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Journal articles on the topic 'Micro RNAs'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 July 2024

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1

Grosshans, Helge, and Frank J. Slack. "Micro-RNAs." Journal of Cell Biology 156, no. 1 (January 7, 2002): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200111033.

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Two small temporally regulated RNAs (stRNAs)**Abbreviations used in this paper: stRNA, small temporally regulated RNA; miRNA, micro-RNA; siRNA, small interfering RNA; RNAi, RNA interference. of ∼22 nucleotides regulate timing of gene expression during development of the nematode C. elegans. This regulation occurs at a posttranscriptional, presumably translational, level and is distinct from RNA interference (RNAi). One of the two stRNAs, let-7, as well as its target gene, lin-41, are highly conserved even in humans, suggesting a wide employment of stRNA-mediated gene regulation. Recent reports indicate that these two stRNAs are indeed likely to represent only the tip of an iceberg with hundreds or more of additional micro-RNAs (miRNAs) existing in metazoans. miRNAs might thus be previously underestimated key participants in the field of gene regulation.

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2

Agrawal, Neema, P. V. N. Dasaradhi, Asif Mohmmed, Pawan Malhotra, Raj K. Bhatnagar, and Sunil K. Mukherjee. "RNA Interference: Biology, Mechanism, and Applications." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 67, no. 4 (December 2003): 657–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.67.4.657-685.2003.

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SUMMARY Double-stranded RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) is a simple and rapid method of silencing gene expression in a range of organisms. The silencing of a gene is a consequence of degradation of RNA into short RNAs that activate ribonucleases to target homologous mRNA. The resulting phenotypes either are identical to those of genetic null mutants or resemble an allelic series of mutants. Specific gene silencing has been shown to be related to two ancient processes, cosuppression in plants and quelling in fungi, and has also been associated with regulatory processes such as transposon silencing, antiviral defense mechanisms, gene regulation, and chromosomal modification. Extensive genetic and biochemical analysis revealed a two-step mechanism of RNAi-induced gene silencing. The first step involves degradation of dsRNA into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), 21 to 25 nucleotides long, by an RNase III-like activity. In the second step, the siRNAs join an RNase complex, RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex), which acts on the cognate mRNA and degrades it. Several key components such as Dicer, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, helicases, and dsRNA endonucleases have been identified in different organisms for their roles in RNAi. Some of these components also control the development of many organisms by processing many noncoding RNAs, called micro-RNAs. The biogenesis and function of micro-RNAs resemble RNAi activities to a large extent. Recent studies indicate that in the context of RNAi, the genome also undergoes alterations in the form of DNA methylation, heterochromatin formation, and programmed DNA elimination. As a result of these changes, the silencing effect of gene functions is exercised as tightly as possible. Because of its exquisite specificity and efficiency, RNAi is being considered as an important tool not only for functional genomics, but also for gene-specific therapeutic activities that target the mRNAs of disease-related genes.

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Selvarajan, Sathya, Jaya Vijayaraghavan, Zachariah Bobby, and Jothimalar Ramalingam. "Micro RNAs- A Review." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 8, no. 38 (September 23, 2019): 2918–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2019/634.

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4

Holding, Cathy. "Viral micro RNAs identified." Genome Biology 4 (2004): spotlight—20040430–01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-spotlight-20040430-01.

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5

Sunkar, Ramanjulu, and Jian-Kang Zhu. "Micro RNAs and Short-interfering RNAs in Plants." Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 49, no. 6 (June 2007): 817–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2007.00499.x.

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6

Ghorbian, Saeid, and AhmadPoursadegh Zonouzi. "Micro-RNAs in IVF outcome." Indian Journal of Human Genetics 19, no. 2 (2013): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0971-6866.116110.

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Faucz, Fabio Rueda, and Constantine A. Stratakis. "Adrenal cortex and micro-RNAs." Cell Cycle 9, no. 20 (October 15, 2010): 4039–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cc.9.20.13626.

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8

Shilo, Vitali, Justin Silver, and Tally Naveh-Many. "Micro-RNAs in the parathyroid." Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 25, no. 4 (July 2016): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mnh.0000000000000227.

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9

Harden, James T., and Sheri M. Krams. "Micro-RNAs in transplant tolerance." Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation 23, no. 1 (February 2018): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mot.0000000000000479.

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10

Le Quesne, John, and Carlos Caldas. "Micro-RNAs and breast cancer." Molecular Oncology 4, no. 3 (April 28, 2010): 230–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molonc.2010.04.009.

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11

Jones, Louise. "Revealing micro-RNAs in plants." Trends in Plant Science 7, no. 11 (November 2002): 473–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02361-0.

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12

Plasterk, Ronald H. A. "Micro RNAs in Animal Development." Cell 124, no. 5 (March 2006): 877–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.030.

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13

Jasim, Dr Hiba Sabah. "Micro RNA the Important Biomarker in Cancer." SAR Journal of Medical Biochemistry 3, no. 2 (March 14, 2022): 16–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36346/sarjmb.2022.v03i02.002.

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MicroRNAs are a set of short noncoding RNAs that post transcriptionally control the gene expression through matching with its corresponding mRNAs. The down regulated of micro RNAs may be suggested as a novel kind of “oncomirs”or “tumor suppressors,” acting an important effect in the development of carcinoma. Employing genome wide detection techniques, common erratic expression types of micro RNAs have been recognized in a wide arrangement of cancers in human, demonstrate huge potential as modern detection and predictive agents of up normality and elevation of sensitivity and specificity. The diagnosable micro RNAs in blood and the further body fluids with rise constancy supply a profuse origin for micro RNA based agents in cancer cases. In spite of the verity that a growing number of effort micro RNA agents have been determinate, the transmission of micro RNAs based agents from board to bedside as yet important treatment and control many challenges. This study will demonstrate the recent comprehensive of micro RNAs as important agents in cancer of human.

