Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Microbial drug resistance'
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Abate, Getahun. "Drug resistance in mycobacterium tuberculosis /." Stockholm, 1999. http://diss.kib.ki.se/1999/91-628-3833-4/.
Full textPurewal, Amarjit S. "Bacterial genetic determinants specifying resistance to cationic antimicrobial agents." Thesis, University of Hull, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.253168.
Full textRoe, Darcie Elizabeth. "Prevalence and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in oral bacteria." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9310.
Full textHayes, Cindy. "Prevalence and resistance gene mutations of multi-drug resistant and extensively drug resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020374.
Full textLuna, Vicki Ann. "The identification and distribution of multidrug resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in Washington State /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9275.
Full textSaunders, Geoffrey Lance. "Beta-lactam antibiotic resistance in enterobacter cloacae isolated from Groot Schuur Hospital inpatients." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25559.
Full textSaunders, G. L. (Geoffrey Lance). "Beta-lactam antibiotic resistance in enterobacter cloacae isolated from Groot Schuur Hospital inpatients." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25557.
Full textJönsson, Maria. "Microbial responses to antibiotics : stability of resistance and extended potential of targeting the folate synthesis /." Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5819.
Full textVon, David William J. "Studies on the mechanism of staphylococcal conjugation." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9924937.
Full textChung, Whasun Oh. "Macrolide resistance and its linkage to tetracycline resistance /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9279.
Full textVurma-Rapp, Ulrike Angelika Susanne. "Resistenz von "Pseudomonas aeruginosa" gegen Betalaktam-Antibiotika : Epidemiologie und molekularbiologische Grundlagen /." Zürich : Juris Druck + Verl. Zürich, 1990. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=9106.
Full textPaula, Milena Cristina de. "Seguimento retrospectivo da sensibilidade de isolados clínicos aos antibióticos utilizados em um hospital terciário brasileiro de 2007 a 2012." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22132/tde-09012015-111112/.
Full textBacterial resistance has emerged as an important public health problem in the world. In this study, the distribution of species and the evolution of antibiotic susceptibility among clinical isolates in a tertiary hospital were analyzed in the period from 2007 to 2012. Bacterial isolates were identified by conventional biochemical analyzes. According to the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) supported a year of microbiological processing, the sensitivity was determined by the disk diffusion method, however for sensitivity to vancomycin was used the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). During the research period, 4,464 culture results were obtained and distributed in 2007 (865), 2008 (981), 2009 (485), 2010 (539), 2011 (704) and 2012 (890). With respect to Gram-positive cocci and Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were the most frequently isolated bacteria, respectively. From beta-lactams class, piperacillin + tazobactam and aztreonam showed the best results of antibacterial activity. All isolated strains of Enterobacteriaceae were susceptible to carbapenems. Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were more sensitive to imipenem than the meropenen, however reducing the sensitivity profile was observed for both antibiotics imipenem (69.6% to 41.7%) and meropenem (63.3% for 25.0%). All Burkloderoderia cepacia and Acinetobacter baumannii were resistant to meropenem, however Acinetobacter iuwoffi strains were susceptible to carbapenems. Similar increases in the susceptibility of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca strains (70% to 86.7%) were observed for ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. From aminoglycosides class, amikacin showed better antibacterial activity than gentamicin. In the samples analyzed in this hospital there was no occurrence of Enterococcus spp. resistant to vancomycin (VRE). Furthermore, all strains of Gram-positive cocci were susceptible to vancomycin and teicoplanin. Overall antibiotics showed worrying results, since none was recognized for bacteria in the nosocomial infection scenarios 100% sensitive to all classes of antibiotics. The situation of microbial sensitivity to antibiotics is becoming chaotic having limited their use in therapy
Zaffarano, Jennifer I. "Minimum inhibitory concentration of two common food phenolic compounds and their effects on the microbial ecology of swine feces in vitro." Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2003. http://lib.uky.edu/ETD/ukyansc2003t00099/JZThesis.pdf.
Full textTitle from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 127 p. : ill. Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 110-126).
