Relevant bibliographies by topics / Microbial contamination

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Microbial contamination'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Microbial contamination"

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Askew, E. Wayne. "Microbial Food Contamination." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 13, no. 3 (September 2002): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1580/1080-6032(2002)013[0233:]2.0.co;2.

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Shaltout, Fahim. "Microbial Contamination of Beef and Beef Products." Nutrition and Food Processing 2, no. 2 (November 18, 2019): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2637-8914/014.

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Beef provide an animal protein of high biological value for consumers at all ages, where they contain all the essential amino acids required for growth. Moreover, beef is good source of different types of vitamins as niacin, riboflavin, thiamine and ascorbic acid as well as sodium, calcium, iron, phosphorus, sulpher and iodine.
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Gupta Himanshu Upadhyay, Aparajita. "Evaluation of Microbial Contamination in Herbal Drugs." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12, no. 8 (August 5, 2023): 2333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr23824012152.

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Lee, Jee-Hye, Min-Ji Kang, Ha-Eun Sim, and Je-Hyung Hwang. "Microbial Contamination of Preservative-Free Artificial Tears Based on Instillation Techniques." Pathogens 11, no. 5 (May 18, 2022): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11050592.

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Preservative-free artificial tears eliminate the side effects of preservatives but are prone to microbial contamination. This study evaluates the incidence of microbial contaminations in single-use vials of preservative-free 0.1% hyaluronate artificial tears. Based on what touched the vial tip during its first use, 60 unit-dose vials (0.5 mL) were divided into groups A (no touch, n = 20), B (fingertip, n = 20), and C (lid margin, n = 20). The vials were recapped after the first use, and the residual solution was cultured 24 h later. The solution from 20 aseptically opened and unused vials was also cultured (group D). Microbial contamination rates were compared between the groups using the Fisher’s exact test. Groups B and C contained 45% (9/20) and 10% (2/20) contaminations while groups A and D contained undetected microbial growth. The culture positivity rates were significantly different between groups A and B (p = 0.001) and groups B and C (p = 0.013) but not between groups A and C (p = 0.487). We demonstrate a significantly higher risk of contamination when fingertips touch the vial mouth. Therefore, users should avoid the vial tip touching the fingers or eyelid during instillation to prevent contamination of the eye drops.
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Prüβ, Birgit M. "Microbes in Our Food, an Ongoing Problem with New Solutions." Antibiotics 9, no. 9 (September 8, 2020): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090584.

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Despite an increasing number of techniques that are designed to mitigate microbial contamination of food and the resulting food borne disease outbreaks, the United States and many other countries across the world continue to experience impressive numbers of such outbreaks. Microbial contamination can occur during activities that take place in the pre-harvest environment or in the processing facility post-harvest. Current treatments of food that are aimed at reducing bacterial numbers may be only partially effective because of the development of bacterial resistance, the formation of bacterial biofilms, and inactivation of the treatment compound by the food products themselves. This Special Issue will include basic research approaches that are aimed at enhancing our understanding of how contamination occurs throughout the food processing chain, as well as more immediate and applied approaches to the development and use of novel anti-microbials to combat microbes in food. Novel techniques that aim to evaluate the efficacy of novel anti-microbials are included. Overall, we present a broad spectrum of novel approaches to reduce microbial contamination on food at all stages of production.
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S.N, Anuradha, Arunkumar S, Mekhanayakee Mekhanayakee, Wai Yoke Shyen, and Arwintharao Arwintharao. "Study on awareness of microbial contamination through mobile phones." Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences 3, no. 4 (November 30, 2016): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/apjhs.2016.3.4.50.

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Ameri, Abdolghani, Maryam Ekhtelat, and Sara Shamsaei. "Microbial indices of industrial and traditional medicinal herbs in Ahvaz, Iran." Foods and Raw Materials 8, no. 1 (February 26, 2020): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2020-1-134-139.

