Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'MicroARNs (miRs)'
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Le, Corvec Tom. "Mécanismes moléculaires de l’hétérogénéité des plaques d’athérosclérose et des calcifications dans les artères périphériques : régulation des miRs dans les calcifications vasculaires des artères périphériques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nantes Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NANU1041.
Full textThe first objective of this work was to identify the miRs associated with vascular calcification (VC), to characterise their involvement in the mineralisation of VSMCs, and to determine their target genes. The second objective was to study the mechanisms of arterial heterogeneity by comparing the phenotype of carotid and femoral VSMCs and their response to pro-atherosclerotic stimuli. Firstly, we used calcified and non-calcified human atheromatous arteries (Biocoll.ECLAGEN) to identify VC-associated miRs by combining miRNomic (microfluidic arrays) and transcriptomic analysis to select candidate miRs and their predicted target genes. We then validated the functional role of candidate miRs in cell mineralisation of human aortic VSMCs. Secondly, we extracted VSMCs from healthy carotid and femoral arteries (Biocoll.ECLA-H) to study phenotypic differences (contractile/inflammatory markers, migration, contractility, lipid uptake) in the basal state and after stimulation with pro-inflammatory (IL1β, IL6) or pro-fibrotic cytokines (TGFβ and PDGF). In our study, we first identified 12 miRs associated with VC. Among them, we showed that the expression of miR136, miR155 and miR183 was regulated during VSMC mineralisation and that their overexpression induced VSMC mineralisation and phenotypic transcriptional changes. Cross-analysis led to the identification of the CD73 and Smad3 pathways as predicted target genes responsible for the pro-mineralising function of miR155. Secondly, a comparative phenotypic study of carotid and femoral VSMCs allowed us to demonstrate several transcriptional differences, with higher expression of activation markers (ICAM-1, VCAM-1) in the carotid territory and higher expression of contractile markers (ACTA2, SM22α, SMMHC) in the femoral territory. Preliminary experiments analysing contractility and response to lipid stress suggested a trend towards greater contractility and lipid uptake in the femoral territory. No difference was observed when phenotypic switches and cell migration were analysed. These results demonstrate the potential benefit of miR155 inhibition in limiting the development of VC in atheromatous lesions of peripheral arteries
Masmoudi, Asma. "Identification des micro-ARNS (miARNS) impliqués dans la progression du cancer de la vessie et étude fonctionnelle du rôle oncogénique ou suppresseur de tumeurs de ces miARNS." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA11T032.
Full textBladder tumors are characterized by two progression pathways. The first pathway leads to the developpement of papillary tumors, which are at high risk of recurrence but that rarely progress to invasive tumors. Another pathway involves carcinoma in situ (CIS), which often progresses by first invading the lamina propria and then the muscle. Tumors infiltrating the muscle have a poor prognosis and chemotherapy regimens are of limited benefits. It is yet important to understand the molecular basis underlying these events. The microRNAs are important regulators of post-transcriptional gene expression. Alteration in their expression and /or activity is believed to contribute to tumor development by deregulating the expression of cancer-related genes. Our work has been focused on studying the expression and function of microRNAs in urothelial carcinogenesis. In the first part, we employed a candidate gene approach to study miR-155, a oncomiR whose dysregulated expression has been reported in many cancers, but not in bladder cancer. I identified a significant overexpression of this miRNA in a subgroup of invasive bladder cancers. Next, I demonstrated a role for miR-155 in tumor invasion and migration, without any apparent effect on cell proliferation. In the second part, we used a more comprehensive approach in which I first conducted an extensive review of the literature to search for miR whose expression was already found to be deregulated and/or miR functionally involved in bladder cancer. I then performed a multiparametric analysis by integrating expression data of miR, pathological and molecular data (stage and grade, mutational status of FGFR3 and TP53, MRES epigenetic phenotype and CIS signature) data of the transcriptome (Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0), genomic alterations (370,000 chips Illumina probes) and methylation (Illumina chips 27,000 probes). This work allowed us to identify miRs associated with one or the other pathway linked to progression of bladder cancer and also, it revealed candidate targets for these miRs. The search for epigenetic alterations capable to affect the expression of those miRs showed significant association between expression of a particular miRNA (miR-17-5p) and the methylation of its promoter. Genetic alterations however, have failed to associate with expression of miR. Finally, this work suggests a list of good candidates miRNAs for which future functional studies should help to get insight into the role of these miRNAs
Lannes, Jérôme. "Les microARN et la fonction gonadotrope hypophysaire." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC236/document.
Full textGnRH is a hypothalamic neurohormone that stimulates synthesis and release of the pituitary gonadotropins, LH and FSH. Mammalian GnRH receptor lacks a C-terminal tail and is thus not submitted to homologous desensitization. Desensitization of gonadotrope cells to sustained exposure to GnRH relies on post-receptor mechanisms operating at different levels of the Gαq/11-mediated signalling pathway. GnRH was shown to modulate the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs), a new class of signalling regulators composed of small single-stranded RNAs that regulate gene expression at a post-transcriptional level. The purpose of my PhD thesis was to investigate the role of miRNAs in contributing to the regulation of gonadotrope cells by GnRH and notably to its desensitization effect. I first demonstrated that a GnRH-induced rise in miR-132 and miR-212 in rat primary pituitary culture cells and in the LβT2 murine gonadotrope cell line was necessary for efficient stimulation of FSH production. We then showed that the miR-132/212-mediated action of GnRH involved a posttranscriptional decrease of SIRT1, a lysine deacetylase. The lower level of SIRT1 allowed an increase in the acetylated form of FOXO1, a transcriptional repressor of Fshb, leading to its exit from the nucleus and to an increase in FSH expression (Lannes et al, 2015). Then, I focussed on the involvement of miR-125b, a miRNA that was strongly inhibited in response to GnRH. We showed that miR-125b blocked the Gαq/11 signalling pathway, through the repression of several effectors of this pathway, without affecting the Gαs signalling pathway. Upon exposure to GnRH, miR-125b was inactivated by methylation on adenosine by the NSun2 RNA methyltransferase. This later enzyme was activated by a Gαs/PKA-dependent phosphorylation. We observed that the induction of miR-132 and PP1α phosphatase in response to GnRH depends on a Gαq/11 activation allowed by the inactivation of miR-125b. We demonstrated that NSun2 is a target of miR-132 and that phosphorylation of NSun2 is suppressed by PP1α. Kinetic analyses enabled us to decipher the desensitization mechanism to GnRH stimulation. During the induction phase, the Gαs/PKA activation led to lower miR-125b levels, allowing Gαq/11 signalling and hence, transcriptional activation of gonadotropins genes. Co-activation of miR-132 and PP1α contributed to the inactivation of NSun2 and a return of miR-125b back to its equilibrium state leading to Gαq/11 signalling inhibition and therefore, to the arrest of gonadotropins expression (Lannes et al, 2016). Our study shows for the first time the crucial role of a miRNAs regulatory loop in the GnRH-induced mechanism of desensitization. The ubiquitous nature of the actors of this regulatory loop suggests that it may play a more general role. Additional works carried out showed that GnRH induces the secretion of several miRNAs. In vitro, we demonstrated that the GnRH causes a calcium-dependent release of miR-125b and miR-132 in the extracellular medium by the gonadotrope cells. In vivo, we highlighted a miRNA-125b and -132 increase in serum at the time of the ovulating LH surge induced by GnRH in rats and women. These results suggest that the pituitary gonadotropic cell is capable of transmitting an original message in the form of miRNA, into the bloodstream. My PhD work unravels the key role played by miRNAs in the gonadotrope cells response to GnRH-sustained stimulation. They highlight the blocking effect of a single miRNA, miR-125b on the Gαq/11 signalling, a pathway activated by many other membrane receptors. They indicate the existence of a regulation loop responsible for the desensitization to GnRH but which could be more widespread. Finally, the secretion of miRNAs in blood flow induced by the GnRH that we show for the first time opens up particularly interesting perspectives on the nature of the signal generated by the gonadotrope cells and allows to consider the existence of new target tissues
Quero, Laurent Jean. "Radiosensibilité de lignées cellulaires prostatiques : effet du bicalutamide (Casodex®), rôles des microARNs." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA11T070/document.
Full textThe first aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of the association between bicalutamide, an androgen receptor inhibitor, and ionizing radiation in three prostate cancer cell lines. The second aim was to examine a possible a correlation between the expression of miR-210 or miR-373, the tolerance to hypoxia tolerance and the responses to radiation.We found that bicalutamide produced cytostatic and cytotoxic effects in the androgen receptor- positive LNCaP cell line. The androgen receptor-negative DU145 and PC3 cell lines were more resistant to bicalutamide. However, these cell lines were affected by high bicalutamide concentration with the same endpoints as for LNCaP cells. The inhibition of proliferation by bicalutamide was associated with G1 cell cycle phase arrest, increased expression of p27KIP1 protein, and decreased expression of HER2 protein. Last but not least, bicalutamide elicited a marked radioprotective effect in LNCaP cells when associated with concomitant irradiation. This result suggests that bicalutamide and radiotherapy should not be delivered in close temporal proximity, especially in case of hypofractionated radiotherapy protocols.Hypoxia is a well known radioresistance factor in tumors and is associated with a bad prognosis in prostate cancer. In this study, we found that hypoxia promotes the expression of HIF-1α, CA9, VEGF and miR-210 but not miR-373 in prostate cancer cell lines irrespective of their androgen receptor status.Our findings suggest that miR-210 expression is correlated with resistance to hypoxia and could be used as a prognostic marker in prostate cancer. Conversely, miR-210 inhibition did not impact the radiation susceptibility of PC3 prostate cancer cell line under hypoxia
Giroud, Maude. "Implication des microARNs dans la conversion des adipocytes blancs en adipocytes thermogéniques." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4082/document.
