Academic literature on the topic 'Micro RNAs'
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Journal articles on the topic "Micro RNAs"
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Grosshans, Helge, and Frank J. Slack. "Micro-RNAs." Journal of Cell Biology 156, no. 1 (January 7, 2002): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200111033.
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Two small temporally regulated RNAs (stRNAs)**Abbreviations used in this paper: stRNA, small temporally regulated RNA; miRNA, micro-RNA; siRNA, small interfering RNA; RNAi, RNA interference. of ∼22 nucleotides regulate timing of gene expression during development of the nematode C. elegans. This regulation occurs at a posttranscriptional, presumably translational, level and is distinct from RNA interference (RNAi). One of the two stRNAs, let-7, as well as its target gene, lin-41, are highly conserved even in humans, suggesting a wide employment of stRNA-mediated gene regulation. Recent reports indicate that these two stRNAs are indeed likely to represent only the tip of an iceberg with hundreds or more of additional micro-RNAs (miRNAs) existing in metazoans. miRNAs might thus be previously underestimated key participants in the field of gene regulation.
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Agrawal, Neema, P. V. N. Dasaradhi, Asif Mohmmed, Pawan Malhotra, Raj K. Bhatnagar, and Sunil K. Mukherjee. "RNA Interference: Biology, Mechanism, and Applications." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 67, no. 4 (December 2003): 657–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.67.4.657-685.2003.
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SUMMARY Double-stranded RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) is a simple and rapid method of silencing gene expression in a range of organisms. The silencing of a gene is a consequence of degradation of RNA into short RNAs that activate ribonucleases to target homologous mRNA. The resulting phenotypes either are identical to those of genetic null mutants or resemble an allelic series of mutants. Specific gene silencing has been shown to be related to two ancient processes, cosuppression in plants and quelling in fungi, and has also been associated with regulatory processes such as transposon silencing, antiviral defense mechanisms, gene regulation, and chromosomal modification. Extensive genetic and biochemical analysis revealed a two-step mechanism of RNAi-induced gene silencing. The first step involves degradation of dsRNA into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), 21 to 25 nucleotides long, by an RNase III-like activity. In the second step, the siRNAs join an RNase complex, RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex), which acts on the cognate mRNA and degrades it. Several key components such as Dicer, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, helicases, and dsRNA endonucleases have been identified in different organisms for their roles in RNAi. Some of these components also control the development of many organisms by processing many noncoding RNAs, called micro-RNAs. The biogenesis and function of micro-RNAs resemble RNAi activities to a large extent. Recent studies indicate that in the context of RNAi, the genome also undergoes alterations in the form of DNA methylation, heterochromatin formation, and programmed DNA elimination. As a result of these changes, the silencing effect of gene functions is exercised as tightly as possible. Because of its exquisite specificity and efficiency, RNAi is being considered as an important tool not only for functional genomics, but also for gene-specific therapeutic activities that target the mRNAs of disease-related genes.
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Selvarajan, Sathya, Jaya Vijayaraghavan, Zachariah Bobby, and Jothimalar Ramalingam. "Micro RNAs- A Review." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 8, no. 38 (September 23, 2019): 2918–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2019/634.
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Holding, Cathy. "Viral micro RNAs identified." Genome Biology 4 (2004): spotlight—20040430–01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-spotlight-20040430-01.
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Sunkar, Ramanjulu, and Jian-Kang Zhu. "Micro RNAs and Short-interfering RNAs in Plants." Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 49, no. 6 (June 2007): 817–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2007.00499.x.
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Ghorbian, Saeid, and AhmadPoursadegh Zonouzi. "Micro-RNAs in IVF outcome." Indian Journal of Human Genetics 19, no. 2 (2013): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0971-6866.116110.
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Faucz, Fabio Rueda, and Constantine A. Stratakis. "Adrenal cortex and micro-RNAs." Cell Cycle 9, no. 20 (October 15, 2010): 4039–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cc.9.20.13626.
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Shilo, Vitali, Justin Silver, and Tally Naveh-Many. "Micro-RNAs in the parathyroid." Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 25, no. 4 (July 2016): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mnh.0000000000000227.
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Harden, James T., and Sheri M. Krams. "Micro-RNAs in transplant tolerance." Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation 23, no. 1 (February 2018): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mot.0000000000000479.
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Le Quesne, John, and Carlos Caldas. "Micro-RNAs and breast cancer." Molecular Oncology 4, no. 3 (April 28, 2010): 230–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molonc.2010.04.009.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Micro RNAs"
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Amaral, Murilo Sena. "Identificação de RNAs longos não-codificadores de proteínas regulados por micro-RNAs." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46131/tde-22102014-102412/.
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Estudos recentes têm revelado que a maior parte dos transcritos gerados em células humanas é composta por RNAs não-codificadores de proteínas (ncRNAs). Uma parte desses ncRNAs compreende a classe de RNAs curtos, que possuem menos que 200 nucleotídeos. Os micro-RNAs (miRNAs) fazem parte dessa classe e têm sido alvo de grande interesse, pois são preditos como possíveis reguladores de mais de 60% dos RNAs mensageiros (mRNAs) humanos. Outra classe dos ncRNAs é composta por ncRNAs longos (lncRNAs, com mais de 200 nucleotídeos), que são transcritos a partir de regiões intergênicas e intrônicas do genoma humano e possuem várias funções, muitas delas relacionadas ao controle da expressão de mRNAs. Recentemente, os lncRNAs têm sido caracterizados quanto à sua estrutura e função. No entanto, muito pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos pelos quais os lncRNAs são regulados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar se lncRNAs são regulados por miRNAs em células humanas. Para tanto, identificamos lncRNAs ligados ao complexo de silenciamento induzido por RNA (RISC) em células da linhagem HeLa, utilizando um método aqui desenvolvido de geração de bibliotecas de cDNA direcionadas para sequenciamento em larga escala na plataforma 454/Roche. Em paralelo, sequenciamos os miRNAs ligados ao RISC nestas mesmas células. Os resultados obtidos mostram que centenas de lncRNAs de diversas classes se ligam ao RISC em células HeLa, juntamente com milhares de mRNAs e várias centenas de miRNAs. Entre os miRNAs, encontramos 37 que são preditos como alvejando os lncRNAs detectados. Estes miRNAs constituem possíveis reguladores dos lncRNAs e, portanto, nosso trabalho estabelece um mapa experimental de interações diretas entre lncRNAs e miRNAs. Dentre os lncRNAs identificados ligados ao RISC neste trabalho, destaca-se o TUG1, lincRNA sabidamente envolvido na regulação de genes relacionados à apoptose e ao ciclo celular. Mostramos por ensaio de super-expressão de miRNAs e qPCR que TUG1 é regulado pelo miRNA-148b, um dos miRNAs por nós detectados que possui um sítio alvo altamente conservado em mamíferos localizado na extremidade 3\' de TUG1. Em conjunto, este trabalho contribui para o entendimento da regulação dos níveis de expressão de lncRNAs em células humanas e abre perspectivas para a modulação de miRNAs como estratégia de regulação dos níveis e das funções de lncRNAs.Recent studies have revealed that the largest fraction of the transcripts generated in human cells is composed of non-protein coding RNAs (ncRNAs). A portion of these RNAs encompasses the class of short RNAs, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are part of this class and are of great interest, as they are predicted to target over 60% of the human messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Another class of ncRNAs is composed of long ncRNAs (lncRNAs, longer than 200 nucleotides), which are transcribed from intergenic and intronic regions of the human genome and have several functions, many of them related to the control of the mRNA expression. Recently, the structure and function of lncRNAs have been characterized. However, little is known about the mechanisms involved in lncRNA regulation. This work aimed to evaluate whether lncRNAs are regulated by miRNAs in human cells. For this purpose, we identified lncRNAs bound to the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) in HeLa cells using a method developed here for the generation of strand-specific cDNA libraries for large scale RNA-sequencing in the 454/Roche plataform. In parallel, we sequenced the miRNAs bound to RISC in these cells. Our results show that hundreds of lncRNAs from diverse classes are bound to RISC in HeLa cells, along with thousands of mRNAs and several hundred miRNAs. Among the miRNAs we identified 37 that are predicted to target the detected lncRNAs. These miRNAs are possible regulators of the lncRNAs, and therefore our work establishes an experimental map of direct interactions between lncRNAs and miRNAs. The lncRNA TUG1, a lincRNA involved in the regulation of genes related to apoptosis and cell cycle, was identified among the lncRNAs bound to RISC. We showed by miRNA over-expression and qPCR that TUG-1 is regulated by the miRNA-148b, which is one of the miRNAs detected in our sequencings and has a binding site highly conserved in mammals located at the TUG1 3` end. Taken together, our results contribute to the understanding of the regulation of the lncRNA expression levels in human cells and open perspectives for the modulation of miRNAs as a strategy to regulate the levels and functions of lncRNAs.