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Betti, Federico, Maria Jose Ladera-Carmona, Daan A. Weits, Gianmarco Ferri, Sergio Iacopino, Giacomo Novi, Benedetta Svezia, et al. "Exogenous miRNAs induce post-transcriptional gene silencing in plants." Nature Plants 7, no. 10 (October 2021): 1379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-021-01005-w.

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AbstractPlants seem to take up exogenous RNA that was artificially designed to target specific genes, followed by activation of the RNA interference (RNAi) machinery. It is, however, not known whether plants use RNAs themselves as signalling molecules in plant-to-plant communication, other than evidence that an exchange of small RNAs occurs between parasitic plants and their hosts. Exogenous RNAs from the environment, if taken up by some living organisms, can indeed induce RNAi. This phenomenon has been observed in nematodes and insects, and host Arabidopsis cells secrete exosome-like extracellular vesicles to deliver plant small RNAs into Botrytis cinerea. Here we show that micro-RNAs (miRNAs) produced by plants act as signalling molecules affecting gene expression in other, nearby plants. Exogenous miRNAs, such as miR156 and miR399, trigger RNAi via a mechanism requiring both AGO1 and RDR6. This emphasizes that the production of secondary small interfering RNAs is required. This evidence highlights the existence of a mechanism in which miRNAs represent signalling molecules that enable communication between plants.

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Zhe, Qu, Wing Chung Yiu, Ho Yin Yip, Wenyan Nong, Clare W. C. Yu, Ivy H. T. Lee, Annette Y. P. Wong, et al. "Micro-RNA Clusters Integrate Evolutionary Constraints on Expression and Target Affinities: The miR-6/5/4/286/3/309 Cluster in Drosophila." Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no. 10 (June 10, 2020): 2955–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa146.

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Abstract A striking feature of micro-RNAs is that they are often clustered in the genomes of animals. The functional and evolutionary consequences of this clustering remain obscure. Here, we investigated a micro-RNA cluster miR-6/5/4/286/3/309 that is conserved across drosophilid lineages. Small RNA sequencing revealed expression of this micro-RNA cluster in Drosophila melanogaster leg discs, and conditional overexpression of the whole cluster resulted in leg appendage shortening. Transgenic overexpression lines expressing different combinations of micro-RNA cluster members were also constructed. Expression of individual micro-RNAs from the cluster resulted in a normal wild-type phenotype, but either the expression of several ancient micro-RNAs together (miR-5/4/286/3/309) or more recently evolved clustered micro-RNAs (miR-6-1/2/3) can recapitulate the phenotypes generated by the whole-cluster overexpression. Screening of transgenic fly lines revealed downregulation of leg-patterning gene cassettes in generation of the leg-shortening phenotype. Furthermore, cell transfection with different combinations of micro-RNA cluster members revealed a suite of downstream genes targeted by all cluster members, as well as complements of targets that are unique for distinct micro-RNAs. Considered together, the micro-RNA targets and the evolutionary ages of each micro-RNA in the cluster demonstrate the importance of micro-RNA clustering, where new members can reinforce and modify the selection forces on both the cluster regulation and the gene regulatory network of existing micro-RNAs. Key words: micro-RNA, cluster, evolution.

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Pandita, Aakriti, Alina Basnet, Poornima Ramadas, Aarati Poudel, Ankit Anand, Nibal Saad, Syed A. Akbar, Salman I. Chaudhry, Frank Middleton, and Diana M. Gilligan. "Micro RNAs in Acute Myeloid Leukemia." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 5252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.5252.5252.