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Introduction. Medicinal herbs are susceptible to microbial contamination which can have profound effects on the consumer’s health. Our study aimed to evaluate microbial contamination of common medicinal herbs in Ahvaz. Study objects and methods. We collected 80 samples of traditional and industrial medicinal plants from the supply market, namely valeriana, fennel, licorice, and shirazi thyme. The reference method was used to determine microbial indices such as the total count of microorganisms, yeast and mold, Bacillus cereus, coliforms, and Escherichia coli. Results and discussion. We found that the total microbial count, yeast and mold, B. cereus, and coliform contamination accounted for 45, 77, 55, and 55% of the total samples, respectively, exceeding the allowed limits. There was a significant difference between the industrial and traditional samples in fungal and coliform contamination, with the traditional samples being more highly contaminated. However, no significant difference was observed between them in total count and B. cereus contamination. E. coli contamination was detected in 31.2% of the samples, mostly in traditional. Total microbial count and yeast and mold contamination were highest among valeriana plants. Fennel showed the highest B. cereus and coliform contamination. The lowest contamination was observed in licorice. Conclusion. The results showed that a considerable percentage of the medicinal herbs under study were contaminated at levels exceeding the standard limits. Plants could be contaminated during harvesting, processing or storage. Finally, different species of plants have different antimicrobial activities that affect their microbial contamination.
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Dadashpour Davachi, Navid, and Seyed Mohammad Miri. "Embryo Culture Challenge: Microbial Contamination." Iranian Journal of Biotechnology 11, no. 4 (November 20, 2013): 207–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ijb.14733.

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Guo, Yufang. "Microbial contamination of edible flowers." Nature Food 2, no. 7 (July 2021): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00328-3.

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Clément, F., M. Vidament, and B. Guérin. "Microbial Contamination of Stallion Semen." Biology of Reproduction 52, monograph_series1 (January 1, 1995): 779–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolreprod/52.monograph_series1.779.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Microbial contamination"

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Lee, Cheuk-hung, and 李卓雄. "Microbial contamination of enteral feeds." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31245596.

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Anderton, A. "Microbial contamination of enternal feeds." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377156.

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Zhang, Lin. "Microbial pathogen contamination in mouse gametes and embryos." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5671.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008.
"May 2008" The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Includes bibliographical references.
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Gerba, Charles P. "Microbial Contamination of Groundwater by Landfills: Risk Assessment." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296388.

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From the Proceedings of the 1986 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association, Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science and the Arizona Hydrological Society - April 19, 1986, Glendale Community College, Glendale, Arizona
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Horn, Owen. "Environmental Contamination by Metabolites of Microbial Degradation of Plasticizers." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=92140.

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Earlier work with pure cultures has shown that the interaction of microbes with plasticizers leads to the formation ofmetabolites including 2-ethylhexanol and 2ethylhexanoic acid that resist further degradation. The same studies have shown that these compounds exhibit acute toxicity. This work has shown that the ability of soil micro-organisms to produce these metabolites from the degradation ofplasticizers is a general phenomenon. It was also found that the ability of soil organisms to degrade 2ethylhexanoic acid does not seem to be as common. Taken together, it would be expected that partial de gradation products of plasticizers should be observed in the environment. This was confirmed in a variety of environmental samples including sediments, surface waters, tap water, and fresh precipitation. Thus, even in a complex ecosystem, when plasticizers were degraded, the breakdown is not complete and significant amounts of2-ethylhexanoic acid and 2-ethylhexanol were observed. Since it is already weIl established that plasticizers are ubiquitous in the environment, it is expected that their recalcitrant metabolites will also be ubiquitous. This is a concem because, while the plasticizers do not exhibit acute toxicity, their metabolites do.
Il a été démontré, lors d'études précédentes faites avec des cultures pures, que l'intéraction de microbes avec des plastifiants mène à la formation de certains métabolites résistant à une dégradation ultérieure, incluant le 2-éthylhexanol ainsi que l'acide 2éthylhexanoïque. Ces mêmes études ont aussi démontré que ces composés ont une toxicité aigue. Le présent ouvrage a démontré que l'habileté à produire ces métabolites à partir de la dégradation de plastifiants est un phénomène généralisé chez les microorganismes provenants des sols. Il a aussi été démontré que l 'habileté de ces microorganismes à dégrader l'acide 2-éthylhexanoïque ne semble pas être aussi répandue. À partir de ces observations, il semble que les produits de la dégradation partielle des plastifiants devraient être observables dans l'environnement. Ceci a été confirmé dans un éventail d'échantillons environnementaux incluant des sédiments, des eaux de surface, des eaux potables municipales et des précipitations. Donc même dans un écosystème complexe, lorsque les plastifiants sont dégradés, la décomposition n'est pas complète et des quantités notables d'acide 2-éthylhexanoïque et de 2-éthylhexanol sont observées. Puisqu'il a déjà été établi que les plastifiants sont omniprésents dans l'environnement, il est prévu que leurs métabolites récalcitrants y seront aussi omniprésents. Ceci présente un intérêt majeur puisque ces métabolites, contrairement aux plastifiants, possèdent une toxicité aigue fr
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Shepherd, Kim. "Health implications of microbial contamination of private water supplies." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310618.