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Majem, Cavaller Blanca. "Micro-RNAs in ovarian cancer as tools for diagnosis and therapy." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/458601.
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El càncer d'ovari (CO) és la cinquena causa del càncer en dones i la principal causa de mort entre les malalties ginecològiques. Els símptomes inespecífics i les eines diagnòstiques actualment insuficients no detecten la malaltia en estadis inicials, quan la supervivència és del 90%. Així, al voltant del 70% dels pacients es diagnostiquen en estadis avançats, quan la supervivència és <25%. Mentre que el 80% de les pacients són inicialment quimiosensibles, el 85% d'elles desenvolupen resistència i moren per recurrència. Identificar nous biomarcadors de diagnòstic podria millorar la detecció precoç del CO. A més, desenvolupar noves estratègies terapèutiques eficients és primordial. Els micro-ARNs (miARNs) són ARN no codificants de 22nt que regulen múltiples processos silenciant ARNm diana, i s'han trobat alterats en càncer, essent possibles elements terapèutics. A més, són estables en circulació i, podrien ser eines diagnòstiques no invasives, mitjançant la saliva com a font de biomarcadors. Primer objectiu: identificar nous biomarcadors de diagnòstic per al carcinoma serós d'alt grau (HGSC). Així, 32 salives de pacients en estadis inicials i avançats de HGSC i controls van ser sotmeses a seqüenciació d'ARN. Aproximadament, es va obtenir 100 ng d'ARN per mL de saliva, amb qualitat suficient per a la seqüenciació d'ARN. Les anàlisis bioinformàtiques van mostrar al voltant del 36% de l'alineació amb el genoma humà, donant lloc a la detecció de més de 500 miARNs coneguts. L'anàlisi d'expressió diferencial va mostrar que 49 i 45 miARNs es trobàven alterats significativament en salives de les pacients amb HGSC d’estadi inicial i avançat en comparació amb els controls, respectivament. Curiosament, la família miR-34 apareix comunment alterada, amb tres membres de la família sobreexpressats en les salives de pacients amb HGSC, tant en estadis inicials com avançats, suggerint que podrien ser biomarcadors per millorar la detecció precoç de les pacients amb HGSC. Segon objectiu: identificar noves teràpies basades en miARNs pel CO avançat, ja que les teràpies dirigides s'han convertit en el Sant Grial pel tractament del càncer. Aquí, el miR-654 es va trobar significativament disminuit en teixits de CO comparat amb ovaris benignes. La sobreexpressió d'aquest miARN en línies cel·lulars de CO va disminuir significativament la proliferació cel·lular i va augmentar la mort cel·lular per apoptosis in vitro, acompanyada d'una activació de l’apoptosis a nivell molecular. Cal destacar que l'expressió ectòpica del miR-654 reproduïa in vivo les conseqüències fenotípiques descrites. A més, mitjançant un model preclínic amb cèl·lules derivades d’ascitis de pacients amb HGSC, s’ha demostrat que la sobreexpressió del miR-654 disminuïa la capacitat de formació d’esferes i la seva viabilitat. Mitjançant una anàlisi bioinformàtica dels possibles mRNAs diana del miR-654 es van predir diversos gens, entre els quals HAX1, RAB1B, PBX3, CDCP1 i PLAGL2 van disminuir a nivell de mRNA i proteïna amb la sobrexpressió del miR-654. L’assaig luciferasa va confirmar que el mirR-654 s’uneix directament al 3’UTR dels 5 ARNs diana esmentats. El silenciament d’aquests gens va mostrar que la depleció de CDCP1 i PLAGL2 fenocopia els efectes de la sobreexpressió del miR-654. Curiosament, els nivells de proteina d’ambdós gens estaven reduïts amb la sobreexpressió del miR-654 en el model preclínic utilitzant cèl·lules d’ascitis de pacients, suggerint que l'efecte terapèutic del miR-654 podria ser, en part, conseqüència de la inhibició de CDCP1 I PLAGL2. Finalment, l'anàlisi de microarrays va demostrar que la depleció de CDCP1 i PLAGL2 alterava les vies MYC, Wnt/β-cat, AKT i MAPK. En conjunt, s’ha suggerit que l'expressió ectòpica de miR-654 podria alterar vies importants en OC i que l'ús d'aquest miARN com a eina terapèutica podria millorar les teràpies actuals, potencialment en combinació amb la quimioteràpia estàndard.Ovarian cancer (OC) is the fifth cause of cancer in women and the leading cause of death among gynecological malignancies in developed countries. The unspecific symptoms and currently insufficient diagnostic tools fail to detect the disease at an early stage, when the 5-years survival is 90%. Thus, around 70% of the patients are diagnosed at late stage, when the 5-years survival is <25%. Also, while 80% of the patients are initially chemosensitive, 85% of these develop resistance and die of recurrence. Therefore, identifying new diagnostic biomarkers would potentially improve the early detection of OC. Also, developing novel and efficient therapeutic strategies is paramount. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs of 22nt that regulate multiple cellular processes by silencing of the specific target mRNAs, and have been found deregulated in cancer, being potential therapeutic elements. In addition, they are stable in circulation therefore being potential non-invasive diagnostic tools by using saliva as source of biomarkers. The first objective was to identify new miRNA diagnostic biomarkers for high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC). Thus, 32 salivas were subjected for RNA-sequencing, in particular from early- and late-stage HGSC and control patients. Around 100 ng of RNA was found per 1 mL of saliva from control and HGSC patients, which was of sufficient quality for RNA sequencing. First bioinformatic analyses showed around 36% of alignment with the human genome, thereby resulting in a more than 500 known miRNAs and 65 De Novo miRNAs detected on average in the patients’ cohort. Differential expression analysis showed that 49 and 45 miRNAs were significantly deregulated in salivas from early- and late-stage HGSC patients compared to controls, respectively. Interestingly, miR-34 family appeared commonly altered, with three members of the family overexpressed in saliva from HGSC patients, either from early and late-stages, suggesting that they could be potential biomarkers to improve the early detection of HGSC patients, the most fatal subtype of OC. The second objective was to identify new miRNA-based therapies for late-stage OC, since targeted therapies has became the Holy Grail for cancer therapy. In this study, miR-654 was found significantly under-expressed in OC tissues compared to benign ovaries. Overexpression of this miRNA in clinically relevant OC cell lines resulted in a significant decrease in cell proliferation and marked increased apoptotic cell death in vitro, accompanied by an activation of the apoptotic pathway seen at cellular and molecular level. Importantly, ectopic expression of miR-654 reproduced the described phenotypic consequences in vivo. In addition, a pre-clinical model using 4 patient-derived ascitic cells showed that overexpression of miR-654 decreased the sphere forming capacity and reduced spheroid viability. In silico bioinformatics analysis of putative miR-654 targets predicted several genes, among which HAX1, RAB1B, PBX3, CDCP1 and PLAGL2 decreased at mRNA and protein level. A 3’UTR luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-654 is a direct of the 5 targets abovementioned. Additionally, silencing of the direct target genes showed that CDCP1 and PLAGL2 depletion phenocopied the effects of miR-654 overexpression, thereby resulting in a reduced proliferation and in an increased apoptosis. Interestingly, both genes were diminished at protein level upon miR-654-5p in the pre-clinical model using patient-derived ascitic cells, suggesting that the therapeutic effect of the miR-654 could be, in part, due to the inhibition of CDCP1 and PLAGL2. Finally, microarray analysis showed that the depletion of CDCP1 and PLALG2 altered MYC, Wnt/β-cat, AKT and MAPK pathways, which has been confirmed by the overexpression of miR-654. Altogether suggested that ectopic expression of miR-654 impaired canonical pathways in OC and that the use of this miRNA as a therapeutic tool might improve the current therapies, potentially in combination with the standard chemotherapy.