Full textThe recent discovery of functional brown adipocytes in adult humans has led to the consideration of their use to increase energy expenditure in the treatment of obesity and associated metabolic disorders. Furthermore, in rodents and humans, islands of thermogenic adipocytes, termed “brite” (brown in white) adipocytes, emerge within white adipose tissue after cold exposure or β3-adrenergic receptor stimulation. Using hMADS cells, we identified several miRNAs regulated during “britening” including miR-125b and let-7i which showed lower levels in brite adipocytes. Functional analysis using miR-125b mimic or miR-125b inhibitor transfection revealed that miR-125b-5p acts as a brake of the browning of hMADS cells by impairing respiration rate as well as their mitochondrial content. miR-125b and let-7i levels were lower in brown compared to white adipose tissue. In vivo, we showed that both miRNAs levels were down regulated in mice sub-cutaneous white and brown adipose tissues upon β3-adrenergic receptors stimulation or cold exposure, which is associated with BAT activation and brite adipocyte recruitment. We found that injection of both miRNA mimics in subcutaneous white adipose tissue inhibited β3-adrenergic-induced brown adipocyte markers expression. Altogether, our observations showed that miR-125b and let-7i played an important role in the modulation of brite and brown adipocytes function targeting oxygen consumption and mitochondrial gene expression
Bouhallier, Frantz. "Rôle potentiel du microARN miR-34c au cours de la spermatogenèse." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10219.
Full textSpermatogenesis is a cyclic process in which diploid spermatogonia differentiate into haploid spermatozoa. This process is highly regulated, notably at the post-transcriptional level. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), single stranded non coding RNA molecules of about 20-25 nucleotides, are implicated in the regulation of many important biological pathways such as proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. We wondered whether miRNAs could play a role during spermatogenesis. First, miRNA expression repertory was tested in germ cells and we present data showing that miR-34c was highly expressed only in these cells. Moreover, in male gonads, miR-34c expression is largely P53-independent, in contrast to somatic cells. The exploration of the expression profile of HeLa cells over-expressing miR-34c showed a shift towards testis lineage and the presence of preferentially expressed in testis genes. Furthermore, we identified miR-34c direct target genes (TGIF2 and NOTCH2) that are involved in germ lineage differentiation control (TGFβ and Notch pathway respectively). These results established a link between a miRNA miR-34c and spermatogenesis. Moreover, in ES cells over-expressing DDX4 gene (VASA-ES cells), already primed and engaged in the germ cell lineage, ectopic expression of miR-34c has a more drastic effect. We could detect an up-regulation of germ specific genes. These data suggest that miR-34c could play a role by enhancing the germinal phenotype of cells already committed in this lineage
Espadinha, Anne-Sophie. "Identification de microARN impliqués dans la leucémogenèse." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0437/document.
Full textIn chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), the activity of the constitutively active tyrosine kinase BCR-ABL1 drives the activation of the PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT, and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathways. Among other consequences, activated or inhibited transcription factors induce important modifications of the CML cells gene expression pattern that could impact cell cycle control, apoptosis and genetic instability, leading to the expansion of the oncogene-transformed cells and to the acquisition of potentially harmful de novo mutations. However, indirect BCR-ABL1-dependant regulations might also occur, for instance through the action of microRNAs (miRNAs). Among the ~2000 miRNAs reported in humans, numerous species are up- or down-regulated in various cancer models. In the context of CML however, there is no clear consensus regarding the role of specific miRNAs, despite several studies. The first aim of this thesis was to study the effects of a clinically relevant concentration of imatinib, a tyrosine-kinase inhibitor (TKI) that blocks BCR-ABL1, on the CML cell line K562: both the microRNA expression profile and the cells proteome were analyzed. Using microarray hybridization, RT-qPCR experiments and a functional assay, we identified miR-21 as one of the most significantly down-regulated microRNA in cells that were treated with imatinib. In parallel, a semi-quantitative proteomic approach identified the tumor suppressor programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4) as the most over-expressed protein in imatinib-treated cells. We showed that miR-21 can bind to PDCD4 3'UTR and decrease its expression. The STAT5 - miR-21 - PDCD4 pathway was conserved in CML primary CD34+ cells, and to some extent in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) models as well; the known functions of miR-21 and PDCD4 suggest that their regulation by BCR-ABL1 could participate in the antileukemic response triggered by tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In the second part of this manuscript, we was interested in the immature stem cells population that cannot be eliminated by TKI. The underlying mechanisms of this resistance are not fully understood. The TKI-resistant CML stem cells reside in the CD34+/CD38low subpopulation, that can be sorted from the mononuclear cells fraction using FACS. In this project, we propose to describe the microRNA repertoire of the CML CD34+/CD38low cells to highlight the potential role of microRNA in the resistance mechanisms by identifying some of their targets, using bioinformatic and experimental approaches. This combination of miRNome and functional analysis would allow to increase the knowledge of the biology of the TKI-resistant CML stem cells. Our results have shown that the cellular fraction enriched in stem cells (CD34+CD38low) expressed specifically four microRNA: miR-10a, miR-146, miR-150 and miR-155. It is also interested to notice that only two of them, miR-150 and miR-155, are highly expressed in CML-patient CD34+CD38low cells compared to normal cells
Gastaldi, Cécile. "Études des microARNs dans le développement des carcinomes spinocellulaires cutanés." Thesis, Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE4120/document.
Full textCutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs) are the second most common cancer and are responsible for up to 25% of all skin cancer deaths. It is therefore essential to characterize the mechanisms responsible for epidermis carcinogenesis to develop new treatments. In this context, miRNAs appear to be prime targets for the development of future anti-tumor therapies. However, their involvement in the pathophysiology of cSCCs is still poorly documented. In this study, I identified using Small RNA sequencing, 112 miRNAs whose expression is altered during tumor development in a mouse model of cutaneous two-stage chemical carcinogenesis. Then, I focused my attention on the miR-193b/365a cluster and on miR-708, that are down-regulated during tumorigenesis, suggesting tumor suppressor functions. Consistent with this hypothesis, the ectopic expression of these miRNAs inhibit the proliferation, survival and migration of tumor cells, while blocking their action with antisense oligonucleotides stimulates these cellular functions in normal keratinocytes. Combining in silico target-prediction approaches and transcriptome analyzes of cSCC cells over-expressing these miRNAs, I identified their potential target genes. I validated KRAS and MAX as direct targets of miR-193b and miR-365a, and I showed that repression of these genes using siRNAs mimics the effects of these miRNAs. These results suggest that targeting these genes might mediate, at least in part, the tumor suppressor action of miR-193b and miR-365a in cSCCs
Muther, Charlotte. "MicroARNs et vieillissement épidermique : identification et exploration fonctionnelle de nouvelles cibles anti-âge." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1282.
Full textMicroRNAs are small non-coding RNA that negatively regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. There are involved in many biological processes and play a key role in the regulation of skin homeostasis. However, their function during epidermal aging has never been studied. We performed an exhaustive analysis of the epidermal miRnome during its aging in order to identify microRNAs differentially expressed with age in this tissue. Several microRNAs significantly modulated in elderly keratinocytes, allowed us to establish a signature of epidermal aging. Among them, the two strands of the microRNA miR-30a are induced in aged epidermis. The construction of a lentivirus allowing inducible and stable overexpression of this microRNA facilitated its functional study in an organotypic model of reconstructed epidermis. We observed that the overexpression of this microRNA in a three-dimensional culture model induces an epidermal phenotype similar of those observed during its chronological aging characterized by a strong alteration of keratinocyte differentiation, by a disturbance of its barrier function and by an increase in the abundance of apoptotic cells. This thesis project allowed the identification of three miR-30a targets in keratinocytes : LOX encoding lysyl oxidase, which plays a role in proliferation/differentiation balance of keratinocytes, AVEN encoding a caspase inhibitor and IDH1 encoding isocitrate deshydrogenase, a key enzyme of cellular metabolism.Our work revealed a new miRNA actor and deciphered new molecular mechanisms to explain some alterations observed in epidermis during aging, especially those concerning keratinocytes differentiation and apoptotic death
Fluckiger, Aurélie. "Effet anti-tumoral de l'acide docosahexaénoïque : implication des microARNs et du TNFalpha." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS042/document.
Full textDocosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid with anti-inflammatory and anti-tumoral properties. The anti-tumor effect of DHA in colorectal cancer might be attributed to direct anti-proliferative action on cancer cells and to its ability to reduce inflammatory status involved in tumor growth. Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNFa) is an inflammatory cytokine with paradoxical effect in cancer biology. According to the cellular context, TNFa activates RIP1 kinase dependent signaling pathway leading to proliferation or cell death. Our aim was to evaluate the role of TNFa in anti-proliferative effect of DHA in colon cancer cells and to precise the molecular mechanisms regulating TNFa expression.DHA treatment increased TNFa expression and secretion by cancer cells. We have shown that neutralization of autocrine TNFa action prevented the pro-apoptotic effect of DHA colon cancer cells and abolished anti-cancer effect in tumor HCT-116 bearing nude mice fed a DHA-enriched diet. Induction of TNFa expression by DHA occured at post-transcriptional level through microRNA miR-21 repression reducing its ability to induce TNFa mRNA degradation. DHA activates AMPKa and RIP1 kinases triggering nuclear translocation of the transcription factor Foxo3a which bound to miR-21 promoter and repressed the microRNA expression. Our works highlight a new molecular mechanism supporting the anti-cancer action of DHA
Cabon, Owen. "Rôles des miR-199-5p et miR-468 au cours de la différenciation ostéoblastique." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077156.
Full textMicroRNAs, small endogenous non-coding RNAs of about 19-26 nucleotides, are involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by repressing the translation of target genes. They participate in the regulation of many physiological and pathological processes. Numerous studies have shown that miRNAs are involved in the differentiation of osteoblasts either positively by targeting negative regulators or inhibitors or by repressing osteogenic factors essential for osteoblast differentiation. In our study, we identified by miRNA microarray a set of miRNAs that are differentially regulated during osteoblast differentiation in two cell lines. We focused on miR-199b-5p and miR-468 which expressions were respectively increasing and decreasing during osteoblast differentiation. We have established that Runx2, a key factor in bone formation, is the central element in this new regulatory mechanism. The results of our study indicate that miR-468 and miR199b-5p cooperate to regulate the early and late stages of osteoblast differentiation. 1) the early expression of miR-468 helps maintain the cell at an early stage differentiated by inhibiting the expression of Runx2, 2) miR-199b-5p induces osteoblast differentiation indirectly by inhibiting miR-468 expression and by regulating Runx2 expression. In this study, we determined a new regulatory pathway for Runx2 expression involving the inhibition of miR-468 expression by miR-199b-5p. We suggest a global mechanism by which miR-199b-5p and miR-468 control differentiation of precursor cell into mature osteoblast
Guérit, David. "Rôle des miR-29a et miR-574-3p au cours de la différenciation chondrocytaire de la cellule souche mésenchymateuse." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON1T013/document.
