Relevant bibliographies by topics / Microbial drug resistance

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Microbial drug resistance'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Microbial drug resistance"

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McCloskey, William W. "Microbial Drug Resistance." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 278, no. 6 (August 13, 1997): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03550060099047.

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Boneca, Ivo G. "The Future of Microbial Drug Resistance." Microbial Drug Resistance 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2020.29000.igb.

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McKeegan, Kenneth S., M. Ines Borges-Walmsley, and Adrian R. Walmsley. "Microbial and viral drug resistance mechanisms." Trends in Microbiology 10, no. 10 (October 2002): s8—s14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-842x(02)02429-0.

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White, David G., and Patrick F. McDermott. "Biocides, drug resistance and microbial evolution." Current Opinion in Microbiology 4, no. 3 (June 2001): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-5274(00)00209-5.

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McConville, M. J., and S. A. Ralph. "Chronic arsenic exposure and microbial drug resistance." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, no. 49 (November 13, 2013): 19666–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1319659110.

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L. Cohen, Felissa, and Donna Tartasky. "Microbial resistance to drug therapy: A review." American Journal of Infection Control 25, no. 1 (February 1997): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-6553(97)90054-7.

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Jha, Niharika G., Daphika S. Dkhar, Sumit K. Singh, Shweta J. Malode, Nagaraj P. Shetti, and Pranjal Chandra. "Engineered Biosensors for Diagnosing Multidrug Resistance in Microbial and Malignant Cells." Biosensors 13, no. 2 (February 7, 2023): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13020235.

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To curtail pathogens or tumors, antimicrobial or antineoplastic drugs have been developed. These drugs target microbial/cancer growth and survival, thereby improving the host’s health. In attempts to evade the detrimental effects of such drugs, these cells have evolved several mechanisms over time. Some variants of the cells have developed resistances against multiple drugs or antimicrobial agents. Such microorganisms or cancer cells are said to exhibit multidrug resistance (MDR). The drug resistance status of a cell can be determined by analyzing several genotypic and phenotypic changes, which are brought about by significant physiological and biochemical alterations. Owing to their resilient nature, treatment and management of MDR cases in clinics is arduous and requires a meticulous approach. Currently, techniques such as plating and culturing, biopsy, gene sequencing, and magnetic resonance imaging are prevalent in clinical practices for determining drug resistance status. However, the major drawbacks of using these methods lie in their time-consuming nature and the problem of translating them into point-of-care or mass-detection tools. To overcome the shortcomings of conventional techniques, biosensors with a low detection limit have been engineered to provide quick and reliable results conveniently. These devices are highly versatile in terms of analyte range and quantities that can be detected to report drug resistance in a given sample. A brief introduction to MDR, along with a detailed insight into recent biosensor design trends and use for identifying multidrug-resistant microorganisms and tumors, is presented in this review.
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Amariucai-Mantu, Dorina, Violeta Mangalagiu, Iustinian Bejan, Aculina Aricu, and Ionel I. Mangalagiu. "Hybrid Azine Derivatives: A Useful Approach for Antimicrobial Therapy." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 10 (September 23, 2022): 2026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14102026.

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Nowadays, infectious diseases caused by microorganisms are a major threat to human health, mostly because of drug resistance, multi-drug resistance and extensive-drug-resistance phenomena to microbial pathogens. During the last few years, obtaining hybrid azaheterocyclic drugs represents a powerful and attractive approach in modern antimicrobial therapy with very promising results including overcoming microbial drug resistance. The emphasis of this review is to notify the scientific community about the latest recent advances from the last five years in the field of hybrid azine derivatives with antimicrobial activity. The review is divided according to the main series of six-member ring azaheterocycles with one nitrogen atom and their fused analogs. In each case, the main essential data concerning synthesis and antimicrobial activity are presented.
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Idrees, Muhammad, Afzal R. Mohammad, Nazira Karodia, and Ayesha Rahman. "Multimodal Role of Amino Acids in Microbial Control and Drug Development." Antibiotics 9, no. 6 (June 17, 2020): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9060330.