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Zanca, Almir Samuel. "Identificação de micro RNAs em cana-de-açucar." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/314782.
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Orientadores: Michel Georges Albert Vincentz, Fabio Tebaldi Silveira NogueiraDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T11:23:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zanca_AlmirSamuel_M.pdf: 11034884 bytes, checksum: 0545b58df6802e07009aef761dda3003 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
Resumo: RNAs não-codificantes de 20-27 nucleotídeos (nt) regulam transcricionalmente ou pós-transcricionalmente a expressão de genes endógenos, modelando o transcriptoma e a produção de proteínas. Dentre estes, microRNAs (miRNAs) desempenliam papel chave no desenvolvimento vegetal, observação comprovada pela avaliação fenotípica e molecular de plantas transgênicas e de mutantes defectivos na produção de tais RNAs. MiRNAs são produzidos a partir de precursores longos (pri-miRNAs), os quais são posteriormente processados por enzimas específicas, gerando o miRNA maduro (20-22 nt). O miRNA maduro, por sua vez, guia a clivagem do mRNA de genes-alvo e bloqueia a tradução de proteínas, afetando diversos aspectos do desenvolvimento. O sequênciamento de populações de RNAs regulatórios possibilitou a identificação de miRNAs conservados e específicos em diferentes espécies vegetais, embora estudos em plantas de importância econômica sejam ainda incipientes. Atualmente, existem diversos bancos públicos de sequências ESTs disponíveis. Esses bancos possuem um grande número de sequências não-codíficantes, dentre as quais podem estar presentes pri-miRNAs, os quais são também são moléculas poliadeniladas similares a mRNAs codifícantes. O banco público de ESTs de cana-de-açúcar TIGR Gene Index foi usado como base para uma busca de miRNAs. O processo criado possibilitou a identificação de 20 precursores de miRNAs, agrupados em 15 famílias distintas. No presente trabalho desenvolveu-se também ferramenta para predição de potenciais alvos para os miRNAs encontrados. As famílias de miRNAs de cana-de-áçucar e a ferramenta de predição de genes-alvo estão integrados em banco de dados que estará disponível brevemente. Análise de expressão gênica demonstrou que precursors de miRNAs de cana-de-açúcar acumulam em níveis variáveis em distintos tecidos/órgãos. Além disso, tanto o acúmulo do miRNA maduro quanto a degradação do mRNA-alvo foram avaliados para alguns casos estudados. A caracterização de um miRNA específico de monocotiledôneas (miR528) e a confirmação de seu alvo, um gene comum em angiospermas, predito pela primeira vez neste trabalho, gera um interessante questionamento sobre a regulação desse gene via miRNA apenas em monocotiledôneas
Abstract: No-coding RNAs of 20-27 nucleotides (nt) transcriptional or posttranscriptionally regulate endogenous gene expression, affecting the cellular output of transcripts and proteins. Among these RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in plant development as confirmed by phenotypic and molecular evaluation of transgenic plants and knockout mutants defective in miRNA biogenesis and function. miRNAs are produced from long precursors (pri-miRNAs), which are processed by specific enzymes into the mature miRNA (20-22 nt). The mature miRNA guides the cleavage of target genes as well as impairs protein translation, affecting several development processes. Deep sequencing of small RNAs identified conserved and species-specific miRNAs. Nevertheless, studies on crops are still in their infancy. Public ESTs databases are an important source of no-coding sequences, in which we can find miRNAs precursors, which are polyadenilated RNAs as messenger RNAs. In this work, the public sugarcane EST database TIGR Gene Index was used to search conserved miRNAs. The pipeline developed in this work made possible the identification of 20 miRNAs precursors, grouped into 15 families. It was also developed a search tool for potential miRNAs targets. Sugarcane miRNAs precursors displayed tissue/organ differential expression profiles. Moreover, a new identified miRNA target was confirmed experimentally. This new target is regulated by a monocot specific miRNA, miR528. Interestingly, this miRNA target is conserved in eudicots and monocots, even though its regulation by miRNA is not. This finding raises the question of why this gene has evolved in having a miRNA-mediated posttranscriptional regulation only in monocots
Mestrado
Bioquimica
Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular
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Mead, Edward. "Discovery, Characterization, and Functional Analysis of micro RNAs in Culicidae." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77433.
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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that often play a fundamental role in gene regulation. Currently, hundreds to over a thousand miRNAs are predicted to be present in many eukaryote species, with many to be discovered; the functions of most are unknown. While much attention has gone towards model organisms, a much greater depth of understanding remains to be gained for the miRNAs of many organisms directly important to humans. There are few verified miRNAs for any mosquito species, despite the role of mosquitoes in many of humanity’s worst diseases. Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti, carriers of malaria and dengue, respectively, are responsible for over a million deaths a year. To date, there are sixty-six microRNAs in An. gambiae in miRBase, a central repository for miRNA sequences. Many of these are based on homology to primarily Drosophila miRNAs. While sequence conservation suggests an important function for these miRNAs, expression has not been experimentally verified for most mosquito miRNAs.