Full textRoles of miR-29a and miR-574-3p during the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. With the constant increase of the lifespan, osteoarticular pathologies such as osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, characterized by articular cartilage degradation, are important public health problems. In absence of spontaneous regeneration, cartilage engineering approaches are being considered. Current techniques rely on autologous chondrocyte transplantation but in the majority of cases, this approach gives similar results as current surgeries. Due to their capacity of differentiation toward chondrocytes, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) represent a new source of cells with therapeutic potential. However, production of a functional cartilage in vivo after implantation of expanded MSC is hampered by the difficulty to reproduce the complexity of the differentiation process to get mature chondrocytes from MSC. The objective of my Ph.D thesis aimed to identify micro-RNAs (miRNAs) modulated during chondrogenic differentiation of primary human MSCs and to study their role as well as their regulation in this process. We identified two miRNAs: miR-29a whose expression decreases progressively during the differentiation and miR-574-3p whose expression rapidly increases and stays constant until the end of the differentiation. Both miRNAs are regulated by the transcription factor Sox9 but in an opposite manner: Sox9 inhibits miR-29a and induces miR-574-3p. We show that YY1 directly interact with Sox9 to regulate miR-29a but not miR-574-3p; this interaction likely explaining the opposite effects of Sox9 on miR-29a and miR-574-3p expression. Moreover we showed that miR-29a and miR-574-3p are both inhibitors of chondrogenesis and we identified FOXO3A and RXRα as their respective targets. In conclusion, we identified two new miRNAs which are regulated by Sox9 and inhibitors of chondrogenesis. They act through the modulation of two target genes, whose role during chondrogenic differentiation of adult MSC was previously not characterized
Poissonnier, Loïc. "Expression et fonctions du microARN miR-126-5p dans les cellules endothéliales." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01070032.
Full textGiroud, Maude. "Implication des microARNs dans la conversion des adipocytes blancs en adipocytes thermogéniques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4082.
Full textThe recent discovery of functional brown adipocytes in adult humans has led to the consideration of their use to increase energy expenditure in the treatment of obesity and associated metabolic disorders. Furthermore, in rodents and humans, islands of thermogenic adipocytes, termed “brite” (brown in white) adipocytes, emerge within white adipose tissue after cold exposure or β3-adrenergic receptor stimulation. Using hMADS cells, we identified several miRNAs regulated during “britening” including miR-125b and let-7i which showed lower levels in brite adipocytes. Functional analysis using miR-125b mimic or miR-125b inhibitor transfection revealed that miR-125b-5p acts as a brake of the browning of hMADS cells by impairing respiration rate as well as their mitochondrial content. miR-125b and let-7i levels were lower in brown compared to white adipose tissue. In vivo, we showed that both miRNAs levels were down regulated in mice sub-cutaneous white and brown adipose tissues upon β3-adrenergic receptors stimulation or cold exposure, which is associated with BAT activation and brite adipocyte recruitment. We found that injection of both miRNA mimics in subcutaneous white adipose tissue inhibited β3-adrenergic-induced brown adipocyte markers expression. Altogether, our observations showed that miR-125b and let-7i played an important role in the modulation of brite and brown adipocytes function targeting oxygen consumption and mitochondrial gene expression
Quero, Laurent. "Radiosensibilité de lignées cellulaires prostatiques : effet du bicalutamide (Casodex®), rôles des microARNs." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00659538.
Full textPhilipot, Didier. "Implication du miR-24 et du miR-199a-5p dans le vieillissement prématuré du chondrocyte au cours de l'arthrose." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON1T015/document.
Full textOsteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related disease whose prevalence increases with late life. In osteoarthritic cartilage, chondrocytes presents age-specific changes such as a decrease in synthesis properties, a decrease in their response to growth and anabolic factors and an increase of cellular senescence. Senescent chondrocytes are characterized by an irreversible cell cycle arrest, DNA damage response activation (ATM/p53/p21), p16INK4a/pRb signaling pathway activation and the establishment of SAPS triggering to hypertrophy. The aim of my PhD project consisting to identify microRNAs involved in chondrocyte premature aging. microRNAs are small endogenous RNAs controlling several biological processes such as proliferation, differentiation and senescence. Two studies show that microRNAs have a preventive role in senescence and hypertrophy. During my PhD, we perform a cellular model based on OA chondrocytes placed in 3D and treated with IL-1β. We identified two miRs: miR-24 and miR-199a-5p. Repression of miR-24 leads to the induction of p16INK4a and MMP1, associated with chondrocyte hypertrophy. Moreover, preliminary datas suggests that miR-199a-5p is a potential regulator of anti-aging hormone Klotho which is deregulated in our model
Kroiss, Auriane. "Régulation androgénique du microARN miR-135a et implication dans la progression tumorale prostatique." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00965286.
Full textCornejo, Pierre-Jean. "Implication de la voie p53 et du microARN miR-34a dans la résistance à l'insuline adipocytaire." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4115.
Full textDysfunction of adipose tissue in obesity is involved in the development of insulin resistance. Activation of p53 in adipocytes has recently been implicated in insulin resistance in obesity, by unknown mechanisms. MicroRNA miR-34a is involved in the cellular response induced by p53 in different cell types. Among its targets, VAMP2 and Sirt1are two proteins involved respectively in the translocation of glucose transporters (Glut4) and the insulin sensitivity. We show that p53 expression is increased in adipocytes of obese mice. We are seeing an increased number of fat cells with DNA damage and also more damage in adipocytes from obese mice. The induction of DNA damage by doxorubicin and stabilization of p53 by Nutline inhibits glucose transport induced by insulin and the insulin signaling in murine and human adipocytes in vitro. Consistent with the p53 activation in adipocytes in obesity, we show that the expression of miR-34a is increased in the TA and obese mice adipocytes. Overexpression of miR-34a in 3T3-L1 adipocytes inhibits glucose transport in response to insulin, insulin signaling, lipolysis, and increases expression of the mRNA of leptin. We show that the inhibition of the insulin signaling is due to induction of the mRNA and the tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B by miR-34a. Inhibition of lipolysis is accompanied by inhibition of expression of ATGL, the rate-limiting enzyme in lipolysis. Common to all of these effects is the control of the expression of these proteins by Sirt1, a NAD + dependent deacetylase. However, inhibition of expression of miR-34a by Sirt1 can not account for all the observed effects
Bertero, Thomas. "MiR-483-3p : un nouveau régulateur de la cicatrisation cutanée." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4051.
Full textThe mechanisms that regulate keratinocyte migration, proliferation and differentiation in wound healing remain largely unraveled, in particular with respect to the possible involvement of microRNAs. We showed the up-regulation of miR-486-3p in two distinct models of wound healing : scratch-injured cultures of human keratinocytes and wounded skin in mice. MiR-483-3p accumulation peaks at the final stage of the wound closure process, consistent with a role in the arrest of “healing” progression. I confirmed this hypothesis by showing that miR-483-3p actually inhibits keratinocyte proliferation and prevents their entry into the cell cycle. In addition, blocking miR-483-3p accumulation in wounded-keratinocytes strongly the cell cycle exit, maintains cells into a proliferative state, and retards their differentiation program. Using rescue experiments and “Target Protector” oligonucleotides, I demonstrated that these effects result from the invalidation of the CDC25A phosphatase which consequently increases the tyrosine phosphorylation status of CDK4 and CDK6 kinases, inhibits their association with cyclin D and prevents their activation leading to early G1 phase blockade. Moreover, given the similarities between wound healing and skin tumorigenesis, I have shown that miR-483-3p exerts powerful anti-tumoral properties in vivo due to a pro-apoptotic effect resulting from BIRC5 and RAN direct targeting
Gastaldi, Cécile. "Études des microARNs dans le développement des carcinomes spinocellulaires cutanés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE4120.
Full textCutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs) are the second most common cancer and are responsible for up to 25% of all skin cancer deaths. It is therefore essential to characterize the mechanisms responsible for epidermis carcinogenesis to develop new treatments. In this context, miRNAs appear to be prime targets for the development of future anti-tumor therapies. However, their involvement in the pathophysiology of cSCCs is still poorly documented. In this study, I identified using Small RNA sequencing, 112 miRNAs whose expression is altered during tumor development in a mouse model of cutaneous two-stage chemical carcinogenesis. Then, I focused my attention on the miR-193b/365a cluster and on miR-708, that are down-regulated during tumorigenesis, suggesting tumor suppressor functions. Consistent with this hypothesis, the ectopic expression of these miRNAs inhibit the proliferation, survival and migration of tumor cells, while blocking their action with antisense oligonucleotides stimulates these cellular functions in normal keratinocytes. Combining in silico target-prediction approaches and transcriptome analyzes of cSCC cells over-expressing these miRNAs, I identified their potential target genes. I validated KRAS and MAX as direct targets of miR-193b and miR-365a, and I showed that repression of these genes using siRNAs mimics the effects of these miRNAs. These results suggest that targeting these genes might mediate, at least in part, the tumor suppressor action of miR-193b and miR-365a in cSCCs
Le, Guillou Sandrine. "Du miRNome au rôle de miR-30b : implication des microARN dans la glande mammaire." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS0024.
Full textThe mammary gland is a dynamic organ, undergoing proliferation, differentiation and dedifferentiation stages during reproductive cycles. Understanding the mechanisms regulating these stages is a major research challenge. Among others potential regulators, the involvement of new molecules, the microRNA, has recently been demonstrated. Until now, data relating to the identification of microRNA and their role in mammary gland are still scarce and mainly concern the study of their abnormal expression in breast cancer. In this PhD work, a global approach has been developed to describe, for the first time, all expressed microRNA, the miRNome, in murine and bovine lactating mammary gland. This analysis revealed new potential microRNA and defined a mammary gland signature of 15 microRNA, including two that seems lactation stage-specific. Active microRNA, present in RISC, have been analyzed to specify the “functional” miRNome in lactating mammary gland. Moreover, the role of the microRNA miR-30b in the development and differentiation of mammary epithelial cells has been defined using transgenic mice over-expressing this microRNA, showing that the deregulation of a single microRNA can cause a large mammary dysfunction. The combination of these two approaches has provided new evidence for understanding the impact of microRNA on the regulation of the normal development of the mammary gland
Stankevicins, Luiza. "MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer Progression and DNA Damage Response." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA11T041.
