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Journal articles on the topic 'Microbial-assisted extraction'
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1
Wu, Hai Bo, Lian Zhou Jiang, Xiu Qing Zhu, Hai Tao Wu, and Yang Li. "Microbial Fermentation Simultaneous Extraction Processing of Oil and Protein from Soybean." Advanced Materials Research 156-157 (October 2010): 1059–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.156-157.1059.
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Although enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction processing (EAEP) is an environmentally friendly alternative technology to hexane extraction of soybean oil，it’s application is limited by enzyme price. This processing employs microbial fermentation to extract oil and protein from a variety of pretreatment full fat soy flours, and optimizes the fermentation conditions using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The results showed that extrusion combination with wet- thermal treatment were beneficial to improving oil and protein extraction, and total oil extraction yield achieve the highest value 95.1% at 7.4% extruded full fat soy flour, 5.4% inoculation volume, the initial pH8.4. At this condition, protein extraction yield reached to 86.1%. These advances make the microbial fermentation extraction processing attractive channel as the front-end of a soybean biorefinery.
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Suri, Shweta, Anupama Singh, Prabhat K. Nema, and Neetu Kumra Taneja. "A Comparative Study on the Debittering of Kinnow (Citrus reticulate L.) Peels: Microbial, Chemical, and Ultrasound-Assisted Microbial Treatment." Fermentation 8, no. 8 (2022): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8080389.
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Kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulate L.) peels are a storehouse of well-known bioactive compounds, viz., polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, limonoids, and tocopherol, which exhibit an effective antioxidant capacity. However, naringin is the most predominant bitter flavanone compound found in Kinnow peels that causes their bitterness. It prohibits the effective utilization of peels in food-based products. In the present study, a novel approach for the debittering of Kinnow peels has been established to tackle this problem. A comparative evaluation of the different debittering methods (chemical, microbial, and ultrasound-assisted microbial treatments) used on Kinnow peel naringin and bioactive compounds was conducted. Among the chemical and microbial method; solid-state fermentation with A. niger led to greater extraction of naringin content (7.08 mg/g) from kinnow peels. Moreover, the numerical process optimization of ultrasound-assisted microbial debittering was performed by the Box–Behnken design (BBD) of a response surface methodology to maximize naringin hydrolysis. Among all three debittering methods, ultrasound-assisted microbial debittering led to a greater hydrolysis of naringin content and reduced processing time. The optimum conditions were ultrasound temperature (40 °C), time (30 min), and A. niger koji extract (1.45%) for the maximum extraction rate of naringin (11.91 mg/g). These debittered Kinnow peels can be utilized as raw material to develop therapeutic food products having a high phytochemical composition without any off-flavors or bitterness.
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Abd, El-Ghany M.N., S.A. Hamdi, R.M. Elbaz, et al. "Development of a Microbial-Assisted Process for Enhanced Astaxanthin Recovery from Crab Exoskeleton Waste." Fermentation 9, no. 6 (2023): 505. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9060505.
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Astaxanthin is a xanthophyll carotenoid possessing impressive nutraceutical, antioxidant, and bioactive merits. Traditionally, astaxanthin is extracted from crustacean wastes via solvent extraction methods. However, the rigid structure of shells that comprise complex proteins and chitin challenges the extraction process. This investigation addressed an efficient microbial-assisted method to facilitate astaxanthin recovery from crab exoskeleton waste utilizing chitinolytic and proteolytic microorganisms. Herein, we evaluated the effect of pretreatment of the exoskeleton waste with a newly isolated probiotic strain, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CPFD8, showing remarkable protease and chitinase activity and a proteolytic Saccharomyces cerevisiae 006-001 before solvent extraction, using acetone/hexane, on astaxanthin recovery. Furthermore, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the recovered astaxanthin were inspected. Results revealed that both strains boosted the astaxanthin yield from the crab (Callinectes sapidus) exoskeleton compared with solvent extraction using acetone/hexane. Under optimum conditions, astaxanthin yield was 217 and 91 µg/g crab exoskeleton in samples treated with B. amyloliquefaciens CPFD8 and S. cerevisiae 006-001, respectively. Interestingly, pretreatment of crab exoskeleton waste with B. amyloliquefaciens CPFD8 yielded more than 6-fold astaxanthin compared with the solvent extraction method that yielded just 35 µg/g. This increase could be attributed to the proteolytic activity of B. amyloliquefaciens CPFD8 that rendered deproteinized shell chitin accessible to chitinase, facilitating the penetration of solvents and the recovery of astaxanthin. The recovered astaxanthin exhibited excellent antioxidant activity in scavenging DPPH or ABTS free radicals with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 50.93 and 17.56 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, the recovered astaxanthin showed a remarkable anti-inflammatory impact on LPS-induced murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells and significantly inhibited the production of nitric oxide, TNF-α, and IL-6 compared with the untreated control. These findings suggest the potential use of the developed microbial-assisted method utilizing chitinolytic and proteolytic B. amyloliquefaciens CPFD8 to maximize the recovery of bioactive astaxanthin from crab (C. sapidus) exoskeleton waste.
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Rossi, Nicola, Clara Grosso, and Cristina Delerue-Matos. "Shrimp Waste Upcycling: Unveiling the Potential of Polysaccharides, Proteins, Carotenoids, and Fatty Acids with Emphasis on Extraction Techniques and Bioactive Properties." Marine Drugs 22, no. 4 (2024): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md22040153.
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Shrimp processing generates substantial waste, which is rich in valuable components such as polysaccharides, proteins, carotenoids, and fatty acids. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the valorization of shrimp waste, mainly shrimp shells, focusing on extraction methods, bioactivities, and potential applications of these bioactive compounds. Various extraction techniques, including chemical extraction, microbial fermentation, enzyme-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and pressurized techniques are discussed, highlighting their efficacy in isolating polysaccharides, proteins, carotenoids, and fatty acids from shrimp waste. Additionally, the bioactivities associated with these compounds, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties, among others, are elucidated, underscoring their potential in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical applications. Furthermore, the review explores current and potential utilization avenues for these bioactive compounds, emphasizing the importance of sustainable resource management and circular economy principles in maximizing the value of shrimp waste. Overall, this review paper aims to provide insights into the multifaceted aspects of shrimp waste valorization, offering valuable information for researchers, industries, and policymakers interested in sustainable resource utilization and waste-management strategies.
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Izza, Ni'matul, Shinta Rosalia Dewi, Ashried Setyanda, et al. "Microwave-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Moringa oleifera seed as anti-biofouling agents in membrane processes." MATEC Web of Conferences 204 (2018): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820403003.
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Moringa seed has known as a coagulant in the water purification process. It is because of the large amount of anti-microbial compounds contained in it. Phenol is one of the most common anti-microbial compounds found in natural materials. The aim of this study was to determine the total phenolic content (TPC) of Moringa seed which was extracted by Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE). Moringa seeds were characterized by FTIR and showed that it contained phenol compounds confirmed by specific peak in some areas. Moringa seeds were characterized by FTIR before extracted. Therefore, MAE was performed by variation of solvent ratios (1: 4, 1: 6, 1: 8) and extraction time (2, 3, 4 min). The highest TPC of 41.78 mg GAE / g dw was reached at 1: 8 solvent ratio and 3-min extraction time.
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He, Nengxin, Qinyuan Wang, Huilian Huang, et al. "A Comprehensive Review on Extraction, Structure, Detection, Bioactivity, and Metabolism of Flavonoids from Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.)." Journal of Food Biochemistry 2023 (March 14, 2023): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/4839124.
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Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is an important plant with homology of medicine and food. It has rich nutritional and medicinal properties. It is used as a traditional Chinese medicine with therapeutic functions of invigorating spleen, relieving cough, eliminating food, eliminating phlegm, dispersing blood stasis, and promoting blood circulation. This review comprehensively summarized flavonoids from sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), including extraction methods (solvent extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, and collaborative extraction), two structure types (18 flavone aglycones and 81 flavone glycosides), detection methods (UV, HPLC, and NMR), bioactivities (antiviral, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, weight-reducing, and hypoglycemic activities), and physiological metabolisms (most of flavonoids are converted into small molecule monophenolic acids through intestinal microbial catabolism). It will supply an important theoretical basis and valuable reference for researching and exploiting sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) in the future. Practical Applications. Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is an edible and medical plant with many functional properties. A comprehensive review on extraction, structure, detection, bioactivity, and metabolism of flavonoids from sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) was made in this paper. This review will provide an important foundation for further studies of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) focusing on its development and utilization.
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Abd El-Ghany, Mohamed N., Salwa A. Hamdi, Reham M. Elbaz, et al. "Development of a Microbial-Assisted Process for Enhanced Astaxanthin Recovery from Crab Exoskeleton Waste." Fermentation 9, no. 6 (2023): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9060505.