Using small RNA cloning and northern blots, I discovered and analyzed 27 different microRNAs in aged female An. stephensi mosquitoes, the age group responsible for transmission of malarial parasites. Three of these miRNAs are only found in mosquitoes (miR-1889, -1890, and –1891). Cloning and northern analysis revealed an abundance of a miRNA that is linked to longevity in flies, miR-14, across different life stages of mosquitoes. It was also shown that miR-989 was expressed almost exclusively in the adult ovary and its expression fluctuated in response to bloodfeeding, suggesting a possible role in reproduction, an area of great importance to controlling mosquito populations.
Building upon the above cloning experiment, a later high-throughput sequencing effort uncovered 98 miRNA precursors from Ae. aegypti. There are a total of 13 novel miRNAs that have not been found in other organisms by bioinformatic predictions or experiments. These “mosquito-specific” miRNAs may play a role in processes such as blood-feeding or vector-host interactions. A detailed examination of the expression of eight of these miRNAs was conducted in An. gambiae, An. stephensi, Ae. aegypti, and T. amboinensis to determine their expression profile, conservation, and provide hints to their function. My work revealed conserved and sometime stage-specific expression profiles of some of the mosquito-specific miRNAs. I also provided evidence for three lineage-specific miRNAs that may shed light on the divergence of different mosquito lineages.
Extending the finding that miR-989 may be involved in mosquito reproduction, we conducted a detailed analysis of its evolution, expression, possible targets and regulation. miR-989 is conserved in holometabolous insects. miR-989 expression in female An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti dramatically rises following pupal emergence until strong signal is observed, until a blood meal is taken. Expression remains quite strong then begins a steep decline in expression at 32-40 hours post blood meal (PBM), and even by 96 hours PBM, remains weak. Bioinformatic predictions of miR-989 targets coupled with a PCR-based approach uncovered three potential target leads, though preliminary results were artifacts. Although the miR-989 post-emergence expression profile correlates with the expression of Juvenile Hormone, a key reproductive hormone in mosquitoes, no observable induction occurred when abdominal ligation samples were administered methoprene, a JH analog. However, methoprene impacted a number of other miRNAs, with up to a 3.87 fold induction (miR-1891), and a 3.15 fold suppression (miR-9a) of signal. Subsequent northern analysis provided visual confirmation of observable fold changes for miR-1891 and miR-9a, but not for miRNAs that showed changes below two fold. This analysis provides a foundation to study Juvenile Hormone regulation of miRNAs in mosquitoes. In summary, we have expanded the understanding of microRNAs in mosquitoes. An improved understanding of mosquito physiology can assist in efforts to control mosquito-borne infectious diseases.Ph. D.
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Franklin, Oskar. "Stromal components and micro-RNAs as biomarkers in pancreatic cancer." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kirurgi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-128000.
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Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients have the poorest 5-year survival rates of all cancer forms. It is difficult to diagnose at early disease stages, tumour relapse after surgery is common, and current chemotherapies are ineffective. Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (Ca 19-9), the only clinically implemented PDAC biomarker, is insufficient for diagnostic and screening purposes. PDAC tumours are characterised by a voluminous stroma that is rich in extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules such as collagens, hyaluronan (HA) and matricellular proteins. These stromal components have been suggested to promote PDAC cell migration, proliferation, evasion of apoptosis and chemotherapy resistance. Those events are mediated via interactions with adhesion receptors, such as integrins and CD44 receptors expressed on cancer cell surfaces. Micro-RNAs (miRNA) post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression in health and disease. At the time of PDAC diagnosis, miRNA levels are altered both in plasma and tumour tissue. Before PDAC diagnosis, tissue miRNA levels are altered in precursor lesions, raising the possibility that plasma miRNAs might aid in early detection. In this thesis, it is hypothesised that stromal components and miRNAs can serve as tissue or blood based biomarkers in PDAC. The aims are: (1) to characterise the expression of stromal components and their receptors in normal and cancerous tissue; (2) to find potential stroma-associated tissue and blood-based biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis estimates; (3) to determine the cellular effects of type IV collagen (Col IV) in PDAC; (4) to determine if plasma miRNAs that are altered in manifest PDAC can be used to diagnose PDAC earlier. Methods The expression patterns of Col IV, Col IV-binding integrin subunits (α1, α2, β1), Endostatin, Osteopontin (OPN) and Tenascin C (TNC) were analysed in frozen PDAC and normal pancreatic tissue. A tissue microarray (TMA) was constructed using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary tumours and lymph node metastases. The TMA was used to study the expression levels and associations with survival of the standard CD44 receptor (CD44s), its variant isoform 6 (CD44v6), HA, OPN and Col IV. Circulating levels of HA, Col IV, Endostatin, OPN and TNC were measured in PDAC patients and healthy individuals, and compared with conventional tumour markers (Ca 19-9, CEA, Ca 125 and TPS). The functional roles of Col IV were studied in PDAC cell lines by: (1) growth on different matrices (2) blocking Col IV binding integrin subunits, (3) blocking the Col IV domains 7s, CB3 and NC1, and (4) by down regulation of PDAC cell synthesis of Col IV using siRNA transfection. Plasma miRNAs alterations were screened for in samples from patients with manifest disease, using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). To find early miRNA alterations, levels of those miRNAs that were altered at diagnosis were measured in prediagnostic plasma samples. Results High tissue expression of both the standard CD44 receptor (CD44s) and its variant isoform CD44v6 as well as low expression of stromal OPN were associated with poor survival. In addition, high CD44s and low OPN predicted poor survival independent of established prognostic factors. Circulating Col IV, Endostatin, OPN, TNC and HA were increased in preoperative samples from PDAC patients. Preoperatively, higher levels of serum-HA and plasma-Endostatin were associated with shorter survival. Postoperatively, higher levels of Col IV, Endostatin and OPN were associated with shorter survival. On the contrary, only one of the conventional tumour markers was associated with survival (Ca 125). Col IV stimulated PDAC cell proliferation and migration and inhibited apoptosis in vitro, dependent on the collagenous domain (CB3) of Col IV and the Col IV binding integrin subunit β1. Reduced endogenous Col IV synthesis inhibited these effects, suggesting that PDAC cells synthesise Col IV to stimulate tumour-promoting events via a newly discovered autocrine loop. 15 miRNAs were altered in early stage PDAC patients and the combination of these markers outperformed Ca 19-9 in discriminating patients from healthy individuals. However, none of the miRNAs were altered in prediagnostic samples, suggesting that plasma miRNA alterations appear late in the disease course. Conclusions Up regulated stromal components in PDAC tumours are detectable in blood samples and are potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in PDAC. High circulating levels of Col IV, Endostatin, OPN and HA predict poor survival, as well as high expression of CD44s and CD44v6 and low expression of OPN in tumour tissue. PDAC cells synthesise Col IV, which forms BM-like structures close to cancer cells and promote tumour progression in vitro via an autocrine loop. Several plasma-miRNAs are altered in PDAC, but are not useful for early discovery.
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Sharma, Kanika. "Identification of micro-RNAs and their messenger RNA targets in Prostate cancer and Biological fluids." VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3551.
