19, no. 4 (June 7, 2018): 434–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2018.1468960.

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5

Studer, Patrick, Felicia Kreiselmaier, and Mi-Cha Flubacher. "Language planning in the European Union: A micro-level perspective." European Journal of Language Policy 2, no. 2 (January 2010): 251–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/ejlp.2010.15.

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6

Brown, Jeff. "Learner agency in language planning." Language Problems and Language Planning 39, no. 2 (October 12, 2015): 171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.39.2.04bro.

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The role of language teacher agency in language policy and planning (LPP) enactment and implementation at the micro-level has received increasing treatment in the literature. Under-addressed in this context, however, is the role of the learner and the extent to which learner activity can be agentive. Seeking to redress this situation, this paper focusses on learner agency in LPP. After establishing a general ecology of language context, issues related to the problematic concept of ‘agency’ are addressed. This discussion draws upon poststructuralist critiques as well as the insights of sociocultural theory. A poststructuralist perspective provides a broad philosophical base for problematizing learner agency and supplies a critique of the limited structuralist approach characteristic of traditional LPP. A sociocultural lens supplies a more concrete conceptualization of how agentive learner activity operates interactively with teacher agency. The final section of the paper focusses on ethnography as a research methodology; ethnographic research yields qualitative data on learner agency that can be drawn upon in micro planning and policy-making. A relevant case study employing ethnographic methodology is discussed. The conclusion is that learner agency should be given more prominence in LPP research and literature.

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Schneider, Cindy. "Micro-level planning for a Papua New Guinean elementary school classroom: “copycat” planning and language ideologies." Current Issues in Language Planning 16, no. 3 (July 3, 2015): 335–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2015.1042828.

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Kınsız, Mustafa, Salih Özenici, and Kemal Demir. "The Barrier to Turkey's Foreign Language Teaching is Foreign Language Policy: Macro-and Micro-Level Planning." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 70 (January 2013): 1144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.01.170.

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Hatoss, Anikó. "Language, faith and identity." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 94–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.35.1.05hat.

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While most language-planning and policy (LPP) studies have focussed on language decisions made by government bodies, in recent years there has been an increased interest in micro-level language planning in immigrant contexts. Few studies, however, have used this framework to retrospectively examine the planning decisions of religious institutions, such as “ethnic” churches. This paper explores the language decisions made by the Lutheran church in Australia between 1838 and 1921. The study is based on archival research carried out in the Lutheran Archives in Adelaide, South Australia. The paper draws attention to the complex interrelationships between language, religion and identity in an immigrant context.

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Moriarty, Máiréad, and Sari Pietikäinen. "Micro-level language-planning and grass-root initiatives: a case study of Irish language comedy and Inari Sámi rap." Current Issues in Language Planning 12, no. 3 (August 2011): 363–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2011.604962.

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11

Soler, Josep, and Anastassia Zabrodskaja. "New spaces of new speaker profiles: Exploring language ideologies in transnational multilingual families." Language in Society 46, no. 4 (August 3, 2017): 547–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404517000367.

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AbstractThis article looks at Spanish-Estonian speaking families and their language ideologies in relation to language use in the family setting—how parents decide to use languages among themselves and with their children. Family members choose different languages for different purposes when they talk to one another. In our study, parents draw on their knowledge of the ‘one parent–one language’ strategy but also translanguage for different reasons, constructing new patterns of bilingual modes. In the article, we examine parents’ attitudes towards language maintenance, transmission, and use with their children. We incorporate the lens of ‘new speaker’ research to analyse the empirical data collected in Tallinn households among Spanish-Estonian speaking families so as to contribute to a better understanding of family language policy, planning, and management, highlighting how macro-level sociolinguistic expectations and norms might be elaborated on the micro level in everyday social interactions. (Family language policy, language ideology, new speakers, Estonian, Spanish)*

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12

Uysal, Hacer Hande. "English language spread in academia." Language Problems and Language Planning 38, no. 3 (December 22, 2014): 265–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.38.3.03uys.

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This article first historically examines the macro-level Turkish state policies with regard to scholarly publishing within the framework of the English language spread paradigms of diffusion-of-English and language-ecology. Then, the effects of these policies at the micro-level are investigated in two major Turkish universities through a survey of scholars’ perceptions and practices of scientific publishing in English. The results reveal a rapid spread of English in academia as the language of scientific publishing consistently encouraged by the state policies and somewhat by academics which may lead to a gradual ‘domain loss’ for Turkish; however, reactions against English dominance are also evident in various forms in language planning, attitudes, and practices. Thus, language spread and ecology seem to co-exist in some interesting and contradictory ways.