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Abstract Acute leukemia is a life-threatening condition that occurs in MDS, MPD or de novo. Although progress has been made with regard to cytogenetics, little is known about the epigenetic biology of leukemia. MicroRNA (miR) plays a role in regulation of gene expression in many cellular processes, including hematopoiesis. About 19- 25 nucleotides in length, miRs target specific mRNAs and influence their stability, degradation, or translation. miR profiling has begun to contribute to the understanding of the complex regulatory events that occur during normal hematopoiesis and are disrupted during the emergence of the leukemic clone. In particular, miR expression may be useful to understanding normal cytogenetic AMLs and developing novel treatments for AML. Our study was approved by the IRB and informed consent was obtained from patients and controls. We collected peripheral blood samples from 10 patients with newly diagnosed AML, prior to induction therapy, and 8 controls. Two ml of whole blood was collected in Paxgene RNA tubes and frozen for later processing. miRNA was purified using standard Trizol method, followed by RNeasy mini column (Qiagen). Quality of the RNA samples was assessed using the Agilent Bioanalyzer prior to library construction using the Illumina TruSeq Small RNA Sample Prep protocol (Illumina; San Diego, California). Multiplexed samples of RNA that exceeded quality control metrics (RIN > 6.0) were run on an Illumina NextSeq500 instrument at a targeted depth of 10 million reads per sample. After filtering and trimming of index and adapter sequences, whole genome alignment of the miR FASTQ reads was performed using the Homo sapiens/hg19 reference genome in the SHRiMPS aligner included in the miRNAs Analysis application available in BaseSpace (Illumina), as well as the sRNA Toolbox application suite. Quantification and normalization of aligned reads to the miRBase 21 database was performed, and differential expression between AML and control groups performed using DESeq2, NOIseq, and EdgeR algorithms. Consensus changes were seen using all three algorithms after correcting for multiple testing using the Benjamni-Hochberg False Discovery Rate (FDR) algorithm and were examined for use as potential diagnostic markers and for evidence of association with medical/demographic measures. Finally, systems-level analysis of consensus miR findings was performed using the proprietary Core Analysis workflow of the Qiagen Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis (IPA) software to identify leukemia-specific pathways and networks, and to predict the activation or inhibition of specific mRNA targets. We sequenced approximately 800 miRs from our 10 patients with AML and 8 control samples. We identified 44 miRs that showed a statistically significant increase in expression in AML patients versus controls and 33 miRs that showed a statistically significant decrease in expression in AML patients versus controls. Among these 77 differentially expressed miRs, only 10 were previously described in leukemia, including miR 181, miR 199b, miR 10a-5p, miR 22-3p, miR 23b-3p, miR 28-3p, miR 34a-5p, miR 409-3p, miR 500a-3p, miR 744-5p, and miR 126-5p. Finding these 10 miRs confirmed the validity of our approach. The remaining 67 of the miRs that showed differential expression in our study have not been described in relation to AML. Most of these have been found in association with colorectal, breast, cervical, NSCLC. Others have been reported in neurodegerative diseases and cardiac pathologies. Four of the patients with AML also had remission samples sequenced. Comparison of this subset of samples before and after treatment revealed statistically significant differences in three additional miRs. We are currently analyzing our data further to determine possible linkage between specific miRs and subtypes of AML. We are continuing to accrue patients to this study and we are following them over time in order to analyze miR expression as a biomarker that may predict relapse prior to usual indicators, i.e. cbc. Our approach of global sequencing of miRs as opposed to microarray analysis provides an unbiased approach regarding which miRs to assay and has demonstrated discovery of new associations of miRs with AML. We are hopeful that our study will provide further information about the molecular changes that lead to evolution of the leukemic clone and offer new targets for treatments. [ Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Ghazaryan, H., M. Petrek, and A. Arakelyan. "Up-regulated micro-RNAs in schizophrenia." European Neuropsychopharmacology 27 (October 2017): S595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(17)31136-7.

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18

Khan Barozai, Muhammad Younas, Muhammad Irfan, Rizwan Yousaf, Imran Ali, Uzma Qaisar, Asma Maqbool, Muzna Zahoor, Bushra Rashid, Tayyab Hussnain, and Sheikh Riazuddin. "Identification of micro-RNAs in cotton." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 46, no. 8-9 (August 2008): 739–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.05.009.

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19

Kotowski, Michal, Paulina Adamczyk, and Jaroslaw Szydlowski. "Micro RNAs and Circular RNAs in Different Forms of Otitis Media." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 7 (April 4, 2023): 6752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076752.

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The aim of this comprehensive review was to present the current knowledge on the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in acute, recurrent, and chronic forms of otitis media. Special attention was focused on cholesteatoma of the middle ear. MicroRNAs modulate gene expression, which, in turn, influences the development and likelihood of the recurrence of acute and aggressive chronic middle ear inflammatory processes. Moreover, this study discusses the modulating role of a specific subgroup of noncoding RNA, circular RNA (circRNA). Recognizing the precise potential pathways and the mechanisms of their function may contribute to a better understanding of the molecular bases of middle ear diseases and identifying novel methods for treating this demanding pathology. Articles published between 2009 and 2022 were used in this analysis. In this review, we provide a complete overview of the latest progress in identifying the role and mechanisms of particular miRNAs and circRNAs in acute, recurrent and chronic forms of otitis media.

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20

Gnylorybov, A., V. Gryn, K. Uzun, Yu Potapov, G. Zaplotna, and G. Menzarar. "The role of regulatory micro-RNAs in inflammatory processes and production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients with rheumatoid arthritis." PAIN, JOINTS, SPINE 13, no. 1 (April 12, 2023): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/pjs.13.1.2023.353.

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Background. Micro-RNAs are fundamental agents of post-transcriptional control of gene expression. In recent years many works have appeared on the possible role of micro-RNAs in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Studies of the role of micro-RNA and the relationship with the synthesis of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are very promising for understanding the pathogenesis and treatment of RA and other autoimmune diseases. The purpose of the research was to study the role of regulatory micro-RNAs in inflammatory processes and the possible connection with the production of TNF-α in patients with RA. Materials and methods. 29 patients with active RA and 20 healthy individuals (control) were examined. All subjects were examined for 16 micro-RNAs. The choice of micro-RNA was based on previous studies and theoretical conclusions (according to the miRWalk database). Rheumatoid factor, the level of antibodies to cyclic peptides containing citrulline, C-reactive protein (СRP), levels of TNF-α (serum, spontaneous, and stimulated) were determined in the blood of patients. Results. Statistical analysis demonstrated significant overexpression of miR-221, miR-203, miR-146b, miR-132, miR-21 and miR-17-3p and inhibition of miR-223 synthesis in RA patients. The activation of TNF-α synthesis at rest and the increased production of TNF-α by mononuclear cells after stimulation in RA were shown. Differences in the levels of relative expression of some micro-RNAs between seropositive and seronegative groups of RA patients were found, but only hyperexpression of miR-155 was highly reliable. For the first time, a possible relationship between TNF-α production and miR-29 and miR-155 micro-RNAs, as well as a correlation between miR-16, miR-99b and miR-203 and CRP levels, was revealed. Conclusions. The obtained data on the profile of micro-RNAs in RA makes it possible to distinguish the most “interesting” micro-RNAs for further study of pathogenesis, their role in inflammation, to study the choice of TNF-α inhibitors, and predicting the effectiveness of that treatment.