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Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in the United States that affects men today. To better treat this disease accurate biomarkers and successful therapeutic treatments are needed. A novel approach to understand the mechanisms behind prostate cancer tumor formation lies in identifying dysregulated micro-RNAs (miRNAs), which are a class of small (18-24 nucleotides) non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally by either inhibiting protein synthesis or signaling messenger-RNA for degradation. Multiple miRNAs were discovered in our highly tumorigenic and metastatic prostate cancer progression model M12 cell line compared to its weakly tumorigenic P69 parental cell line. Various analyses such as human panel analyses, single-miR analyses and patient tumor biopsy samples were analyzed to determine dysregulated miRNAs that contributed to the progression and metastasis of prostate cancer. Together with performing experiments to identify miRNAs, a de novo next generation sequencing approach was applied to identify miRNAs naturally present in biological fluids of normal and healthy subjects. Since, these miRNAs are highly dysregulated in many diseases, including cancer, they can act as potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets to improve treatments for prostate cancer. Essential miRNAs studied for this research were miR-17-3p that is known to target the ErbB2 mRNA; miR-299-5p that directly targets osteopontin (OPN) mRNA, and miR-147b that directly targets many mRNAs, such as COL4A2, ALDH5A1, NDUFA4, SDHD, and IER5. A wide range of miRNAs were identified in six biological fluids: venous blood, menstrual blood, vaginal fluid, semen, saliva, and feces. There were some miRNAs that were common to all 6 body fluids, some unique to each body fluid, and some miRNAs that literature suggested could potentially be biomarkers or normalizers for body fluid characterization.
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Júnior, Nelson Gaspar Dip. "Análise de expressão de micro RNA em carcinoma urotelial de bexiga." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5153/tde-10102012-100047/.
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Introdução: O câncer de bexiga é a segunda neoplasia maligna mais frequente do trato urinário, com 386.000 casos estimados e 150.000 mortes para 2011 no mundo. Noventa e cinco por cento são carcinomas uroteliais (CUB) papilíferos não músculo-invasivos de baixo grau, que apresentam altas taxas de recidiva, mas raramente progridem. Tumores invasivos de alto grau representam 10-20% dos diagnósticos, são altamente agressivos levando à mortalidade elevada. O conhecimento das vias moleculares envolvidas na carcinogênese dessa neoplasia é importante para a identificação de novos marcadores para diagnóstico, acompanhamento, prognóstico e desenvolvimento de novas terapias alvo. Micro RNA (miRNA) são pequenas sequências não codificantes de RNA que regulam a expressão dos genes inibindo a tradução da proteína ou promovendo a degradação do RNA mensageiro, estando atualmente envolvidos em vários processos celulares fisiológicos e patológicos, incluindo o câncer. Objetivos: Caracterizar o perfil de expressão de miRNA no CUB, relacionando-o com os parâmetros prognósticos clássicos para a doença: grau histológico e estadiamento. Além disso, relacionar esse padrão de comportamento dos miRNA com a recidiva tumoral e sobrevida câncer-específica em pacientes tratados cirurgicamente para CUB. Material e Métodos: Catorze miRNA (miR-100, miR-10a, miR-21, miR-205, miR-let7c, miR- 125b, miR-143, miR-145, miR-221, miR-223, miR-15a, miR-16-1, miR-199a e miR- 452) foram isolados de espécimes cirúrgicos de 60 pacientes divididos em 2 grupos: 30 pacientes com CUB não invasivo (pTa) de baixo grau submetidos à RTU de bexiga, 30 com CUB invasivo (pT2-3) de alto grau submetidos à cistectomia radical. O grupo controle é representado por cinco pacientes portadores de bexiga normal sem CUB que realizaram tratamento cirúrgico aberto para tratamento da hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB). O processamento dos miRNA envolveu três fases: (1) extração do miRNA com kit específico, (2) geração do DNA complementar e (3) amplificação do miRNA por PCR quantitativo em tempo real (qRT-PCR). A expressão de cada miRNA foi obtida através do cálculo 2- CT e os RNU-43 e RNU-48 foram utilizados como controles endógenos. Testes estatísticos foram aplicados para estudar as variáveis envolvidas e curvas de Kaplan-Meyer foram usadas para avaliar a sobrevida livre de recidiva (SLR) e sobrevida câncer-específica (SCE). Resultados: Dos 14 miRNA estudados a maioria apresentou subexpressão nos dois grupos de tumor analisados, com exceção do miR-10a para o grupo pTa de baixo grau e do miR-100, 21 e 205 para os tumores pT2/pT3 de alto grau, onde demonstraram-se superexpressos. Essas diferenças de expressão de miRNA entre os dois grupos foram estatisticamente. Quando estudamos a relação entre expressão de miRNA e a evolução dos pacientes através de curvas de sobrevida, observamos que maiores níveis de expressão do miR-21 relacionou-se com menor SLR para tumores pTa. Ainda, maiores concentrações de miR-10a e miR-145 se associaram com menor SLR e maiores níveis de miR-10a com menor SCE para tumores pT2-3. Conclusões: Demonstramos um predomínio de subexpressão de miRNA em xv carcinomas de bexiga. Os miR-100, miR-10a, miR-21 e miR-205 demonstraram diferenças no perfil de expressão para grau e estadiamento dentro dos dois grupos de tumor, sendo capazes de diferenciá-los. Maiores níveis de miR-21 se relacionaram com menor SLR para tumores pTa de baixo grau, enquanto maiores concentrações de miR-10a estiveram associadas com menor SLR e SCE para tumores pT2/pT3 de alto grauIntroduction: Bladder cancer (BC) is the second most common malignancy of the urinary tract, with 386,000 cases estimated and 150,000 deaths in 2011. Urothelial carcinomas (UC) represent 95% of BC cases, and knowledge of the molecular pathways associated with BC carcinogenesis is crucial to identify new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and development of new target molecular therapies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNA molecules that play important roles in the regulation of gene expression by acting directly on mRNAs, leading to either mRNA degradation or inhibition of translation, involved in many physiological and pathological processes, including cancer. Objectives: To characterize miRNAs expression profiles in UC, associating with classic prognostic factors: grade and stage. Moreover, correlate miRNA expression with tumor recurrence and survival. Material and Methods: Fourteen miRNAs (miR-100, miR-10a, miR-21, miR-205, miR-let7c, miR-125b, miR-143, miR-145, miR-221, miR-223, miR-15a, miR-16-1, miR- 199a e miR-452) were isolated from surgical specimens from 60 patients classified in two groups: 30 patients with low-grade non-invasive pTa UC that underwent TURB, 30 with high-grade invasive pT2/pT3 UC underwent radical cystectomy. The control group consists in five normal bladder tissue taken from patients that underwent retropubic prostatectomy to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). miRNA processing involved three phases: (1) miRNA extraction by specific kits, (2) cDNA generation (3) miRNA amplification through qRT-PCR. Expression profiles were obtained by relative quantification determined by 2-ct method. Endogenous control were RNU-43 and RNU-48. Statistic tests were used to study the prognostic variables and Kaplan-Meyer curves were constructed to analyze disease-free (DFS) and disease-specific (DSS) survivals. Results: All miRNAs were underexpressed in both groups, except miR-10a in pTa and miR-100, 21 and 205 in pT2/pT3 tumors, that where over-expressed. miR-100, miR-21, miR-10a and miR-205 differentialy expressed in both groups and this differences were statistically significant. The Kaplan-Meyer survival curves showed that higher levels of miR-21 were related to shorter DFS for pTa group. Also, higher levels of miR-10a and miR-145 were associated with shorter DFS and higher levels of miR-10a were also related to shorter DSS in pT2/pT3 group. Conclusions: The majority of miRNA were shown to be underexpressed in bladder UC. miR-100, miR-10a, miR-21 and miR-205 were differentially expressed considering tumor grade and stage. The miRNA profile was able to distinguish pTa low grade and pT2-3 high grade tumors. Higher levels of miR- 21 were related to shorter DFS in pTa, while higher levels of miR-10a were associated with shorter DFS and DSS in pT2-3, high grade UC
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Hayman, Melissa Anne. "Genomic influences on platelet function." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2018. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/36221.