Full textBreast tumors are characterized by their high heterogeneity. Breast cancer is a complex disease, which has its development strongly influenced by environmental factors, combined with a progressive accumulation of genetic mutations and epigenetic dysregulation of critical pathways. Changes in gene expression patterns may be a result of a deregulation in epigenetic events as well as in post-transcriptional regulation driven by RNA interference endogenously represented by microRNA (miRNA). These mechanisms are capable to promote the initiation, maintenance and progression of carcinogenesis and are also implicated on the development of therapy resistance. miRNAs form a class of non-coding RNAs, which have emerged in recent years as one of the major regulators of gene expression through its capacity to silence messenger RNAs (mRNAs) containing a partially complementary sequence. The importance of regulation mediated by miRNAs was observed on their ability to regulate a wide range of biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis.To gain insights into the mechanisms involved in breast cancer initiation and progression we conducted a miRNA global expression on 21T series that are an in vitro model of breast cancer progression, comprising cell lines derived from the same patient, which include a normal epithelia (16N), primary in situ ductal carcinoma (21PT and 21NT) and cells derived from pleural effusion of lung metastasis (21MT-1 and 21MT-2). Considering the importance of miRNAs in the regulation of apoptosis, and that irradiation in different spectra is commonly used in diagnostic procedures, as mammography and on radiotherapy, we evaluated the miRNA expression after cell low and high energy irradiation and doxorubicin treatment to determine whether miRNAs are useful biomarkers to detect cell response after DNA damage. The experiments were done on the non-tumoral cell lines MCF-10A and HB-2 and on the breast carcinoma derived cell lines MCF-7 and T-47D. We observed that low energy X-rays is able to promote DNA strand breaks and apoptosis and to slightly change the expression of miRNAs involved on this pathway, such as let-7a, miR-34a and miR-29b. Regarding DNA stress response pathways, an upregulation on miR-29b expression, that in normal conditions is downregulated in tumor cell lines could be observed after all treatments. The microRNAome of 21T series revealed a significant downregulation of miR-205, an enrichment of the pro-metastatic factor ZEB-1, potential target for miR-205 and the consequent reduction of e-cadherin levels in 21MT cells checked by western blot. Our results indicate that miR-29b is a possible biomarker of genotoxic stress and that miR-205 can participate on the metastatic potential of 21T cells
Clément, Thomas. "Recherche de liens entre expression d'ARN non codants et physiopathologies articulaires, utilisation des microARN comme biomarqueurs du phénotype chondrocytaire." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0113/document.
Full textOsteoarthritis (OA) is the most frequent joint disease and its prevalence still grows with the increase in lifespan. OA is characterized by articular cartilage degeneration, together with synovitis and abnormal subchondral bone remodeling, leading to progressive loss of mobility and pain. Chondrocyte is the unique cell type in cartilage which accounts for the synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) components (collagens, proteoglycans). During OA, chondrocyte phenotype is altered and the balance between ECM synthesis and degradation is impaired towards cartilage degradation. To date no treatment can efficiently reduce OA progression so that the search for reliable biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets is very active, particularly since the discovery of microRNAs. miRNAs are estimated to regulate 50% of cellular genes. They contribute to major cellular processes such as cell differentiation, apoptosis or tumorigenesis. Therefore, miRNAs are interesting putative biomarkers. During this PhD thesis, we studied the contribution of miARNs to the control of chondrocyte phenotype. Using a model of chondrocyte differentiated phenotype loss induced by extensive subculturing or IL-1β challenge we studied changes in miRNAs profile with microarrays. We determined a panel of 43 varying miRNA including the miR-23~27b~24-1 cluster and miR-29b. The differential production of miRNAs from this cluster has been investigated, but we didn’t succeed in identifying the underlying mechanisms. However, we identified miR-29b as a negative post-transcriptional regulator of Col-IIa1 during differentiated phenotype loss and OA. Finally, as equilibrium between extracellular levels of inorganic phosphate and pyrophosphate (ePi/ePPi) was previously shown in the laboratory to be crucial for the maintenance of a differentiated chondrocyte phenotype, we studied the regulation of the genes encoding the 4 proteins regulating this balance (ANK, PC1, Pit-1 and TNAP). From in silico analysis, we selected a panel of 4 miRNAs: let7e, miR-9, miR-188 and miR-219. Using reporter assays, we showed that miR-9 was a negative regulator of PC-1, Pit-1 and TNAP, according or not to bioinformatics prediction
Trécul, Anne. "Effet de l'acide valproïque sur l'hématopoïèse : rôle du réseau de régulation "microARN/ facteurs de transcription"." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0143/document.
Full textValproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), exhibits anti-cancer properties against several tumor types. Its use as an anti-epileptic drug for several decades reveled side effects at the hematological level. In this study, we analyzed the effect of VPA on an erythro-megakaryocyte-specific miR/transcription factors network. VPA inhibited erythroid differentiation in the erythroleukemia cell lines TF1 and K562 as well as in CD34+/hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), induced by the recombinant erythropoietin (Epo) or aclacinomycin. This inhibition was characterized by glycophorin-A, γ-globin and GATA-1/miR-144/451 down-regulation. Inhibition of pre-miR-144 expression suggested that VPA regulates transcription of the miR-144/451 gene through GATA-1. In Epo-stimulated HSCs, VPA induced PU.1 expression in correlation with miR-155 inhibition and promoted GATA-1/PU.1 interaction. The use of valpromide, a VPA analogue without HDACi activity and the class-I HDACi MS-275, showed that HDAC inhibition by VPA was not required for its inhibitory activity on erythropoiesis. VPA also induced megakaryocyte features in Meg-01 cells, at both cellular and molecular levels. Notably, CD61, GATA-2 and miR-27a were over-expressed. RUNX1 mRNA expression and GATA-1/miR-144/451 axis decreased in accordance with megakaryocyte differentiation. In conclusion, VPA is able to modulate erythro-megakaryocytic differentiation program, through a regulatory micro-network involving miRs and TFs
Blondel, Sophie. "Utilisation des cellules souches induites à la pluripotence pour la modélisation pathologique du syndrome de Hutchinson Gilford." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EVRY0014/document.
Full textProgeria is a rare genetic disease characterized by a global, premature and accelerated aging, leading to patient death at average 13 years old. The understanding of the molecular mechanism of this syndrome has recently opened the possibility to start two clinical trials, with one common objective: slow down the disease progression blocking the maturation of the mutated protein. However, the identification of new therapeutic pathway is still a challenge to rise for this pathology. The objective of this PhD thesis has consisted to use the unique potential of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to explore cellular and molecular mechanisms of this syndrome, identify new therapautical target and propose innovative trails of treatment. The first step of this thesis was focused on the derivation and the characterization of the iPSCs lines from patient's cells affected by this syndrome. In a surprising manner, this study has highlighted a preservation of neurons generated from progeria patients. The study of the molecular mechanisms led to the identification of the microRNA miR-9 involvement. This latter regulates progerin expression, protecting neurons from accelerated aging. The second part of this work has endeavored to explore the potential of progeria iPSCs to study the efficiency of chemical compounds proposed to patients in the different clinical trials realized these last years. Although the set of tested molecules significantly improved nuclear architecture, differences in proliferation or in osteogenic differentiation or in metabolic energetic have been detected. Finally, on the basis of this pathological modeling work, the last part of this thesis praject was to develop and realize a high content screening of more than twenty thousand small molecules to select drugs which block the maturation process of prelamin A. Eleven molecules with a high therapeutical potential have been identified, with three belonging to the same chemical family, the mono-aminopyrimidins, opening new therapeutical perspectives in progeria
Bassand, Kévin. "Modulation du processus d’angiogenèse induite par la chimiokine CXCL12 (SDF-1α) : Implication du miR-126 et des Glycosaminoglycannes." Thesis, Paris 13, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA131070.
Full textIschemic diseases are one of the leading causes of death in the world. In ischemic tissue, in order to avoid tissue necrosis, angiogenesis is stimulated through pro-angiogenic factors synthesis such as chemokines or microRNAs (miRs). CXCL12 (SDF-1α), is a pro-angiogenic chemokine expressed by endothelial cells in ischemic conditions. miR-126 (miR-126-3p and miR-126-5p) is involved in angiogenesis by accelerating endothelial progenitor’s recruitment induced by CXCL12, by stimulating the expression of its receptors on the endothelial cells surface. On the other hand, the role of CXCL12 in miR-126 regulation and their involvement in angiogenic processes induced by CXCL12 remains unknown. During my thesis, I was interested in the involvement of miR-126 and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in CXCL12-induced angiogenesis. Our results showed for the first time that CXCL12 induces miR-126-3p expression in vitro in HUVEC and ex vivo in rat aorta. In addition, miR-126-3p is necessary for the formation of vascular networks (in vitro and ex vivo) and for CXCL12-induced HUVEC migration process. In addition, we showed that CXCL12 induces a decrease of SPRED-1 protein expression (aknown target of miR-126-3p) and this inhibition have stimulated the formation of vascular networks induced by CXCL12 more significantly. Finally, we showed that GAGs are necessary for the formation of vascular networks (in vitro and ex vivo) induced by CXCL12
Mallat, Youssef. "La régulation du cytosquelette et du métabolisme énergétique par mir-378 et 378* dans les cardiomyocytes." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066604.
Full textMicroRNAs are endogenous regulators of gene expression. MiR-378 and miR-378* are localized in the first intro of the Ppargc1b gene that codes the transcriptional co-activator PGC-1β, a regulator of energy expenditure and mitochondrial biogenesis. These miRs are highly expressed in cardiac cells. To better assess their role in cardiomyocytes, we identified miR-378 and 378* targets via a proteomic screen. We overexpressed these miRs in an H9c2 cell line and identified 87 down regulated proteins in their presence. Bioinformatic algorithms predicted 20 proteins as targets of the miRs. We validated 10 of them by Q-PCR and luciferase reporter assay. Our results show that these miRs target proteins involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress response such as chaperone and/or calcium buffering proteins GRP78, PPIA and calumenin. MiR-378 also targets lactate dehydrogenase A and impacts on cell proliferation whereas miR-378* targets cytoskeleton proteins actin, vimentin and desmin. MiR-378* disrupts the desmin network in the cardiomyocyte. Its overexpression decreases mitochondrial network area and the expression level of respiratory chain components. This decrease seems to be a direct effect of the damage to the desmin network since its rescue with a desmin-overexpressing-AAV blocks the deleterious effect of miR-378*. Our results show that the miR-378/378* hairpin establishes a connection between energy metabolism, cytoskeleton remodeling and endoplasmic reticulum function through post-transcriptional regulation of key proteins involved in theses pathways
Rau, Frédérique. "Étude de la dérégulation de miR-1 dans le coeur de patients atteints de dystrophies myotoniques." Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA6043.