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Hamdan, Yousra, Loubna Mazini, and Gabriel Malka. "Exosomes and Micro-RNAs in Aging Process." Biomedicines 9, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9080968.

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Exosomes are the main actors of intercellular communications and have gained great interest in the new cell-free regenerative medicine. These nanoparticles are secreted by almost all cell types and contain lipids, cytokines, growth factors, messenger RNA, and different non-coding RNA, especially micro-RNAs (mi-RNAs). Exosomes’ cargo is released in the neighboring microenvironment but is also expected to act on distant tissues or organs. Different biological processes such as cell development, growth and repair, senescence, migration, immunomodulation, and aging, among others, are mediated by exosomes and principally exosome-derived mi-RNAs. Moreover, their therapeutic potential has been proved and reinforced by their use as biomarkers for disease diagnostics and progression. Evidence has increasingly shown that exosome-derived mi-RNAs are key regulators of age-related diseases, and their involvement in longevity is becoming a promising issue. For instance, mi-RNAs such as mi-RNA-21, mi-RNA-29, and mi-RNA-34 modulate tissue functionality and regeneration by targeting different tissues and involving different pathways but might also interfere with long life expectancy. Human mi-RNAs profiling is effectively related to the biological fluids that are reported differently between young and old individuals. However, their underlying mechanisms modulating cell senescence and aging are still not fully understood, and little was reported on the involvement of mi-RNAs in cell or tissue longevity. In this review, we summarize exosome biogenesis and mi-RNA synthesis and loading mechanism into exosomes’ cargo. Additionally, we highlight the molecular mechanisms of exosomes and exosome-derived mi-RNA regulation in the different aging processes.

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Banerjee, Sohom, Sharanya Koilerian, and Abul Kalam Azad Mandal. "Micro-RNAs and lung cancer: A focus on signaling pathways and therapeutics." Research Journal of Biotechnology 18, no. 10 (September 15, 2023): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1810rjbt2410248.

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Micro-RNAs are short sequences of single-stranded RNA that do not code for proteins but play a crucial role in modulating gene expression in the cell. Micro-RNAs can downregulate the expression of genes and can modify different pathways that are important for proper functioning of the cells. Micro-RNAs are effective as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets against various diseases including lung cancer. In this review, we take a look at the different micro-RNAs expressed in lung cancer and their targets in various signaling pathways like Wnt, RAS/RAF, PI3K/Akt pathway etc. We also evaluate the current status of micro-RNA - based therapeutics against Small Cell Lung Cancer and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, both in the context of pre-clinical studies as well as clinical studies conducted on humans to date.

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23

Varghese, Mekha Grace, Thomas George Valliaveettil, Annie Kitty George, and Saranya Rajan. "Micro RNAs In Periodontal Disease – A Review." Annals of Dentistry 27 (April 21, 2020): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/adum.vol27no3.

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24

Erol, Cetin. "Focus on Micro RNAs and Pulmonary Hypertension." Anatolian Journal of Cardiology 26, no. 5 (May 10, 2022): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/anatoljcardiol.2022.5.

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Verdier, Julien, Irene Raphaela Breunig, Margarete Clara Ohse, Silvia Roubrocks, Sandra Kleinfeld, Sanchari Roy, Konrad Streetz, Christian Trautwein, Christoph Roderburg, and Gernot Sellge. "Faecal Micro-RNAs in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 14, no. 1 (March 14, 2019): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz120.

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Abstract Background and Aims Faecal biomarkers are used as indicators of disease activity in inflammatory bowel diseases [IBD], which include Crohn’s disease [CD] and ulcerative colitis [UC]. Micro-RNAs [miRNAs] are small non-coding RNAs detectable in extracellular fluids and can be used as clinical biomarkers. The aim of this study was to determine if faecal miRNA composition is altered in IBD. Methods More than 800 different human faecal miRNAs were measured in stool samples from control individuals and patients with active CD by using NanoString technology. Selected miRNAs were quantified by qRT-PCR in faeces, serum and intestinal tissue of controls [n = 23] and patients with inactive or active CD [n = 22, n = 22] or UC [n = 11, n = 24] as well as patients with Clostridium difficile infection [CDI, n = 8]. Results In total, 150 miRNAs were significantly detected in faeces from controls and patients, and multivariate analyses showed that CD patients with high disease activities had a distinct miRNA profile and that miR-223 and miR-1246 were distinct from other faecal miRNAs. In a larger cohort, active UC patients displayed significantly higher levels of miR-223 and miR-1246 than controls while patients with CDI had higher levels of faecal miR-1246 but not miR-223. No differences were noted in serum samples. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive screen of faecal miRNAs performed in IBD. Further investigation will aim to confirm these findings in a larger cohort and to understand the biological function and cellular sources of faecal miRNAs.

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Canfrán-Duque, Alberto, Chin-Sheng Lin, Leigh Goedeke, Yajaira Suárez, and Carlos Fernández-Hernando. "Micro-RNAs and High-Density Lipoprotein Metabolism." Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 36, no. 6 (June 2016): 1076–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/atvbaha.116.307028.

