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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Microbial community structure'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Friedman, Jonathan Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Microbial adaptation, differentiation, and community structure." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/81751.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Computational and Systems Biology Program, 2013.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 112-119).<br>Microbes play a central role in diverse processes ranging from global elemental cycles to human digestion. Understanding these complex processes requires a rm under- standing of the interplay between microbes and their environment

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2

Chew, Yi Vee. "Host and microbial factors influencing the gut microbial community structure." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/10031.

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Gut microbial colonization begins at birth and dynamic ecological succession occurs before establishment of a stable, resilient adult community structure. Colonization outcomes in early life have long-term effects on host health. Understanding factors governing neonatal gut community structure development and adult structure modulation will allow therapeutic manipulation of the gut community for disease prevention/treatment. Submetagenomic analysis was done to identify microbial factors potentially triggering community stability in neonate piglets. Piglet faecal microbiota was fractionated bef

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3

Hagley, Karen Jane. "Microbial community structure in sports turf soils." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402548.

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4

Datta, Manoshi Sen. "Microbial community structure and dynamics on patchy landscapes." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104464.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Computational and Systems Biology Program, 2016.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 139-156).<br>Microbes are tiny metabolic engines with large-scale effects on industry, the environment, and human health. Understanding how the micron-scale actions (and interactions) of individual microbes give rise to macro-scale consequen

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5

Ries, Mackenzie Lynn. "The Effect of Salinity on Soil Microbial Community Structure." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31807.

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Soil salinity is a widespread problem that affects crop productivity. We expect that saline soils also have altered microbial community structure, soil food webs and related soil properties. To test this, we sampled field soils across four farms in eastern North Dakota that host salinity gradients. We evaluated microbial biomass carbon, phospholipid fatty acid analysis and nematode counts in moderately saline and low saline soils. Additionally, we measured soil properties that represent potential food sources and habitat characteristics that influence microbial communities. We found higher mic

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6

Van, Blerk Gerhardus Nicolas. "Microbial community structure and dynamics within sulphate- removing bioreactors." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08122009-132505.

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7

Sudini, Hari Kishan Huettel Robin Norton. "Soil microbial community structure and aflatoxin contamination of peanuts." Auburn, Ala., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1875.

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8

Higgins, Logan Massie. "Insights into microbial community structure from pairwise interaction networks." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/113465.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, 2017<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>Microbial communities are typically incredibly diverse, with many species contributing to the overall function of the community. The structure of these communities is the result of many complex biotic and abiotic factors. In this thesis, my colleagues and I employ a bottom-up approach to investigate the role of interspecies interactions in determining the structure of multispecies communities. First, we investigate the network of

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9

Durno, W. Evan. "Precise correlation and metagenomic binning uncovers fine microbial community structure." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/62360.

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Bacteria and Archaea represent the invisible majority of living things on Earth with an estimated numerical abundance exceeding 10^30 cells. This estimate surpasses the number of grains of sand on Earth and stars in the known universe. Interdependent microbial communities drive fluxes of matter and energy underlying biogeochemical processes, and provide essential ecosystem functions and services that help create the operating conditions for life. Despite their abundance and functional imperative, the vast majority of microorganisms remain uncultivated in laboratory settings, and therefore rema

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10

Moynihan, Emma Louise. "Interactions between microbial community structure and pathogen survival in soil." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2012. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/7297.

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Manure and slurry are valuable resources that may enhance many soil properties. However, organic amendments can pose a significant health risk to both humans and livestock if not managed correctly due to pathogenic loads that may be carried within them. Therefore it is crucial to identify the factors that affect pathogen survival in soil, in order to gain maximum benefit from such resources, whilst minimising the threat to public and animal welfare. This research aimed to elucidate the impact of microbial community structure on pathogen decline following entry of such organisms into the soil.

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11

Perez, Sarah Isa Esther. "Exploring microbial community structure and resilience through visualization and analysis of microbial co-occurrence networks." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/53928.