Full textMyotonic Dystrophy (DM) is the most common form of muscular dystrophy in adult and is characterized by several symptoms including cardiac conduction abnormalities and arrhythmia resulting in sudden death. DM is caused by expansions of CUG or CCUG repeats which interfere with pre-mRNAs processing through dysfunction of the MBNL1 and CUGBP1 RNA-binding proteins. Micro-RNAs (miRNA) play an important role in heart functions. Using microarray and qRT-PCR, we identified a downregulation of miR-1, in heart samples of Myotonic Dystrophic patients. In agreement with decreased level of miR-1 we found that targets of miR-1 are up-regulated at the protein level in DM1. Importantly, while we found a down-regulation of the mature miR-1, we observed no changes in the quantity of pre-miR-1 both in DM1 cell models and patient heart samples. We demonstrated that expanded CUG repeats and shRNA-mediated depletion of MBNL1 inhibit exogenous and endogenous pre-miR-1 processing. Furthermore, we found that MBNL1 binds UGC motifs located within the pre-miR-1 loop. Next, we observed that Lin28 binds pre-miR-1 loop and promotes uridylation of pre-miR-1 by TUT4. Finally, we demonstrated that MBNL1 and Lin28 compete for pre-miR-1 binding suggesting a model in which MBNL1 protects pre-miR-1 from uridylation by Lin28-TUT4. In conclusion, our results demonstrate for the first time that miRNA maturation is altered in Myotonic Dystrophic patients, and suggest a novel function to MBNL1 as a regulator of miRNA processing and a new target of Lin28-TUT4: miR-1. We propose that the down-regulation of miR-1 may be involved in the heart defects observed in DM patients
Hoareau-Osman, Magali. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle des ARN nucléolaires U8 et U13 et des microARN du cluster miR-379/410." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOU30333.
Full textIn the past few years, non-coding world has greatly expanded thanks to the discovery of new small regulatory ncRNAs in mammals. Some of them have particular features, as they may be tissue-specific, repeated in tandem or subjected to genomic imprinting. However, the function of many of them remains unknown. Our work has focused, using loss of function approaches, on the functional characterization of RNAs from two large families of small ncRNAs: C/D box small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and microRNAs. C/D snoRNAs are known to participate in the biogenesis of ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and small spliceosome U6 RNA (U6 snRNA). To investigate the function of two human snoRNPs, U8 and U13, we developed a new inactivation technique of C/D RNAs in cultured cells, using modified antisense oligonucleotides called LNA (Locked Nucleic Acids). We were able to demonstrate, for the first time, the importance of human snoRNPs for the cell growth and their possible role as a chaperone under conditions of cellular stress. Furthermore, we showed the involvement of U8 in the biogenesis of ribosomal RNAs. Thus, this work is a first step in the systematic study of many mammalian snoRNAs whose function is still unknown. MicroRNAs are regulators of gene expression at a posttranscriptional level. Our work focused on the cluster of murine microRNAs miR-379/410, encoding 54 miRNAs that represent nearly 10% of murine miRNAs identified to date. It is located in the DLK1-DIO3 locus, a region subjected to genomic imprinting, an epigenetic mechanism that leads to monoallelic expression of genes dependent on the parental origin of chromosome that carries the alleles. To study the function of microRNAs cluster miR-379/410, we generated a knockout mouse line for that cluster. Our first results show that these miRNAs are important for mice postnatal viability as well as for their growth. This work represents an important advance in understanding miRNAs roles in mammals
Cornejo, Pierre-Jean. "Implication de la voie p53 et du microARN miR-34a dans la résistance à l'insuline adipocytaire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4115.
Full textDysfunction of adipose tissue in obesity is involved in the development of insulin resistance. Activation of p53 in adipocytes has recently been implicated in insulin resistance in obesity, by unknown mechanisms. MicroRNA miR-34a is involved in the cellular response induced by p53 in different cell types. Among its targets, VAMP2 and Sirt1are two proteins involved respectively in the translocation of glucose transporters (Glut4) and the insulin sensitivity. We show that p53 expression is increased in adipocytes of obese mice. We are seeing an increased number of fat cells with DNA damage and also more damage in adipocytes from obese mice. The induction of DNA damage by doxorubicin and stabilization of p53 by Nutline inhibits glucose transport induced by insulin and the insulin signaling in murine and human adipocytes in vitro. Consistent with the p53 activation in adipocytes in obesity, we show that the expression of miR-34a is increased in the TA and obese mice adipocytes. Overexpression of miR-34a in 3T3-L1 adipocytes inhibits glucose transport in response to insulin, insulin signaling, lipolysis, and increases expression of the mRNA of leptin. We show that the inhibition of the insulin signaling is due to induction of the mRNA and the tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B by miR-34a. Inhibition of lipolysis is accompanied by inhibition of expression of ATGL, the rate-limiting enzyme in lipolysis. Common to all of these effects is the control of the expression of these proteins by Sirt1, a NAD + dependent deacetylase. However, inhibition of expression of miR-34a by Sirt1 can not account for all the observed effects
Beldiman, Cornelia. "Role of miR-205 in Breast Cancer Development." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA11T094.
Full textDuring the time I was working on my thesis, I aimed to understand the role of miR-205 in breast cancer development. MiR-205 was chosen from the comparative analysis of total micro-RNAs expression in non-Transformed and tumorigenic cell lines of the MCF10A breast epithelial cell model. I demonstrated the complexity of miR-205 functions during breast epithelial cell transformation by showing miR-205 overexpression in transformed non-Invasive cell lines and miR-205 down-Regulation in cell line with metastatic potential. Moreover, we demonstrated increased level of miR-205 expression in breast cancer stem cells in comparison with non-Stem cells. Using 3D cultures of breast epithelial cells, I succeeded to correlate the tumorigenic function of miR-205 with its role in modulation of acinar size, and to attribute it to the apoptosis repression but not increased proliferation. Further, I was able to show that miR-205 exercises its oncogenic functions via targeting ZEB1, an inhibitor of E-Cadherin. Indeed, E-Cadherin expression level depends on the amount of miR-205 in different MCF10A cell lines. Downregulating E-Cadherin restored normal acinar morphology in miR-205 expressing cells, consistent with E-Cadherin being involved in the miR-205-Dependent acini phenotype that correlates with tumorigenic breast epithelial cell transformation
Rainone, Sara. "Étude du rôle physiologique et pathologique de la famille miR-132/212 dans le cerveau." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/32444.
Full textAlzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the world. At the microscopic level, two main pathological features characterize the brain of AD patients: amyloid plaques, consisting of aggregates of the Aβ (Amyloid Beta) peptide, and neurofibrillary tangles, formed by aggregates of abnormally hyperphosphorylated Tau protein. Endogenous factors that may be involved in the progression of AD include microRNAs (miRs). MiRs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate the expression of target genes at the post-transcriptional level. In particular, the miR-132/212 family is strongly downregulated in the brain of AD patients. Previous studies have shown that in the 3xTg-AD mouse model of AD, the genetic deletion of the miR-132/212 family leads to an increase in phosphorylation and aggregation of Tau protein, two mechanisms leading to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles. Apart from its role in AD, the miR-132/212 family is also involved in several neurological disorders. In particular, its level of expression is deregulated in other neurodegenerative pathologies, such as frontotemporal dementia and Parkinson's disease. It is therefore possible that the miR-132/212 family contributes to the neurodegenerative process of these pathologies. In this context, the work presented aims to study the role of the miR-132/212 family in AD and, more generally, in the brain. First of all, since the miR-132/212 family already has a known role in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, we wanted to evaluate its involvement in the formation of the other major pathological feature of AD: the amyloid plaques. We have demonstrated that the genetic deletion of the miR-132/212 family promotes Aβ production and amyloid plaque formation in the 3xTg-AD mice. Using RNA-Seq and bioinformatics, we identified genes of the miR-132/212 network with documented roles in the regulation of Aβ metabolism, including Tau, mapk, and sirt1. Consistent with these findings, we show that the modulation of miR-132, or its target sirt1, can directly regulate Aβ production in cells. Finally, we have shown that miR-132/212 levels correlate with the amount of amyloid plaques in humans. Then, in order to elucidate the role of the miR-132/212 family in the brain, we focused on identifying targets regulated by the miR-132/212 family. In a first step, this analysis was conducted in several in vitro cell models, in which the role of miR-132, one of two components of the family, was specifically studied. In this context, we have demonstrated that the targets regulated by miR-132 are few and specific to the cell type considered. In a second step, the target identification analysis was conducted in a conditional knockout mouse model for the miR-132/212 family that we specifically generated. We have therefore characterized the molecular targets and networks modulated by the miR-132/212 family in this model. Taken together, these results suggest that i) miR-132/212 network, including Sirt1 and likely other target genes, contributes to abnormal Aβ metabolism and senile plaque deposition in AD; ii) Although miR-132 can potentially target a large number of genes simultaneously, its targeting is selective and specific to the cellular context studied. Finally, the results obtained highlight a set of new targets and signalling pathways regulated by the miR-132/212 family. In conclusion, this work contributes to the advancement of the knowledge of the physiological and pathological role of the miR-132/212 family in the brain.
Abdel, Salam Ibrahim Mohamed Sherine. "A duo implication of miR-134 microRNA and LIM Kinase1 protein in neuropathic pain modulation of the rat spinal cord." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR21932/document.