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Beattie, Tara Kate. "Microbial contamination of enteral tube feeds and feeding systems." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417337.

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McEvoy, John Michael. "Microbial contamination on beef carcasses during slaughter and processing." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394622.

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Sudini, Hari Kishan Huettel Robin Norton. "Soil microbial community structure and aflatoxin contamination of peanuts." Auburn, Ala., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1875.

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Clement, Mary. "The use of microbial community fingerprinting as a marker for tracking the source of water application to pathogen and groundwater source tracking /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/11132.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2010.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 49 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-49).
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Books on the topic "Microbial contamination"

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L, Wilson Charles, and Droby Samir, eds. Microbial food contamination. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 2001.

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L, Wilson Charles, ed. Microbial food contamination. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2008.

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L, Williams Kevin, ed. Microbial contamination control in parenteral manufacturing. New York: M. Dekker, 2004.

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Herman, Edwin B. Microbial contamination of plant tissue cultures. Shrub Oak [N.Y.]: Agritech Consultants, 1996.

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R, Eley Adrian, ed. Microbial food poisoning. 2nd ed. London: Chapman & Hall, 1996.

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Cassells, A. C., ed. Pathogen and Microbial Contamination Management in Micropropagation. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8951-2.

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Luis, Jiménez, ed. Microbial contamination control in the pharmaceutical industry. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2004.

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C, Cassells A., and International Symposium on Bacterial and Bacteria-Like Contaminants of Plant Tissue Cultures (2nd : 1996 : University College, Cork), eds. Pathogen and microbial contamination management in micropropagation. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997.

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Ramstorp, Matts. Contamination control in practice. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2004.

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Canada, Canada Health. Proceedings of the workshop on risk management of microbial contaminants in raw foods of animal origin March 14-15, 1995. Ottawa: Heatlh Canada, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Microbial contamination"

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Zweifel, Claudio, and Roger Stephan. "Microbial Contamination During Slaughter." In Meat Inspection and Control in the Slaughterhouse, 423–38. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118525821.ch16.

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Morgan, J. R. "Microbial Contamination of Creams." In Topics in Topicals, 61–67. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4906-5_6.

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Early, R. "Contamination of Raw Milk." In Microbial Toxins in Dairy Products, 132–53. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118823095.ch5.

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Panda, Anita, Namrata Sharma, S. K. Angra, and A. Kumbar. "Microbial Contamination of Donor Eyes." In Advances in Corneal Research, 549–55. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5389-2_45.

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Eckhardt, F. E. W. "Microbial Diversity and Airborne Contamination." In Microbially Influenced Corrosion of Materials, 75–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80017-7_7.

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Keller, Susanne E. "Microbial Contamination of Fresh Produce." In ACS Symposium Series, 25–45. Washington DC: American Chemical Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2009-1020.ch003.