Full textAbstract:
Astaxanthin is a xanthophyll carotenoid possessing impressive nutraceutical, antioxidant, and bioactive merits. Traditionally, astaxanthin is extracted from crustacean wastes via solvent extraction methods. However, the rigid structure of shells that comprise complex proteins and chitin challenges the extraction process. This investigation addressed an efficient microbial-assisted method to facilitate astaxanthin recovery from crab exoskeleton waste utilizing chitinolytic and proteolytic microorganisms. Herein, we evaluated the effect of pretreatment of the exoskeleton waste with a newly isolated probiotic strain, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CPFD8, showing remarkable protease and chitinase activity and a proteolytic Saccharomyces cerevisiae 006-001 before solvent extraction, using acetone/hexane, on astaxanthin recovery. Furthermore, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the recovered astaxanthin were inspected. Results revealed that both strains boosted the astaxanthin yield from the crab (Callinectes sapidus) exoskeleton compared with solvent extraction using acetone/hexane. Under optimum conditions, astaxanthin yield was 217 and 91 µg/g crab exoskeleton in samples treated with B. amyloliquefaciens CPFD8 and S. cerevisiae 006-001, respectively. Interestingly, pretreatment of crab exoskeleton waste with B. amyloliquefaciens CPFD8 yielded more than 6-fold astaxanthin compared with the solvent extraction method that yielded just 35 µg/g. This increase could be attributed to the proteolytic activity of B. amyloliquefaciens CPFD8 that rendered deproteinized shell chitin accessible to chitinase, facilitating the penetration of solvents and the recovery of astaxanthin. The recovered astaxanthin exhibited excellent antioxidant activity in scavenging DPPH or ABTS free radicals with IC50 values of 50.93 and 17.56 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, the recovered astaxanthin showed a remarkable anti-inflammatory impact on LPS-induced murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells and significantly inhibited the production of nitric oxide, TNF-α, and IL-6 compared with the untreated control. These findings suggest the potential use of the developed microbial-assisted method utilizing chitinolytic and proteolytic B. amyloliquefaciens CPFD8 to maximize the recovery of bioactive astaxanthin from crab (C. sapidus) exoskeleton waste.
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Schein, Dinalva, Maicon S. N. Santos, Silvana Schmaltz, et al. "Microbial Prospection for Bioherbicide Production and Evaluation of Methodologies for Maximizing Phytotoxic Activity." Processes 10, no. 10 (2022): 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10102001.
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The occurrence of several weeds in crops of high economic value directly affects grain yield. This scenario led to the mass investigation of chemical products that circumvent these adversities and provide control potential. Nonetheless, the excessive application of chemical herbicides has generated significant concerns about the environment. Accordingly, the adoption of alternative practices, such as the application of microbial metabolites, emerges as strategic control actions, having a sustainability bias and allowing the reduction of risks of human and animal contamination. Appropriately, this study proposed to conduct a microbial prospection of microorganisms capable of producing secondary metabolites to inhibit growth and generate phytotoxicity in weeds. Furthermore, to increase the herbicidal activity, different strategies were evaluated involving microbial co-cultivation and ultrasound-assisted extraction after fermentation. Accordingly, 63 microorganisms were isolated from weeds with disease symptoms and submitted separately to submerged fermentation. Initially, the bioherbicidal activity was evaluated in Cucumis sativus plants, and the most promising were applied in Amaranthus hybridus and Echinochloa crusgalli. Treatments with fermented broth obtained from co-cultivation and ultrasound-assisted extraction after the fermentation process indicated an inhibition of plant development. The most promising strains were A14.2 and B22.2 (Nigrospora sphaerica), B14 (Bacillus velezensis), and γ (Aspergillus flavus).
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Ramaswamy, Ramya, and Sivaneasan Bala Krishnan. "Pulsed Electric Field Treatment in Extracting Proteins from Legumes: A Review." Processes 12, no. 12 (2024): 2667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12122667.
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A healthy diet rich in plant proteins can help in preventing chronic degenerative diseases. Plant-based protein consists of derivatives from algae, fungi (like mushrooms) and other plant products including stems, leaves, fruits, vegetables, grains, seeds, legumes and nuts. These sources are not only rich in protein, but also contain a high percentage of iron, calcium, folates, fiber, carbohydrates, fats etc. Hence, it is essential to explore plant-based protein sources and their other nutritional components to address existing food insecurity issues. Nowadays, the impact of food processing has produced promising results in extracting valuable bio-compounds including proteins from the plant matrix. In this view, PEF technology has secured an exceptional place in solving food quality issues through minimized thermal effects in the samples, improved extraction capabilities at a shorter time, higher extraction levels, high nutritional content of extracted samples, greater shelf-life extension and increased microbial killing efficiency. It is an energy efficient process which is used as a pre-treatment to increase selective extraction of intracellular compounds through electroporation technique. Here, the processing parameters play a significant role in obtaining enhanced extraction levels. These parameters have also considerably influenced the protein digestibility and amino acid modification. So far, PEF has been producing remarkable results in plant protein extraction research. Among various plant sources mentioned above, there is a limited literature available on the use of PEF-assisted protein extraction from legumes. In this review, the authors have discussed essential legumes and their nutritional components and have highlighted how PEF can be beneficial in extracting the protein levels from these sources. Further research should focus on PEF-assisted protein extraction from legumes, specifically analyzing the properties of protein quality and quantity.
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Bocaz‐Beltrán, Jorge, Sebastián Rocha, Fernanda Pinto‐Ibieta, Gustavo Ciudad, and Mara Cea. "Novel alternative recovery of polyhydroxyalkanoates from mixed microbial cultures using microwave‐assisted extraction." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 96, no. 9 (2021): 2596–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.6802.
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Błaszak, Magdalena, Sabina Lachowicz-Wiśniewska, Ireneusz Kapusta, Małgorzata Szewczuk, and Ireneusz Ochmian. "Enhanced Extraction of Polyphenols, Physicochemical Properties, and Microbial Control in Vitis vinifera L. Juice Using Ultrasound-Assisted Maceration." Molecules 30, no. 3 (2025): 587. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30030587.
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Polyphenols are essential bioactive compounds that contribute to the nutritional and sensory properties of grape juice and wine. This study investigates the impact of ultrasound-assisted maceration (UAM) compared to traditional maceration (TM) techniques, under both warm and cold conditions, on the polyphenol content, physicochemical properties, and microbial counts of juice from Vitis vinifera L. Ultrasound-assisted maceration significantly enhanced the extraction of polyphenols, including anthocyanins, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, and stilbenes, within a shorter processing time. The total polyphenol content increased up to 689.3 mg/L under UAM, while TM required extended maceration periods to achieve comparable results. In addition to polyphenol enrichment, UAM resulted in improved physicochemical properties, including higher extract content (% Brix) and increased turbidity (NTU), with minimal impact on pH and acidity levels. Microbial counts in juice remained low under UAM, indicating that this method may also have antimicrobial benefits due to the cavitation effects of ultrasound. Conversely, TM under warm conditions led to a reduction in extract content and nitrogen availability due to fermentation processes initiated during prolonged maceration. The findings highlight that UAM is a highly efficient technique for enhancing the polyphenol profile of grape juice while preserving key physicochemical parameters and microbial decontamination. This study provides valuable insights for the beverage industry, suggesting that UAM can be a sustainable and time-efficient alternative to traditional maceration methods for producing high-quality grape-based beverages.
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Kok, Tjie, Natasha Florenika, Mangihot Tua Gultom, Popy Hartatie Hardjo, and Muhannad Illayan Massadeh. "Mini-Review: Extraction of Patchouli Oil from Pogostemon cablin Benth. Leaves." E3S Web of Conferences 374 (2023): 00036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337400036.
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Pogostemon cablin Benth. var ‘Sidikalang’ leaves are the main source of patchouli oil which is used in the cosmetics and perfume industry because of its better fixative nature and provides the foreign exchange of around 60 % of Indonesia’s essential oil export revenues and is the largest patchouli oil supplier in the world with a contribution of 90 %. But apparently, several studies found that patchouli oil also has pharmacological activity such as aromatherapy, anti-influenza, antioxidants, and anti-microbial. This proves that leaves patchouli oil can be used as alternative medicine. Patchouli oil is composed of 20 main constituents, but the most important role as a determinant of the quality of patchouli oil is sesquiterpene patchouli alcohol (PA). The right extraction method is the most important factor so that the quality of patchouli oil is well maintained during the extraction process. Some methods that have been used for patchouli oil extraction include soxhlet, hydrodistillation, microwave-assisted hydrodistillation, microwave–air hydrodistillation, and water–bubble distillation. Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation and water–bubble distillation methods are more efficient methods for patchouli oil extraction. The microwave-assisted hydrodistillation method produces a yield of 1.9437 to 2.7227 % with a PA content of 26.32 % within 120 min to 126 min, and the water–bubble distillation method produces a yield of 2.40 % with a PA content of 61.53 % within 360 min.
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Jug, Mario, Ognjen Karas, and Ivan Kosalec. "The Influence of Extraction Parameters on Antimicrobial Activity of Propolis Extracts." Natural Product Communications 12, no. 1 (2017): 1934578X1701200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1701200113.
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The extraction optimization of the poplar-type propolis was performed in order to improve the isolation of flavonoids as well as the corresponding antimicrobial activity of the products obtained. The efficiency of flavonoids extraction depended upon the type of extraction media used, following the rank 80% ethanol >40 ethanol>> water, regardless of pH value. Ultrasound assisted extraction was as efficient as the maceration procedure, offering additional benefits such as short duration time and low extraction temperature. The antimicrobial efficiency of extracts prepared with 80 and 40% ethanol against the tested microbial stains was comparable, regardless of the extraction technique used, while aqueous extracts mainly showed scarce activity. Observed activity against the yeast Candida albicans strongly correlated with flavones and flavonols content in extracts prepared (r2=0.8217), while regression analysis showed that beside flavonoids, some other components which were successfully extracted from the crude propolis contributed to the observed antimicrobial efficiency against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus.