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Pasfield-Neofitou, Sarah E. "Learners’ language management in internet-based communication with Japanese peers." Language Management Approach 22, no. 2 (November 2, 2012): 271–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.22.2.08pas.

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This paper reports on an empirical analysis of the language management strategies of Australian learners of Japanese in Internet communication with their Japanese native-speaking peers, in order to evaluate the interpersonal and technological factors that contribute to learner noting processes. The paper makes use of the language management model, including the concept of “noting”, to explore learners’ Internet communication, not only in terms of occurrence of noting and perceptions of norm deviations on the micro-level, but also the impact of macro-level language planning in Internet communities.

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Paciotto, Carla, and Gloria Delany-Barmann. "Planning micro-level language education reform in new diaspora sites: two-way immersion education in the rural Midwest." Language Policy 10, no. 3 (July 27, 2011): 221–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10993-011-9203-x.

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Yoshimitsu, Kuniko. "Japanese school children in Melbourne and their language maintenance efforts." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2000): 255–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.10.2.07yos.

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This paper presents a case study of language maintenance efforts made by bilingual Japanese children in Melbourne whose parents are of Japanese background. The children were selected from two sub-groups in the Japanese community: the children of business sojourners (temporary residents), the largest sub-group in the community, and the children of permanent residents, the second largest sub-group. Focusing on the micro-level language planning for maintenance, this study examines the speakers’ degree and direction of maintenance in terms of Japanese language proficiency, and it analyses the correlation between the maintenance achieved, the factors, and the strategies adopted. Two instruments have been developed for the assessment of speakers’ naturally occurring spoken discourse data. It is argued that the children’s differing residential status, being either a sojourner or permanent resident, is a key factor affecting the maintenance process and its outcomes, and that maintenance at the micro-level, specifically individual and family levels, is the result of the combined efforts of the parents and the children.

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Wagner, Melanie. "Die Universität Luxemburg: eine dreisprachige Universität?" Sociolinguistica 34, no. 1 (November 25, 2020): 107–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/soci-2020-0008.

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AbstractLuxembourg is officially a trilingual country with most indigenous Luxembourgers speaking Luxembourgish, German and French, even if not necessarily all to the same standard. A high proportion (44.5 %) of the population consists of immigrants whose different linguistic repertoires add other languages to the multilingual landscape of the country. Multilingualism is a highly salient feature of Luxembourg’s society and plays out differently in different domains, such as home, school, work or public institutions. The country’s university, the University of Luxembourg, founded in 2003, is one of Luxembourg’s multilingual institutions, with English, French and German as official languages but with currently no explicit language policy. Study schemes and diplomas should be at least bilingual and students as well as staff should master at least two of the official languages. Neither the country’s national language Luxembourgish, nor the language of the proportionally highest migrant community Portuguese are part of the university’s languages. Due to the lack of an explicit and official document regarding the University of Luxembourg’s language policy and planning, in this chapter, I will focus on the current language situation in the areas of teaching, research and administration. After looking into the use of different languages in these domains and studying the existing guidelines regarding language use, I will identify the different actors responsible for and influencing the language planning and policy at the University of Luxembourg and situate them on the micro, meso and macro level.

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17

Karoulla-Vrikki, Dimitra. "Which alphabet on car number-plates in Cyprus?" Language Problems and Language Planning 37, no. 3 (November 15, 2013): 249–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.37.3.03kar.

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Since the 1990s, language-planning interventions have changed the alphabet on car number-plates in Cyprus three times, while a fourth change is expected to take place in line with the parliamentary decision of 2010. An investigation of the alternating adoption of the 24-letter English (Latin) and the 12-letter Helleno-Latin alphabetical system demonstrates that a minor matter, such as the alphabet on the plates, can be a multilevel language planning issue. It was initiated at the micro-level by individuals and small groups who exercised pressure on the government to change this language practice, but through interventions by government officials and politicians it snowballed to the macro-level. Examination of the issue reveals the pragmatic and symbolic roles attributed to the alphabetical systems as well as the beliefs, perceptions and ideologies about language and identity in Cyprus held among Greek-Cypriots who were involved in the controversy.