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27

Wang, Shangying, and Sridhar Raghavachari. "Quantifying negative feedback regulation by micro-RNAs." Physical Biology 8, no. 5 (August 10, 2011): 055002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1478-3975/8/5/055002.

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Voglova, K., J. Bezakova, and Iveta Herichova. "Micro RNAs: an arguable appraisal in medicine." Endocrine Regulations 50, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 106–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/enr-2016-0013.

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AbstractMicro RNAs (miRNAs) represent a newly discovered class of regulatory molecules in the human body. miRNA is a short double stranded RNA sequence interfering with mRNA, causing in most cases, inhibition of translation. Synthesis of miRNAs shows an increasing developmental pattern and postnatally miRNAs are synthesized in all cells possessing transcriptional machinery. miRNAs usually target several mRNAs and therefore conclusive evidences proving their functions are not always ease to be acquired. In spite of this difficulty, functions of miRNAs were firmly established in the development, the cardiovascular and neural diseases, and cancer. Many miRNAs have been reported to be associated with physiological state of cells and/or tissues. This finding becomes fundamental, especially when consider that these miRNAs can be released from cell into intracellular space or circulation. Correlation between miRNA production in tissues and its contribution to multisource miRNA pool in the circulation is in a focus of biomarker-oriented researchers. Recently, circulating miRNAs have been suggested to be applicable as biomarkers in several types of cancer, cardiovascular injury, and diabetes. Role of miRNAs in the organism intercellular signaling is still under the broad investigation. Several miRNA mimics, intended for treatment of disease, are being currently tested in the clinical trials.

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Visone, Rosa, Fabio Petrocca, and Carlo M. Croce. "Micro-RNAs in Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease." Gastroenterology 135, no. 6 (December 2008): 1866–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2008.10.074.

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Habeos, I. G., P. G. Ziros, I. Chaveles, D. Chartoumpekis, I. Maroulis, and D. Karabias. "940 MICRO RNAS IN MOUSE LIVER REGENERATION." Journal of Hepatology 52 (April 2010): S364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(10)60941-5.

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Fantini, Sebastian, Valentina Salsi, and Vincenzo Zappavigna. "HOX cluster-embedded micro-RNAs and cancer." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer 1869, no. 2 (April 2018): 230–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.03.002.

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Schlauder, S. M., A. Ahmad, and T. D. Horn. "Dicer and micro-RNAs in cutaneous disease." Journal of Cutaneous Pathology 36, no. 5 (March 2009): 607–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0560.2009.01311.x.

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33

Everts, Bart. "Micro(RNAs)managing Macrophage Polarization During Schistosomiasis." EBioMedicine 13 (November 2016): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.11.005.

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Ying, Shao-Yao, and Shi-Lung Lin. "Current perspectives in intronic micro RNAs (miRNAs)." Journal of Biomedical Science 13, no. 1 (October 14, 2005): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11373-005-9036-8.

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Shruti, K., K. Shrey, and R. Vibha. "Micro RNAs: Tiny sequences with enormous potential." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 407, no. 3 (April 2011): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.03.058.

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36

Torres-Martínez, Santiago, and Rosa M. Ruiz-Vázquez. "The RNAi Universe in Fungi: A Varied Landscape of Small RNAs and Biological Functions." Annual Review of Microbiology 71, no. 1 (September 8, 2017): 371–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-090816-093352.

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Zhao, Guoan. "Significance of non-coding circular RNAs and micro RNAs in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases." Journal of Medical Genetics 55, no. 11 (September 3, 2018): 713–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105387.

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Heart failure, coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction are the most prominent cardiovascular diseases contributing significantly to death worldwide. In the majority of situations, except for surgical interventions and transplantation, there are no reliable therapeutic approaches available to address these health problem. Despite several advances that led to the development of biomarkers and therapies based on the renin–angiotensin system, adrenergic pathways, etc, more definitive and consistent biomarkers and specific target based molecular therapies are still being sought. Recent advances in the field of genomic research has helped in identifying non-coding RNAs, including circular RNAs, piRNAs, micro RNAs, and long non-coding RNAs, that play a significant role in the regulation of gene expression and function and have direct impact on pathophysiological mechanisms. This new knowledge is currently being explored with much hope for the development of novel treatments and biomarkers. Circular RNAs and micro RNAs have been described in myocardium and aortic valves and were shown to be involved in the regulation of pathophysiological processes that potentially contribute to cardiovascular diseases. Approximately 32 000 human exonic circular RNAs have been catalogued and their functions are still being ascertained. In the heart, circular RNAs were shown to bind micro RNAs in a specific manner and regulate the expression of transcription factors and stress response genes, and expression of these non-coding RNAs were found to change in conditions such as cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure and cardiac remodelling, reflecting their significance as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. In this review, we address the present state of understanding on the biogenesis, regulation and pathophysiological roles of micro and circular RNAs in cardiovascular diseases, and on the potential future perspectives on their use as biomarkers and therapeutic agents.

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Talmor-Neiman, Mali, Ran Stav, Wolfgang Frank, Bjoern Voss, and Tzahi Arazi. "Novel micro-RNAs and intermediates of micro-RNA biogenesis from moss." Plant Journal 47, no. 1 (July 2006): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02768.x.

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Toni, Lee, Frehiwet Hailu, and Carmen C. Sucharov. "Dysregulated micro-RNAs and long noncoding RNAs in cardiac development and pediatric heart failure." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 318, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): H1308—H1315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00511.2019.