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Junsathian, Pimmada, Soichiro Nakamura, Shigeru Katayama, and Saroat Rawdkuen. "Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Thai Edible Plant Extracts Prepared Using Different Extraction Techniques." Molecules 27, no. 19 (2022): 6489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196489.
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This study investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of six Thai edible plant leaf extracts, including Cashew (CN), Chamuang (CM), Monpu (MP), Thurianthet (TT), Kradon (KD) and Pakliang (PL), extracted using ethanol extraction (EE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). The leaf extracts were characterized for percentage yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and-ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activity, and antimicrobial activity against spoilage. MAE produced the highest percentage yields, among which MAE-extracted MP exhibited the highest yield. Furthermore, the highest TPC and TFC were obtained for MAE, with MAE-extracted KD and CN showing the highest TPC and TFC, respectively, among the samples. The highest DPPH and FRAP values were seen in MAE-processed CN, KD, and MP extracts. The inhibition zone of pathogenic bacteria, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bacterial concentration were determined in all samples except TT. These findings indicate that, compared to EE and UAE, MAE improved the antioxidant and antimicrobial efficacy of the leaf extracts. The aforementioned extracts could be employed as natural food additives to prevent chemical and microbial spoilage of foods.
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Gajjar, Nirali J., Manish V. Shah, and Rakeshkumar R. Panchal. "Microbial-assisted extraction of bentonite from waste drilling fluid: A sustainable approach for waste management." Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 51 (August 2023): 102773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2023.102773.
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Ihua, Maureen, Freddy Guihéneuf, Halimah Mohammed, et al. "Microbial Population Changes in Decaying Ascophyllum nodosum Result in Macroalgal-Polysaccharide-Degrading Bacteria with Potential Applicability in Enzyme-Assisted Extraction Technologies." Marine Drugs 17, no. 4 (2019): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17040200.
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Seaweeds are of significant interest in the food, pharmaceutical, and agricultural industries as they contain several commercially relevant bioactive compounds. Current extraction methods for macroalgal-derived metabolites are, however, problematic due to the complexity of the algal cell wall which hinders extraction efficiencies. The use of advanced extraction methods, such as enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), which involve the application of commercial algal cell wall degrading enzymes to hydrolyze the cell wall carbohydrate network, are becoming more popular. Ascophyllum nodosum samples were collected from the Irish coast and incubated in artificial seawater for six weeks at three different temperatures (18 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C) to induce decay. Microbial communities associated with the intact and decaying macroalga were examined using Illumina sequencing and culture-dependent approaches, including the novel ichip device. The bacterial populations associated with the seaweed were observed to change markedly upon decay. Over 800 bacterial isolates cultured from the macroalga were screened for the production of algal cell wall polysaccharidases and a range of species which displayed multiple hydrolytic enzyme activities were identified. Extracts from these enzyme-active bacterial isolates were then used in EAE of phenolics from Fucus vesiculosus and were shown to be more efficient than commercial enzyme preparations in their extraction efficiencies.
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Malik, Sumira, Archna Dhasmana, Subham Preetam, et al. "Exploring Microbial-Based Green Nanobiotechnology for Wastewater Remediation: A Sustainable Strategy." Nanomaterials 12, no. 23 (2022): 4187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12234187.
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Water scarcity due to contamination of water resources with different inorganic and organic contaminants is one of the foremost global concerns. It is due to rapid industrialization, fast urbanization, and the low efficiency of traditional wastewater treatment strategies. Conventional water treatment strategies, including chemical precipitation, membrane filtration, coagulation, ion exchange, solvent extraction, adsorption, and photolysis, are based on adopting various nanomaterials (NMs) with a high surface area, including carbon NMs, polymers, metals-based, and metal oxides. However, significant bottlenecks are toxicity, cost, secondary contamination, size and space constraints, energy efficiency, prolonged time consumption, output efficiency, and scalability. On the contrary, green NMs fabricated using microorganisms emerge as cost-effective, eco-friendly, sustainable, safe, and efficient substitutes for these traditional strategies. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art microbial-assisted green NMs and strategies including microbial cells, magnetotactic bacteria (MTB), bio-augmentation and integrated bioreactors for removing an extensive range of water contaminants addressing the challenges associated with traditional strategies. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the efficacies of microbe-assisted green NM-based water remediation strategy with the traditional practices in light of crucial factors like reusability, regeneration, removal efficiency, and adsorption capacity has been presented. The associated challenges, their alternate solutions, and the cutting-edge prospects of microbial-assisted green nanobiotechnology with the integration of advanced tools including internet-of-nano-things, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence have been discussed. This review opens a new window to assist future research dedicated to sustainable and green nanobiotechnology-based strategies for environmental remediation applications.
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Rajkowska, Katarzyna, Dorota Simińska, and Alina Kunicka-Styczyńska. "Bioactivities and Microbial Quality of Lycium Fruits (Goji) Extracts Derived by Various Solvents and Green Extraction Methods." Molecules 27, no. 22 (2022): 7856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227856.
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Goji berries, known for their health-promoting properties, are increasingly consumed around the world, often in the form of naturally- or freeze-dried fruits, further unprocessed. The aim of the study was to obtain dried goji berries extracts, characterized by high bioactivity and safety in terms of microbial contamination for the consumer. In the study, various solvents (water, ethanol, acetone, ethyl lactate, sunflower oil) and green extraction methods (heating and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)) were used. In goji extracts, antioxidant activity and carotenoids content as bioactivity indicators, as well as total number of microorganisms were determined. Boiling of powdered dried goji fruits in water resulted in extracts with the best features, i.e., with high antioxidant properties (2.75–4.06 μmol of Trolox equivalent (TE)/mL), moderate to high content of carotenoids (0.67–1.86 mg/mL), and a reduced number of microorganisms compared with fruits. Extracts in 50% ethanol and 50% acetone were characterized primarily by very high antioxidant activity (3.09–4.90 μmol TE/mL). The high content of carotenoids (0.98–3.79 mg/mL) and high microbial quality (<10 CFU/g) were obtained by extraction in ethyl lactate by the UAE method. The results could be useful in the development of functional food based on goji berry ingredients.
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Ferdosh, Sahena. "The Extraction of Bioactive Agents from Calophyllum inophyllum L., and Their Pharmacological Properties." Scientia Pharmaceutica 92, no. 1 (2024): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/scipharm92010006.
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Calophyllum inophyllum L. has been used for many generations by Pacific Islanders because of its numerous health and aesthetic advantages. The leaves, stems, roots, fruits, flowers, and seeds of this plant contain significant phytochemicals, including flavonoids, coumarins, fatty acids, and xanthones, which have been shown to have wound healing, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiaging, anti-arthritic, anti-cancer, anti-proliferative, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, and anti-HIV effects. The chemical profiles and bioactive potential may vary due to different extraction techniques, plant parts, and geographical origins. Extraction is the essential first step in the analysis of bioactive compounds that leads to further separation, identification, and characterization. Conventional methods like maceration, Soxhlet, and percolation are often used to extract bioactive compounds from C. inophyllum. However, little study has been carried out on non-conventional methods such as pressured liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and ultrasound-assisted extraction. The SFE method can be used to extract bioactive compounds from C. inophyllum to retain their pharmacological properties for application in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products.
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Nisca, Adrian, Ruxandra Ștefănescu, Cadmiel Moldovan, et al. "Optimization of Microwave Assisted Extraction Conditions to Improve Phenolic Content and In Vitro Antioxidant and Anti-Microbial Activity in Quercus cerris Bark Extracts." Plants 11, no. 3 (2022): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11030240.
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The species of the Quercus genus, including Quercus cerris L., are widely used and their wood represents a valuable material utilized for various purposes. The intense industrial processing of wood results in a considerable amount of poorly-used natural by-products, such as bark, and a loss of potentially useful raw materials. Thus, the aim of our study was to evaluate the phytochemical characteristics and potential biological activities of Quercus cerris bark extracts obtained by optimizing the parameters of microwave assisted extraction (MAE). The optimum conditions for MAE were determined using a design of experiments (DoE) model, which set the experimental variables (irradiation time and microwave power) and their values. Aqueous and hydroalcoholic extractions were performed and the optimum parameters of extraction were determined for both solvents. The total polyphenolic and tannin contents were determined. The biological activities representative of antioxidant capacity were determined using two free radical scavenging methods, the DPPH and ABTS methods, and the antibacterial activity was assessed with the microdilution method. The results showed different optimal extraction conditions for aqueous (30 min at 850 W) and hydroalcoholic (18 min at 650 W) extracts. A higher yield of total polyphenols was observed in the hydroalcoholic bark extract (403.73 ± 7.35 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dried weight); however a lower level of tannins was registered in comparison to the aqueous extract. In addition, both extracts exerted high antioxidant activities, with the aqueous extracts having a stronger inhibitory effect against the DPPH radical. Moreover, the extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strains, especially against the Gram-positive strains and Klebsiella pneumoniae, with the hydroalcoholic extracts being more efficient overall. To conclude, the optimized MAE was an efficient method to extract phytochemical compounds with potential biological effects from Quercus cerris bark.
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Al Rubaiy, Hassan Hadi Mehdi, Ammar Altemimi, Ali Khudair Jaber Al Rikabi, Naoufal Lakhssassi, and Anubhav Pratap-Singh. "Sustainable Biosynthesis of Antioxidants from Koji Rice Fermented with Aspergillus flavus Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (2021): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010430.