Ribeiro, Camila Maríngolo. "Perfil de resistência a fluoroquinolonas e aminoglicosídeos em isolados clínicos de Mycobacterium tuberculosis /." Araraquara, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153486.
Full textBanca: Katiany Rizzieri Caleffi Ferraciolli
Banca: Tais Maria Bauab
Resumo: Tuberculose (TB) é a doença infecciosa que mais mata pessoas no mundo e é causada principalmente pelo bacilo Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Em 2016, 10,4 milhões de pessoas desenvolveram a doença e 1,8 milhão morreu em sua decorrência. Atualmente o principal agravante deste cenário é a resistência do bacilo aos antimicrobianos disponíveis para o tratamento. Entre os principais mecanismos responsáveis pela resistência aos antimicrobianos, as mutações em genes que codificam dos alvos dos fármacos se destacam. Fluoroquinolonas e aminoglicosídeos são duas classes de antimicrobianos de 2ª linha utilizados no tratamento de TB e atuam na proteína DNA girase e no ribossomo bacteriano impedindo o processo de transcrição e síntese proteica respectivamente. Mutações nos genes gyrA e rrs que codificam estes alvos podem ser responsáveis por tal resistência. Para que medidas de saúde pública possam ser tomadas para otimizar o tratamento, é preciso conhecer a que os isolados clínicos são resistentes e qual o mecanismo envolvido neste processo. Para isso, uma biblioteca com 100 isolados clínicos coletados entre 2007 e 2009 no hospital de referência Clemente Ferreira da cidade de São Paulo foi avaliada em relação a resistência a fluoroquinolonas e aminoglicosídeos. A primeira etapa foi a determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de três antibióticos da classe das fluoroquinolonas (ofloxacino, moxifloxacino e gatifloxacino) e três da classe dos aminoglicosídeos (amicacina, canamicina e... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) is a most deadly infectious disease of people in the world and is mainly caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacillus. In 2016, 10.4 million people developed disease and 1.8 million died. Currently, the main aggravating factor of this scenario is the resistance of the bacillus to the antimicrobials available for treatment. Among the main mechanisms for resistance to antimicrobials, the mutations in genes that code the targets of the drugs stand out. Fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides are two classes of antimicrobials of 2nd line for TB treatment and they act on protein DNA gyrase and on the bacterial ribosome impeding the process of transcription and protein synthesis respectively. Mutations in the gyrA and rrs genes encoding these targets may be explain the resistance. Public health guidelines are taken to optimize treatment and for this it is necessary to know what clinical isolates resistant and what mechanism are is involved in the process. For this, a library with 100 clinical isolates collected between 2007 and 2009 at a Clemente Ferreira reference hospital in the city of São Paulo was evaluated for resistance to fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides. A first stage was the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of three fluoroquinolone antibiotics (ofloxacin, moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin) and three of the class of aminoglycosides (amikacin, kanamycin and streptomycin) against 100 clinical isolates using a microdilution assay in 96-well plates. According to the MIC, clinical isolates resistant to at least one antimicrobial were selected for the study of the possible mechanism of resistance. Mutations in the gyrA and rrs genes were scree ned using the GenoType MTBDRsl kit because it may explain the resistance... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
Ayers, Katherine A. "Structural and kinetics studies of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase and the implications for antibiotic resistance." View the abstract Download the full-text PDF version, 2009. http://etd.utmem.edu/ABSTRACTS/2009-003-Ayers-index.htm.
Full textTitle from title page screen (viewed on July 29, 2009 ). Research advisor: Stephen White. Document formatted into pages (vii, 47 p. : ill.). Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 41-46).
Tsao, David L. "Serum resistance of an invasive nontypeable H. influenzae." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5808.
Full text"December, 2004." The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Includes bibliographical references.
Werngren, Jim. "Rapid assessment of drug susceptibility and mutation to resistance in mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing type /." Stockholm, 2006. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7357-024-9/.
Full textZhang, Lu. "Establishment and Development of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria in Host Gastrointestinal Tract—Food, Drug, or Are We Born with It?" The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1316186957.
Full textLöfmark, Sonja. "Incidence, emergence, persistence and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates and normal microbiota /." Stockholm, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-127-2/.