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Gutiérrez Estrada, María Rebeca, and Sandra R. Schecter. "English as a “Killer Language”? Multilingual Education in an Indigenous Primary Classroom in Northwestern Mexico." Journal of Educational Issues 4, no. 1 (May 29, 2018): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jei.v4i1.12849.

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We report findings of an ethnographic study that explored complexities of English Language Teaching (ELT) in a minority indigenous context in northwestern Mexico. The study investigated a trilingual education setting at the nexus of 2 major events: incorporation of Intercultural Bilingual Education throughout Mexico and integration of ELT into the country’s public school system. Methods included participant observation in primary-level language classes and semi-structured interviews with educators and other stakeholders affiliated with a rural school where an indigenous variety, a societal variety, and a foreign language were taught. Findings indicate that teacher agency was a powerful tool in linguistic and cultural maintenance and transforming language policy and planning at the local level. Although the spread of English may be unavoidable, with local community involvement and a school-based commitment to support linguistic and cultural maintenance, the micro language policy context can be conFigured to promote a symbiotic relationship among linguistic varieties.

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Dr. Sadia Irshad, Umaira Aleem,. "Teaching and Learning English Language through Literacy Drive Policy in Grade 3 in Public Schools: Teachers’ Perception and Challenges." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 4664–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.1626.

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This paper investigates the place of pedagogy in language-in-education policy through an analysis of how the macro-level government policy interacts with the micro-level English language teaching practices. Since 2015, the teaching and learning of English language to grade 3 students, in all public schools of the Punjab, has been carried out through a literacy and numeracy drive called LND. The present study investigated the effectiveness of teaching English to grade 3 through literacy drive policy (LDP) of LND programme. It locates the implementation of LDP, in language in acquisition policy perspective and supports the stance that language teaching and learning is central to language planning and policy research (Johnson, 2013; Menken & García, 2010). It argues that language interventions deployed at any level of education are extension of language education policies which aim to improve the quality of education and to promote the learning of the language. Like all language in acquisition policies, LDP for teaching and learning of English is being executed in the same context of increasing the number of language users through teaching of foreign or second language (Cooper, 1989). The study investigated perceptions of teachers regarding teaching and learning of English through LDP with the notion that effective implementation of any language programme is linked with the understanding and practices of teachers who are the real implementers and final arbiters at micro level (Menken, 2008). The present study included a portion of data from my PhD dissertation. It collected teachers’ experiential standpoints to explore teachers’ awareness regarding implementation of LDP and issues they face inside the classrooms when they carried out teaching learning of English through LDP. The findings of the study revealed that teachers teaching English to grade 3 lack awareness in terms of clear understanding regarding LDP mainly because it is less elaborated and not accessible. It ultimately hindered the successful implementation and poses multiple classroom challenges.

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20

Zhang, Grace. "The impact of touchy topics on vague language use." Animation in Asia 23, no. 1 (April 8, 2013): 87–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.23.1.06zha.

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Vague language (VL, e.g. kind of), an integral part of language, has been attracting increased attention in linguistic studies. VL is a versatile tool of communication in presenting the world in an imprecise but powerful manner. This study explores an overlooked issue: the relationship between the sensitivity of topics and the use of VL, particularly between topical sensitivity and the form and function of VL items. The corpus consists of semi-controlled spoken interactions between Western Australian tertiary students who were asked to converse on two topics: asylum seekers (touchy) and weekend activities (less touchy). The findings reveal the impact of sensitivity, manifested by different VL frequencies (macro level) and forms (micro level) used in the different topics. More VL, and particular forms of VL (e.g. I think, some, or something), were used in the asylum seeker discourse. As the level of topical sensitivity increases, the level of vagueness in talk-in-interactions also increases: that is, the level of sensitivity, VL frequency, and specific VL items are positively related. Showing how participants use VL in responding to different degrees of sensitivity, this study enriches the scarce literature by providing fresh insights and new resources in this important research area. It is expected that the impact of touchy topics may be applicable to other areas of linguistic studies.

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Hamid, M. Obaidul, and Richard B. Baldauf. "Public-private domain distinction as an aspect of LPP frameworks." Language Problems and Language Planning 38, no. 2 (September 12, 2014): 192–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.38.2.05ham.