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The present study proposes microwave-assisted extraction as a sustainable technique for the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds from rice fermented with Aspergillus flavus (koji). First, fermentation conditions (i.e., pH from 3–12, five temperatures from 20–40 °C, and four culture-fermentation media viz. wheat, wheat bran, malt and rice) were optimized for producing microbial bioactive compounds. Microwave extraction was performed at 2450 MHz and 500 W for 20, 30, and 40 s with seven solvents (distilled water, ethyl acetate, hexane, ethanol, chloroform, diethyl ether, and methanol). The obtained results revealed that ethyl acetate is the most appropriate solvent for extraction. Effects of this ethyl acetate extract were compared with a commercial synthetic antioxidant. Antioxidant properties were enhanced by preventing the oxidation of the linoleic acid (C18H32O2) with an inhibition rate (antioxidant efficacy) of 73.13%. Notably, the ferrous ion binding ability was marginally lower when compared to the disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Additionally, the obtained total content of phenolic compounds in the ethyl acetate extract of fermented rice (koji) by Aspergillus flavus was 232.11 mg based on gallic acid/mL. Antioxidant compounds in the ethyl acetate extract of fermented rice showed stability under neutral conditions, as well as at high temperatures reaching 185 °C during 2 h, but were unstable under acidic and alkaline conditions. The results demonstrate the efficacy of novel microwave-assisted extraction technique for accelerating antioxidant production during rice fermentation.
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Arachchi, Maduni Paththuwe, Athira Subhash, Gafar Bamigbade, et al. "Prebiotic potential of Ceratonia siliqua polysaccharides: Ultrasound-assisted extraction enhances gut microbial diversity and metabolic activity." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 311 (June 2025): 143757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.143757.
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Rahim, Muhammad Abdul, Aurbab Shoukat, Waseem Khalid, et al. "A Narrative Review on Various Oil Extraction Methods, Encapsulation Processes, Fatty Acid Profiles, Oxidative Stability, and Medicinal Properties of Black Seed (Nigella sativa)." Foods 11, no. 18 (2022): 2826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11182826.
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The current review investigates the effects of black seed (Nigella sativa) on human health, which is also used to encapsulate and oxidative stable in different food products. In recent decades, many extraction methods, such as cold pressing, supercritical fluid extraction, Soxhlet extraction, hydro distillation (HD) method, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction, steam distillation, and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) have been used to extract the oils from black seeds under optimal conditions. Black seed oil contains essential fatty acids, in which the major fatty acids are linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids. The oxidative stability of black seed oil is very low, due to various environmental conditions or factors (temperature and light) affecting the stability. The oxidative stability of black seed oil has been increased by using encapsulation methods, including nanoprecipitation, ultra-sonication, spray-drying, nanoprecipitation, electrohydrodynamic, atomization, freeze-drying, a electrospray technique, and coaxial electrospraying. Black seed, oil, microcapsules, and their components have been used in various food processing, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetics industries as functional ingredients for multiple purposes. Black seed and oil contain thymoquinone as a major component, which has anti-oxidant, -diabetic, -inflammatory, -cancer, -viral, and -microbial properties, due to its phenolic compounds. Many clinical and experimental studies have indicated that the black seed and their by-products can be used to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, chronic cancer, diabetes, oxidative stress, polycystic ovary syndrome, metabolic disorders, hypertension, asthma, and skin disorders. In this review, we are focusing on black seed oil composition and increasing the stability using different encapsulation methods. It is used in various food products to increase the human nutrition and health properties.
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Montefrio, Joshua, Chennille Galvan, Shelyn Dionela, Ivanne Guillermo, and Christopher Caipang. "Turning losses into opportunities: waste valorization and its potential application in the production of Philippine commodities." Journal of Biological Studies 8, no. 1 (2025): 1–33. https://doi.org/10.62400/jbs.v8i1.13537.
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This paper systematically reviewed the current technological advancements in the valorization of different wastes and by-products as raw materials for major industries in the Philippines. Such innovations mitigated environmental concerns, enhanced the value and sustainable utilization of by-products, and addressed issues of resource depletion. All articles that were considered in this review were thoroughly investigated, passed the exclusion criteria, and were divided according to the application of the product in the following industries: agriculture, food, and biofuel. The paper identified food wastes, organic industrial wastes, agricultural by-products, municipal wastes, and pharmaceutical by-products as the key sources for valorization. Processes including microbial fermentation, enzymatic digestion, dehydration, enzyme extraction, and homogenization had been explored to convert agricultural commodities, including growth media, substrates, fertilizers, and foodstuffs. In the food industry, valorization focused on the utilization of the nutritional value of by-products and the extraction of bioactive compounds. Emerging valorization methods to obtain these desired compounds included microwave-assisted extraction, microbe-assisted bioconversion of bio-based compounds, drying and milling, and fermentation, among others. For bioethanol production, the integration of alkali/acid and autohydrolysis pretreatments was combined with microwave or ultrasonic assistance techniques as well as simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation. In biodiesel production, a synergistic approach involving acid pretreatments, bio-, nano-, or alkaline catalysts, and assisted transesterification methods had been adopted. In conclusion, the wide range of applications of advanced valorization techniques to diverse waste and by-product streams was being rigorously explored. This approach drove the sustainable production of high-value products and opened new avenues for industrial applications, paving the way to a more sustainable and resource-efficient future. Ultimately, future research focusing on optimized valorization techniques to enhance the efficiency and scalability of waste by-product utilization in the Philippines was recommended.
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Omran, Ziad, Ammar Bader, Amalia Porta, et al. "Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Triphala Constituents and Nanoformulation." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (August 3, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6976973.
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The prevalence of nosocomial infections due to multidrug resistant (MDR) bacterial strains is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Folk medicine and ethnopharmacological data can provide a broad range of plants with promising antimicrobial activity. Triphala, an Ayurvedic formula composed of three different plants: Terminalia chebula Retz., Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. (Combretaceae), and Phyllanthus emblica L. (Phyllanthaceae), is used widely for various microbial infections. Various extraction techniques were applied in the extraction of the biologically active constituents of Triphala in order to compare their efficiency. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was shown to be the most efficient method based on yield, extraction time, and selectivity. The Triphala hydroalcoholic extract (TAE) has been chemically characterized with spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques. Triphala hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated alone or with carvacrol. Different drug formulations including cream and nanoemulsion hydrogel were prepared to assess the antimicrobial activity against selected microorganism strains including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. We used a lipophilic oil of carvacrol (5 mg/mL) and a hydrophilic TAE (5 mg/mL) ingredient in a dosage form. Two solutions were created: hydrogel containing nanoemulsion as a lipophilic vector dispersed in the gel as a hydrophilic vehicle and a cream formulation, an oil-in-water emulsion. In both cases, the concentration was 250 mg of active ingredient in 50 mL of final formulation. The formulas developed were stable from a physical and chemical perspective. In the nanoemulsion hydrogel, the oil droplet size ranged from 124 to 129 nm, with low polydispersity index (PdI) 0.132 ± 0.013 and negative zeta potential −46.4 ± 4.3 mV. For the cream, the consistency factor (cetyl alcohol and white wax) induced immobilization of the matrix structure and the stability. Triphala hydroalcoholic extract in drug nanoformulation illustrated might be an adjuvant antimicrobial agent for treating various microbial infections.
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Mozafari, Laleh, Lorena Martínez-Zamora, Marina Cano-Lamadrid, Perla A. Gómez, and Francisco Artés-Hernández. "Boosting Antioxidant Quality in Cucumber Beverages with Encapsulated Tomato Carotenoids." Antioxidants 14, no. 3 (2025): 354. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14030354.
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Tomato by-products are widely generated during processing, which deserve revalorization due to being rich in bioactive compounds that can be incorporated into novel formulas. This study explores the use of tomato by-products as a source of pigments and antioxidant compounds to develop a seasoned cucumber beverage enriched with encapsulated carotenoids. Extracts from industrial tomato pomace were obtained using ultrasound-assisted extraction (USAE) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), and then encapsulated by spray-drying with inulin (I), maltodextrin (M), or a maltodextrin–inulin blend (MI). The powders were added to a cucumber beverage treated with high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and stored for 28 days at 4 °C. Physicochemical properties, microbial load, carotenoid content (U-HPLC), free phenolic content (FPC), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were monitored. Beverage samples with maltodextrin (ASE-M, USAE-M) and the maltodextrin–inulin blend (ASE-MI, USAE-MI) showed superior color stability and pH maintenance. USAE-MI achieved the highest TAC at the end of storage and ensured microbial safety by reducing mesophilic bacteria, molds, and yeast. During storage, FPC declined (to ~3.5–5 mg 100 mL−1), TAC increased (to ~16–20 mg 100 mL−1), and carotenoid was kept stable (~9–13 mg L−1). These results highlight the potential of combining HHP with tomato by-product encapsulates to improve the shelf life, quality, pigment stability, and antioxidant properties of vegetable-based beverages.
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Baidas, Salem, Khaled Al-Deyain, Xiaoguang Meng, and Baoyu Gao. "Biological Reduction of Perchlorate from Spent Modified Reed Mediated by an Enriched Microbial Culture." Journal of Chemistry 2023 (February 3, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5124392.