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Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are broadly described as RNA molecules that are not translated into protein. The investigation of dysregulated ncRNAs in human diseases such as cancer, neurological, and cardiovascular diseases has been under way for well over a decade. Micro-RNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are the best characterized ncRNAs. These ncRNAs can have profound effects on the regulation of gene expression during cardiac development and disease. Importantly, ncRNAs are significant regulators of gene expression in several congenital heart diseases and can positively or negatively impact cardiovascular development. In this review, we focus on literature involving micro-RNAs and lncRNAs in the context of pediatric cardiovascular diseases, preclinical models of heart failure, and cardiac development.

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Kitagishi, Yasuko, Naoko Okumura, Hitomi Yoshida, Chika Tateishi, Yuri Nishimura, and Satoru Matsuda. "Dicer Functions in Aquatic Species." Journal of Amino Acids 2011 (June 9, 2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/782187.

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Dicer is an RNase III enzyme with two catalytic subunits, which catalyzes the cleavage of double-stranded RNA to small interfering RNAs and micro-RNAs, which are mainly involved in invasive nucleic acid defense and endogenous genes regulation. Dicer is abundantly expressed in embryos, indicating the importance of the protein in early embryonic development. In addition, Dicer is thought to be involved in defense mechanism against foreign nucleic acids such as viruses. This paper will mainly focus on the recent progress of Dicer-related research and discuss potential RNA interference pathways in aquatic species.

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Kim, Jiyoon, Siwoo Cho, Yonghyun Park, Jiyoul Lee, and Jaesung Park. "Evaluation of micro-RNA in extracellular vesicles from blood of patients with prostate cancer." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 31, 2021): e0262017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262017.

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain various types of molecules including micro-RNAs, so isolating EVs can be an effective way to analyze and diagnose diseases. A lot of micro-RNAs have been known in relation to prostate cancer (PCa), and we evaluate miR-21, miR-141, and miR-221 in EVs and compare them with prostate-specific antigen (PSA). EVs were isolated from plasma of 38 patients with prostate cancer and 8 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), using a method that showed the highest recovery of RNA. Isolation of EVs concentrated micro-RNAs, reducing the cycle threshold (Ct) value of RT-qPCR amplification of micro-RNA such as miR-16 by 5.12 and miR-191 by 4.65, compared to the values before EV isolation. Normalization of target micro-RNAs was done using miR-191. For miR-221, the mean expression level of patients with localized PCa was significantly higher than that of the control group, having 33.45 times higher expression than the control group (p < 0.01). Area under curve (AUC) between BPH and PCa for miR-221 was 0.98 (p < 0.0001), which was better than AUC for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level in serum for the same patients. The levels of miR-21 and miR-141 in EVs did not show significant changes in patients with PCa compared to the control group in this study. This study suggests isolating EVs can be a helpful approach in analyzing micro-RNAs with regard to disease.

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Karadaş, Habibe, and Hamid Ceylan. "Micro RNAs: The Game Changers of Diagnosis and Therapy of Human Cardiovascular Diseases." International Conference on Applied Engineering and Natural Sciences 1, no. 1 (July 21, 2023): 510–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.59287/icaens.1047.

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MicroRNAs (miRNA) are 21-23 nucleotide-long non-protein-coding RNAs discovered in C. elegans in 1993 that resist endogenous RNase activity. More than one hundred miRNAs were discovered in samples from healthy humans and identified as circulating miRNAs. These small RNAs function as regulatory elements in many cellular events. miRNAs act by reducing the expression of the target gene.Although the use of miRNAs in cardiovascular health has not yet been supported by clinical trials, recent studies have suggested that they can be used as clinical biomarkers in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, the promising results of current studies support potential future applications of miRNA therapeutics. In this paper, the action mechanisms of miRNAs and their potential use as a biomarker in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases are mentioned.

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Banerjee, Arnob, Felix Schambach, Scott Hammond, and Steven Reiner. "Micro-RNA Profiling in CD4+ T Cell Differentiation." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 3887. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.3887.3887.

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Abstract Micro-RNAs comprise a class of small noncoding RNAs which have been found to be important regulators of cellular differentiation in multiple species. Previous analysis of micro-RNA expression in the murine hematopoietic system has suggested a role in cell differentiation and the maintenance of cell identity. Naïve progenitor CD4+ T cells respond to a combination of appropriate antigen and other specific signals by undergoing proliferation and further differentiation into one of at least two subsets. T helper 1 (TH1) cells produce high levels of the cytokine IFN-γ and T helper 2 (TH2) cells produce high levels of IL-4, optimizing them for control of intracellular and extracellular pathogens, respectively. It is currently not known whether micro-RNA molecules influence CD4+ T cell differentiation. We have used oligonucleotide arrays to analyze micro-RNA expression profiles of freshly isolated murine CD4+ T cells compared to cells differentiating into TH1 and TH2 subsets. Expression profiles were found to differ significantly between naïve and stimulated CD4+ cells, with fewer differences between TH1 and TH2 subsets. Promising candidate micro-RNAs are being further evaluated by northern blot and genetic studies. Micro-RNA-155 is upregulated on stimulation of CD4+ T cells in multiple oligonucleotide array assays. Micro-RNA-155 is encoded by the BIC oncogene and has been implicated in lymphomagenesis as well as in other malignancies. We have verified the induction of micro-RNA-155 in stimulated helper T cells by northern blot and are studying the effects of this micro-RNA on CD4+ T cell differentiation. Our observations support a role for micro-RNAs in helper T cell differentiation during the immune response.