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The study of platelet messenger and micro-RNAs is of increasing interest owing to the fact that platelets contain the machinery to splice and translate mRNA into proteins in response to inhibitory or activating signals. However, the relatively small size (roughly 4000-5000 transcripts) and short half-life of the platelet transcriptome makes this a technically challenging aspect of platelet biology to investigate. The aims of these thesis investigations were therefore to optimise protocols for the isolation of platelets for downstream RNA analyses and function testing, to investigate the functional capabilities of platelet subpopulations rich in RNA, and to understand the functional and transcriptomic impact of gene mutations predicted to influence platelet function. I found that the optimal method for isolating platelets from whole blood is to use simple single step centrifugation to obtain platelet rich plasma. This method is as effective as more involved methods at reducing white blood cell contamination whilst causing minimal platelet activation. Using this method in combination with flow cytometric cell sorting techniques I was able to isolate the newly formed reticulated platelet sub-population and to confirm the link between reticulation status and increased RNA content. Furthermore, using a range of platelet function assays I demonstrated that reticulated platelets are more reactive than non-reticulated platelets. By obtaining blood samples from a patient with a PLA2G4A mutation I was able to show that loss of cPLA2α enzymatic activity alters both platelet function and the expression of certain mRNA transcripts. My investigations using samples from a range of patients with bleeding tendencies show the benefit of combining deep platelet phenotyping with next generation sequencing to understand the causation of bleeding disorders. Together these investigations highlight the utility of genomic DNA and platelet specific mRNA studies in providing novel insights in to pathways regulating platelet reactivity.
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Dinh, Tru-Khang T. "Circulating Micro-RNAs as Biomarkers for Thoracic Radiation Therapy in Lung Cancer." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:27007756.
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Risk of normal tissues toxicity limits the amount of thoracic radiation therapy that can be routinely prescribed for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). An early biomarker of response to thoracic radiation may provide a way to predict eventual toxicities during the multi-week treatment regimen. This enables dose adjustment before the symptomatic onset of late effects, such as radiation pneumonitis and esophagitis. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by decreasing the translation of messenger RNAs. miRNAs constitute a major fraction of small RNAs reproducibly found in circulation, in part due to their protective encapsulation within exosomes. They are therefore attractive candidates as serological biomarkers. In this study, we performed miRNA profiling of the blood of 5 NSCLC patients at 5 dose-points during thoracic RT and found 10 miRNAs that correlated well with total radiation dose as well as other common dosimetric parameters. We then assessed these 10 miRNAs in samples from a separate cohort of 21 NSCLC patients receiving RT and identified miR-29a-3p and miR-150-5p as potential, reproducible biomarkers that decreased in circulation with increasing radiation dose. We also conducted in-vitro experiments to measure the expression levels of these miRNAs intracellularly and within exosomes in three NSCLC cell lines and two lung bronchoepithelial and fibroblast lines. The exosomal expression of miR-29a-3p and miR-150-5p decreased with radiation. However, this was concomitant with an increase in intracellular levels, suggesting that exosomal export of these miRNAs may be downregulated in NSCLC and stromal cells as a response to radiation. One may therefore hypothesize that outlier trends in levels of circulating miR-29a-3p and miR-150-5p may predict unexpected responses to radiation therapy, such as toxicity.
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Wang, Mantian [Verfasser], Erin [Akademischer Betreuer] Schuman, Erin [Gutachter] Schuman, and Michaela [Gutachter] Müller-McNicoll. "Regulation of circular RNAs and micro RNAs in hippocampal neurons / Mantian Wang ; Gutachter: Erin Schuman, Michaela Müller-McNicoll ; Betreuer: Erin Schuman." Frankfurt am Main : Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, 2021. http://d-nb.info/123468084X/34.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Micro RNAs"
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Fabbri, Muller, and George A. Calin. "Micro-RNAs in Hematologic Malignancies." In Hematopathology, 325–40. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-262-9_10.
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Karolina, D. S., and K. Jeyaseelan. "micro RNAs as Therapeutic Agents and Targets." In Advanced Delivery and Therapeutic Applications of RNAi, 439–82. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118610749.ch19.
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Landrier, Jean-Francois, Flavie Sicard, and Lourdes Mounien. "Micro and Long RNAs as Regulators in Obesity." In Handbook of Obesity - Volume 1, 133–38. 4th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003437673-16.
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Landrier, Jean-Francois, Flavie Sicard, and Lourdes Mounien. "Micro and Long RNAs as Regulators in Obesity." In Handbook of Obesity, Two-Volume Set, Vol1:133—Vol1:138. 5th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003437734-16.
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Fabbri, Muller. "Roles of RNAi and Other Micro-RNAs in the Regulation of Epigenetic Processes." In Nutrition in Epigenetics, 73–86. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470959824.ch4.
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Stucky, Andres, Xuelian Chen, and Jiang F. Zhong. "Gene Manipulation with Micro RNAs at Single-Human Cancer Cell." In MicroRNA Protocols, 215–23. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7601-0_18.
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Ren, Yujun, and Ying Miao. "Isolation, Purification, and Detection of Micro RNAs in Plant Senescence." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 247–65. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7672-0_20.
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Wernet, Peter. "Increasing Impact of Micro RNAs in Stem Cell Biology and Medicine." In Stem Cell Transplantation, 43–54. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527608745.ch3.
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Crowther, Carol, Betty Mowa, and Patrick Arbuthnot. "Hepatic Delivery of Artificial Micro RNAs Using Helper-Dependent Adenoviral Vectors." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 249–60. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3112-5_20.
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Kotani, Ai. "Roles of Epstein–Barr Virus Micro RNAs in Epstein–Barr Virus-Associated Malignancies." In Chronic Inflammation, 235–45. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56068-5_19.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Micro RNAs"
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Porto, HC, RI Seccacci, VG Santos, RDV Freitas, RB Tesser, and RAR Vela. "OS PRINCIPAIS MICRO-RNAS POSTULADOS NA AZOOSPERMIA NÃO OBSTRUTIVA." In VIII Congresso Médico Universitário São Camilo. São Paulo: Editora Blucher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/comusc2020-10.
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Erokhina, T. N., S. K. Zavriev, D. Y. Ryazantsev, and S. Y. Morozov. "PEPTIDES ENCODED BY PRECURSOR TRANSCRIPTS OF MICRO-RNAs IN PLANTS." In NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE, BIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY AND ECOLOGY. Institute of information technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47501/978-5-6044060-2-1.78-86.