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Cultivation independent microbial ecology research relies on high throughput sequencing technologies and analytical methods to resolve the infinite diversity of microbial life on Earth. Microorganisms live in communities driven by genetic and metabolic processes as well as symbiotic relationships. Interconnected communities of microorganisms provide essential functions in natural and human engineered ecosystems. Modelling the community as an inter-connected system can give insight into the community's functional characteristics related to the biogeochemical processes it performs. Network scien

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12

Das, Mitali. "Microbial Community Structure and Interactions in Leaf Litter in a Stream." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1144953748.

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13

Nye, Mark Edward. "Microbial Community Structure in Soils Amended With Glyphosate Tolerant Soybean Residue." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1396272020.

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14

Dedrick, Sandra. "Microbial Community Structure and Function: Implications for Current and Future Respiratory Therapies." Thesis, Boston College, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:109223.

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Thesis advisor: Babak Momeni<br>Diseases of the upper respiratory tract encompass a plethora of complex multifaceted etiologies ranging from acute viral and bacterial infections to chronic diseases of the lung and nasal cavity. Due to this inherent complexity, typical treatments often fail in the face of recalcitrant infections and/or severe forms of chronic disease, including asthma. Thus, in order to provide improved standard of care, the mechanisms at play in hard-to-treat etiologies must be better understood. More recently, research has demonstrated a significant association between microb

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15

Crump, Byron C. "Bacterial activity and community structure in the Columbia River estuarine turbidity maxima /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10989.

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16

Martin, Teri L. "Groundwater nitrate removal and soil microbial community structure in a riparian zone." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0011/MQ33250.pdf.

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17

Mombrikotb, Shorok Bashir. "The contribution of environmental selection on microbial community structure, function and biogeography." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/62903.

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Agriculture, which accounts for approximately 75% of land use in the UK, relies on microbial communities for many key processes. Despite their importance to the sustainability of agriculture, our understanding of the long-term effects of agricultural practices on soil microbial communities is limited. Agricultural practices not only alter many edaphic variables such as nutrient content and pH, they also introduce chemical stressors such as pesticides to the soil environment. In the UK, approximately 2x105 kg of insecticides and molluscicides are applied each year, with only 0.1% reaching targe

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18

Caleb, Oluwafemi James. "Microbial community structure as an indicator of soil health in apple orchards." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4133.

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Thesis (MSc (Microbiology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The relationship between various land management practices, soil properties and the soil microbial communities are complex and little is known about the effect of these interactions on plant productivity in agricultural systems. Although it would be advantageous to have a single organism or property that can be used as a measure of soil health, it may not be possible. Soil organisms which include both the microorganisms as well as soil fauna are subjected to the effect of their immediate environment. This

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19

Veach, Allison Michelle. "Dynamics of microbial community structure and function in a tallgrass prairie ecosystem." Diss., Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19145.

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Doctor of Philosophy<br>Biology<br>Walter K. Dodds<br>Ari M. Jumpponen<br>Due to agricultural practices and urbanization, tallgrass prairie ecosystems have become threatened as < 5% of its historical coverage exists today. The small remainder of praire that does exist is further threatened by the encroachment of woody plant species. Woody plant encroachment may not only alter prairie ecosystem function, but also prairie microbial communities responsible for these functional processes. Further, prairies are high disturbance ecosystems, especially prairie streams which are hydrologically harsh.

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20

Altrichter, Adam E. "Landscape history and contemporary environmental drivers of microbial community structure and function." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31883.

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Recent work in microbial ecology has focused on elucidating controls over biogeographic patterns and connecting microbial community composition to ecosystem function. My objective was to investigate the relative influences of landscape legacies and contemporary environmental factors on the distribution of soil microbial communities and their contribution to ecosystem processes across a glacial till sequence in Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Within each till unit, I sampled from dry areas and areas with visible evidence of recent surface water movement generated by seasonal melting of ephemeral sno

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21

AMALFITANO, STEFANO. "Structure and function of benthic microbial community in highly variable freshwater systems." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/576.