Full textPains having a neuropathic origin following CNS or PNS traumatic injury are particularly difficult to treat using the actually available therapeutic means. It is thus necessary to identify new therapeutic strategies. Hence, our aim was to define the mechanisms implicated in these neuropathic pains. Nervous lesions are characterised by an anatomical reorganization of the neuronal network of the dorsal horn. Neurochemical alterations are also involved. Some of the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuronal plasticity (a main feature of neuropathic pain) have been emphasized here by a variety of complementary technical approaches. LIMK1 is one of the possible actors of this reorganization. Among this protein’s known functions, and the most characterized is the phosphorylation of a family of proteins known as cofilins. Their phosphorylation induces the reorganization of actin cytoskeleton. Recently, it has been shown that a miR-134 miRNA regulates LIMK1 expression by binding to the LIMK1 messenger, inhibiting its translation into physiologically active protein. Our hypothesis is that LIMK1 regulation by miR-134 might play an essential role in pain sensitization by modulating neuron neurochemical reorganization and the associated functional neuronal plasticity. Firstly, by means of IHC and ISH, we studied miR-134/LIMK1 distribution within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in sham animal (control group) and in neuropathic pain model (SNL model). Important to note here that ISH is a known detection method recently identified to visualize miRNA. Different protocols of ISH were discussed in a part of this thesis. ISH showed a decrease in miR-134 expression in SNL rats concomitantly with an increase in LIMK1 illustrated by IHC. This finding has been confirmed by qRT-PCR techniques. Afterward, in order to check for the possible behavioural-induced changes of miR-134 and LIMK1. We intrathecally injected an anti-LIMK1 siRNA to inhibit endogenous LIMK1 expression in SNL rats. Interestingly no significant changes in pain behaviour have been observed. Artificial overexpression of miR-134 using a PremiR-134, showed the same effect. Then we tried to perform the same injections on sham rats, and more interestingly, siRNA LIMK1 and premiR-134 evoked pain hypersensitivity in shams rats. This was illustrated by means of two behaviour tests; Von Frey (VF) and the Dynamic Weight bearing (DWB). To explore the reverse effect, we inhibited miR-134 using a specific KD probe in SNL rats; unexpectedly a significant decrease in pain withdrawal threshold was observed with VF and DWB. qRT-PCR in most cases confirmed the in vivo correlation between miR-134 and LIMK1. Finally, we searched for the possible mechanism of action that could regulate this modulation. Recent published data showed an involvement of ADF/cofilin on AMPAR trafficking. In line with the above mentioned findings, miR-134 KD transfection showed a decrease in AMPAR addressed to the plasma membrane. Altogether suggest that the antinociceptive effect of miR-134 KD and LIMK1 overexpression are mediated by AMPAR insertion at the plasma membrane. It seems that miR-134 exerts a different effect on neuropathic pain than miR-103 another miRNA discussed within the frame of this thesis. MiR-103 has been proved to regulate multiple targets, the three subunits forming Cav1.2 LTC. Pain sensitization involves Cav1.2 activation which consequently alters gene expression during this form of plasticity. MiR-103 was found downregulated also in the SNL model. Conversely to miR-134, overexpression of miR-103 partially alleviates pain. It decreases pain withdrawal threshold of the Von Frey test. Unlike miR-134, miR-103 exerts a pronociceptive role during neuropathic pain
Dubes, Sandra. "Rôle du microARN miR-124 dans la plasticité homéostatique via le contrôle de l’expression de la synaptopodine et des récepteurs AMPA dans les neurones de l'hippocampe." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0104.
Full textSynaptic scaling is a form of homeostatic plasticity where synapses adjust their own efficacy to compensate for normal or pathological variations in neuronal activity such as neurodegenerative disorders or sensory deprivation after a lesion. In a well-established paradigm, the chronic application of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in primary neurons, to block presynaptic action potential propagation, induces a significant upscaling of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents mediated-AMPA receptors. Numerous regulators of this plasticity have been identified including microRNAs (miR), which are small endogenous non-coding RNAs, inhibiting protein translation by binding to mRNA targets. This led us to hypothesize that the most highly expressed microRNA in the brain, miR-124, could be an important regulator of homeostatic scaling by controlling the expression of synaptopodin, a structural protein of dendritic spines playing a crucial role in homeostatic plasticity.By combining qRT-PCR, immunocytochemistry and in vitro electrophysiology approaches, first we showed that a global 48hrs TTX treatment in hippocampal primary neurons led to a decrease in miR-124 level and an increase in the expression of synaptopodin and synaptic AMPA receptors containing the GluA2 subunit which is another miR-124 target. Moreover, we observed that the synaptic accumulation of AMPA receptors and synaptopodin could be synapse-specific by expressing the tetanus toxin to block the activity of individual presynapses, which suggested a local homeostatic regulation. Importantly, we found that overexpressing miR-124 or inhibiting its interaction with synaptopodin or GluA2 mRNAs blocked the synaptic homeostatic response. In addition, FRAP experiments suggested that synaptopodin controlled AMPA receptor trafficking at the membrane by probably retaining them in dendritic spines, which could explain its role during homeostatic plasticity
Boukrout, Nihad. "Rôle de la boucle de régulation négative MUC4-miR-210-3p dans la cancérogenèse pancréatique et la chimio-résistance." Thesis, Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/EDBSL/2022/2022ULILS003.pdf.
Full textBackground: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a deadly cancer with anextremely poor prognosis. MUC4 membrane-bound mucin is neoexpressed in earlypancreatic neoplastic lesions and is associated with PDAC progression andchemoresistance. In cancers, miRNA (small noncoding RNAs) are crucial regulatorsof carcinogenesis, chemotherapy response and even metastatic processes. In thisstudy, we aimed at identifying and characterizing miRNAs activated downstream ofMUC4-associated signaling in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. MiRnome analysiscomparing MUC4-KD versus Mock cancer cells showed that MUC4 inhibitionimpaired miR-210-3p expression. Therefore, we aimed to better understand themiR-210-3p biological roles.Methods: miR-210-3p expression level was analyzed by RT-qPCR in PDACderivedcell lines (PANC89 Mock and MUC4-KD, PANC-1 and MiaPACA-2), as wellas in mice’s and patients’ tissues. The MUC4-miR-210-3p regulation wasinvestigated using luciferase reporter construct and chromatin immunoprecipitationexperiments. Stable cell lines expressing miR-210-3p or anti-miR-210-3p wereestablished using Crispr/Cas9 technology or lentiviral transduction. We evaluated thebiological activity of miR-210-3p in vitro by measuring cell proliferation and migrationand in vivo using a model of subcutaneous xenograft.Results: miR-210-3p expression is correlated with MUC4 expression inPDAC-derived cells and human samples, and in pancreatic PanIN lesions of Pdx1-Cre; LstopL-KrasG12D mice. MUC4 enhances miR-210-3p expression levels viaalteration of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Chromatin immunoprecipitationexperiments showed p50 NF-κB subunit binding on miR-210-3p promoter regions.We established a reciprocal regulation since miR-210-3p repressed MUC4expression via its 3′-UTR. MiR-210-3p transient transfection of PANC89, PANC-1and MiaPACA-2 cells led to a decrease in cell proliferation and migration. Thesebiological effects were validated in cells overexpressing or knocked-down for miR-210-3p. Finally, we showed that miR-210-3p inhibits pancreatic tumor growth andproliferation in vivo.Conclusion: We identified a MUC4-miR-210-3p negative feedback loop inearly-onset PDAC, but also revealed new functions of miR-210-3p in both in vitro andin vivo proliferation and migration of pancreatic cancer cells, suggesting a complexbalance between MUC4 pro-oncogenic roles and miR-210-3p anti-tumoral effects
Gaudelot, Kelly. "Rôle de miR-21 dans la progression tumorale et la chimiorésistance des carcinomes rénaux à cellules claires : étude de la boucle de régulation entre miR-21 et PPARα." Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL2S011/document.
Full textRenal clear cell carcinoma (cRCC) is the major histological type of renal carcinoma and one of the most chemo- and radio-resistant tumors. The absence of biomarkers for early detection and for monitoring patients is responsible of a poor prognosis. It is necessary to identify new biomarkers and therapeutic targets to improve patient care. MicroRNAs, small noncoding RNAs of 22 nucleotides, which have been previously shown to promote malignant initiation and progression, appear to be good candidates.We focused our study on (i) miR-21 which is the main overexpressed oncomirs in cRCC and (ii) the nuclear receptor PPARα (Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor), one of miR-21 targets.In one hand, by using a cohort of 99 primary cRCC samples, we showed that miR-21 expression in cancer tissues was higher than in adjacent non-tumor tissues. In vitro, miR-21 was also overexpressed in renal carcinoma cell lines compared to HK-2 human proximal tubule epithelial cell line. Moreover, we also showed that miR-21 overexpression increased migratory, invasive, proliferative, and anti-apoptotic signaling pathways whereas opposite results were observed using an anti-miR-21-based silencing strategy. Finally, we assessed the role of miR-21 in mediating cRCC chemoresistance and further showed that miR-21 silencing significantly increased chemosensitivity of paclitaxel, 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin and dovitinib, decreased expression of multi-drug resistance genes and increased SLC22A1/OCT1, SLC22A2/OCT2 and SLC31A1/CTR1 platinum influx transporter expression. These results led to the publication of an article in Tumor Biology in annex.In other hand, in cRCC tissue patients, we showed for the first time that miR-21 overexpression correlates with a loss of expression of PPARα. In vitro, we showed that miR-21 targets PPARα 3'-UTR and decreases its protein expression and miR-21 overexpression decreases the transcriptional activity of PPARα. Furthermore, PPARα overexpression and activation decrease miR-21 expression. In fact, PPARα interacts with AP-1 and NF-kappaB transcription factors and thus prevents their binding to the miR-21 promoter thus decreasing its transcription.In conclusion, we have shown that (i) miR-21 is a key actor of renal cancer progression and plays an important role in the resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and (ii) there is a negative regulatory loop between miR-21 and PPARα in cRCC
Quéré, Cécile. "Régulation post-transcriptionnelle du gène unc-54 de Caenorhabditis elegans identifiée in vivo par un système de double rapporteurs fluorescents." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0347/document.