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Soliman, Bangly, Ahmed Salem, Mohamed Ghazy, Nourhan Abu-Shahba, and Mahmoud El Hefnawi. "Bioinformatics functional analysis of let-7a, miR-34a, and miR-199a/b reveals novel insights into immune system pathways and cancer hallmarks for hepatocellular carcinoma." Tumor Biology 40, no. 5 (May 2018): 101042831877367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010428318773675.

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Let-7a, miR-34a, and miR-199 a/b have gained a great attention as master regulators for cellular processes. In particular, these three micro-RNAs act as potential onco-suppressors for hepatocellular carcinoma. Bioinformatics can reveal the functionality of these micro-RNAs through target prediction and functional annotation analysis. In the current study, in silico analysis using innovative servers (miRror Suite, DAVID, miRGator V3.0, GeneTrail) has demonstrated the combinatorial and the individual target genes of these micro-RNAs and further explored their roles in hepatocellular carcinoma progression. There were 87 common target messenger RNAs (p ≤ 0.05) that were predicted to be regulated by the three micro-RNAs using miRror 2.0 target prediction tool. In addition, the functional enrichment analysis of these targets that was performed by DAVID functional annotation and REACTOME tools revealed two major immune-related pathways, eight hepatocellular carcinoma hallmarks–linked pathways, and two pathways that mediate interconnected processes between immune system and hepatocellular carcinoma hallmarks. Moreover, protein–protein interaction network for the predicted common targets was obtained by using STRING database. The individual analysis of target genes and pathways for the three micro-RNAs of interest using miRGator V3.0 and GeneTrail servers revealed some novel predicted target oncogenes such as SOX4, which we validated experimentally, in addition to some regulated pathways of immune system and hepatocarcinogenesis such as insulin signaling pathway and adipocytokine signaling pathway. In general, our results demonstrate that let-7a, miR-34a, and miR-199 a/b have novel interactions in different immune system pathways and major hepatocellular carcinoma hallmarks. Thus, our findings shed more light on the roles of these miRNAs as cancer silencers.

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Ostermeier, G. Charles, Robert J. Goodrich, Julie S. Moldenhauer, Michael P. Diamond, and Stephen A. Krawetz. "A Suite of Novel Human Spermatozoal RNAs." Journal of Andrology 26, no. 1 (January 2, 2005): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.2005.tb02874.x.

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ABSTRACT: We recently described a complex population of spermatozoal coding RNAs that are delivered to the oocyte on fertilization. These are derived throughout spermatogenesis, representing a record of past events. Recently, evidence has been provided that micro‐RNAs are present in testes, suggesting that they might also be carried in ejaculate spermatozoa. To directly test this hypothesis, a unique microarray system capable of directly identifying antisense RNAs and predicted transcripts was utilized. RNA isolated from the ejaculate spermatozoa of 6 normal fertile men was directly hybridized to sense oligonucleotide arrays containing 10 000 elements. This revealed 68 shared RNAs, some of which are similar to those previously defined as micro‐RNAs, whereas others were the antisense of previously in silico‐predicted transcripts. The results and implications of this study are described in this communication.

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Carrier, Marie-Claude, David Lalaouna, and Eric Massé. "Broadening the Definition of Bacterial Small RNAs: Characteristics and Mechanisms of Action." Annual Review of Microbiology 72, no. 1 (September 8, 2018): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062607.

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The first report of trans-acting RNA-based regulation in bacterial cells dates back to 1984. Subsequent studies in diverse bacteria unraveled shared properties of trans-acting small regulatory RNAs, forming a clear definition of these molecules. These shared characteristics have been used extensively to identify new small RNAs (sRNAs) and their interactomes. Recently however, emerging technologies able to resolve RNA-RNA interactions have identified new types of regulatory RNAs. In this review, we present a broader definition of trans-acting sRNA regulators and discuss their newly discovered intrinsic characteristics.

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Kumari, Maya, Vikas Y. Patade, and Z. Ahmad. "INVOLVEMENT OF PLANT MICRORNAS IN ABIOTIC STRESS RESPONSES." Scientific Temper 1, no. 01 (July 25, 2022): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.58414/scientifictemper.2010.01.1.06.

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Crop production is constrained by several biotic and abiotic stresses.Several techniques have been applied by different research groups to unravel themolecular mechanism of tolerance to these stress factors in plants. Recently micro-RNAs have contributed towards understanding the role of micro-RNAs underabiotic stress conditions. Through first reported in animals its abundance in foundin plants even with some difference in biogenesis and mechanism of target generegulation. However, the relationship between micro-RNAs and stress responsesis just beginning to be explored. Micro-RNAs are about 21-24 nucleotide singlestranded non coding RNA often conserved across species suggesting theirevolutionary significance. MiRNAs are either up or down regulated under stressconditions suggesting their involvement in gene expression regulation by posttranscriptional degradation or translational repression in plants. A major categoryof MiRNA target gene consists of transcription factors or other regulatory proteinsthat function in plant development or signal transduction. One our own researchendeavour in this direction revealed the role of MiRNA towards salinity stressresponse in sugarcane. Several researches worldwide is leading to the identificationof thousands of miRNAs, the functional validation of which will help in designingnew strategies for improving tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The currentreview gives the recent status of micro-RNA research towards its role under abioticstress.