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Li, Da, and Yingzhuo Gao. "Microbial Contamination of Culture Media." In Quality Management in the Assisted Reproduction Laboratory, 79–85. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6659-2_7.

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Rath, Shakti. "Microbial Contamination of Drinking Water." In Water Pollution and Management Practices, 1–17. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8358-2_1.

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Golovleva, L. A., R. M. Aliyeva, R. P. Naumova, and P. I. Gvozdyak. "Microbial Bioconversion of Pollutants." In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 41–78. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2864-6_3.

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Trevanich, Sudsai. "Techniques for Detection of Microbial Contamination." In Microbial Decontamination of Food, 1–46. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5114-5_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Microbial contamination"

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Evans, J., S. Russell, C. James, and J. Corry. "Microbial contamination of food refrigeration equipment." In 13th World Congress of Food Science & Technology. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/iufost:20060800.

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Stinson, M. K., and J. M. Perdek. "Managing Microbial Contamination in Urban Watersheds." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2004. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40737(2004)52.

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Berg, Tracy L., German Leparc, Debra E. Huffman, Angela L. Gennaccaro, Alicia Garcia-Lopez, Greta Klungness, Christie Stephans, and Luis H. Garcia-Rubio. "Detection of microbial contamination in platelets." In Biomedical Optics 2005, edited by Alexander V. Priezzhev and Gerard L. Cote. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.590488.

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Sievert, Hannah, Henrike Westekemper, and Henning Thomasen. "P30-A119 Microbial contamination of amniotic membrane." In Abstracts from the 2023 Annual Meeting of the European Eye Bank Association (Aachen, Germany - 2-4 March 2023). BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2023-eeba.29.

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Yaroshevsky, Vladislav, Tatyana Osipenko, and Julia Yaroshevska. "The evaluation of microbial air contamination in microbial pesticide manufacturing in bioreactors." In Scientific International Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Perspectives". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/ppap2023.35.

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The paper is dedicated to actual scientific and practical problem solutions for air treatment in microbial pesticide manufacturing. Experimental results of air filtration in series-link filters with 5 μm – 1 μm rating polypropylene cartridges are shown. Obtained microbial contamination level of filtered air 3.4 CFU·m–3 was low and air quality seemed to be sufficient for fermentation broth aeration in the bioreactor. The reasons for such results and prospects of filtration system simplification for pilot-scale microbial pesticide manufacturing are discussed.
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Langbein, J. E., C. Hein, A. Spielvogel, D. Lorenz, U. Stahl, D. Oberschmidt, and E. Uhlmann. "General detection of microbial contamination in technical fluids." In MICROBES IN APPLIED RESEARCH - Current Advances and Challenges. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814405041_0080.

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Akse, James R., John T. Holtsnider, Helen Kliestik, and Duane L. Pierson. "Immobilized Antimicrobials for the Enhanced Control of Microbial Contamination." In International Conference On Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-2405.

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Ellringer, P., and C. Yang. "113. Identification and Engineering Solutions of HVAC Microbial Contamination." In AIHce 1997 - Taking Responsibility...Building Tomorrow's Profession Papers. AIHA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2765229.

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Sberveglieri, G., G. Zambotti, M. Falasconi, E. Gobbi, and V. Sberveglieri. "MOX-NW Electronic Nose for detection of food microbial contamination." In 2014 IEEE Sensors. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsens.2014.6985268.

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Dodos, George S., Chrysovalanti E. Tsesmeli, and Fanourios Zannikos. "A Study on Microbial Contamination of Alcohol-Blended Unleaded Gasoline." In SAE 2016 International Powertrains, Fuels & Lubricants Meeting. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-2259.

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Reports on the topic "Microbial contamination"

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Goddard, Alan, and Rachel Pateman. Exploring the chopping board microbiome – lessons learned. Food Standards Agency, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.eaf949.