Full textCaenorhabditis elegans development is very tightly regulated, leading to the same number of cells in each individual. Part of this regulation network relies on small single strand RNAs (miRNAs), which can target homologous sequences in the 3’ untranslated regions (3’UTR) of messenger RNAs. We want to investigate the contribution of miRNAs during neurons differentiation. In order to study the miRNA contribution to gene regulation we use double fluorescent reporters that allow us to visualize the posttranscriptional contribution to regulation throughout development. The GFP and the mCherry are expressed under the control of the gene promoter, but followed by either the 3’UTR of interest, or a control 3’UTR. We first chose as a control 3’UTR the unc-54 3’UTR (myosin class II). The gene unc-54 is expressed through all larval stages and in the adult worms. The two colors reporter system showed that unc-54 3’UTR undergoes a regulation in the ADF pair of neurons and partially in the body wall muscle. The characterization of this regulation pointed out a potential role for mir-1820. The GFP was cloned between mir1820 5’ and 3’ sequences and the construction displayed an expression profile overlapping with the regulation pattern observed on unc-54 3’UTR
Fareh, Mohamed. "Le cluster miR 302-367 : inhibiteur des propriétés tumorales des cellules souches cancéreuses issues de glioblastomes humains." Nice, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NICE4041.
Full textGlioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common form of primary brain tumor in adults, often characterized by poor survival. Glioma-initiating cells (GICs) are defined by their extensive self-renewal, differentiation, and tumor initiation properties. GICs are known to be involved in tumor growth and recurrence, and in resistance to conventional treatments. One strategy to efficiently target GICs in GBM consists in suppressing their stemness and consequently their tumorigenic properties. In this study, we show that the miR-302-367 cluster is strongly induced during serum-mediated stemness suppression. Stable MiR-302-367 cluster expression is sufficient to suppress the stemness signature, self-renewal, and cell infiltration within a host brain tissue, through inhibition of the CXCR4 pathway. Furthermore, inhibition of CXCR4 leads to the disruption of the sonic hedgehog (SHH)-GLI-NANOG network, which is involved in self-renewal and expression iof the embryonic stem cell-like signature. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the miR-302-367 cluster is able to efficiently trigger a cascade of inhibitory events leading to the disruption of GICs stem-like and tumorigenic properties. Our studies have shown a paracrine effect tumor suppressor related to the overexpression of miR-cluster 302-367 in the GICs. This paracrine effect of GICs-miR is mediated by the secretion of exosomes containing IL-8 and miR-302-367. This paracrine effect can alter the expression of stemness markers, clonogenicity and proliferation of GICs-Ctrl and consequently compromise their tumorigenic properties in vivo
Bandiera, Simonetta. "Investigating the existence of a link between mitochondria and microRNAs." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05T064.
Full textMitochondria are organelles that have a central role in the energetic metabolism of the cell. Although mitochondria express their own genome, they rely on the expression of the nuclear genome for their biogenesis and function. microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that associate with Argonaute 2 (Ago2) protein to regulate gene expression post-transcriptionallythrough RNA interference. The ‘classic’ view of RNA interference describes the pairing of miRNAs with complementary binding sites within the 3’untranslated region (3’-UTR) of the target mRNA. We hypothesized that miRNAs might be instrumental to the cross-talk between the nucleus and the mitochondria. In the first part, we assessed the role of miRNAs in the context of a rare genetic disease involving mitochondrial dysfunction. We focused on Friedreich's ataxia, the most frequent of inherited ataxia in Europe, which is caused by reduced expression of the mitochondrial protein frataxin (FXN). Intwo independent cohorts of patients, we discovered that about 90% of patients were homozygous forone specific haplotype of genetic variants of the FXN3'-UTR. By a combination of computational target prediction analysis and co-transfection experiments, we showed that miRNAs, and specifically miR-124, are involved in the regulation of the FXN.We then challenged further the relationship between the miRNAs and mitochondria through questioning their localization at mitochondria. To this end, we studied miRNAs from mitochondrial and cytosolic RNA fractions isolated from the same HeLa cells. We identified a signature of 13 miRNAs specifically enriched in the mitochondrial RNA fraction that we termed ‘mitomiRs’. Through pathway-enrichement analysis, we observed a specific mitochondrial role for mitomiRs, including regulation of ATP synthesis coupled electron trasport. We also provided the evidence of Ago2 protein location inside human mitochondria at the inter-membrane space. Our work sketches miRNAs and Ago2 as a novel layer of the interplay between the nucleus and the mitochondria. We discuss whether mitochondria may be instrumental to RNA interference or a target per se. Our work paves the way to a new field of research, which may unravel therapeutic outcomes to rescue mitochondrial dysfunction
Kropp, Jérémie. "Régulation de la différenciation du muscle strié squelettique par la voie let-7 – E2F5." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA11T090/document.
Full textA genome-wide screen had previously shown that knocking-down miR-98, a miRNA of let-7 family, leads to a dramatic increase of terminal myogenic differentiation, with myotube hypertrophy. My PhD project aimed to understand how miR-98 delays skeletal muscle differentiation. Transcriptomic analysis of human myoblasts with knocked-down miR-98 revealed that approximately 240 genes were sensitive to miR-98 depletion. Among these potential targets, I have identified the transcriptional repressor E2F5, which turned out to be important for miR-98 regulation of muscle differentiation. Knocking down E2F5 and miR-98 simultaneously had almost fully restored normal differentiation. I have subsequently shown that E2F5, an important cell cycle regulator, is a direct target of miR-98 in muscle, where its function had never been investigated before. My results show that E2F5 is a positive regulator of the muscle differentiation process. E2F5 can directly repress inhibitors of muscle differentiation, such as ID1 and HMOX1, and indirectly regulate TGF-β pathway family members. In conclusion, miR-98 regulates skeletal muscle differentiation by directly regulating E2F5 expression, and thus controlling the expression of multiple E2F5 targets. My results have highlighted a new regulatory pathway of muscle differentiation: the let-7 – E2F5 pathway
Gourzones, Claire. "Libération extra-cellulaire de microARN et de complexes nucléo-protéiques par les cellules infectées par EBV : rôle des exosomes et d’autres transporteurs." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA11T072/document.
Full textThe study of tumoral microenvironment should take into account different modes of intercellular communications: direct contacts between extracellular membranes, secretion and uptake of cytokines and finally emission and uptake of complex biological objects like exosomes and microvesicles.Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with several human malignancies of epithelial origin (Nasopharyngeal carcinoma or NPC) or of lymphoïd origin (post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder or PTLD). In these tumors, malignant cells are latently infected by EBV and release exosomes and microvesicles containing viral nucleic acids and proteins. Studying them will enable a better understanding of tumor-host interactions and the discovery of new markers which could be useful for early diagnostic and the follow-up of the disease under treatment.The first aim of this thesis was to study the release by malignant cells of EBV microRNAs belonging to the BART family and their blood diffusion in patients bearing NPC tumors. For the first time, I’ve shown that exosomes released by NPC cells in vitro contain EBV miR-BART microRNAs. Moreover, ebv-miR-BART7 can be detected in the plasma of NPC patients. Unlike what is observed in vitro, circulating BART microRNAs are not carried by exosomes. Recent data from studies in xenografted mice show that they are carried by extra-cellular complexes which can be immunoprecipitated by anti-Ago2 antibodies. We are currently trying to confirm these data in plasma from NPC patients. This work will ease the use of miR-BARTs as potential biomarkers.The second aim was to study the proteome modifications induced by the EBV Latent Membrane Protein 1 protein (LMP1). I’ve shown that LMP1 expression in lymphoid or epithelial cells infected or not by EBV induces the release of PARP1 in the extra-cellular space. This extra-cellular PARP1 is not carried by exosomes or microvesicles but is embedded in non-vesicular nano-objects containing histones and DNA. We have called these objects “DNA-proteins complexes”. We don’t know how they are produced and released by cells. We think that they are not only secreted by apoptotic cells. Recent data show that this release of extra-cellular PARP1 is associated with PARP1 activation by LMP1 oncoprotein expression. We are trying to prove this hypothesis using cell lines expressing wild type or mutated LMP1. The release and the activation of PARP1 induced by LMP1 expression will help to understand the mechanisms of EBV-associated oncogenesis and auto-immunity
Ghousein, Amani. "MiR-4510 inhibe le développement du carcinome hépatocellulaire en ciblant RAF1 et en inhibant la voie MAPK/ERK." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0020.
Full textAberrant micro(mi)RNA expression signature is a hallmark of many cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a primary malignant liver disease which ranks second in cancer mortality worldwide. Our team previously reported the downregulation of miR-4510 in HCC samples and identified this miRNA as a strong tumor suppressor in liver. Proteomic data analysis collected from Huh7 cells transfected by miR-4510 showed a significant decrease of multiple oncogenes including RAF1 serine/threonine protein kinase. I also found that RAF1 protein level is significantly increased in HCC patients. The role of RAF1 and miR-4510 in HCC being poorly understood, I studied the function of RAF1/miR-4510 pair in tumorigenesis of the liver. My results showed that miR-4510 overexpression significantly decreases both RAF1 protein and mRNA levels and inhibits MAPK/ERK signaling. The dual fluorescence-FunREG assay revealed that miR-4510 directly interacts with RAF1 3’-untranslated region through a unique site. Silencing of RAF1 in two hepatic cell lines by miR-4510 or a specific small interfering RNA suppressed important tumorigenic features (proliferation, migration….) both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, my data suggest that miR-4510 participates in liver carcinogenesis through RAF1 targeting and MAPK/ERK signaling inactivation. In addition, my study suggests that miR-4510-based therapy may represent a promising strategy to treat patients with advanced or refractory HCC
Lozano, Claire. "Rôle de mir-342-3p dans l'hétérogénéité fonctionnelle des ostéoclastes et implication dans l’arthrite auto-immune." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTT016.
Full textMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, single-strand non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in many cellular processes. They play a key role in the regulation of osteoclastogenesis, a process of cell differentiation that leads to the formation of osteoclasts (OCs). OCs are multinucleated cells located in bone tissue that derived from myeloid precursors. OCs are the only cells capable of bone resorption, which role is essential to bone homeostasis and turnover. However, they actively participate in bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic joint inflammation associated with destruction of cartilage and bone. Based on their immunological properties, two OC subsets have been identified, the so called tolerogenic OCs (t-OCs) and inflammatory OCs (i-OCs). Recent studies have shown that the i-OCs associated with arthritis exclusively derive from circulating Ly6Chigh precursors that infiltrate inflamed joints. Combining miRNome and RNA-Seq analyses of t-OC and i-OC subsets, I aimed at identifying miRNAs markers specific for each subset and associated biological pathways. Among the miRNAs associated with i-OCs, I identified miR-342-3p, neither described yet in osteoclastogenesis or in arthritis. I demonstrated that miR-342-3p has a pro-osteoclastic effect in vitro by supporting the early phase of osteoclastogenesis, through the control of survival and motility of the precursors. I optimized the delivery of miR-342-3p agonist or neutralizing molecules in the precursors of i-OCs using the mouse model of autoimmune arthritis (K/BxN serum-transfer arthritis, STA) and the cationic liposome DMAPAP/DOPE. I showed that the systemic or intra-articular administration of miR-342-3p lipoplex selectively targets blood and joint inflammatory Ly6Chigh monocytes, and that in vivo neutralization of miR-342-3p in Ly6Chigh OC precursors of STA mice increased Adam17 expression. I identified Adam17 as a novel target for miR-342-3p. Overall, my data indicate that the in vivo modulation of miR-342-3p expression in i-OC precursors could be a potential therapeutic strategy to reduce bone erosion in arthritis
Henaoui, Imène Sarah. "MiR-199a-5p, un « fibromiR » amplificateur de la voie du TGF-beta dans la fibrose pulmonaire idiopathique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE4136.