Full textMostachio, Anna Karina Queiroz. "Caracterização de carbapenemases e proteínas de membrana externa de Acinetobacter spp. resistentes aos carbapenêmicos isolados de sangue." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5134/tde-24112010-172926/.
Full textAcinetobacter spp is an important etiologic agent causing nasocomial infection in Brazilian hospitals. Carbapenem resistance among this agent has been increasing in the last decade, and several outbreaks due to resistant Acinetobacter had been identified in Brazil. This study verified the presence of altered outer membrane proteins and production of carbapenemase in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. strains isolated from bloodstream infections of patients hospitalized in the HC-FMUSP. This study verified the presence of altered outer membrane proteins and production of carbapenemase in Acinetobacter spp. carbapenem-resistant strains isolated from bloodstream of patients hospitalized in the HC-FMUSP. The isolates were identified by miniatured method API20NE and the miminal inhibitory concentration of carbepenem was performed by broth microdilution. Carbapenemases were studied by phenotypic screnning tests, detection of its genes coder by amplification polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequence and imipenem hydrolise. The proteins of external membrane were studied by SDS-PAGE and PCR. Molecular typing was performed using the technique of pulsed field gel electrophoresis. About 98% of these isolates were positives for genes encoding the enzyme Oxa-51-like, only one strain did not exhibit this enzyme. After sequencing of the gene encoding portion 16S ribosomal RNA this strain was considered the species A. calcoaceticus. The presence of the sequence adjacent ISAba1 was not found in none of these isolates with the gene blaOXA-51-like. Eighteen percent of the total of strains demonstrated by PCR the gene blaoxa-51-like/oxa-23-like. Seven of these strains belonged to the same clone. Only one isolate did not show the presence of ISAba1 adjacent to the gene encoding Oxa-23. Only one of this strain hydrolyzed imipenem. Five isolates had the gene blaimp, (IMP-1 by sequencing). Two of these isolates had proved capable of hydrolyzing the antibiotic imipenem and the inhibition with EDTA confirmed the presence of MBL-producing enzymes. Several phenotypic tests were used to screnning of carbapenemase as DDST, CD and Etest. When compared with PCR, the gold standard, the best results were seen with the next disk of imipenem (10 mg) with another disk containing 3L acid -mercaptoethanol pure (100% sensitivity and specificity 71%). In most isolates the outer membrane proteins were decreased or absent. Three isolate showed total absence of these proteins, their MIC ranged from 32 to 64 to 128g/mL and 256g/mL to imipenem and meropenem respectively. This study has shown that carbapenem resistance was linked to the presence of carbapemenases and alteration of the outer membrane. Moreover, the significance of carbapenemase as the main mechanism of resistance in isolates of Acinetobacter should be better investigated, since these genes might not be cast
Sandgren, Andreas. "Microbial factors and host responses affecting severity of pneumococcal disease and pneumococcal carriage /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-416-3/.
Full textLarsson, Mattias. "Antibiotic use and resistance : assessing and improving utilisation and provision of antibiotics and other drugs in Vietnam /." Stockholm, 2003. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2003/91-7349-630-8/.
Full textRodriguez, Rosa Del Carmen Miluska Vargas. "Resistência à cloroquina em Plasmodium vivax: avaliação fenotípica e molecular na Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42135/tde-31012013-081821/.
Full textIn this study, we performed a molecular and phenotypic evaluation of isolates of P. vivax from Brazilian Western Amazon. The phenotypic evaluation of chloroquine (CQ) sensitivity was performed using the schizont maturation assay. The molecular evaluation was made by typing of five non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the pvmdr-1 gene (A266G, A1498G, A2722C, T3226C and A2927T) and variations of the copy number of this gene. As a result, the CQ susceptibility phenotype in 36 isolates of P. vivax analyzed was not established, due to the scarce ex-vivo development of the parasites. Mutations at position Y976F, potentially associated with CQ resistance, were not observed in 80 isolates tested. In addition, 10% of the isolates had the mutation F1076L, which often accompanies the mutation Y976F. Finally, two isolates (0,9%), from a total of 215 had two copies of the pvmdr-1 gene, suggesting that the gene duplication, a potential mechanism of mefloquine resistance, is not spread in the parasites populations of this region.