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While macro-level language policy and planning (LPP) that is done mainly by governments still dominates thinking in the field, limitations of this focus have been demonstrated by recent broader and more focused conceptualizations of LPP. For instance, global LPP, particularly for languages of wider communication such as English, has received considerable attention. Similarly, studies of meso- and micro-level planning has shown that many LPP decisions have to be taken at sub-national institutional, communal and familial levels, particularly in contexts where macro-level policies do not exist, where non-interventionist policies of benign neglect are deemed appropriate from a political point of view, or where a problem is too small to attract national attention. These recent developments have led to additions to the macro-level LPP framework, providing more appropriate and contextually relevant tools to understand LPP efforts carried out by LPP “actors” both within and beyond individual polities. However, this diversification of LPP frames and contexts can also be seen as going through a process of simultaneous unification and taking a macro-like character, as illustrated by the distinctions being drawn between the public and the private sector LPP. Taking Bangladesh as a case and drawing on LPP issues pertaining to public and private universities as well as pre-tertiary educational institutions with a particular focus on medium of instruction and the private tutoring industry, we argue for the relevance of this macro-like distinction for a better understanding of complex LPP issues in the country. We maintain that the public-private domain distinction may complement existing variables by adding a dimension that is increasingly becoming important in a globalized world dominated by neoliberalism.

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22

Ahmad, Ayaz, Liaqat Iqbal, and Irfan Ullah. "English Language in Pakistan: A Policy Analysis of Past and Present of Linguistic Contact with Urdu and Pashto." Global Political Review V, no. II (June 30, 2020): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2020(v-ii).08.

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The paper revisits the diachronic evolution of the belief, practices, and attitudes of Urdu and Pashto speakers towards English and ascertains the drivers and effects of such changes. The changes are explored at two levels, micro and macro. The macro-level perspective concerns the 'use' interface while the microlevel concerns the 'code'. The study hinges on the theory of contact linguistics' approaches such as language shift, hybridization and domain conquest. In the wake of this study, the scholars revisit the value of 'Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scales' (GIDS) in the assessment of language prospects of survival. The study finds that Pashto and Urdu both underwent substantial changes as a result of contact with the English language. The study also proposes revisiting definitions of some popular terms used in the evaluation of language policy and planning as the proposal to use more discrete terms that can be easily understood and applied by the practitioners of the fields, such as the distinction of language attitude and belief

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23

Liu, Honggang, Lixiang Gao, and Fan Fang. "Exploring and Sustaining Language Teacher Motivation for Being a Visiting Scholar in Higher Education: An Empirical Study in the Chinese Context." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 28, 2020): 6040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156040.

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Language teacher motivation has been explored through various contexts in recent decades. However, less attention has been paid to teachers’ motivations for furthering their professional development in multilingual academic environments, such as by becoming visiting scholars at top universities at home or abroad. This study adopts a mixed-method approach to investigate language teachers’ motivations for being visiting scholars. First, a questionnaire was conducted on 169 teachers who spoke both English and languages other than English (LOTEs). Following an exploratory factor analysis, six separate motivational sources were identified: internal needs, stress relief, academic positioning, academic contact, academic symbolism, and policy support. For triangulation purposes, further interviews were conducted with three visiting scholars and one supervisor for in-depth qualitative data analysis. Interview findings reveal an imbalance between high demand for visiting scholarship funding and the financial allowances granted by governments and universities. Visiting scholars also experience inadequate academic guidance from their supervisors and few opportunities to participate in supervisors’ projects. Based on the research findings, this study proposes ways to sustain teacher motivation at the macro (policy) level, the meso (tutor system) level, and the micro (individual supervision) level.

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Zappulla, Carmelo, Cristian Suau, and Alenka Fikfak. "THE PATTERN MAKING OF MEGA-SLUMS ON SEMANTICS IN SLUM URBAN CULTURES." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 38, no. 4 (December 23, 2014): 247–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2014.987368.