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The article discusses new data obtained in the study of the functions of a conservative peptide of cabbage plants, which is encoded by the microRNA156a. Comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the promoter regions of these genes allowed us to identify a highly conserved 42-residue block located before the starting point of pri-miR156a transcription at a distance of 210-260 base pairs. It was found that promoter fragments containing a highly con-served block have a significantly higher ability to bind miPEP156a in vitro. We carried out mutagenesis of a highly conserved promoter block in its central part, which includes a tetramer of TG dinucleotides. It has been shown that the introduction of mutations into the promoter tetramer of TG dinucleotides significantly reduces the affinity of the promoter DNA to miPEP156a. The miPEPs revealed in plants have been found only in dicotyledons. The question of how miPEPs are distributed in other plant taxa is very important for understanding the evo-lutionary origin of such micropeptides. As an initial approach, we searched for taxonomically conservative miPEPs in mosses, since microRNAs have been studied in a great detail in the case of Physcomitrium patens moss. For two genes in the region preceding the Ppt-pre-miR160a sequence, rather short open reading frames were found that encoded peptides having a clear similarity of amino acid sequences in the central region. Importantly, such highly con-served peptide block homologous to that encoded by Ppt-miPEP160a gene was detected in short proteins encoded in pri-miR160a in almost 20 Bryopsida mosses.
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Adewuyi, Jemima Osekafore, Gerry McCann, Gavin Murphy, Marcin Wozniak, and Anvesha Singh. "BS19 Micro-rnas as biomarkers for fibrosis in asymptomatic aortic stenosis." In British Cardiovascular Society Annual Conference, ‘Future-proofing Cardiology for the next 10 years’, 5–7 June 2023. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Cardiovascular Society, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2023-bcs.233.
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SILVIA, PAREDES, Delia Taverner, Raimon Ferre, Josep Maria Alegret, Lluis Masana, and Joan Carles Vallve. "FRI0007 IDENTIFICATION AND VALIDATION OF PLASMA MICRO-RNA 425–5P AND -451A AS MICRO-RNAS ASSOCIATED WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK OBSERVED IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITISPATIENTS." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, EULAR 2019, Madrid, 12–15 June 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-eular.4331.
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Vural, Huseyin, Buket Kaya, Reda Alhajj, and Mehmet Kaya. "Prediction of New Potential Micro RNAs-Environmental Factor Associations Based on KATZ Measure." In 2018 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asonam.2018.8508356.
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Marian, Catalin, Ionut Bebu, Danesh Kella, Xin Zhou, Md Islam, Habtom Ressom, Peter Shields, and Yun-Ling Zheng. "Abstract 3031: Screening for plasma micro RNAs as biomarkers for breast cancer detection." In Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am10-3031.
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Huang, Y., C. Ascoli, N. Ecanow, W. Wang, Y. Chen, C. Schott, N. Sweiss, D. L. Perkins, and P. W. Finn. "Novel Micro-RNAs Associated with Lymphocyte Counts in African Americans with Pulmonary Sarcoidosis." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a3113.
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Maxwell, G. Larry, GVR Chandramouli, Tracy Litzi, Andrew Berchuck, Thomas P. Conrads, and John I. Risinger. "Abstract 1966: Analysis of micro RNAs in the racial disparity of endometrial cancer ." In Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-1966.
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Chinnappan, M., S. Gunewardena, and N. K. Dhillon. "Integrated Analysis of Long Noncoding RNAs, mRNAs and Micro-RNAs from HIV-1 Protein and Cocaine Treated Human Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells." In American Thoracic Society 2019 International Conference, May 17-22, 2019 - Dallas, TX. American Thoracic Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_meetingabstracts.a7196.
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Paul, Raikamal, Rakesh Jalali, Epari Sridhar, Aliasagar Moiyadi, and Neelam Shirsat. "Abstract 2080: Role of differentially expressed micro RNAs in non-WNT, non-SHH medulloblastoma." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2018; April 14-18, 2018; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-2080.
Full textReports on the topic "Micro RNAs"
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Arazi, Tzahi, Vivian Irish, and Asaph Aharoni. Micro RNA Targeted Transcription Factors for Fruit Quality Improvement. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7592651.bard.
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Fruits are unique to flowering plants and represent an important component of human and animal diets. Development and maturation of tomato fruit is a well-programmed process, and yet, only a limited number of factors involved in its regulation have been characterized. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous RNAs that regulate gene expression in animals and plants. Plant miRNAs have a vital role in the generation of plant forms through post-transcriptional regulation of the accumulation of developmental regulators, especially transcription factors. Recently, we and others have demonstrated that miRNAs and other type of small RNAs are expressed in tomato fruit, and target putative transcription factors during its development and maturation. The original objectives of the approved proposal were: 1. To identify fruit miRNA transcription factor target genes through a bioinformatic approach. 2. To identify fruit miRNA transcription factor target genes up-regulated in tomato Dicer-like 1 silenced fruit. 3. To establish the biological functions of selected transcription factors and examine their utility for improving fleshy fruit quality trait. This project was approved by BARD as a feasibility study to allow initial experiments to peruse objective 2 as described above in order to provide initial evidence that miRNAs do play a role in fruit development. The approach planned to achieve objective 2, namely to identify miRNA transcription factor targets was to clone and silence the expression of a tomato DCL1 homolog in different stages of fruit development and examine alterations to gene expression in such a fruit in order to identify pathways and target genes that are regulated by miRNA via DCL1. In parallel, we characterized two transcription factors that are regulated by miRNAs in the fruit. We report here on the cloning of tomato DCL1 homolog, characterization of its expression in fruit flesh and peel of wild type and ripening mutants and generation of transgenic plants that silence SlDCL1 specifically in the fruit. Our results suggest that the tomato homolog of DCL1, which is the major plant enzyme involved in miRNA biogenesis, is present in fruit flesh and peel and differentially expressed during various stages of fruit development. In addition, its expression is altered in ripening mutants. We also report on the cloning and expression analysis of Sl_SBP and Sl_ARF transcription factors, which serve as targets of miR157 and miR160, respectively. Our data suggest that Sl_SBP levels are highest during fruit ripening supporting a role for this gene in that process. On the other hand Sl_ARF is strongly expressed in green fruit up to breaker indicating a role for that gene at preripening stage which is consistent with preliminary in_situ analyses that suggest expression in ovules of immature green fruit. The results of this feasibility study together with our previous results that miRNAs are expressed in the fruit indeed provide initial evidence that these regulators and their targets play roles in fruit development and ripening. These genes are expected to provide novel means for genetic improvement of tomato fleshy fruit.
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Monti, Martina, Susanna Lunardini, Igino Andrea Magli, Riccardo Campi, Giulia Primiceri, Francesco Berardinelli, Daniele Amparore, et al. Micro-RNA predict response to systemic treatments in meta-static renal cell carcinoma patients: results from a systematic review of the literature. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.4.0086.