Garrity, James D. "Characterization of L1, the metallo-B-lactamase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1092150871.
Full textAlmeida, Lara Mendes de. "Caracterização molecular dos mecanismos de resistência à linezolida em estafilococos coagulase-negativos e estudo da estabilidade do fenótipo resistente." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9136/tde-07032013-102217/.
Full textLinezolid was the first agent of the oxazolidinone class to be introduced clinically. This oxazolidinone inhibits protein biosynthesis by preventing the formation of the initiation complex that consists of the mRNA, the f-Met tRNA and the 50S subunit of the ribosome. Although linezolid resistance has been mediated by the cfr-encoded product or by ribosomal proteins (L3, L4 and L22), the most common mechanism of resistance involves mutations in the central loop of domain V of the 23S rRNA gene. From March 2008 to December 2011, 38 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) strains (20 S. epidermidis, 14 S. haemolyticus, 3 S. hominis e 1 S. warneri) exhibiting resistance to linezolid were isolated from blood and catheter cultures from patients in two tertiary care hospitals in the State of São Paulo and were included in this study for the ascertainment of the resistance mechanisms to this antimicrobial agent and for the analysis of the stability of this resistance. The strains exhibited high-level resistance to linezolid (MICs 16-128 µg/ml) and all were multidrug resistant, remaining susceptible to vancomycin and teicoplanin. The G2576T mutation in domain V region of 23S rRNA was identified in all isolates, except in a linezolid-resistant S. haemolyticus strain. The cfr gene and mutations in ribosomal proteins L4 and L22 were not detected. Regarding L3 protein analysis, all S. epidermidis strains of hospital A, including the linezolid-susceptible control strain, showed the L3 Leu101Val mutation, suggesting that this alteration is probably not involved in linezolid resistance. The one strain from hospital B (S. epidermidis) was wild-type for this ribosomal protein. Only one S. haemolyticus strain had a mutation in the L3 protein, Val154Leu. Two S. hominis strains showed Gly139Arg/Met156Thr mutations whereas one strain had Phe147Ile in L3 protein. The identification of these mutations in L3 protein of the linezolid-resistant S. haemolyticus and S. hominis strains strengthens the role of these sites in the acquisition of linezolid resistance in Staphylococcus spp. However, the presence of G2576T in the 23S rRNA gene makes difficult to determine exactly the role of L3 mutations in conferring elevated linezolid MIC values showed by these clinical strains. In the absence of antibiotic pressure, after 130 passages, linezolid resistance was stable in the clinical strains of this study, which did not have all copies of the 23S rRNA gene mutated, according to the restriction of the domain V fragment with NheI enzyme. Sequencing of the individual copies of the 23S rRNA gene in the serially passaged strains showed G2576T in all amplified copies by PCR: 4/4 and 5/5 in S. epidermidis and 3/3 in S. haemolyticus strains (MIC of 16-32 µg/ml). The stability of the mutant rRNA copy was also observed in the linezolid-susceptible S. epidermidis strain (MIC of 4 µg/ml). After the passages in antibiotic-free medium, the linezolid MIC of this strain fell to 1 µg/ml and the G2576T mutation persisted in one 23S rRNA gene copy. The clonal relatedness of the strains was determined by PFGE and revealed a clonal dissemination of different CNS species. Regarding MLST analysis, all S. epidermidis strains belonged to the sequence type ST2 (CC2). Most likely, the increased selective pressure has contributed to the selection of endemic linezolid-resistant CNS clones showing the G2576T mutation that have been disseminated in the institution A since 2008. Differently, the restricted use of linezolid in the institution B could explain the occurrence of a single resistant strain since 2005.
Heijden, Inneke Marie van Der. "Perfil de sensibilidade às polimixinas e padrão molecular de isolados de Pseudomonas aeruginosa multirresistentes a partir de amostras de sangue." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5134/tde-08102014-111411/.