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Household surfaces are a well-known source of bacterial contamination, with ~40% of outbreaks of foodborne infections in Europe occurring at home. Whilst disease-causing bacteria may arrive in the home in contaminated food, it is also likely that many disease outbreaks are caused by poor hygiene and cross-contamination from raw food. A key site of such microbial contamination is chopping boards.
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Arnett, Clint, and Rebekah Wilson. Evaluation of a visible light responsive photocatalytic coating to resist microbial contamination and increase indoor air quality. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47644.

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To meet new Department of Defense (DoD) energy standards, buildings are being constructed, and existing buildings are being retrofitted with tighter envelops. These new standards can reduce operational costs significantly but also limit fresh outdoor air coming into the built environments. This can result in the accumulation of harmful substances within buildings, which can have adverse effects on its occupants. New photocatalytic coatings may be a solution to this ever-increasing problem as they have the ability to destroy both chemical and biological toxins when activated with light. This work evaluated a novel indoor-light-reactive photocatalytic coating for its ability to eliminate or reduce microbial contamination un-der in situ test conditions. However, air and surface sampling revealed no reduction in either viable fungi and bacteria or total airborne mold spores. Additionally, no significant differentiation could be made in the composition of volatile organics between the treated and untreated areas. How-ever, testing the photocatalytic activity of the coating with standardized test methods and increased illumination, revealed the coating did exhibit antimicrobial activity against mold, bacteria, and viruses. This suggested that there may be limited benefit to using the indoor-light-reactive photocatalytic coating to inhibit microbial contamination unless specific lighting conditions can be met.
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Jones, Robert, Molly Creagar, Michael Musty, Randall Reynolds, Scott Slone, and Robyn Barbato. A 𝘬-means analysis of the voltage response of a soil-based microbial fuel cell to an injected military-relevant compound (urea). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45940.

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Biotechnology offers new ways to use biological processes as environmental sensors. For example, in soil microbial fuel cells (MFCs), soil electro-genic microorganisms are recruited to electrodes embedded in soil and produce electricity (measured by voltage) through the breakdown of substrate. Because the voltage produced by the electrogenic microbes is a function of their environment, we hypothesize that the voltage may change in a characteristic manner given environmental disturbances, such as the contamination by exogenous material, in a way that can be modelled and serve as a diagnostic. In this study, we aimed to statistically analyze voltage from soil MFCs injected with urea as a proxy for gross contamination. Specifically, we used 𝘬-means clustering to discern between voltage output before and after the injection of urea. Our results showed that the 𝘬-means algorithm recognized 4–6 distinctive voltage regions, defining unique periods of the MFC voltage that clearly identify pre- and postinjection and other phases of the MFC lifecycle. This demonstrates that 𝘬-means can identify voltage patterns temporally, which could be further improve the sensing capabilities of MFCs by identifying specific regions of dissimilarity in voltage, indicating changes in the environment.
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Gillor, Osnat, Stefan Wuertz, Karen Shapiro, Nirit Bernstein, Woutrina Miller, Patricia Conrad, and Moshe Herzberg. Science-Based Monitoring for Produce Safety: Comparing Indicators and Pathogens in Water, Soil, and Crops. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7613884.bard.