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Amino acids are ubiquitous vital biomolecules found in all kinds of living organisms including those in the microbial world. They are utilised as nutrients and control many biological functions in microorganisms such as cell division, cell wall formation, cell growth and metabolism, intermicrobial communication (quorum sensing), and microbial-host interactions. Amino acids in the form of enzymes also play a key role in enabling microbes to resist antimicrobial drugs. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and microbial biofilms are posing a great threat to the world’s human and animal population and are of prime concern to scientists and medical professionals. Although amino acids play an important role in the development of microbial resistance, they also offer a solution to the very same problem i.e., amino acids have been used to develop antimicrobial peptides as they are highly effective and less prone to microbial resistance. Other important applications of amino acids include their role as anti-biofilm agents, drug excipients, drug solubility enhancers, and drug adjuvants. This review aims to explore the emerging paradigm of amino acids as potential therapeutic moieties.
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Chiș, Adriana Aurelia, Luca Liviu Rus, Claudiu Morgovan, Anca Maria Arseniu, Adina Frum, Andreea Loredana Vonica-Țincu, Felicia Gabriela Gligor, Maria Lucia Mureșan, and Carmen Maximiliana Dobrea. "Microbial Resistance to Antibiotics and Effective Antibiotherapy." Biomedicines 10, no. 5 (May 12, 2022): 1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10051121.

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Currently, the efficacy of antibiotics is severely affected by the emergence of the antimicrobial resistance phenomenon, leading to increased morbidity and mortality worldwide. Multidrug-resistant pathogens are found not only in hospital settings, but also in the community, and are considered one of the biggest public health concerns. The main mechanisms by which bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics include changes in the drug target, prevention of entering the cell, elimination through efflux pumps or inactivation of drugs. A better understanding and prediction of resistance patterns of a pathogen will lead to a better selection of active antibiotics for the treatment of multidrug-resistant infections.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Microbial drug resistance"

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Abate, Getahun. "Drug resistance in mycobacterium tuberculosis /." Stockholm, 1999. http://diss.kib.ki.se/1999/91-628-3833-4/.

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Purewal, Amarjit S. "Bacterial genetic determinants specifying resistance to cationic antimicrobial agents." Thesis, University of Hull, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.253168.

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Roe, Darcie Elizabeth. "Prevalence and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in oral bacteria." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9310.

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Hayes, Cindy. "Prevalence and resistance gene mutations of multi-drug resistant and extensively drug resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020374.