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Almeida, Elisabete Aparecida de. "Sensibilidade de bactérias do complexo Mycobacterium tuberculosis as drogas anti tuberculosas avaliadas por duas metodologias em centro terciário de referência ambulatorial." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42132/tde-29012010-105119/.
Full textWe evaluated the routinely application of an automated system(STAM) and the conventional method (STPM), used to determine the profile of sensitivity to antimycobacterial drugs of 126 clinical isolates of the complex M. tuberculosis. Clinical isolates was group divided into: without treatment (WT), previously treated (PT) and multidrug resistant (MDR).Concordant result between STPM and STAM, for Rifampin, in WT, was 98.3%, p=1.000 and Kappa=0.659. PT, was 94.3%, p=0.625 and Kappa=0.639; in MDR, was 96.6%, p=0.625 and Kappa=0.651. For Hidrazin, WT, was 88.5%, p=0.125 and Kappa=0.408; in PT, 88.6%, p=0.625 and Kappa=0.645; for MDR, 86.7%, p=0.625 and Kappa=0.053. For Streptomycin, PT was 93.5%, p=0.125 and Kappa=0.635. In PT, was 79,5%, p=0.016 and Kappa=0.296; in MDR, 76.6%, p=0.453 and Kappa=0.533. For Ethambutol, WT was 93.4%, p=0.125; in PT 94.3%, p=0.500 and Kappa=0.478. MDR was 72.4%, p=0.70 and kappa=0.455. Evaluation of mycobacterial sensitivity was faster in the automated method when compared with the conventional method.
Hällgren, Anita. "Enterococci in Swedish intensive care units : studies on epidemiology, mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors /." Linköping : Linköping University, 2005. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2005/med880s.pdf.
Full textPenduka, Dambudzo. "In-vitro anti-vibrio activities of crude extracts of Garcinia Kola seeds." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/405.
Full textTurano, Helena Gabriela. "Alternativas terapêuticas para o tratamento de infecções por Pseudomonas aeruginosa multirresistentes endêmicas no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42132/tde-19042013-103459/.
Full textPseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of nosocomial infections, which it has acquired an endemic status due to their intrinsic or acquired resistance to antibacterial agents commercially available. The aim of the study was to evaluate in vitro therapeutic options based on the synergistic activity. Ten clonally unrelated strains of P. aeruginosa, previously characterized as metallo-beta-lactamase (MbL) producers (i.e., SPM-1, VIM-1 and PA GIM-1) were evaluated. The synergistic effect was investigated by checkerboard and Time-Kill assays. The combinations [Piperacillin/Tazobactam x Aztreonam] and [Tigecycline x bilayer fragments of dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDA)] showed synergistic activity for 90 and 100% of the strains, respectively. The results support the use of combined therapy by using [Piperacillin/Tazobactam x Aztreonam] against infections produced by strains of P. aeruginosa producing MbLs, moreover, [DDA / Tigecycline] may be the basis for build a new pharmaceutical form for clinical use.
Kamali-Moghaddam, Masood. "Co-operative recombination mechanisms promoting gene clustering and lateral transfer of antibacterial drug resistance." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2001. http://publications.uu.se/theses/91-554-4936-0/.
Full textPECORARO, Camilla. "SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF NOVEL SMALL MOLECULES AS PROMISING ALTERNATIVE AGENTS TO COUNTERACT DRUG RESISTANCE IN CANCER AND MICROBIAL INFECTIONS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/533607.
Full textCancer remains a major public health problem, representing the second leading cause of death worldwide. Amongst the different type of cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal forms in humans, due to late diagnosis and limited treatment possibilities. Therefore, improved treatments for PDAC patients are urgently warranted. Similarly, mesothelioma is a rare but aggressive disease, difficult to diagnose for the long latency period before clinical signs. The standard therapeutic approaches include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. However, the overall median survival is about one year. Another global health issue is represented by drug-resistant infections, accounting for hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide. The present dissertation aims to evaluate novel approaches to counteract drug resistance, a major cause of failure for both conventional chemotherapy and standard antimicrobial agents.