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Abdellatef, Eltayb, Nasrein Mohamed Kamal, and Hisashi Tsujimoto. "Tuning Beforehand: A Foresight on RNA Interference (RNAi) and In Vitro-Derived dsRNAs to Enhance Crop Resilience to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 14 (July 19, 2021): 7687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147687.

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Crop yield is severely affected by biotic and abiotic stresses. Plants adapt to these stresses mainly through gene expression reprogramming at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Recently, the exogenous application of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) and RNA interference (RNAi) technology has emerged as a sustainable and publicly acceptable alternative to genetic transformation, hence, small RNAs (micro-RNAs and small interfering RNAs) have an important role in combating biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. RNAi limits the transcript level by either suppressing transcription (transcriptional gene silencing) or activating sequence-specific RNA degradation (post-transcriptional gene silencing). Using RNAi tools and their respective targets in abiotic stress responses in many crops is well documented. Many miRNAs families are reported in plant tolerance response or adaptation to drought, salinity, and temperature stresses. In biotic stress, the spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) provides an intelligent method of using dsRNA as a trigger to silence target genes in pests and pathogens without producing side effects such as those caused by chemical pesticides. In this review, we focus on the potential of SIGS as the most recent application of RNAi in agriculture and point out the trends, challenges, and risks of production technologies. Additionally, we provide insights into the potential applications of exogenous RNAi against biotic stresses. We also review the current status of RNAi/miRNA tools and their respective targets on abiotic stress and the most common responsive miRNA families triggered by stress conditions in different crop species.

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Barreiro, Esther, Antonio Sancho-Muñoz, Ester Puig-Vilanova, Anna Salazar-Degracia, Sergi Pascual-Guardia, Carme Casadevall, and Joaquim Gea. "Differences in micro-RNA expression profile between vastus lateralis samples and myotubes in COPD cachexia." Journal of Applied Physiology 126, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00611.2018.

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Quadriceps muscle weakness and wasting are common comorbidities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Micro-RNA expression upregulation may favor muscle mass growth and differentiation. We hypothesized that the profile of muscle-enriched micro-RNAs in cultured myotubes differs between patients with COPD of a wide range of body composition and healthy controls and that expression levels of those micro-RNAs from patients with COPD and controls differ between in vivo and in vitro conditions. Twenty-nine patients with COPD [ n = 15 with muscle wasting and fat-free mass index (FFMI) 15 kg/m2 and n = 14 with normal body composition and FFMI 18 kg/m2] and 10 healthy controls (FFMI 19 kg/m2) were consecutively recruited. Biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle were obtained in all study subjects. A fragment of each biopsy was used to obtain primary cultures, in which muscle cells were first proliferated to be then differentiated into actual myotubes. In both sets of experiments (in vivo biopsies and in vitro myotubes) the following muscle-enriched micro-RNAs from all the study subjects were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR amplification: micro-RNA (miR)-1, miR-133a, miR-206, miR-486, miR-29b, miR-27a, and miR-181a. Whereas the expression of miR-1, miR-206, miR-486, and miR-29b was upregulated in the muscle biopsies of patients with COPD compared with those of healthy controls, levels of none of the studied micro-RNAs in the myotubes (primary cultured cells) significantly differed between patients with COPD and the controls. We conclude from these findings that environmental factors (blood flow, muscle metabolism, and inflammation) taking place in vivo (biopsies) in muscles may account for the differences observed in micro-RNA expression between patients with COPD and controls. In the myotubes, however, the expression of the same micro-RNAs did not differ between the study subjects as such environmental factors were not present. These findings suggest that therapeutic strategies should rather target environmental factors in COPD muscle wasting as the profile of micro-RNA expression in myotubes was similar in patients to that observed in the healthy controls. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Environmental factors taking place in vivo (biopsies) in the muscles may explain differences observed in micro-RNA expression between patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and controls. In the myotubes, however, the expression of the same micro-RNAs did not differ between the study subjects as such environmental factors were not present. These findings suggest that therapeutic strategies should rather target environmental factors in COPD muscle wasting and cachexia as micro-RNA expression profile in myotubes was similar between patients and controls.

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Chu, Yongjun, Shinnichi Yokota, Jing Liu, Audrius Kilikevicius, Krystal C. Johnson, and David R. Corey. "Argonaute binding within human nuclear RNA and its impact on alternative splicing." RNA 27, no. 9 (June 9, 2021): 991–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1261/rna.078707.121.

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Mammalian RNA interference (RNAi) is often linked to the regulation of gene expression in the cytoplasm. Synthetic RNAs, however, can also act through the RNAi pathway to regulate transcription and splicing. While nuclear regulation by synthetic RNAs can be robust, a critical unanswered question is whether endogenous functions for nuclear RNAi exist in mammalian cells. Using enhanced crosslinking immunoprecipitation (eCLIP) in combination with RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and multiple AGO knockout cell lines, we mapped AGO2 protein binding sites within nuclear RNA. The strongest AGO2 binding sites were mapped to micro RNAs (miRNAs). The most abundant miRNAs were distributed similarly between the cytoplasm and nucleus, providing no evidence for mechanisms that facilitate localization of miRNAs in one compartment versus the other. Beyond miRNAs, most statistically significant AGO2 binding was within introns. Splicing changes were confirmed by RT-PCR and recapitulated by synthetic miRNA mimics complementary to the sites of AGO2 binding. These data support the hypothesis that miRNAs can control gene splicing. While nuclear RNAi proteins have the potential to be natural regulatory mechanisms, careful study will be necessary to identify critical RNA drivers of normal physiology and disease.

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