Full textIdiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a fibroproliferative disease with poor prognosis and for which no effective treatment exists. The mechanisms of this disease remain poorly understood and involve numerous cell types and growth factors such as TGF-β, which leads to the activation of lung fibroblasts into myofibroblasts; the key cell type driving the fibrogenic process. In this context, we focused the involvement of miRNAs in fibrosis process. To identify miRNAs with potential roles in lung fibrogenesis, we performed a genome-wide assessment of miRNA expression in lungs from two different mouse strains known for their distinct susceptibility to lung fibrosis after bleomycin exposure. We identified miR- 199a-5p as the best candidate associated with lung fibrosis but also kidney and liver fibrosis. I observed that miR-199a-5p expression was induced upon TGF-β exposure, and that its ectopic expression was sufficient to promote the pathogenic activation of pulmonary fibroblasts. Using combination of targets miRNA prediction tools and a transcriptomic approach we identified the Caveolin-1 (CAV-1), a critical mediator of pulmonary fibrosis, as a specific target of miR-199a-5p. Thus, we shown that miR-199a-5p is a key effector of TGF-β signaling in lung fibroblasts by regulating CAV1. Interestingly, inhibition of miR-199a-5p in vitro prevents the differentiation, proliferation and migration of fibroblasts after TGF-β stimulation. Finally, our preclinical results indicate that inhibition of this miRNA decreases fibrosis markers. Thus, miR-199a-5p behaves as a major regulator of tissue fibrosis with therapeutic potency for the treatment of IPF and fibroproliferative diseases
Chevalier, Benoît. "Rôle des microARN dans la différenciation de l'épithélium respiratoire humain : caractérisation de miR-449 comme acteur central de la multiciliogenèse conservé chez les vertébrés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE4131.
Full textIn vertebrates, the coordinated beating of hundreds of motile cilia present at the apical surface of multiciliated cells (MCC) is required for propel directionally flow of biological fluids inside some organs (airways, cerebral ventricles, fallopian tubes or some embryonic structures). Many human diseases are associated with ciliary defects or loss of MCC (ciliary dyskinesia, cystic fibrosis, asthma ...). In this context, my thesis has sought to elucidate the complex mechanisms that control the differentiation of MCC and thus the formation of motile cilia (multiciliogenesis). By functional genomic approaches from two evolutionarily distant models of multiciliated epithelia (human respiratory epithelium and epidermis of Xenopus embryo) we identified the miR-449 family of microRNAs (small non-coding RNAs regulating gene expression) as mainly expressed in MCC. Then, we showed that miR-449 controlled multiciliogenesis by i) blocking the cell cycle ii) directly suppressing the Notch pathway and iii) by inhibiting the expression of the small GTPase R-Ras. Finally, we have demonstrated that all these mechanisms were conserved in vertebrates. In conclusion, miR-449 is a new key and conserved regulator of multiciliogenesis. Our findings could pave the way for new therapeutic strategies using small regulatory RNAs in the treatment of several diseases associated with ciliary defects
Chevalier, Benoît. "Rôle des microARN dans la différenciation de l'épithélium respiratoire humain : caractérisation de miR-449 comme acteur central de la multiciliogenèse conservé chez les vertébrés." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01070643.
Full textGourzones, Claire. "Libération extra-cellulaire de microARN et de complexes nucléo-protéiques par les cellules infectées par EBV : rôle des exosomes et d'autres transporteurs." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00759635.
Full textBardin, Pauline. "Inflammation pulmonaire et rôle des microARN dans la mucoviscidose Small RNA and transcriptome sequencing reveal the role of miR-199a-3p in inflammatory processes in cystic fibrosis airways Mucoviscidose : dans la ligne des miR." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS046.
Full textIn patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), at the pulmonary level, the ionic imbalance caused by CFTR chloride channel dysfunction promoting hyper-inflammation, whose regulatory mechanisms are altered. In this context, the NF-κB pathway is hyper-activated, but the origin of its deregulation remains uncertain. The aim of this work was to study the role of miRNA in pulmonary pathophysiology in CF patients. A small RNAseq analyse on bronchial epithelial cells cultured in air-liquid interface from CF patients and non-CF healthy subjects, allowed to identify miR-199a-3p, which is underexpressed in CF cells and regulates IKKβ directly and consequently the NF κB pathway activation and IL-8 secretion. In CF cells, miR-199a-3p origin is not due to pro-inflammatory context, nor CFTR intrinsic dysfunction but due to intracellular calcium concentration variation whose modulate the miR-199a-3p expression through one of the genes that synthesize it. Moreover, miR-199a-3p expression could be decreased following an infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the most frequently found pathogen in CF airways. MiR-199a-3p can interact with others dysregulated miRNA in CF, the miR-636 and miR-9. MiR-636, an another miR identified by the small RNAseq, is overexpressed in CF cells and regulates negatively IL1R1 and IKKβ and positively RANK. Overexpression of miR-636 allows decreasing NF-κB pathway activation and IL-8, IL-6 secretions. MiR-199a-3p was a potential biomarker of plasma and miR-636 and miR-9 potential neutrophil biomarkers in CF patients vs non-CF. All these results illustrate the pivotal role of miRNA in lung inflammation in cystic fibrosis patients
Mercey, Olivier. "Interactions des microARN de la famille miR-34/449 avec les voies de signalisation intracellulaire : rôle dans la différenciation des cellules multiciliées chez les vertébrés." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR4119/document.
Full textVertebrate multiciliated cells (MCC) project hundreds of motile cilia at their apical surface which coordinately beat to generate a directional fluid flow necessary for many biological functions including airway cleansing. Biogenesis of multiple cilia (multiciliogenesis) follows different key cellular steps corresponding to a cell cycle arrest, a massive multiplication of centrioles which then migrate to the apical surface to form basal bodies, from which cilia elongate. In 2011, my host laboratory evidenced that the miR-34/449 family of microRNAs control vertebrate multiciliogenesis by inducing the cell cycle arrest and by repressing the Notch pathway. My thesis work has revealed a new role of miR-34/449 by demonstrating that they modulate expression and activity of small GTPases to drive the apical reorganization of the actin network, a prerequisite for basal body anchoring. Besides, I have identified and characterized variant sequences of canonical miR-34/449 family, named isomiRs. Whereas these isomiRs share common biological functions with canonical miR-34/449 miRNAs, they may also contribute to a complementary effect by targeting specific transcripts. Finally, the last part of my work has contributed to the identification of the conserved role of the BMP pathway in the control of multiciliogenesis. I have evidenced some molecular mechanisms by which the BMP signal controls this phenomenon. Importantly, I demonstrated that BMP inhibition promotes regeneration of tracheal MCC in vivo in an asthmatic mouse model. Overall, our findings offer an unprecedented opportunity to develop novel therapeutic strategies to treat diseases associated with ciliary disorders
Ammari, Meryem. "Rôle de miR-146a dans la régulation des fonctions monocytaires dans l’arthrite." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON1T020.
Full textIntroduction : Monocytes represent a prototypic cell type when investigating the interplay between immune and skeletal systems as they can give rise to different cell types including dendritic cells, macrophages and osteoclasts (OC), which play key roles in immunity and bone homeostasis. Circulating monocytes consist of at least two main functional subsets, Ly6Chigh and Ly6Clow monocytes. It has been suggested that OC might develop preferentially from the Ly6Chigh monocyte subset, which excessive and prolonged activation is a hallmark of many inflammatory diseases. Among key molecular rheostats of cell fate, micro(mi)RNAs are a class of regulatory RNAs that control basic biological functions and orchestrate inflammatory responses. Few miRNAs have been involved in osteoclastogenesis. The present study aimed at investigating the role of miRNAs in osteoclastogenesis in the context of monocyte subsets, under steady state and inflammatory conditions. Methods & Results : Using genome-wide miRNA expression study we have identified miRNAs and putative targeted pathways that are differentially expressed between Ly6Chigh and LyC6low FACS sorted mouse monocytes, and common to their human counter parts CD14+CD16- and CD14dimCD16+ monocytes, respectively. Among these, miR-146a showed higher expression in Ly6Clow monocytes when compared to Ly6Chigh monocytes. Under inflammatory arthritis conditions, expression of miR-146a in Ly6Chigh monocytes was down regulated as compared to healthy controls. Using mouse deficient for miR-146a, we showed that knockdown of miR-146a increased OC differentiation in vitro. While no bone phenotype was evidenced in miR-146a deficient mice, nor under steady state or ovariectomized conditions, arthritis-induced bone resorption and bone loss were increased in miR-146a knockout mice. Finally, using a liposomal formulation able to delivermiR-146a mimics to Ly6Chigh monocytes upon intravenous injection, we showed that enforced expression of miR-146a led to decreased number of TRAP positive cells within the synovium of arthritic mice, and efficiently reduced bone erosion in inflammatory arthritis. This effect was associated with decreased RelB expression in miR-146a-overexpressing Ly6Chigh osteoclast progenitors. Conclusion : Overall, our results show that specific over-expression of miR-146a in Ly6Chigh monocytes altered OC differentiation and decreased bone erosion in inflammatory arthritis. These data suggest a novel role for miR-146a in controlling osteoclast fate of Ly6Chigh monocyte progenitors and that reduced miR-146a expression in Ly6Chigh monocytes under arthritic conditions contributes to pathogenic bone loss. Finally, delivery of miR-146a mimics to Ly6Chigh monocytes may offer valuable therapeutic potential to interfere with pathological bone loss