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The emergence and spread of multi-drug resistant (MDR-TB) and extensively drugresistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) are a major medical and public problem threatening the global health. The objectives of this study were to (i) determine the prevalence of MDR-TB and XDR-TB in the Eastern Cape; (ii) analyze patterns of gene mutations in MDR-TB and (iii) identify gene mutations associated with resistance to second line injectable drugs in XDR-TB isolates. A total of 1520 routine sputum specimens sequentially received within a period of 12 months i.e. February 2012 to February 2013 from all MDR-TB and XDR-TB patients treated by Hospitals and clinics in the Eastern Cape were included in this study, of which 1004 had interpretable results. Samples were analyzed with the Genotype MTBDRplus VER 2.0 assay kit (Hain Lifescience) for detection of resistance to Rifampicin and Isoniazid while solid and liquid culture drug susceptibility tests were used for ethambutol, streptomycin, ethionamide, ofloxacin, capreomycin and amikacin. PCR and sequence analysis of short regions of target genes gyrA, (encode subunit of DNA topoisomerase gyrase), rrs (16S rRNA) and tlyA (encodes a 2’-O-methyltransferase) were performed on 20 XDR-TB isolates. MTBDRplus kit results and drug susceptibility tests identified 462 MDR-TB, 284 pre-XDR and 258 XDR-TB isolates from 267 clinics and 25 hospitals in the Eastern Cape. There was a high frequency of resistance to streptomycin, ethionamide, amikacin, ofloxacin and capreomycin. Mutation patterns indicated differences between the health districts as well as differences between the facilities within the health districts. The most common mutation patterns observed were: (i) ΔWT3, ΔWT4, MUT1 [D516V+del515] (rpoB), ΔWT, MUT1 [S315T1] (katG), ΔWT1 [C15T] (inhA) [39 MDR, 204 XDR-TB and 214 pre XDR-TB isolates], (ii) ΔWT8, MUT3 [L533P+S531L] (rpoB), ΔWT, MUT1 [S315T1] [145 MDR, 18 pre-XDR and 3 XDR-TB solates] and (iii) ΔWT3, WT4 [D516Y+del515] (rpoB), ΔWT, MUT1 [S315T1] (katG) [75 MDR, 1 pre-XDR and 7 XDR-TB isolates]. Mutations in inhA promoter regions were strongly associated with XDR-TB isolates. Two thirds (66.6 percent (669/1004) of the isolates had inhA mutations present with 25.4 percent (170/669) found among the MDR isolates, 39.2 percent (262/669) among the pre-XDR isolates and 35.4 percent (237/669) among the XDR-TB isolates, which implies that these resistant isolates are being spread by transmission within the community and circulating in the province. There was good correlation between XDR-TB drug susceptibility test results and sequence analyses of the gyrA and rrs genes. The majority of XDR-TB isolates contained mutations at positions C269T (6/20) and 1401G (18/20) in gyrA and rrs genes respectively. Sequence analysis of short regions of gyrA and rrs genes may be useful for detection of fluoroquinolone and amikacin/ kanamycin resistance in XDR-TB isolates but the tlyA gene is not a sensitive genetic marker for capreomycin resistance. This study highlighted the urgent need for the development of rapid diagnostics for XDR-TB and raised serious concerns regarding ineffective patientmanagement resulting in ongoing transmission of extremely resistant strains of XDRTB in the Eastern Cape suggesting that the Eastern Cape could be fast becoming the epicenter for the development of Totally Drug-resistant Tuberculosis (TDR-TB) in South Africa.
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Luna, Vicki Ann. "The identification and distribution of multidrug resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in Washington State /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9275.

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Saunders, Geoffrey Lance. "Beta-lactam antibiotic resistance in enterobacter cloacae isolated from Groot Schuur Hospital inpatients." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25559.

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Saunders, G. L. (Geoffrey Lance). "Beta-lactam antibiotic resistance in enterobacter cloacae isolated from Groot Schuur Hospital inpatients." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25557.

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Jönsson, Maria. "Microbial responses to antibiotics : stability of resistance and extended potential of targeting the folate synthesis /." Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5819.

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Von, David William J. "Studies on the mechanism of staphylococcal conjugation." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9924937.

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Chung, Whasun Oh. "Macrolide resistance and its linkage to tetracycline resistance /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9279.

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Books on the topic "Microbial drug resistance"

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Weber, J. Todd. Antimicrobial resistance: Beyond the breakpoint. Basel: Karger, 2010.

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Border, Peter. Diseases fighting back: The growing resistance of TB and other bacterial diseases to treatment. London: Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 1994.

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C, Owens Robert, and Lautenbach Ebbing, eds. Antimicrobial resistance: Problem pathogens and clinical countermeasures. New York: Informa Healthcare, 2008.

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1946-, Chopra I., ed. Understanding antibacterial action and resistance. 2nd ed. London: Ellis Horwood, 1996.

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Russell, A. D. Understanding antibacterial action and resistance. New York: E. Horwood, 1990.

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Peters, Wallace. Chemotherapy and drug resistance in malaria. 2nd ed. London: Academic Press, 1987.

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Nicolle, Lindsay E. Infection control programmes to contain antimicrobial resistance. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2001.

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United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment., ed. Impacts of antibiotic-resistant bacteria: Thanks to penicillin-- He will come home! Washington, DC: Office of Technology Assessment, Congress of the U.S., 1995.