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Using treated wastewater (TWW) for crop irrigation represents an important opportunity for ensuring adequate food production in light of growing freshwater scarcity worldwide. However, the environmentally sustainable approach of using TWW for irrigation can lead to contamination of produce with fecal pathogens that may remain in treated water. The overall goal of this research was to evaluate the correlation between the presence of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and that of a suite of human pathogens in TWW, the irrigated soil, and crops. Field experiments were conducted to compare secondary and tertiary TWW with dechlorinated tap water for irrigation of tomatoes, a typical commercial crop, in Israel, a semi-arid country. Human pathogens including bacteria (Salmonella), protozoa (Cryptosporidiumand Giardia), and viruses (Adenovirus [AV Types A, B, C & 40/41] and Enterovirus [EV71 subtypes]) were monitored in two field trials using a combination of microscopic, cultivation-based, and molecular (qPCR) techniques. Results from the field trials indicate that microbial contamination on the surface of tomatoes did not appear to be associated with the source of irrigated waters; FIB contamination was not statistically different on tomatoes irrigated with TWW as compared to tomatoes irrigated with potable water. In fact, Indicator bacteria testing did not predict the presence of pathogens in any of the matrices tested. High concentrations of FIB were detected in water and on tomato surfaces from all irrigation treatment schemes, while pathogen contamination on tomato surfaces (Cryptosporidiumand Salmonella) was only detected on crops irrigated with TWW. These results suggest that regular monitoring for pathogens should take place to accurately detect presence of harmful microorganisms that could threaten consumer safety. A notable result from our study is that the large numbers of FIB in the water did not appear to lead to FIB accumulation in the soil. With the exception of two samples, E. coli that was present at 10³ to 10⁴ cells/100 mL in the water, was not detected in the soil. Other bacterial targets associated with the enteric environment (e. g., Proteusspp.) as well as protozoal pathogens were detected in the TWW, but not in the soil. These findings suggest that significant microbial transfer to the soil from TWW did not occur in this study. The pattern of FIB contamination on the surfaces of tomatoes was the same for all treatment types, and showed a temporal effect with more contamination detected as the duration of the field trial increased. An important observation revealed that water quality dramatically deteriorated between the time of its release from the wastewater treatment plant and the time it was utilized for irrigation, highlighting the importance of performing water quality testing throughout the growing season at the cultivation site.
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Poverenov, E., Philip Demokritou, Yaguang Luo, and V. Rodov. Green nature inspired nano-sanitizers for enhancing safety of ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2022.8134145.bard.

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In this proposal, we suggest novel ways to address food safety problems in the expanding sector of fresh, ready-to-eat, fresh-cut, minimally processed fruits and vegetables. These products are becoming increasingly popular with consumers because they provide an easy way to increase consumption of phytonutrient-rich fresh foods, as recommended by health experts. However, ready-to-eat fresh fruits and vegetables may be associated with two serious health hazards. The first hazard is microbiological; human pathogens, potentially present on raw fruits and vegetables, may survive the mild interventions of minimal processing and could be further spread by cross-contamination. The second hazard is chemical; typical decontamination techniques use chlorine derivatives and strong oxidizers, which can taint food products with potentially harmful and carcinogenic byproducts. The overall goal of this work is to provide consumers with healthy and safe ready-to-eat produce that is free of microbial and chemical hazards
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Olive, Brent. Determination of the feasibility of using open path FTIR to monitor levels of 3-methylfuran and 1-octen-3-ol for the purpose of detecting microbial contamination in indoor environments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/572630.

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Choudhary, Ruplal, Victor Rodov, Punit Kohli, Elena Poverenov, John Haddock, and Moshe Shemesh. Antimicrobial functionalized nanoparticles for enhancing food safety and quality. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598156.bard.