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Mega-slums are dynamic laboratories for urban pattern making. Instead of surveying about stable urban symbols represented by formal orders and regular geometries, this study explores the semantic meaning of informal urbanism associated with chaos or randomness and often ignored by critique and conventions. Slums are forms of ‘instant urbanity’ that underscore alternative ways of self-organisation, which include bottom-up strategies, autonomous urban dynamics and spatial activation by remaking. Are slum patterns representing a lack of symbolism or, on contrary, rich, complex, and fluid urban idioms? Urban informality without planning offers immense opportunities to investigate resilient urban forms and languages as complex systems throughout self-ruled structures. Slums are not only the result of urban economic asymmetries and social marginalisation but the elementary construction of survival urbanism, a randomised, agile and transformative pattern system. Slum making is a form of subsistence urbanity that constructs transitory, elusive or spontaneous geometries. They differ in sizes, magnitudes and geometries regarding cultural, climatic and topographic conditions. Slums are unstable systems in continuous transformation. This essay questions the stigmatisation of informalised urban patterns as ‘other’ unclassified codes by analysing a selection of twenty mega-slums in the Americas, Africa and Asia regarding semantics, urban and geometrical meanings. Their urban tissues contain various symbols that activate the every-day production of spaces. They can be visible or invisible; passive or active; and formal or informal. A taxonomic tree of slums was developed to compare and map slum regions to describe similarities and differences among the selected case studies. From this analysis, a profound discourse appeared between informal settlements: tissue-patterns at macro level and cell-patterns in micro urbanisation. Does the macro pattern inform the micro, or vice versa?

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25

Zhang, Chuchu, Chaowei Xiao, and Helin Liu. "Spatial Big Data Analysis of Political Risks along the Belt and Road." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (April 12, 2019): 2216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082216.

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As many regions along the Belt and Road have long been struggling with terrorist attacks, crimes, wars, and corruption, political risks pose important challenges for infrastructure projects and transnational investment. The objective of the article is to contribute to the identification of different types of political risks along the Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, and the visualization of their micro-level spatial distribution based on the Global Database of Events, Language, and Tone (GDELT) datasets from October 2013 to May 2018. By adopting the bivariate Moran’s I model to compare the distribution of political risks along the Belt and Road and that of the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) investment and construction projects based on data from the China Global Investment Tracker (CGIT), the article also generates an overall political risk profile for Chinese BRI projects. Our findings show that a particularly high percentage of Chinese BRI projects are distributed in regions with high political risks. This research has important implications for the discussion and study of the BRI. First, by combining geographic spatial statistical analysis and political science conceptual frameworks, we point out the necessity to query the BRI from interdisciplinary perspectives grounded in empirical research. Second, the research delivers to researchers, academics, practitioners, consultants and policy makers interested in the BRI the latest insights into the risks and challenges along the Belt and Road. Third, it advocates policies and strategies conducive to identifying, assessing and mitigating political risks in investment along the Belt and Road and to strengthening the sustainable development of the BRI.

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Hynninen, Niina. "ICL at the micro level." AILA Review 25 (December 14, 2012): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aila.25.02hyn.

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27

Obaidul Hamid, M. "Interrogating micro language planning from LPP students’ perspectives." European Journal of Language Policy 11, no. 1 (April 2019): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/ejlp.2019.4.

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28

Alimi, Modupe M. "Micro language planning and cultural renaissance in Botswana." Language Policy 15, no. 1 (February 3, 2015): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10993-014-9351-x.

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Sreekanth, K. J., S. Jayaraj, and N. Sudarsan. "LP modelling for micro level domestic energy planning." Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy 11, no. 4 (April 2, 2016): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2011.626013.

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30

Amir, Alia, and Nigel Musk. "Language policing: micro-level language policy-in-process in the foreign language classroom." Classroom Discourse 4, no. 2 (November 2013): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19463014.2013.783500.

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31

Baldauf, Richard B. "Rearticulating the Case for Micro Language Planning in a Language Ecology Context." Current Issues in Language Planning 7, no. 2-3 (May 15, 2006): 147–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2167/cilp092.0.

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32

Hodges, Rhian, and Cynog Prys. "The community as a language planning crossroads: macro and micro language planning in communities in Wales." Current Issues in Language Planning 20, no. 3 (July 19, 2018): 207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2018.1495370.

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33

Morhachov, I. V., and I. I. Ovcharenko. "Improving the Micro-Level Financial Planning through Complementary Targeting." Business Inform 5, no. 520 (2021): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-5-365-370.