Vigani, Aline Gonzalez. "Epidemiologia clinica e molecular das infecções de corrente sanguine por Enterococcus faecalis no complexo hospitalar da Universidade Estadual de Campinas." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/311064.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
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Resumo: O enterococo é o terceiro agente mais freqüente em infecção de corrente sangüínea (ICS) hospitalar, responsável por 10% dessas infecções e está associado com alta letalidade. Durante as duas últimas décadas, o surgimento de alto nível de resistência à gentamicina (HLGR) e resistência à vancomicina adicionaram desafios ao tratamento das infecções por Enterococcus faecalis. Avaliamos as ICSs por E. faecalis no Hospital de Clínicas (HC) da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp) identificadas de janeiro de 1999 a dezembro de 2003. Nosso objetivo foi determinar as características clínicas, microbiológicas e moleculares das ICSs por E. faecalis com HLGR e sem HLGR em pacientes internados no HC-Unicamp. ICS foi definida como pelo menos uma cultura de sangue positiva para E. faecalis com ou sem sinais e sintomas associados. Em casos de múltiplos episódios de ICS em um mesmo paciente, somente o primeiro episódio foi considerado. Coletamos informações de prontuários médicos utilizando formulários estruturados. A tipagem molecular de isolados de E. faecalis estocados foi realizada através da técnica de eletroforese em gel com campo pulsátil (PFGE). Identificamos 164 pacientes com ICS por E. faecalis, dos quais 145 (88,4%) foram incluídos neste estudo. Nossos achados demonstraram que pacientes com ICS por E. faecalis são graves. Dentre os 145 pacientes, 128 (88,3%) apresentavam pelo menos uma co-morbidade. Além disso, a realização de procedimento invasivo ou presença de dispositivos invasivos foram freqüentes (75,2%), assim como o uso prévio de antimicrobianos (61,4%). Das 145 ICSs, 66 (45,5%) foram por E. faecalis com HLGR e 79 (54,5%) sem HLGR. Na análise univariada, idade avançada, malignidade hematológica, cateterização urinária e uso prévio de cefalosporinas, quinolonas e carbapenêmicos foram mais freqüentes em pacientes com infecção por HLGR quando comparados com pacientes sem HLGR (p <0,05). A análise multivariada mostrou idade avançada, presença de malignidade hematológica e uso prévio de vancomicina como variáveis independentes associadas com infecção por HLGR (p <0,05). A taxa de letalidade foi de 46,2% e não apresentou diferença estatística significativa entre pacientes com infecção por HLGR (50,0%) e sem HLGR (43,0%) (p= 0,40). Ventilação mecânica e gravidade das co-morbidades foram associadas com óbito (p <0,05). Durante o período de estudo, a taxa de resistência à ampicilina foi de 2,0%; ciprofloxacina, 51,7%; penicilina, 35,1%; e estreptomicina, 27,6%. Nenhum isolado resistente à vancomicina foi identificado. A genotipagem dos 44 isolados disponíveis (32 de pacientes incluídos no estudo e 12 controles) revelou 29 isolados distribuídos em 11 perfis genotípicos e 15 isolados apresentaram perfis genotípicos únicos e distintos. Alguns isolados geneticamente relacionados eram suscetíveis à gentamicina e outros possuíam HLGR, o que pode ser resultado da transferência de gene plasmidial de resistência HLGR entre isolados. Nossos resultados permitem concluir que ICSs por E. faecalis estão associadas com alta taxa de letalidade e são freqüentemente causadas por HLGR. Medidas de controle de infecção, incluindo vigilância ativa, respeito às normas de precauções de contato e uso criterioso de antimicrobianos devem ser consideradas para reduzir o risco de transmissão de E. faecalis resistentes em ambiente hospitalar.