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Disposal of untreated perchlorate-laden modified reed (MR) generated in the treatment of contaminated water risks further contamination issues. The primary aim of this study was to assess the enriched microbial culture (EMC)-mediated biodegradation of perchlorate bound to spent quaternary amine-MR adsorbent. The culture was enriched to utilize perchlorate as an electron acceptor and brewer’s yeast as an electron donor. Kinetics experiments were performed to determine biodegradation rates and the total time for complete removal. The secondary aim of this research was the development and testing of a microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)-facilitated accurate perchlorate quantitation method. Extraction efficiency was optimized by adjusting the nitric acid concentration, resulting in 90 ± 5% recovery. Results show that EMC can degrade aqueous perchlorate effectively and consistently. EMC can also effectively degrade adsorbed perchlorate from spent MR. In conclusion, anaerobic biodegradation of perchlorate from spent MR can be used as an efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly alternative or supplement to other treatment options, such as ion exchange and incineration. This approach can also be an effective solution to the waste generated by using MR to remove perchlorate from contaminated water.
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Wu, Yun, Chuan-Hai Li, Juan Zhao, Yong-Liang Xiao, and Hui Cao. "Metaproteome of the microbial community in paddy soil after long-term treatment with mineral and organic fertilizers." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 61, no. 3-4 (2015): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15659801.2015.1137438.
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The soil microbial community research conducted in the field has focused on the genetic diversity of these organisms. In this study, we assessed the proteins expressed in soil microbial communities following the long-term application of mineral fertilizer (NPK) and organic manure (M) to paddy soil, indirect extraction method and separated via two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis and identified using a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) approach. We found that the number of cells in the primary soil in the M treatment was significantly greater than in the NPK and CK treatments. The numbers of cells extracted were consistent with the total cell numbers and the concentration of extracted proteins (CK < NPK < M). 303 and 306 protein spots being detected in the CK map and NPK map, respectively. Eleven spots of interest were identified in the 2D gels, including 8 different protein spots and 3 unique protein spots. Three common proteins involved in protein hydrolysis and glutamate synthesis and metabolism. Eight differentially expressed proteins involved in DNA replication, transcription, protein folding and energy metabolism, the processes of cofactor and vitamin metabolism, transcriptional regulation, recombination and xenobiotic compound biodegradation and metabolism. The long-term application of fertilization resulted in significant changes in the microbial community structure and function, and the long-term application of pig manure significantly increased the microbial biomass and the functional and structural diversity in the soil. It is very interesting to address the MS identification of intracellular proteins from microbial communities under different fertilizer treatments in a paddy soil.
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Kulkarni, Kavita, Yogesh Wadhavane, Yogesh Chendake, and Anand Kulkarni. "Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Antimicrobial Nano-Films from Water Hyacinth <i>(Eichhornia crassipes)</i> and Roselle <i>(Hibiscus sabdariffa</i>) Plant Extract." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 56 (May 20, 2022): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-ixf3fr.
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Cellulose based nanofilms have large applications in biomedical and related fields due to their antimicrobial properties. Their applicability depends upon purity of cellulose, composition, and structural properties of films. The nanofilms of cellulose extracted from Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and Roselle (Hibiscus Sabdariffa) plant possesses excellent properties for biomedical applications due to their biological origin and ZnO or other metal loading properties. Microwave assisted physical separation of cellulose provided excellent films formation properties and ZnO loading compared without any chemical traces. The presence of chemical impurities to affects structural, morphological properties and contact angle. It affects the biomedical applicability of cellulose based films. The microwave-based extraction was further assisted by use of polyethylene glycol with molecular weight 600, which increases the solubility and extractability of cellulose to 90 %. Formed films showed higher contact angle and hydrophobicity. This increased hydrophobicity of cellulosic nanofilms showed enhanced antimicrobial activities towards gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria by water hyacinth nanofilms. Thus, microwave-based synthesis of cellulose nanofilms resulted into enhanced microbial activities.
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Streimikyte, Paulina, Jurgita Kailiuviene, Edita Mazoniene, et al. "The Biochemical Alteration of Enzymatically Hydrolysed and Spontaneously Fermented Oat Flour and Its Impact on Pathogenic Bacteria." Foods 11, no. 14 (2022): 2055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11142055.
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Avena sativa (A. sativa) oats have recently made a comeback as suitable alternative raw materials for dairy substitutes due to their functional properties. Amylolytic and cellulolytic enzyme-assisted modifications of oats produce new products that are more appealing to consumers. However, the biochemical and functional alteration of products and extracts requires careful selection of raw materials, enzyme cocktails, and technological aspects. This study compares the biochemical composition of different A. sativa enzyme-assisted water extracts and evaluates their microbial growth using spontaneous fermentation and the antimicrobial properties of the ferment extracts. Fibre content, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity were evaluated using traditional methodologies. The degradation of A. sativa flour was captured using scanning electron microscopy (SEM); moreover, sugar and oligosaccharide alteration were identified using HPLC and HPLC-SEC after INFOGEST in vitro digestion (IVD). Additionally, taste differentiation was performed using an electronic tongue with principal component analysis. The oat liquid extracts were continuously fermented using two ancient fermentation starters, birch sap and Tibetan kefir grains. Both starters contain lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which has major potential for use in bio-preservation. In fermented extracts, antimicrobial properties against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and group A streptococci as well as Gram-negative opportunistic bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were also determined. SEM images confirmed the successful incorporation of enzymes into the oat flour. The results indicate that using enzyme-assisted extraction significantly increased TPC and antioxidant activity in both the extract and residues. Additionally, carbohydrates with a molecular mass (MM) of over 70,000 kDa were reduced to 7000 kDa and lower after the incorporation of amylolytic and cellulolytic enzymes. The MM impacted the variation in microbial fermentation, which demonstrated favourable antimicrobial properties. The results demonstrated promising applications for developing functional products and components using bioprocessing as an innovative tool.
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Gogoi, Shikhapriyom, Puja Das, Prakash Kumar Nayak, et al. "Optimizing Quality and Shelf-Life Extension of Bor-Thekera (Garcinia pedunculata) Juice: A Thermosonication Approach with Artificial Neural Network Modeling." Foods 13, no. 3 (2024): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13030497.
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This study investigated the quality characteristics of pasteurized and thermosonicated bor-thekera (Garcinia pedunculata) juices (TSBTJs) during storage at 4 °C for 30 days. Various parameters, including pH, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble content (TSSs), antioxidant activity (AA), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), ascorbic acid content (AAC), cloudiness (CI) and browning indexes (BI), and microbial activity, were analyzed at regular intervals and compared with the quality parameters of fresh bor-thekera juice (FBTJ). A multi-layer artificial neural network (ANN) was employed to model and optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction of bor-thekera juice. The impacts of storage time, treatment time, and treatment temperature on the quality attributes were also explored. The TSBTJ demonstrated the maximum retention of nutritional attributes compared with the pasteurized bor-thekera juice (PBTJ). Additionally, the TSBTJ exhibited satisfactory results for microbiological activity, while the PBTJ showed the highest level of microbial inactivation. The designed ANN exhibited low mean squared error values and high R2 values for the training, testing, validation, and overall datasets, indicating a strong relationship between the actual and predicted results. The optimal extraction parameters generated by the ANN included a treatment time of 30 min, a frequency of 44 kHz, and a temperature of 40 °C. In conclusion, thermosonicated juices, particularly the TSBTJ, demonstrated enhanced nutritional characteristics, positioning them as valuable reservoirs of bioactive components suitable for incorporation in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The study underscores the efficacy of ANN as a predictive tool for assessing bor-thekera juice extraction efficiency. Moreover, the use of thermosonication emerged as a promising alternative to traditional thermal pasteurization methods for bor-thekera juice preservation, mitigating quality deterioration while augmenting the functional attributes of the juice.
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Sneha, Kuzhimbattil, Arunaksharan Narayanankutty, Joice Tom Job, et al. "Antimicrobial and Larvicidal Activities of Different Ocimum Essential Oils Extracted by Ultrasound-Assisted Hydrodistillation." Molecules 27, no. 5 (2022): 1456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051456.
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Infectious diseases and their vectors have remained a concern for human population from their historical origin. Microbial pathogens have also emerged as a potent threat to the healthcare systems even in developed countries. Essential oils remain a less explored method for infectious disease control; besides, the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of essential oil production has emerged as promising source of bioactive volatiles over conventional methods. This study analyzed the possible use of UAE- Essential oils (EOs) from different species of Ocimum plants (Ocimum basilicum (OB), O. gratissimum (OG), O. tenuiflorum (OT), and O. canum (OC)) in the management of microbial pathogens and mosquito larval control. The antibacterial activity was estimated in terms of a disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentrations against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enteritidis. The larvicidal property was found using three important mosquito vectors and the LC50 value was determined. Furthermore, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties were estimated in terms of radical scavenging activities and the inhibition of lipoxygenase enzyme activity. The EOs exhibited significant DPPH radical scavenging (high in OG), hydrogen-peroxide scavenging (OB) and lipoxygenase inhibition (OB). The antibacterial activity was high in OB and OG (p < 0.05) and the larvicidal activity was of higher sensitivity against Aedis and Culex, whereas Armigeres was more resistant. However, no sign of toxicity in the Allium cepa model or non-targeted organism Guppy fishes was observed. Overall, the UAE extracted Ocimum essential oils were found to be effective against various human pathogenic microbial organisms, with OB and OG being highly active. Likewise, the EOs was also able to induce mortality in the larval forms of various mosquito vectors.