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The article concretizes dominance of targeting as a phenomenon for keeping inflation at the macro-level, and to improve advertising activities at the micro level. The success of the relevant instrument in anti-inflation and advertising policies actualizes the possibility of targeting key financial indicators of the organization that are important for its owners and financial administration, but are often overlooked on the part of its managers. The article closer defines the theoretical provisions for improving financial planning at the micro level by introducing complimentary targeting in the activities of commercial organizations. An algorithm and a key indicator are proposed, which be the «target» of the corresponding targeting. As such an indicator, the profitability of assets is substantiated, the target value of which in quantitative parameters should exceed the price of using bank loans. It is determined that in modern conditions with regard to commercial organizations in Ukraine, the profitability of assets should be equal to or exceeding 30%. Appropriate targeting at the micro-level is substantiated as a tool for smoothing and harmonization of contradictions between owners of large-scale commercial organizations and their managers of both the medium and the senior level. Ignoring the rule of necessity of exceeding the profitability of assets over bank loan rates is identified in the activities of a number of public joint stock companies that are leaders in terms of tax payments in Ukraine. In addition, the prevalence of the practice of using bank loans by relevant public joint stock companies, even with a «strong» balance sheet and a high level of liquidity and solvency, is specified. The dominance of the use of bank loans in the activities of leading industrial enterprises in the country instead of issuing their own bonds in the absence of exceeding the profitability of the assets of these enterprises over the price of bank loans indicates the underdevelopment of the domestic stock market and further increases the level of relevance of the targeting of the asset profitability indicator.

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Schilperoord, Joost. "Grammaticale Constructies En Micro-Planning Bij Tekstproductie." Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 50 (January 1, 1994): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.50.05sch.

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In this paper it is argued that, contrary to computational models of language production, in the production system grammatical knowledge takes the form of conventionalized declarative schemes. Such schemes can be identified as a particular function word and an obliged element, for instance, a noun and a determiner. The argument is based on a particular pause pattern observed written language production. A cognitive linguistic account of the notion 'grammatical scheme' is given through a dicussion of Langacker's Usage based model of linguistic knowledge and the 'mental grammar'.

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Zhao, Huili. "An Overview of Research on Family Language Planning." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 8, no. 5 (May 1, 2018): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0805.11.

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Family language planning is part of the micro-fields of linguistic policy and language planning. As for more and more children grow up in a bilingual or multilingual environment. We view the family as an important social linguistic environment. This paper briefly expounds the theory of micro language planning and focuses on the family language planning. And in this paper, the importance of family language planning, influenced factors and implications on family language planning are examined in depth. The development of foreign language education in family language planning also should be put into action positively.

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Payne, Mark. "Foreign language planning." Language Problems and Language Planning 31, no. 3 (December 6, 2007): 235–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.31.3.03pay.

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Drawing on empirical research and established language planning theories and ideas, this paper presents a conceptual framework model to support foreign language planning. The key focus is foreign or second language planning at secondary school level. Whilst foreign language planning is not a new phenomenon, this paper argues for a reconfigured perspective on this often under-examined issue.

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Marriott, Helen. "Micro Language Planning for Student Support in a Pharmacy Faculty." Current Issues in Language Planning 7, no. 2-3 (May 15, 2006): 328–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2167/cilp101.0.

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Liddicoat, Anthony J., and Kerry Taylor-Leech. "Micro language planning for multilingual education: agency in local contexts." Current Issues in Language Planning 15, no. 3 (May 12, 2014): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2014.915454.

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Brown, David West. "Micro-level teaching strategies for linguistically diverse learners." Linguistics and Education 17, no. 2 (June 2006): 175–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2006.08.001.

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Datta, S., and R. Bandyopadhya. "An application of O.R. in micro-level planning in India." Computers & Operations Research 20, no. 2 (February 1993): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0548(93)90068-t.

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Curdt-Christiansen, Xiao Lan. "Engaging language policy from macro- to micro-level: migration and language in Europe." Language and Education 32, no. 5 (September 3, 2018): 391–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2018.1489830.

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Jones, Jennifer M. "Language at the brink of conflict: micro-language planning in one western Kenyan school." Language Policy 11, no. 2 (November 23, 2011): 119–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10993-011-9221-8.

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Nahir, Moshe. "Micro language planning and the revival of Hebrew: A schematic framework." Language in Society 27, no. 3 (June 1998): 335–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500020005.