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In the semi-arid Mediterranean regions, extended reaches of rivers and streams show a recurrent dry phases of varying duration and spatial extent. It is important to study the effects of water stress on riverine ecological processes since freshwater systems are crucial in linking terrestrial and marine environments, My Doctorate thesis research, supported by the European TempQsim project (EVK1-CT2002-00112), was aimed to investigate the dynamics of microbial communities associated to sediments in temporary rivers. In particular, I have been investigating the effects of water stress on the stru

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22

Lopez-Velasco, Gabriela. "Molecular Characterization of Spinach (Spinacia Oleracea) Microbial Community Structure and its Interaction With Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Modified Atmosphere Conditions." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37601.

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Leafy greens like lettuce and spinach are a common vehicle for foodborne illness in United States. It is unknown if native plant epiphytic bacteria may play a role in the establishment of enteric pathogens on leaf surfaces. The objective of this study was to characterize the bacterial communities of fresh and packaged spinach leaves and to explore interactions with E. coli O157:H7. We assessed the bacterial diversity present on the spinach leaf surfaces and how parameters such as spinach cultivar, field conditions, post-harvest operations and the presence of E. coli O157:H7 affected its divers

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23

Smaill, Simeon John. "The Effects Of Forestry Management Practices on Microbial Community Properties." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1382.

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The structure and function of microbial communities are critical to the maintenance and sustainability of terrestrial ecosystem processes. Consequently, there is substantial interest in assessing how microbial communities respond to various land management practices, and if alterations to the characteristics of microbial communities has the potential to disrupt ecosystem processes. This thesis was conducted to identify the long term effects of fertilisation and different levels of post-harvest organic matter removal on the characteristics of the FH litter and soil microbial communities in six,

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24

Tun, Hein Min. "Microbial community structure and function in the gut of giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/197106.

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Giant pandas are unique animals because of their digestive system is similar to carnivores but they have in fact adapted to a plant diet with bamboo as their main food source. According to fossils records, giant pandas were omnivorous approximately 7 million years ago, becoming almost vegetarian after 4.6 to 5 million years of evolution. However, their genome and anatomical structure do not favor bamboo digestion. For more than a decade, researchers have been questioning the underlying mechanism of their ability to digest bamboo. In 2010, the genome of giant panda was completed, which confirme

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25

Barren, Gregory John. "Epiphytic Diatom Community Structure in a Karst Riverine System." TopSCHOLAR®, 2015. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1474.

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The goal of this study was to assess the epiphytic diatom community structure of two host species along a karst gradient in the upper Green River, Kentucky to a gain a better understanding of the role of diatoms in the food web. The host species studied were Podostemum ceratophyllum and Cladophora. Percent cover of P. ceratophyllum and Cladophora were quantified in the four study reaches. The host species were sampled near-shore and mid-channel in each reach in September and October of 2013. After diatoms were extracted from the host and enumerated the density and diversity were quantified. Tw

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26

Crossen, Kelsey B. "Investigation of Microbial Community Structure and Functional Groups from Thawing Permafrost Peat Incubations." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1512033177099274.

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27

Schulte, Nicholas O. "Controls on Benthic Microbial Community Structure and Assembly in a Karstic Coastal Wetland." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2447.

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The assembly mechanisms underlying microbial community abundance, biotic interactions, and diversity over space and time are unresolved, particularly in benthic microbial mats distributed along environmental gradients. Experimental enrichment of nutrient-limited microbial mats from the Florida Everglades along a nutrient subsidy-salinity stress gradient stimulated autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolism, growth, and diversity independent of autotroph-heterotroph interactions across treatments and space. These results suggest spatial segregation of autotrophic and heterotrophic components with

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28

Wagley, Pravin Kumar. "Molecular analysis of microbial community structure in open ponds for algal biodiesel production." Thesis, Wichita State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/5980.