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Sharma, Anshula, Masafumi Noda, Masanori Sugiyama, Baljinder Kaur, and Ajaz Ahmad. "Metabolic Engineering of Pediococcus acidilactici BD16 for Heterologous Expression of Synthetic alaD Gene Cassette and L-Alanine Production in the Recombinant Strain Using Fed-Batch Fermentation." Foods 10, no. 8 (2021): 1964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081964.
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Metabolic engineering substantially aims at the development of more efficient, robust and industrially competitive microbial strains for the potential applications in food, fermentation and pharmaceutical industries. An efficient lab scale bioprocess was developed for high level fermentative production of L-alanine using metabolically engineered Pediococcus acidilactici BD16 (alaD+). Computational biology tools assisted the designing of a synthetic alaD gene cassette, which was further cloned in shuttle vector pLES003 and expressed using an auto-inducible P289 promoter. Further, L-alanine production in the recombinant P. acidilactici BD16 (alaD+) strain was carried out using fed-batch fermentation under oxygen depression conditions, which significantly enhanced L-alanine levels. The recombinant strain expressing the synthetic alaD gene produced 229.12 g/L of L-alanine after 42 h of fed-batch fermentation, which is the second highest microbial L-alanine titer reported so far. After extraction and crystallization, 95% crystal L-alanine (217.54 g/L) was recovered from the culture broth with an enantiomeric purity of 97%. The developed bioprocess using recombinant P. acidilactici BD16 (alaD+) is suggested as the best alternative to chemical-based commercial synthesis of L-alanine for potential industrial applications.
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Zaki, Amira G., El-Sayed R. El-Sayed, M. Abd Elkodous, and Gharieb S. El-Sayyad. "Microbial acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer’s therapy: recent trends on extraction, detection, irradiation-assisted production improvement and nano-structured drug delivery." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 104, no. 11 (2020): 4717–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10560-9.
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Bertozzi, Janksyn, Diva S. Andrade, Cláudio C. Oliveira, Abdullahi Bala, and João Henrique Caviglione. "Microwave assisted biocidal extraction is an alternative method to measure microbial biomass of carbon from cultivated and non-cultivated soils." Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 51, no. 1 (2019): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42770-019-00186-z.
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Zulqarnain, Muhammad Ayoub, Mohd Hizami Mohd Yusoff, et al. "A Comprehensive Review on Oil Extraction and Biodiesel Production Technologies." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (2021): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020788.
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Dependence on fossil fuels for meeting the growing energy demand is damaging the world’s environment. There is a dire need to look for alternative fuels that are less potent to greenhouse gas emissions. Biofuels offer several advantages with less harmful effects on the environment. Biodiesel is synthesized from the organic wastes produced extensively like edible, non-edible, microbial, and waste oils. This study reviews the feasibility of the state-of-the-art feedstocks for sustainable biodiesel synthesis such as availability, and capacity to cover a significant proportion of fossil fuels. Biodiesel synthesized from oil crops, vegetable oils, and animal fats are the potential renewable carbon-neutral substitute to petroleum fuels. This study concludes that waste oils with higher oil content including waste cooking oil, waste palm oil, and algal oil are the most favorable feedstocks. The comparison of biodiesel production and parametric analysis is done critically, which is necessary to come up with the most appropriate feedstock for biodiesel synthesis. Since the critical comparison of feedstocks along with oil extraction and biodiesel production technologies has never been done before, this will help to direct future researchers to use more sustainable feedstocks for biodiesel synthesis. This study concluded that the use of third-generation feedstocks (wastes) is the most appropriate way for sustainable biodiesel production. The use of innovative costless oil extraction technologies including supercritical and microwave-assisted transesterification method is recommended for oil extraction.
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Nguyen, Thi Thuan, Mai Nhu Hieu Vo, Vy Ha Nguyen Nguyen, et al. "Enzyme-assisted extraction of polyphenols from <i>Sargassum mcclurei</i>: antioxidant and alginate lyase inhibition activities." Vietnam Journal of Marine Science and Technology 25, no. 2 (2025): 197–206. https://doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/22734.
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Sargassum mcclurei, a brown seaweed, is a rich source of bioactive polyphenols with promising applications in pharmaceuticals and functional foods. This study used enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) method to enhance yield and bioactivity, followed by ethyl acetate fractionation. The total phenolic content (TPC) was quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and antioxidant activity was evaluated through total antioxidant capacity, DPPH radical scavenging, and Fe²⁺ chelation assays. The inhibitory effect on alginate lyase activity was assessed by measuring residual enzyme activity after incubation with polyphenol extracts. The ethanol extraction yielded 2.66% (w/w dry algae), while the ethyl acetate fraction accounted for 37% (w/w ethanol extract). The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited a higher TPC (499.61 ± 1.45 mg PGE/g extract) compared to the ethanol extract (303.04 ± 1.58 mg PGE/g extract) and demonstrated superior antioxidant activity (203.24 ± 1.47 mg AAE/g extract, IC50 = 30.38 µg/mL). Additionally, alginate lyase activity was inhibited dose-dependently, with a 40% reduction observed at 0.5 mg/mL of polyphenol extract. These results highlight the effectiveness of EAE in improving polyphenol yield and bioactivity. The strong antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties of S. mcclurei polyphenols suggest potential applications in oxidative stress management, microbial biofilm inhibition, and the development of natural therapeutics.
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Bradáčová, Klára, Ellen Kandeler, Nils Berger, Uwe Ludewig, and Günter Neumann. "Microbial consortia inoculants stimulate early growth of maize depending on nitrogen and phosphorus supply." Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 3 (2020): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/382/2019-pse.
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Adoption of microbial consortia as plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) instead of single-strain inoculants is discussed as an approach to increase the efficiency and flexibility of PGPM-assisted production strategies. This study provides the functional characterisation of a commercial microbial consortia product (MCP) in a series of greenhouse experiments with maize on a silty-loam field soil (pH 5.9). A 60%-increased abundance of bacteria that could be cultivated after rhizosphere extraction was measured after MCP inoculation at the end of the 42-days culture period. MCP inoculation did not stimulate shoot biomass production of maize fertilised with nitrate, but growth improvement was recorded in combination with stabilised ammonium, especially with reduced phosphorus (P) supply. The MCP inoculant improved the acquisition of ammonium-N but also increased shoot-P. MCP inoculation stimulated root length development under reduced P supply with stabilised ammonium by 52%. This was accompanied by the increased auxin production capacity of rhizosphere bacteria. C-, N-, and P-turnover in the rhizosphere were little affected by the MCP inoculation, as deduced from the analysis of activities of extracellular soil enzymes. The findings suggest that the form of N supply is crucial for the efficiency of plant-MCP interactions.
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de Andrade, Roberta Barreto, Bruna Aparecida Souza Machado, Gabriele de Abreu Barreto, et al. "Syrah Grape Skin Residues Has Potential as Source of Antioxidant and Anti-Microbial Bioactive Compounds." Biology 10, no. 12 (2021): 1262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10121262.
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In this study, we evaluated the effects of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) under different time-temperature conditions on the content of bioactive compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Syrah grape skin residue. The application of UAE showed a positive effect on the extraction of total flavonoids, and a negative effect on total polyphenols. The temperature of 40 °C and 60 °C without the UAE caused an increase of 260% and 287% of the total polyphenols, respectively. Nineteen individually bioactive compounds were quantified. The anthocyanin concentration (malvidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside 118.8–324.5 mg/100 g) showed high variation, to a lesser extent for phenolic acids, flavonoids, flavonols, procyanidins and stilbenes due to the UAE process. The Syrah grape skin residue has a high concentration of total phenolic compounds of 196–733.7 mg·GAE/100 g and a total flavonoid content of 9.8–40.0 mg·QE/100 g. The results of free radical scavenging activity (16.0–48.7 mg/100 mL, as EC50) and its inhibition of microbial growth (0.16 mg/mL, as EC50 for S. aureus, and 0.04 mg/mL, as EC50 for E. coli) by grape skin extract (UAE 40:20) indicate high antioxidant and antibacterial activity. It was concluded that the use of ultrasound needs further analysis for its application in this context, as it has shown deleterious effects on some compounds of interest. Syrah grape skin residue has potential as a source of bioactive antioxidants, antimicrobial activity and for use as a functional food ingredient.
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Pradhan, Sushobhan, Arup Jyoti Borah, Maneesh Kumar Poddar, Pritam Kumar Dikshit, Lilendar Rohidas, and Vijayanand S. Moholkar. "Microbial production, ultrasound-assisted extraction and characterization of biopolymer polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) from terrestrial ( P. hysterophorus ) and aquatic ( E. crassipes ) invasive weeds." Bioresource Technology 242 (October 2017): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.117.
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Ueda, Jonata M., Mariana C. Pedrosa, Filipa A. Fernandes, et al. "Promising Preserving Agents from Sage and Basil: A Case Study with Yogurts." Foods 10, no. 3 (2021): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10030676.
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In the present work, sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) were exploited for their preservative purposes, as viable alternatives to artificial ones. The ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds was pre-optimized using factorial screening analysis, prior to applying response surface methodology (RSM). The obtained extracts were characterized in terms of phenolic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array detector and mass spectrometer HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS and bioactivities, namely the antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential. In addition, the most promising extracts were incorporated into yogurts, that were further screened for nutritional and physico-chemical properties and microbial load, over a shelf life of 14 days. According to the obtained results, the solvent percentage is the most relevant factor for obtaining rosmarinic acid-rich extract, followed by the extraction time and ultrasonic power. For the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, sage showed the best result for both analysis and none of the two plant extracts were hepatotoxic. Finally, both extracts did not show changes in the physicochemical and nutritional characteristics of the yogurts and did not interfere with the growth of lactic acid bacteria, an important microorganism during yogurt fermentation. These results highlight the high potential of sage and basil as natural preservatives.