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Original objectives The general goal of the project was to utilize the bactericidal potential of curcumin- functionalizednanostructures (CFN) for reinforcement of food safety by developing active antimicrobial food-contact surfaces. In order to reach the goal, the following secondary tasks were pursued: (a) further enhancement of the CFN activity based on understanding their mode of action; (b) preparing efficient antimicrobial surfaces, investigating and optimizing their performance; (c) testing the efficacy of the antimicrobial surfaces in real food trials. Background to the topic The project dealt with reducing microbial food spoilage and safety hazards. Cross-contamination through food-contact surfaces is one of the major safety concerns, aggravated by bacterial biofilm formation. The project implemented nanotech methods to develop novel antimicrobial food-contact materials based on natural compounds. Food-grade phenylpropanoidcurcumin was chosen as the most promising active principle for this research. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements In agreement with the original plan, the following research tasks were performed. Optimization of particles structure and composition. Three types of curcumin-functionalizednanostructures were developed and tested: liposome-type polydiacetylenenanovesicles, surface- stabilized nanoparticles and methyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes (MBCD). The three types had similar minimal inhibitory concentration but different mode of action. Nanovesicles and inclusion complexes were bactericidal while the nanoparticlesbacteriostatic. The difference might be due to different paths of curcumin penetration into bacterial cell. Enhancing the antimicrobial efficacy of CFN by photosensitization. Light exposure strengthened the bactericidal efficacy of curcumin-MBCD inclusion complexes approximately three-fold and enhanced the bacterial death on curcumin-coated plastic surfaces. Investigating the mode of action of CFN. Toxicoproteomic study revealed oxidative stress in curcumin-treated cells of E. coli. In the dark, this effect was alleviated by cellular adaptive responses. Under light, the enhanced ROS burst overrode the cellular adaptive mechanisms, disrupted the iron metabolism and synthesis of Fe-S clusters, eventually leading to cell death. Developing industrially-feasible methods of binding CFN to food-contact surfaces. CFN binding methods were developed for various substrates: covalent binding (binding nanovesicles to glass, plastic and metal), sonochemical impregnation (binding nanoparticles to plastics) and electrostatic layer-by-layer coating (binding inclusion complexes to glass and plastics). Investigating the performance of CFN-coated surfaces. Flexible and rigid plastic materials and glass coated with CFN demonstrated bactericidal activity towards Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive (Bac. cereus) bacteria. In addition, CFN-impregnated plastic material inhibited bacterial attachment and biofilm development. Testing the efficacy of CFN in food preservation trials. Efficient cold pasteurization of tender coconut water inoculated with E. coli and Listeriamonocytogeneswas performed by circulation through a column filled with CFN-coated glass beads. Combination of curcumin coating with blue light prevented bacterial cross contamination of fresh-cut melons through plastic surfaces contaminated with E. coli or Bac. licheniformis. Furthermore, coating of strawberries with CFN reduced fruit spoilage during simulated transportation extending the shelf life by 2-3 days. Implications, both scientific and agricultural BARD Report - Project4680 Page 2 of 17 Antimicrobial food-contact nanomaterials based on natural active principles will preserve food quality and ensure safety. Understanding mode of antimicrobial action of curcumin will allow enhancing its dark efficacy, e.g. by targeting the microbial cellular adaptation mechanisms.
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Cahaner, Avigdor, Susan J. Lamont, E. Dan Heller, and Jossi Hillel. Molecular Genetic Dissection of Complex Immunocompetence Traits in Broilers. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586461.bard.

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Objectives: (1) Evaluate Immunocompetence-OTL-containing Chromosomal Regions (ICRs), marked by microsatellites or candidate genes, for magnitude of direct effect and for contribution to relationships among multiple immunocompetence, disease-resistance, and growth traits, in order to estimate epistatic and pleiotropic effects and to predict the potential breeding applications of such markers. (2) Evaluate the interaction of the ICRs with genetic backgrounds from multiple sources and of multiple levels of genetic variation, in order to predict the general applicability of molecular genetic markers across widely varied populations. Background: Diseases cause substantial economic losses to animal producers. Emerging pathogens, vaccine failures and intense management systems increase the impact of diseases on animal production. Moreover, zoonotic pathogens are a threat to human food safety when microbiological contamination of animal products occurs. Consumers are increasingly concerned about drug residues and antibiotic- resistant pathogens derived from animal products. The project used contemporary scientific technologies to investigate the genetics of chicken resistance to infectious disease. Genetic enhancement of the innate resistance of chicken populations provides a sustainable and ecologically sound approach to reduce microbial loads in agricultural populations. In turn, animals will be produced more efficiently with less need for drug treatment and will pose less of a potential food-safety hazard. Major achievements, conclusions and implications:. The PI and co-PIs had developed a refined research plan, aiming at the original but more focused objectives, that could be well-accomplished with the reduced awarded support. The successful conduct of that research over the past four years has yielded substantial new information about the genes and genetic markers that are associated with response to two important poultry pathogens, Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and Escherichia coli (EC), about variation of immunocompetence genes in poultry, about relationships of traits of immune response and production, and about interaction of genes with environment and with other genes and genetic background. The current BARD work has generated a base of knowledge and expertise regarding the genetic variation underlying the traits of immunocompetence and disease resistance. In addition, unique genetic resource populations of chickens have been established in the course of the current project, and they are essential for continued projects. The US laboratory has made considerable progress in studies of the genetics of resistance to SE. Microsatellite-marked chromosomal regions and several specific genes were linked to SE vaccine response or bacterial burden and the important phenomenon of gene interaction was identified in this system. In total, these studies demonstrate the role of genetics in SE response, the utility of the existing resource population, and the expertise of the research group in conducting such experiments. The Israeli laboratories had showed that the lines developed by selection for high or low level of antibody (Ab) response to EC differ similarly in Ab response to several other viral and bacterial pathogens, indicating the existence of a genetic control of general capacity of Ab response in young broilers. It was also found that the 10w-Ab line has developed, possibly via compensatory "natural" selection, higher cellular immune response. At the DNA levels, markers supposedly linked to immune response were identified, as well as SNP in the MHC, a candidate gene responsible for genetic differences in immunocompetence of chickens.
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OLUWASANYA, Grace, Ayodetimi OMONIYI, Duminda PERERA, Manzoor QADIR, and Kaveh MADANI. Unmasking the Unseen: The Gendered Impacts of Water Quality, Sanitation and Hygiene. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health (UNU INWEH), March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/inr24gar011.