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Algal farming in open ponds can be done with simple technology and low capital expenditures. However, in relatively uncontrolled ponds the likelihood that microbial contamination that could affect algal yield is high. We are interested in understanding natural contamination as an ecological process to better control the trajectory of microbial community assembly. Nannochloropsis salina was grown in small outdoor open ponds (100 L; 10 cm deep) through three cycles of batch culture using a simplified brackish growth medium. Time-course samples were monitored via pigment analyses, and direct micr

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29

Cameron, Karen A. "Microbial community structure, diversity and biogeochemical cycling in Arctic and Antarctic cryoconite holes." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.522500.

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30

Nunez, Andres Enrique. "MICROBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE DYNAMICS IN OHIO RIVER SEDIMENTS DURING REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION OF PCBS." UKnowledge, 2008. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/679.

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The entire stretch of the Ohio River is under fish consumption advisories due to contamination with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In this study, natural attenuation and biostimulation of PCBs and microbial communities responsible for PCB transformations were investigated in Ohio River sediments. Natural attenuation of PCBs was negligible in sediments, which was likely attributed to low temperature conditions during most of the year, as well as low amounts of available nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon. Moreover, surface sediments were relatively oxidized, as indicated by the prevale

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31

El, Semary Nermin Adel Hussein. "Anabaena and associated bacteria : molecular approaches to studying microbial community structure and taxonomy." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.420889.

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32

Gunina, Anna. "Biotic and abiotic control of microbial community structure and activity in forest soils." Doctoral thesis, Bangor University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E453-7.

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33

LU, TING. "A NOVEL ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO STUDY MICROBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN AGGREGATED BIOMASS REACTOR." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1173065994.

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34

Wang, Ying. "Characterizing the structure and diversity of the eptc-degrading microbial community in soils /." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486546889380622.

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35

Carrino-Kyker, Sarah Rose. "MICROBIAL COMMUNITY RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE: AN INVESTIGATION IN VERNAL POOLS." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1275499406.

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36

Kim, Gwang Tae. "An investigation into the bacterial community structure of an electricity-generating microbial fuel cell." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2004. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55526/.

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It was observed that Proteobacteria sequences were present at higher numbers within clone libraries from the bacterial clump and electrode biofilm compared to other parts of the fuel cell. It was also observed that results of the 16S rRNA gene libraries were in excellent agreement with those of the in situ probing and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis. DGGE analysis also showed that the enriched bacterial populations were different from those fond in the original activated sludge used to inoculate the microbial fuel cell at the start of the experiment. Conventional microb

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37

Abaye, Daniel. "Lipid derivatives and the relationships between microbial biomass, community structure and activity in soils." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324119.

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38

Malosso, Elaine. "Effects of plant amendment on microbial community structure and fungal biomass in Antarctic soils." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289240.

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39

Roberto, Alescia. "METAL EFFECTS ON FRESHWATER MICROBIAL COMMUNITY COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE, AND FUNCTION IN AN URBAN STREAM." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1543839535987157.

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40

Fansler, Sarah J. "Using enzymes to link soil structure and microbial community function in a prairie chronosequence." Online access for everyone, 2004. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2004/S%5FFansler%5F041404.pdf.

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41

Leech, Fiona. "Influence of alternative fertilizers on pasture production, soil properties and soil microbial community structure." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21460.

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Alternative fertilizers are commonly promoted for use on pastures to improve productivity and support a more ‘healthy’ soil microbial environment. However, minimal field research has been conducted to validate such claims. A 6-year study (2009–14) was conducted on phosphorus (P) deficient soils at three sites near Yass, NSW, to investigate the effect of top-dressing native perennial grass-based pastures with a range of alternative fertilizers and with single superphosphate (SSP). The alternative fertilizers included manures, composts, concentrated ash, crushed rock, rock phosphate-derived and

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42

Corneo, Paola Elisa. "Understanding soil microbial community dynamics in vineyard soils: soil structure, climate and plant effects." Doctoral thesis, country:CH, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10449/23970.