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Gofar, Nuni, Andi Diana, and Eka Setianingsih. "Potential of Anabaena Azollae Extract as Antimicrobial Agent For Paddy Crop Disease." Science and Technology Indonesia 3, no. 4 (2018): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.26554/sti.2018.3.4.183-188.
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The research objective was to test antimicrobial activity from compound produced by A. azollae which symbiosis with Azolla sp. toward microbial test of X. oryzae and Pyricularia oryzae as cause of disease on paddy crop. Sampling of Azolla which symbiosis with A. azollae was done in Azolla cultivation pond at Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University. The available Azolla was consisted of two types, i.e. Azolla pinnata and Azolla mycrophiylla. The extraction of A. azollae from Azolla leaves was done by method of Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) using ethyl ester solvent and maseration method using methanol solvent. Test media for bacteria and fungus respectively are Mueller Hilton Agar (MHA) and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA). The diameter of produced clear zone is an indication of extract’s inhibitory power toward bacteria or fungus. The different of inhibitory zone diameter is compared by using t-test. Analysis of active compounds on Anabaena azollae extract was done by using HPLC. Ethyl acetate or methanol extract of A. azollae which symbiosis with A. pinnata or A. microphylla was capable to inhibit the growth of X. oryzae bacterium and P. oryzae fungus. The dominant compounds containing within extract with probability more than 60% and area of more than 10% are consisted of phytol, hexadecanoate acid and 2-(tert-butyl)-4,6-dimethyl phenol.
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Youn, Jung-Ho, Steven K. Drake, Rebecca A. Weingarten, Karen M. Frank, John P. Dekker, and Anna F. Lau. "Clinical Performance of a Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry Method for Detection of CertainblaKPC-Containing Plasmids." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 54, no. 1 (2015): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01643-15.
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Rapid detection ofblaKPC-containing organisms can significantly impact infection control and clinical practices, as well as therapeutic choices. Current molecular and phenotypic methods to detect these organisms, however, require additional testing beyond routine organism identification. In this study, we evaluated the clinical performance of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to detect pKpQIL_p019 (p019)—an ∼11,109-Da protein associated with certainblaKPC-containing plasmids that was previously shown to successfully track a clonal outbreak ofblaKPC-pKpQIL-Klebsiella pneumoniaein a proof-of-principle study (A. F. Lau, H. Wang, R. A. Weingarten, S. K. Drake, A. F. Suffredini, M. K. Garfield, Y. Chen, M. Gucek, J. H. Youn, F. Stock, H. Tso, J. DeLeo, J. J. Cimino, K. M. Frank, and J. P. Dekker, J Clin Microbiol 52:2804–2812, 2014,http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00694-14). PCR for thep019gene was used as the reference method. Here, blind analysis of 140 characterizedEnterobacteriaceaeisolates using two protein extraction methods (plate extraction and tube extraction) and two peak detection methods (manual and automated) showed sensitivities and specificities ranging from 96% to 100% and from 95% to 100%, respectively (2,520 spectra analyzed). Feasible laboratory implementation methods (plate extraction and automated analysis) demonstrated 96% sensitivity and 99% specificity. All p019-positive isolates (n= 26) containedblaKPCand were carbapenem resistant. Retrospective analysis of an additional 720 clinicalEnterobacteriaceaespectra found an ∼11,109-Da signal in nine spectra (1.3%), including seven from p019-containing, carbapenem-resistant isolates (positive predictive value [PPV], 78%). Instrument tuning had a significant effect on assay sensitivity, highlighting important factors that must be considered as MALDI-TOF MS moves into applications beyond microbial identification. Using a large blind clinical data set, we have shown that spectra acquired for routine organism identification can also be analyzed automatically in real time at high throughput, at no additional expense to the laboratory, to enable rapid detection of potentiallyblaKPC-containing carbapenem-resistant isolates, providing early and clinically actionable results.
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Pinela, José, Beatriz de la de la Fuente, Matilde Rodrigues, et al. "Upcycling Fish By-Products into Bioactive Fish Oil: The Suitability of Microwave-Assisted Extraction." Biomolecules 13, no. 1 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom13010001.
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The seafood industry is often left out of the food waste discussion, but this sector is no exception, as it generates large amounts of various by-products. This study aimed to explore the potential of the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique to obtain high-quality oil from fish by-products. The independent variables, which were time (1–30 min), microwave power (50–1000 W), and solid/liquid ratio (70–120 g/L) were combined in a 20-run experimental design coupled with the response surface methodology (RSM) for process optimization. The obtained oil yield values were fitted to a quadratic equation to build the theoretical models, which were statistically validated based on statistical criteria and used to predict the optimal MAE condition. The oil yields were significantly affected by the three independent variables through linear, quadratic, and/or interactive effects. Compared to a conventional Soxhlet extraction (SE), the optimal MAE conditions allowed between 60 and 100% of oil to be recovered in less than 19 min and with less solvent consumption. The fatty acid profiles of the oils obtained through SE and optimized MAE were characterized by gas chromatography with flame ionizing detection (GC-FID) after a derivatization process. These oils were constituted mainly of health, beneficial unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic, docosahexaenoic (DHA), linoleic, and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids, which were not affected (p > 0.05) by the extraction methods. Interestingly, the oils obtained through MAE showed the best microbial growth inhibition results may have been due to thermolabile compounds, preserved via this unconventional non-thermal method. The oils also exhibited anti-inflammatory effects via nitric oxide production inhibition and cytotoxic potential especially, against breast and gastric adenocarcinoma cells. However, the threshold of toxicity should be further investigated. Overall, this work emerges as a future-oriented approach to upcycling fish by-products into high-quality oils that can be used in the formulation of pet food and other products.
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Tonova, Konstantza. "Ionic liquid-assisted biphasic systems for downstream processing of fermentative enzymes and organic acids." Physical Sciences Reviews 6, no. 3 (2020): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psr-2018-0068.
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Abstract Room-temperature ionic liquids (ILs) represent molten salts entirely consisting of ions, usually a charge-stabilized organic cation and an inorganic or organic anion. ILs are liquids at ambient temperature but possess characteristics unusual for the common liquid solvents, such as negligible vapor pressure, high thermal stability and most over the ability to mix and match libraries of cations and anions in order to acquire desirable physical and chemical properties [1]. The opportunity to obtain tunable density, viscosity, polarity and miscibility with common molecular liquids gave rise to a variety of applications of the ILs [2] as environmentally benign solvents, extractants or auxiliaries. In particular, numbers of innovations in the methods for recovery and purification of biologically derived compounds involve ILs used solo or partnered with other liquids in biphasic systems [3,4,5]. It should be noted that the ILs are not intrinsically greener than the traditional solvents, given that their production is usually more resource-demanding, but the inherent potential for recycling and reuse, and for prevention of chemical accidents gives the ILs advantages ahead. The present chapter provides a state-of-the-art overview on the basic applications of the ILs in biphasic systems aimed at downstream processing of valuable fermentative products, enzymes and organic acids. Main industrially important enzymes, lipases and carbohydrases, are considered and a description of the IL-assisted aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) and the results obtained in view of enzyme yield and purity is made. ILs serve different functions in the ABS, main phase-segregating constituents (mostly in the IL/salt ABS) or adjuvants to the polymer/salt ABS. Enzyme isolation from the contaminant proteins present in the feedstock can be carried out either in the IL-rich or in the salt-rich phase of the ABS and for the reader’s convenience the two options are described separately. Discussion on the factors and parameters affecting the enzyme partitioning in the ABS with ILs guides the reader through the ways by which the interactions between the IL and the enzyme can be manipulated in favor of the enzyme purification through the choice of the ABS composition (IL, salt, pH) and the role of the water content and the IL-rich phase structure. The second part of the chapter is dedicated to the recovery of fermentative organic acids. Mostly hydrophobic ILs have been engaged in the studies and the biphasic systems thereof are summarized. The systems are evaluated by the extraction efficiency and partition coefficient obtained. Factors and parameters affecting the extraction of organic acids by ILs are highlighted in a way to unravel the extraction mechanism. The choice of IL and pH determines the reactive mechanism and the ion exchange, while the water content and the IL phase structure play roles in physical extraction. Procedures undertaken to enhance the efficiency and to intensify the process of extraction are also looked over. Finally, the experimental holes that need fill up in the future studies are marked. According to the author’s opinion an intense research with hydrophobic ILs is suggested as these ILs have been proved milder to the biological structures (both the microbial producer and the enzyme product), more effective in the organic acid recovery and suitable to perform “in situ” extraction. Extractive fermentation entails validation of ecological and toxicological characteristics of the ILs. The protocols for re-extraction of fermentative products separated by IL-assisted biphasic systems should be clearly settled along with the methods for ILs recycling and reuse. Novel more flexible approaches to process intensification can be implemented in order to adopt the separation by biphasic systems for use in industry.
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Michalak, Monika, Martyna Zagórska-Dziok, Paulina Żarnowiec, et al. "Evaluation of Achillea millefolium var. Paprika Extract with Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Skin Protection Potential in Topical Application." Applied Sciences 15, no. 9 (2025): 4631. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094631.