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This report investigated the interplay between water quality, sanitation, hygiene and gender by examining distinct variables of water quality and their varying impacts on gender like reported water-related illnesses of males and females, and the consequences of water quality, sanitation, and hygiene on menstrual hygiene practices, particularly focusing on a low- and middle-income country- LMICs. This report presents the key findings, outlining a framework and guidance for examining gender-specific impacts stemming from poor water quality and WASH practices through a piloted case study in Abeokuta City, Nigeria, to serve as a preliminary guide for conducting comprehensive, site-specific assessments. The piloted Differential Impacts Assessment, DIA framework is a 5-step approach, guiding the evaluation of gendered impacts from method design to the field activities, which include water sampling and laboratory analysis, public survey, and health data collection, to the data and gender analysis. The focus on low- and middle-income countries underscores the importance of DIA in such regions for better health and socioeconomic outcomes, promoting inclusive development. The study results reveal unsettling, largely unseen gender disparities in exposure to health-related risks associated with non-utility water sources and highlight pronounced differences in water source preferences and utilization, the burden of water sourcing and collection, and health- and hygiene-related practices. Specifically, this preliminary assessment indicates an alarming inadequacy in accessing WASH services within the pilot study area, raising considerable doubts about achieving SDG 6 by 2030. While this finding is worrying, this report also discusses the lack of a standardized protocol for monitoring water-related impacts utilizing sex-disaggregated data, shedding light on the unseen global-scale gendered impacts. The report warns about the water safety of non-utility water sources. Without point-of-use treatment and water safety protocols, the water sources are unsuitable for potable uses, potentially posing compounded health risks associated with microbial contaminations and high calcium content, particularly affecting boys. Girls are likely the most affected by the repercussions of water collection, including time constraints, health implications, and safety concerns. Men and boys face a higher risk related to poor hygiene, while women may be more susceptible to health effects stemming from toilet cleaning responsibilities and shared sanitation facilities. Despite the preference for disposable sanitary pads among most women and girls, women maintain better menstrual hygiene practices than girls. This age-specific disparity highlights potential substantial health risks for girls in the near and distant future. Enhancing women's economic status could improve access to superior healthcare services and significantly elevate household well-being. The report calls for targeted actions, including urgent planning and implementation of robust water safety protocols for non-utility self-supply systems and mainstreaming gender concerns and needs as the “6th” accelerator for SDG 6. The piloted methodology is scalable and serves as an introductory guide that can be further refined to explore and track site-specific differential health and socioeconomic effects of inadequate water quality, especially in locales similar to the study area. The report targets policymakers and donor organizations advocating for sustainable water resource development, public health, human rights, and those promoting gender equality globally
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