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United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment, ed. Impacts of antibiotic-resistants bacteria. Washington, DC: Office of Technology Assessment, Congress of the U.S., 1995.

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1966-, Aarestrup Frank M., ed. Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria of animal origin. Washington, D.C: ASM Press, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Microbial drug resistance"

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Radecka, Iza, Claire Martin, and David Hill. "The Problem of Microbial Drug Resistance." In Novel Antimicrobial Agents and Strategies, 1–16. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527676132.ch1.

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Chattopadhyay, Indranil. "Microbial Pathogenesis and Antimicrobial Drug Resistance." In Model Organisms for Microbial Pathogenesis, Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, 79–97. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1695-5_6.

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Sinha, Rajeshwari, Ayesha Sadaf, and Sunil K. Khare. "Exploring Microbial Nanotoxicity Against Drug Resistance in Bacteria." In Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World, 139–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63241-0_6.

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Anju, V. T., Busi Siddhardha, and Madhu Dyavaiah. "Enterobacter Infections and Antimicrobial Drug Resistance." In Model Organisms for Microbial Pathogenesis, Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, 175–94. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1695-5_11.

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Rajkumari, Jobina, and Busi Siddhardha. "Acinetobacter baumannii: Infections and Drug Resistance." In Model Organisms for Microbial Pathogenesis, Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, 257–71. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1695-5_14.

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Sarathy, Muthu Vijaya, Sivaraman Balaji, and Tingirikari Jagan Mohan Rao. "Enterococcal Infections and Drug Resistance Mechanisms." In Model Organisms for Microbial Pathogenesis, Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, 131–58. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1695-5_9.

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Singh, Indu, Hemant K. Gautam, and Gagan Dhawan. "Nanobiotechnology: Current and Future Perspectives in Combating Microbial Pathogenesis." In Pathogenicity and Drug Resistance of Human Pathogens, 337–50. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9449-3_17.

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Rehman, Suriya, Zainab Al Salem, Reem Al Jindan, and Saif Hameed. "Microbial Natural Products: Exploiting Microbes Against Drug-Resistant Bugs." In Pathogenicity and Drug Resistance of Human Pathogens, 393–404. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9449-3_20.

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Priyanka, Ashwath, Kotian Akshatha, Vijaya Kumar Deekshit, J. Prarthana, and Dharnappa Sannejal Akhila. "Klebsiella pneumoniae Infections and Antimicrobial Drug Resistance." In Model Organisms for Microbial Pathogenesis, Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, 195–225. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1695-5_12.

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Parasuraman, Paramanantham, Asad Syed, and Busi Siddhardha. "Pathogenesis and Drug Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa." In Model Organisms for Microbial Pathogenesis, Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, 227–56. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1695-5_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Microbial drug resistance"

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Happitiya, H. A. D. N. N., C. M. Nanayakkara, K. G. S. U. Ariyawansa, S. S. Ediriweera, N. N. Wijayawardene, R. P. P. K. Jayasinghe, Don Qin Dai, and S. C. Karunarathna. "Antibacterial Activities of Lichen-associated Fungi in Mangrove Ecosystems in Sri Lanka as Potent Candidates for Novel Antibiotic Agents." In SLIIT International Conference on Advancements in Sciences and Humanities 2023. Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, SLIIT, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54389/slzp7371.