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Yarrow has long been known as a medicinal plant and has recently been gaining in importance as a cosmetic plant. The purpose of the study was to perform a phytochemical evaluation of extracts from yarrow herb of the Paprika cultivar, which has not previously been studied in this regard, and to determine its protective, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Comparative analysis of two types of extracts, obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), showed that the former had higher content of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and condensed tannins, as well as better antioxidant properties, as determined by spectrophotometric methods (DPPH and FRAP). The biological properties of the water–ethanol yarrow herb extract obtained by UAE was tested in vitro on 15 microbial strains (14 bacterial strains and one fungal strain), as well as on two lines of skin cells: HaCaT keratinocytes and HDF fibroblasts. In addition, the sun protection factor and rheological characteristics of a model cosmetic cream based on the extract were determined. Yarrow extract was shown to exhibit a number of important activities for cosmetic ingredients, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, photoprotective, and anti-ageing activity. The results of the study indicate that this material has potential applications in cosmetics, e.g., in products for mature skin with signs of ageing such as wrinkles or hyperpigmentation.
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Lellman, Sophie E., and Rainer Cramer. "Bacterial identification by lipid profiling using liquid atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry." Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) 58, no. 6 (2020): 930–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2019-0908.
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AbstractBackgroundIn recent years, mass spectrometry (MS) has been applied to clinical microbial biotyping, exploiting the speed of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) in recording microbe-specific MS profiles. More recently, liquid atmospheric pressure (AP) MALDI has been shown to produce extremely stable ion flux from homogenous samples and ‘electrospray ionization (ESI)-like’ multiply charged ions for larger biomolecules, whilst maintaining the benefits of traditional MALDI including high tolerance to contaminants, low analyte consumption and rapid analysis. These and other advantages of liquid AP-MALDI MS have been explored in this study to investigate its potential in microbial biotyping.MethodsGenetically diverse bacterial strains were analyzed using liquid AP-MALDI MS, including clinically relevant species such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Bacterial cultures were subjected to a simple and fast extraction protocol using ethanol and formic acid. Extracts were spotted with a liquid support matrix (LSM) and analyzed using a Synapt G2-Si mass spectrometer with an in-house built AP-MALDI source.ResultsEach species produces a unique lipid profile in the m/z range of 400–1100, allowing species discrimination. Traditional (solid) MALDI MS produced spectra containing a high abundance of matrix-related clusters and an absence of lipid peaks. The MS profiles of the bacterial species tested form distinct clusters using principle component analysis (PCA) with a classification accuracy of 98.63% using a PCA-based prediction model.ConclusionsLiquid AP-MALDI MS profiles can be sufficient to distinguish clinically relevant bacterial pathogens and other bacteria, based on their unique lipid profiles. The analysis of the lipid MS profiles is typically excluded from commercial instruments approved for clinical diagnostics.
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Tamma, Ahmed Abderrafaa, Krzysztof Lejcuś, Wiesław Fiałkiewicz, and Daria Marczak. "Advancing Phytoremediation: A Review of Soil Amendments for Heavy Metal Contamination Management." Sustainability 17, no. 13 (2025): 5688. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17135688.
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Heavy metal (HM) contamination poses a major threat to environmental health, agriculture and human well-being, requiring effective and sustainable remediation strategies. Phytoremediation, an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach, is widely used for the remediation of HM-contaminated soils. Although phytoremediation holds considerable potential in the extraction, stabilisation and degradation of HMs, its effectiveness is often constrained by limited metal bioavailability, plant stress under toxic conditions and slow metal uptake rates. To address these limitations, this review examines the integration of various soil amendments—the application of biochar, compost, plant exudates, microbial agents and chelating agents—to enhance phytoremediation efficiency. This review critically evaluates empirical evidence on the effectiveness, scalability, economic feasibility and environmental impact of these amendments. By synthesising recent studies, this review advances the understanding of amendment-assisted phytoremediation as a viable solution for treating HM-contaminated soils. In addition, this review identifies practical applications, discusses limitations and explores the potential synergies of these amendments to optimise phytoremediation strategies, ultimately contributing to more effective and sustainable environmental cleanup efforts.
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Shen, Jiaxian, Alexander McFarland, Ryan Blaustein, Mary Hayden, Vincent Young, and Erica Hartmann. "Blind Spots in Methods Based on Cultivation and Metagenomic Sequencing for Surface Microbiomes in a Medical Intensive Care Unit." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (2020): s141—s142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.656.
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Background: Cultivation of targeted pathogens has been long recognized as a gold standard for healthcare surveillance. However, there is an emergent need to characterize all viable microorganisms in healthcare facilities to understand the role that both clinical and nonclinical microorganisms play in healthcare-associated infections. Metagenomic sequencing allows detection of entire microbial communities, in contrast to targeted identification by cultivation. Widespread application of metagenomic sequencing has been impeded in part because the sensitivity and specificity are unknown, which inhibits our ability to interpret results for risk assessment. To assess the impact of sample preparation methods on sensitivity and specificity, we compared several pretreatment steps followed by metagenomic sequencing, and we performed culture-based analyses. Methods: We collected 120 surface swabs from the medical intensive care unit at Rush University Medical Center, which we aggregated to create a representative microbiome sample. We then subjected aliquots to different processing methods (DNA extraction methods, internal standard addition, propidium monoazide (PMA) treatment, and whole-cell serial filtration). We evaluated the effects of these methods based on DNA yields and metagenomic sequencing outcomes. We also compared the metagenomic results to the microbial identifications obtained by cultivation using environmental microbiology methods and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Results: Our results demonstrate that bead-beating and heat lysis followed by liquid-liquid extraction is the optimal method for the identification of low-biomass surface-associated microbes, as opposed to widely used column-based and magnetic bead-based methods. For low-biomass surface-associated samples, ~590,000 reads per sample are sufficient for ≍90% coverage in metagenomic sequencing (Fig. 1). The ZymoBIOMICS microbial community standard is not appropriate for methods assessing membrane integrity. For the identification of putatively viable microorganisms, PMA treatment is promising, although elimination of signals from nonviable organisms will reduce the overall detectable signal. Combining PMA-treated metagenomic sequencing with cultivation yields the most comprehensive results, particularly for low-abundance taxa, despite high sequencing coverage (Fig. 2). To distribute more detection resources to bacteria, our target domain, we tried whole-cell filtration prior to extraction, attempting to isolate bacterial cells from eukaryotic cells and other particles. For low-biomass surface-associated samples, the sample loss and the difficulties in performing filtration outweigh the slight increase of bacterial signal. Conclusions: Despite optimization, we observed certain blind spots in both cultivation and metagenomic sequencing. This information is essential for informed risk assessment. Further research is needed to identify additional limitations to ensure that results from metagenomic sequencing can be interpreted in the context of healthcare-acquired infection prevention.Funding: This work was supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (BAA FY2018-OADS-01 Contract 02915).Disclosures: None
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Vivek, K. Mukherjee, and V. Pokharkar Omkar. "Enzyme assisted extraction of polyphenols from Niger seed meal: a review." Biolife 4, no. 1 (2022): 121–29. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7312615.
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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> The changing global economy and the food surpluses around the world have now stimulated an interest in seeking a new alternative crop especially an Oilseed Crop. Niger seed (<em>G. abyssinica)</em> is drawing commercial and academic attention because of its nutritional value, biological activities and excellent antioxidant properties. Niger seed has diverse application and hence this seed is of great industrial importance. Presence of polyphenols in Niger seed has been reported previously. Phenolic compounds, naturally found in plants are of considerable interest and have enticed researchers around the globe in recent years due to their bioactive functions. These components are known as secondary plant metabolites and have antimicrobial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties along with their high antioxidant capacity. And thus, presence of such properties makes polyphenol a functional food. Enzyme-assisted extraction has attracted interest among researchers across industries like food, pharmaceutical and academia. This extraction method of polyphenols from plants is a suitable alternative to conventional solvent based extraction methods. The application of hydrolytic enzymes for extraction of natural functional compounds from plants is widely investigated in recent years for its advantages in easy operation, high efficiency, eco-friendly nature and preserving the bioactive properties of the extracts. This review summarizes the nutritional composition of Niger seed and importance of polyphenols which are known to be present in Niger seed. It also discusses the advantages of using eco-friendly extraction methods known as enzyme assisted extraction. <strong>Keywords</strong>: Niger seed meal, Enzyme-assisted extraction, Phenolic compounds, <em>G. abyssinica</em> <strong><em>REFERENCES</em></strong> Cherry J P et al. (1989). <em>Plant sources of lecithin.</em> AOCS Press. 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Leo´ n-Dı´az R, Meckes M, Said-Ferna´ ndez S, Molina-Salinas GM, Vargas-Villarreal J, Torres J, Luna-Herrera J, Jime´ nez-Arellanes A (2010): Antimycobacterial neolignans isolated from <em>Aristolochia taliscana</em>. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 105:45-51. Maier. T., et al., (2008). Optimization of a process for enzyme-assisted pigment extraction Marini, F., Magri, A.L., Marini, D., & Balestrieri, F. (2003). Characterization of the lipid fraction of niger seeds (<em>Guizotia abyssinica cass.</em>) from different regions of Ethiopia & India & chemometric authentication of their geographical origin. <em>Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. </em>105: 697–704.