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ABSTRACTSupported by contemporary evidence, this study discusses the revival of Hebrew a century ago (within two or three decades), with a focus on the actual total shift of pre-Israel Palestine's Jewish community from Yiddish and several other languages to Hebrew as an all-purpose means of communication. First, four “factors” that prevailed prior to and during the revival are discussed: the “communicative”, “political”, “religious”, and “literary.” The study then proposes schematically that the shift to Hebrew evolved in a cycle consisting of four consecutive albeit partially overlapping “steps”: (1) The children are instilled with desired language attitudes. (2) The children acquire the code, Hebrew. (3) The children transfer Hebrew, now a second language, out of the schools. (4) With these children now adults, their newly born receive Hebrew as a first language. Finally, the study suggests that, in the absence of a central authority, the revival can be seen as a case of “micro language planning,” in which potential speakers constituted “language planning agents” active in “language planning cells.” (Language revival, Hebrew, language planning, language shift, vernacular)

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Siew Kheng Chua, Catherine. "Singaporean Educational Planning: Moving from the Macro to the Micro." Current Issues in Language Planning 7, no. 2-3 (May 15, 2006): 214–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2167/cilp095.0.

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SATIA, JK, DV MAVALANKAR, and BHARATI SHARMA. "Micro-level planning using rapid assessment for primary health care services." Health Policy and Planning 9, no. 3 (1994): 318–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/9.3.318.

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Mohapatra, Rama Prasada, and Changshan Wu. "Modeling Urban Growth at a Micro Level." International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research 6, no. 2 (April 2015): 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijagr.2015040103.

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In this paper, the historical trend of urban growth and the associated drivers were examined through econometric analysis for the rapidly growing Grafton area in the State of Wisconsin. Specifically, panel data analysis was carried out to examine the drivers of urban growth such as demographic factors, location of jobs, travel time, housing types, property values, etc. Results reveal that panel data analysis, particularly the random effects model, was successful in analyzing the drivers of urban growth at the census block group level. This study found that population, local jobs, household income, and house price were positively associated with urban growth. The study also found that urban growth in the study area is not decided by the access to the nearest central city, but other factors, such as the rural atmosphere of the region, local jobs, and emerging centers of employment opportunities, have significant influences on urban development.

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Liddicoat, Anthony J. "The interface between macro and micro-level language policy and the place of language pedagogies." International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning 9, no. 2 (December 2014): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18334105.2014.11082025.

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Mac Donnacha, Joe. "An Integrated Language Planning Model." Language Problems and Language Planning 24, no. 1 (December 6, 2000): 11–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.24.1.03mac.

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Two new models of language planning are proposed in this paper. The approach is similar to that used in business planning of viewing industries and organisations as sets of interrelated activities, as an aid to analysis and planning. The first model develops a three-level view of language planning and aims to develop a more strategic approach. The three levels in the model are ‘Status Planning’, ‘Language Planning’, and ‘Functional Language Planning’. The second model, the Integrated Language Planning Model, is related to the second level of language planning, and is designed to facilitate a comprehensive and integrated approach to reinforcing targeted languages. The model disaggregrates language reinforcement efforts into two types of activities — primary activities and support activities. The primary activities are those that are designed to directly influence changes in language behaviour. The support activities support the primary activities and each other by managing and facilitating the language reinforcement effort.

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Bityukova, Viktoria R., and Robert Argenbright. "Environmental Pollution in Moscow: A Micro-Level Analysis." Eurasian Geography and Economics 43, no. 3 (April 2002): 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.2747/1538-7216.43.3.197.

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Sallabank, Julia. "Language planning and language ideologies in Guernsey." Multilingua 38, no. 1 (January 26, 2019): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/multi-2018-0002.

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Abstract The Bailiwick of Guernsey is a small, semi-autonomous archipelago in the English Channel. Although it is a British Crown dependency and part of the British Isles, it has its own parliament and does not belong to the United Kingdom or the European Union. This unusual geopolitical situation means that the nation-state has little relevance. It is only recently that the indigenous former vernacular has been accorded any worth, at either grass-roots or government level: as its vitality declines (increasingly rapidly), its perceived value for individual and collective identification has grown. Although public opinion overtly supports indigenous language maintenance, and increasing its vitality is a stated aim (e.g., a government Language Commission was announced in 2012), effective top-down measures to increase the number and fluency of speakers appear to be low on the agenda. This article explores the implications of this socio-political background for language policy. It discusses language-related activities which reveal a lack of ideological clarification and strategic direction at all levels, compounded by issues of control, epistemic stance and language ownership.

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