Abstract: Enterococus is the third most frequent agent in nosocomial blood stream infection (BSI), accounting for 10% of nosocomial BSI, and is associated with high mortality. During the last two decades, the emergence of high-level gentamicin resistance (HLGR) and vancomycin resistance added additional challenges in the treatment of Enterococcus faecalis infections. We evaluated E. faecalis BSI at the Hospital de Clínicas (HC) of the Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp) in Brazil between January 1999 and December 2003. We sought to determine the clinical, microbiological, and molecular characteristics of BSI caused by HLGR and non-HLGR strains. E. faecalis BSI was defined as at least one positive blood culture for E. faecalis during the study period with or without associated symptoms. In patients with multiple BSI episodes, only the first episode was considered. We collected information from medical charts using standard forms. Banked E. faecalis isolates were typed using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). We identified 164 patients with E. faecalis BSI, 145 (88.3%) patients were included in this study. Our data showed that patients with E. faecalis BSI are severely ill. One hundred twenty-eight (88.3%) patients had some underlying chronic disease. Invasive procedure or invasive device (75.2%) and previous use of antimicrobial (61.4%) were also frequent. Of the 145 BSIs, 66 (45.5%) were due to HLGR isolates and 79 (54.5%) were non-HLGR. In the univariate analysis, patients with HLGR infection were older, had hematological malignancy, had higher rates of bladder catheterization, and more often had treatment with cephalosporin, quinolone, and carbapenem when compared with non-HLGR infection patients (p <0.05). Multivariate analysis indicated that older age, hematological malignancy, and previous use of vancomycin were independent risk factors associated with HLGR (p <0.05). Mortality rate was 46.2% and was not statistically significantly different among patients with HLGR (50.0%) and non-HLGR (43.0%) infections (p= 0.40). Multivariate analysis indicated that mechanical ventilation and severity of underlying chronic diseases were associated with death (p <0.05). During the study period, the prevalence of resistance to ampicilin was 2.0%; to ciprofloxacin, 51.7%; to penicillin, 35.1%; and to streptomycin, 27.6%. We did not detect any isolate resistant to vancomycin. We genotyped 44 available isolates, 32 from study patients and 12 controls. Twenty-nine isolates were distributed in 11 PFGE patterns, the remaining 15 isolates had distinct and unique PFGE patterns. Some isolates with related PFGE pattern were HLGR and others non-HLGR, this may have result from transference of HLGR resistance plasmidial between isolates. Our results suggest that E. faecalis BSI are associated with high mortality and are frequently caused by HLGR. Hospital infection control measures, including active surveillance and judicious use of antibiotics, should be considered to reduce the spread of resistant E. faecalis infections in healthcare settings.
Doutorado
Clinica Medica
Doutor em Clínica Médica
Franco, Maria Renata Gomes. "Detecção de metalo-lactamases em cepas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa isoladas de infecções sistêmicas no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5160/tde-03062009-084909/.
Full textINTRODUCTION: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) strains Metallo-b-lactamase (MBL) producing have been reported as an important cause of nosocomial infection, also becoming a critical therapeutic problem worldwide. At HC-FMUSP complex, the largest teaching hospital in Brazil, the prevalence of PA resistant to carbapenems is also presented as a critical problem. However, MBL prevalence and the standardization for phenotypical detection of this resistance mechanism still had not been established. PURPOSE: To determine MBL prevalence in PA resistant to imipenem; to compare phenotypic and molecular methods to detect MBL; to evaluate the clonality of the MBL producers strains and to determine the susceptibility profile of all isolates included in this study. METHODS: A retrospective study was carried analyzing 69 PA strains resistant to imipenem isolated from blood cultures of patients at HC-FMUSP during 2005. They were submitted to the susceptibility profile test by microdilution method and Etest® to colistin. The isolates were also tested for MBL production by phenotypic methods like Double Disk Synergy (DDS), Etest® MBL, Modified Hodge Test (MHT). The Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to detect the following genes: (blaSPM-1, blaIMP-1, blaIMP-2, blaVIM-1 and blaVIM-2). The clonality of the MBL producers was evaluated by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS: Fifty-three isolates (76.8%) had positive results with DDS and Etest® MBL, and 19 isolates (27.5%) were positive by MHT. Twenty-one isolates (30.4%) had a blaMBL gene by PCR, being 17 (81%) positive for blaSPM-1 and 4 (19%) for blaVIM-2. The blaIMP-1, blaIMP-2 and blaVIM-1 genes had not been detected. Mercaptoacetic acid (MAA) inhibitor and MHT showed the best agreement with PCR, with kappa value ranging from 0.81 to 0.86 and 0.79, respectively. Etilenodiaminotetracetic acid (EDTA) inhibitor showed high sensibility (100%), low specificity (33.3%), and poor agreement with PCR. Among isolates producing blaSPM-1 gene, 5 were indistinguishable, 11 were closely related and 1 was possibly related. Among isolates producing blaVIM-2 gene, 2 were indistinguishable, 1 closely related and 1 was different. Among MBL-producing strains, colistin and aztreonam were the most active drugs with 90.5% and 85.7% of sensitivity, respectively. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of PA MBL producers at HCFMUSP, reinforcing the Brazilian epidemiology where SPM-1 enzyme is the most prevalent among PA isolates. The DDS method with MAA inhibitor and MHT had the best agreement with PCR, showing themselves as good options for MBL phenotypical detection in microbiology laboratories. The MBL producers had shown multiresistant phenotype with a clonal standard, reinforcing the necessity of infection control practices in our institution
Santos, Pâmela Beatriz do Rosário Estevam dos. "Atividade antimicrobiana de extratos de própolis sobre cepas clínicas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Klebsiella pneumoniae multirresistentes /." São José dos Campos, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/180340.