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Eshed, Yuval, and Sarah Hake. Exploring General and Specific Regulators of Phase Transitions for Crop Improvement. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699851.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The transition of plants from a juvenile to adult growth phase entails a wide range of changes in growth habit, physiological competence and composition. Strikingly, most of these changes are coordinated by the expression of a single regulator, micro RNA 156 (miR156) that coordinately regulates a family of SBP genes containing a miR156 recognition site in the coding region or in their 3’ UTR. In the framework of this research, we have taken a broad taxonomic approach to examine the role of miR156 and other genetic regulators in phase change transition and its implication to plant development and crop improvement. We set to: Determine the common and unique factors that are altered upon juvenile to adult phase transition. Determine the functions of select miR156 target genes in tomato and maize, and identify those targets that mediate phase transition. Characterize the role of miR172 and its targets in tomato phase change. Determine the relationships between the various molecular circuits directing phase change. Determine the effects of regulated manipulation of phase change genes on plant architecture and if applicable, productivity. In the course of the study, a new technology for gene expression was introduced – next generation sequencing (NGS). Hence some of the original experiments that were planned with other platforms of RNA profiling, primarily Affymetrix arrays, were substituted with the new technology. Yet, not all were fully completed. Moreover, once the initial stage was completed, each group chose to focus its efforts on specific components of the phase change program. The Israeli group focused on the roles of the DELAYED SYMPODIAL TERMINATION and FALSIFLORA factors in tomato age dependent programs whereas the US group characterized in detail the role of miR156 (also termed Cg) in other grasses and in maize, its interplay with the many genes encoding miR172.
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Eyal, Yoram, and Sheila McCormick. Molecular Mechanisms of Pollen-Pistil Interactions in Interspecific Crossing Barriers in the Tomato Family. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573076.bard.
Full textAbstract:
During the evolutionary process of speciation in plants, naturally occurring barriers to reproduction have developed that affect the transfer of genes within and between related species. These barriers can occur at several different levels beginning with pollination-barriers and ending with hybrid-breakdown. The interaction between pollen and pistils presents one of the major barriers to intra- and inter-specific crosses and is the focus of this research project. Our long-term goal in this research proposal was defined to resolve questions on recognition and communication during pollen-pistil interactions in the extended tomato family. In this context, this work was initiated and planned to study the potential involvement of tomato pollen-specific receptor-like kinases (RLK's) in the interaction between pollen and pistils. By special permission from BARD the objectives of this research were extended to include studies on pollen-pistil interactions and pollination barriers in horticultural crops with an emphasis on citrus. Functional characterization of 2 pollen-specific RLK's from tomato was carried out. The data shows that both encode functional kinases that were active as recombinant proteins. One of the kinases was shown to accumulate mainly after pollen germination and to be phosphorylated in-vitro in pollen membranes as well as in-vivo. The presence of style extract resulted in dephosphorylation of the RLK, although no species specificity was observed. This data implies a role for at least one RLK in pollination events following pollen germination. However, a transgenic plant analysis of the RLK's comprising overexpression, dominant-negative and anti-sense constructs failed to provide answers on their role in pollination. While genetic effects on some of the plants were observed in both the Israeli and American labs, no clear functional answers were obtained. An alternative approach to addressing function was pursued by screening for an artificial ligand for the receptor domain using a peptide phage display library. An enriched peptide sequence was obtained and will be used to design a peptide-ligand to be tested for its effect o pollen germination and tube growth. Self-incompatibility (SI) in citrus was studied on 3 varieties of pummelo. SI was observed using fluorescence microscopy in each of the 3 varieties and compatibility relations between varieties was determined. An initial screen for an S-RNase SI mechanism yielded only a cDNA homologous to the group of S-like RNases, suggesting that SI results from an as yet unknown mechanism. 2D gel electrophoresis was applied to compare pollen and style profiles of different compatibility groups. A "polymorphic" protein band from style extracts was observed, isolated and micro-sequenced. Degenerate primers designed based on the peptide sequence date will be used to isolate the relevant genes i order to study their potential involvement in SI. A study on SI in the apple cultivar Top red was initiated. SI was found, as previously shown, to be complete thus requiring a compatible pollinator variety. A new S-RNase allele was discovered fro Top red styles and was found to be highly homologous to pear S-RNases, suggesting that evolution of these genes pre-dated speciation into apples and pears but not to other Rosaceae species. The new allele provides molecular-genetic tools to determine potential pollinators for the variety Top red as well as a tool to break-down SI in this important variety.
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Grumet, Rebecca, Rafael Perl-Treves, and Jack Staub. Ethylene Mediated Regulation of Cucumis Reproduction - from Sex Expression to Fruit Set. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696533.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Reproductive development is a critical determinant of agricultural yield. For species with unisexual flowers, floral secualdifferentation adds additional complexity, that can influenec productivity. The hormone ethylene has long, been known to play a primary role in sex determination in the Cucumis species cucumber (C. sativus) and melon (C. melo). Our objectives were to: (1) Determine critical sites of ethylene production and perception for sex determination; (2) Identify additional ethylene related genes associated with sex expression; and (3) Examine the role of environment ami prior fruit set on sex expression, pistillate flower maturation, and fruit set. We made progress in each of these areas. (1) Transgenic melon produced with the Arabidopsis dominant negative ethylene perception mutant gene, etrl-1, under the control of floral primordia targeted promoters [AP3 (petal and stamen) and CRC (carpel and nectary)], showed that ethylene perception by the stamen primordia, rather than carpel primordia, is critical for carpel development at the time of sex determination. Transgenic melons also were produced with the ethylene production enzyme gene. ACS, encoding l-aminocyclopropane-lcarboylate synthase, fused to the AP3 or CRC promoters. Consistent with the etr1-1 results, CRC::ACS did not increase femaleness; however, AP3::ACS reduced or eliminated male flower production. The effects of AP3:ACS were stronger than those of 35S::ACS plants, demonstratin g the importance of targeted expression, while avoiding disadvantages of constitutive ethylene production. (2) Linkage analysis coupled with SNP discovery was per formed on ethylene and floral development genes in cucumber populations segregating for the three major sex genes. A break-through towards cloning the cucumber M gene occurred when the melon andromonoecious gene (a), an ACS gene, was cloned in 2008. Both cucumber M and melon a suppress stamen development in pistillate flowers. We hypothesized that cucumber M could be orthologous to melon a, and found that mutations in CsACS2 co-segregated perfectly with the M gene. We also sought to identify miRNA molecules associated with sex determination. miRNA159, whose target in Arabidopsis is GAMYB[a transcription factor gene mediating response to10 gibberellin (GA)], was more highly expressed in young female buds than male. Since GA promotes maleness in cucumber, a micro RNA that counteracts GAMYB could promote femaleness. miRNA157, which in other plants targets transcription factors involved in flower development , was expressed in young male buds and mature flower anthers. (3) Gene expression profiling showed that ethylene-, senescence-, stress- and ubiquitin-related genes were up-regulated in senescing and inhibited fruits, while those undergoing successful fruit set up-regulated photosynthesis, respiration and metabolic genes. Melon plants can change sex expression in response to environmental conditions, leading to changes in yield potential. Unique melon lines with varying sex expression were developed and evaluated in the field in Hancock, Wisconsin . Environmental changes during the growing season influenced sex expression in highly inbred melon lines. Collectively these results are of significance for understanding regulation of sex expression. The fact that both cucumber sex loci identified so far (F and M) encode isoforms of the same ethylene synthesis enzyme, underscores the importance of ethylene as the main sex determining hormone in cucumber. The targeting studies give insight into developmental switch points and suggest a means to develop lines with earlier carpel-bearing flower production and fruit set. These results are of significance for understanding regulation of sex expression to facilitate shorter growing seasons and earlier time to market. Field results provide information for development of management strategies for commercial production of melon cultivars with different sex expression characteristics during fruit production.