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Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat to humans, prompting an increasing interest in exploring and developing novel antimicrobial substances derived from diverse sources. Together with the emergence of new diseases the search for novel drug leads has intensified. Less explored microbial habitats have become prime targets in mining for novel antimicrobial molecules. Secondary metabolites synthesized by lichen-associated fungi are good potential targets in this regard. Hence, this study was carried out to explore the antibacterial potential of lichen associated fungi in mangrove ecosystems by taking National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency (NARA) Regional Research Centre, Kalpitiya, Puttalam District, Sri Lanka as the study site. Lichen-associated fungi were isolated from collected lichens by plating out surface sterilized lichen thalli pieces. Antibacterial activities of the isolates were tested using two gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus and two gram-negative bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. In this study, 72 putative fungal isolates were primarily screened for their antibacterial activity using agar plug diffusion assay and ethyl acetate crude fungal extracts of nine fungal isolates with marked activity were secondarily screened using the well diffusion assay in triplicate. Isolate LIF 0803 identified as Trichosporon faecale showed the most outstanding antibacterial activities as 2.58 ± 0.29, 3.43 ± 0.05, 4.2 ± 0, 4.5 ± 0.14 cm of zone diameter at 100 mg/mL and 1.95 ± 0.59, 3.08 ± 0.13, 3.7 ± 0.12, 4.3 ± 0.19 cm of zone diameter at 50 mg/mL against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, B. cereus, and E. coli. All nine fungal isolates showed promising antimicrobial activity against both gram positive and negative bacteria. Therefore, this study showed that lichen-associated fungi in mangrove ecosystems have potent antibacterial activities. Hence, bioassay guided fractionation of active compounds from lichen-associated fungi and structure elucidation are warranted.
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Singal, Ashish. "Design of Electromagnetic Coils and Temperature Regulation Circuits for Impeding Microbial Growth on Medical Device Surfaces." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3303.

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Microorganisms that form biofilm on surface of medical devices represent a major health risk for patients and an economic burden for the health care system [1]. Biofilms are conglomerates of bacterial colonies characterized by the production of an exo-polysaccharide matrix making it challenging to eradicate them by using chemical or antibiotic treatments [2]. More than 70% of biofilm-related infections are resistant to at least one drug, therefore, alternative forms of treatments have been investigated. Previously we have reported compelling new data showing the synergistic effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) and elevated temperatures on the colonization and survival of pathogenic bacteria on medical device surfaces [3]. Here we report the design and development of prototypical EMF coils and temperature regulation circuits that are simple and cost effective for impeding microbial growth on medical device surfaces.
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JAWAD, Israa, Adian Abd Alrazak DAKL, and Hussein Jabar JASIM. "CHARACTERIZATION, MECHANISM OF ACTION, SOURCES TYPES AND USES OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS, REVIEW." In VII. INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONGRESSOF PURE,APPLIEDANDTECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES. Rimar Academy, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/minarcongress7-13.

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This review aimed to identify the general characteristics of , mechanism of action, types and uses of antimicrobial peptides in animals, antimicrobial peptides were lass of small peptides that widely exist naturally, they varied greatly in structure, composition are found in the animal's species, and were standard structural features, twenty to sixty residue long, cationic and amphipathic peptides, have a positive charge that interacted with negatively charged molecules on the bacterial cell surfaces, a have an expansive field of inhibitory effects and were made as the first line of protection by both multicellular organisms. An essential component of the innate immune method of various organisms can have broad movement to instantly destroy bacteria, parasites, yeasts, fungi, viruses, and even cancer cells, Several antimicrobial peptides were expressed in the gastrointestinal mucosa of the animals where they can modulate innate immune responses and the intestinal microbial, act some protective microbial species and modulate an immune response. Its interactions with innate immunity and the intestinal microbial reveal attractive drug targets, act as a new therapeutic approach against gastrointestinal infections, damage, and inflammations, and modulate obesity and metabolic diseases. In addition, its acts as a biomarker of gastrointestinal diseases. They have been useful parts of the host's defense systems for a long time. Because microbes become resistant to antimicrobial peptides more slowly than to traditional antibiotics, they could be used as alternative treatments in the future. Several thousand antimicrobial peptides have been isolated from microorganisms, plants, insects, crustaceans, creatures, and even humans. Conclusion: Antimicrobial peptides are small proteins found in plant and animal species. They are the first defense against infections caused by microorganisms. and work against a wide range of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, both gram-positive and gram-negative. They are related together to innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
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Reports on the topic "Microbial drug resistance"

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Schoonover, Rod, and Dan Smith. Five Urgent Questions on Ecological Security. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/xatc1489.