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This thesis aimed at characterising the structure of the bacterial and fungal community living in vineyard soils, identifying and describing the parameters that explain the distribution of the microbial communities in this environment. Vineyards represent an economical relevant agro-ecosystem, where vines, long-lived woody-perennial plants, are normally cultivated at different altitudes. The maintenance of the soil quality is at the base of a productive agriculture and thus the investigation of its biological component, its structure and all the processes that take place into the soil a

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43

Hjorth, Ingrid. "Molecular genetic analysis of the microbial community structure in nitrifying biofilms adapted to different salinities." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for bioteknologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-14053.

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Nitrification, the microbial oxidation of ammonia to nitrate, is a key step inthe biological cycling of nitrogen, and is often used in wastewater treatmentfor removal of ammonium. Fish-farming in flow-through systems such asopen net pens is the largest contributor to human discharge of inorganicnutrients along the Norwegian coast. It is important to limit these emissionsby converting to recirculating systems for nitrogen removal. However, thenitrification process is known to be sensitive to high concentrations of salts,a factor of importance when establishing technology for treatment of saline

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44

Reeve, Jennifer Rose. "Soil quality, microbial community structure, and organic nitrogen uptake in organic and conventional farming systems." Online access for everyone, 2007. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Summer2007/j_reeve_071207.pdf.

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45

Buckley, Elan. "Change in the Structure of Soil Microbial Communities in Response to Waste Amendments." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101499.

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Soil microbial communities are affected extensively by addition of amendments to their environment. Of particular concern is the addition of poultry litter, which contains a substantial C, energy, and nutrient supply, but also antibiotic resistance genes (ARG), antimicrobials, and a multitude of microbial species. This project seeks to primarily assess if there is a change in bacterial community structure in response to poultry litter amendments to pasture land across geographically independent land across northern Georgia. It may be that changes in the relative abundance of bacterial communit

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46

Dietrich, Carsten [Verfasser], and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Brune. "Ecological and evolutionary drivers of microbial community structure in termite guts / Carsten Dietrich. Betreuer: Andreas Brune." Marburg : Philipps-Universität Marburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1106381238/34.

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47

Saha, Ria. "A Study of the Effects of Diet on Human Gut Microbial Community Structure and Mercury Metabolism." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36488.

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Background: Recent research showing how dietary interventions substantially influence the potential presence of widespread and stable bacterial core phyla in the human colon has garnered a considerable amount of attention. Because the human gut can play a major role in host health, there is currently some interest in observing how diet influences human gut microbial composition and how changes in diet affect the potential for gut microbiota to transform mercury. This study aims to discover how different kinds of diet affect the nature and magnitude of microbial Hg transformations in the huma

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48

Roussos, Jessica M. "Spatial and Temporal Variation in White Point, Palos Verdes Hydrothermal Sulfur Vent Microbial Mat Community Structure." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10689039.

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<p>Sulfur-cycling microbial mats found around near-shore hydrothermal vents at White-Point, Palos Verdes are highly diverse communities that show variation in community structure over small spatial scales. This study investigated the within-site variability of the mats by comparing community structure, using 16S rRNA gene sequences, between mat samples collected in the intertidal and subtidal habitats at two different time points; March and June of 2015. The mats were dominated by two sulfur-oxidizers Sulfurovum and Arcobacter. Analysis showed that many of the same microbes were found acros

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Veresoglou, Stravros D. "The impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on N-Cyclin related rhizosphere microbial community structure and function." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517616.

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Shelton, Jenna L., Denise M. Akob, Jennifer C. McIntosh, et al. "Environmental Drivers of Differences in Microbial Community Structure in Crude Oil Reservoirs across a Methanogenic Gradient." FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621561.

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Stimulating in situ microbial communities in oil reservoirs to produce natural gas is a potentially viable strategy for recovering additional fossil fuel resources following traditional recovery operations. Little is known about what geochemical parameters drive microbial population dynamics in biodegraded, methanogenic oil reservoirs. We investigated if microbial community structure was significantly impacted by the extent of crude oil biodegradation, extent of biogenic methane production, and formation water chemistry. Twenty-two oil production wells from north central Louisiana, USA, were s

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