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The increasing pressure of ecological disruption on people and on security means that ideas and policy on peace and security must increasingly address the need for ecological security. This paper poses five research questions concerning: (a) amplification of anti-microbial resistance (patho-gens that are increasingly drug-resistant); (b) the physiological consequences of pollution; (c) the loss of nature’s con-tribution to people’s well-being; (d) local and regional eco-logical tipping points; and (e) detri-mental organisms and pro-cesses that thrive in the rapidly changing planet. Each question has a human health dimension, with likely socio-economic impacts and effects on behaviour, as well as potential effects on security and political stability. Under-standing these issues is essential if appropriate responses are to be developed. More research is needed in both the natural and the social sciences, with interdisciplinary work that is in close contact with the policy world. The situation is urgent and policy responses cannot wait until all the answers are known and uncertainty has been fully eliminated.
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Cahaner, Avigdor, Susan J. Lamont, E. Dan Heller, and Jossi Hillel. Molecular Genetic Dissection of Complex Immunocompetence Traits in Broilers. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586461.bard.

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Objectives: (1) Evaluate Immunocompetence-OTL-containing Chromosomal Regions (ICRs), marked by microsatellites or candidate genes, for magnitude of direct effect and for contribution to relationships among multiple immunocompetence, disease-resistance, and growth traits, in order to estimate epistatic and pleiotropic effects and to predict the potential breeding applications of such markers. (2) Evaluate the interaction of the ICRs with genetic backgrounds from multiple sources and of multiple levels of genetic variation, in order to predict the general applicability of molecular genetic markers across widely varied populations. Background: Diseases cause substantial economic losses to animal producers. Emerging pathogens, vaccine failures and intense management systems increase the impact of diseases on animal production. Moreover, zoonotic pathogens are a threat to human food safety when microbiological contamination of animal products occurs. Consumers are increasingly concerned about drug residues and antibiotic- resistant pathogens derived from animal products. The project used contemporary scientific technologies to investigate the genetics of chicken resistance to infectious disease. Genetic enhancement of the innate resistance of chicken populations provides a sustainable and ecologically sound approach to reduce microbial loads in agricultural populations. In turn, animals will be produced more efficiently with less need for drug treatment and will pose less of a potential food-safety hazard. Major achievements, conclusions and implications:. The PI and co-PIs had developed a refined research plan, aiming at the original but more focused objectives, that could be well-accomplished with the reduced awarded support. The successful conduct of that research over the past four years has yielded substantial new information about the genes and genetic markers that are associated with response to two important poultry pathogens, Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and Escherichia coli (EC), about variation of immunocompetence genes in poultry, about relationships of traits of immune response and production, and about interaction of genes with environment and with other genes and genetic background. The current BARD work has generated a base of knowledge and expertise regarding the genetic variation underlying the traits of immunocompetence and disease resistance. In addition, unique genetic resource populations of chickens have been established in the course of the current project, and they are essential for continued projects. The US laboratory has made considerable progress in studies of the genetics of resistance to SE. Microsatellite-marked chromosomal regions and several specific genes were linked to SE vaccine response or bacterial burden and the important phenomenon of gene interaction was identified in this system. In total, these studies demonstrate the role of genetics in SE response, the utility of the existing resource population, and the expertise of the research group in conducting such experiments. The Israeli laboratories had showed that the lines developed by selection for high or low level of antibody (Ab) response to EC differ similarly in Ab response to several other viral and bacterial pathogens, indicating the existence of a genetic control of general capacity of Ab response in young broilers. It was also found that the 10w-Ab line has developed, possibly via compensatory "natural" selection, higher cellular immune response. At the DNA levels, markers supposedly linked to immune response were identified, as well as SNP in the MHC, a candidate gene responsible for genetic differences in immunocompetence of chickens.
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