Full textBanca: Marianne Spalding
Banca: Vivian Cristina Costa Castilho Hyodo
Resumo: Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Klebsiella pneumoniae são enterobactérias que acometem especialmente indivíduos imunologicamente comprometidos com grande importância por sua resistência a antibióticos, dessa forma, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana de extratos de própolis (glicólico e aquoso) distribuídos comercialmente em cepas ATCC e clínicas multirresistentes das espécies. Inicialmente foram determinados os valores de Concentração Microbicida Mínima (CMM) sobre cultura planctônica por microdiluição em caldo, segundo Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), seguido por semeadura em ágar. A concentração correspondente ao quádruplo da CMM foi utilizada para testes em biofilmes monotípicos (contato de 5 min). Foi usada como controle positivo a solução de clorexidina (0,12%) e como controle negativo caldo BHI. Após o tratamento foi verificada a viabilidade dos micro-organismos pelo teste MTT, com leitura em espectrofotômetro de microplacas. Os dados de densidade óptica foram convertidos em porcentagem de redução microbiana e foi realizada a análise estatística com 5% de significância em todos os testes. Os extratos apresentaram ação contra forma planctônica e biofilmes de cepas multirresistentes de ambas as espécies. Para culturas planctônicas, P. aeruginosa apresentou CMM de 6,25 e 12,5 mg/mL para o extrato glicólico e de 13,75 e 55 mg/mL para o extrato aquoso, enquanto K. pneumoniae apresentou CMM de 6,25 a 25 mg/mL para o extrato glicólico e de ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae are enterobacteria that especially affect immunologically compromised individuals with great importance for their resistance to antibiotics. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of propolis extracts (glycolic and aqueous) commercially distributed in ATCC and multiresistant clinics strains of these species. The values of Minimum Microbicidal Concentration (MMC) on plankton culture were determined by microdilution in broth, according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), followed by sowing in agar. The concentration corresponding to the quadruple MMC was used for monotypic biofilm tests (5-minute contact). A positive control solution of chlorhexidine (0.12%) and as a negative control BHI broth were used. After the treatment, the viability of the microorganisms was verified by the MTT test, with microplate spectrophotometer reading. Optical density data were converted to microbial reduction percentage and statistical analysis was performed with 5% significance in all tests. The extracts showed action against planktonic form and biofilms of multiresistant strains of both species. For planktonic cultures, P. aeruginosa presented MMC of 6.25 and 12.5 mg / mL for the glycolic extract and 13.75 and 55 mg / mL for the aqueous extract, while K. pneumoniae had MMC of 6.25 to 25 mg / mL for the glycolic extract and 55 mg / mL for the aqueous extract. The reduction of viability in biofilms of P. aeruginosa reached 54.42% for the glycolic extract, and 64.66% for the aqueous extract. K. pneumoniae presented a maximum reduction of 64.24% with glycolic extract and 65.13% with aqueous extract, these reductions being statistically significant in relation to the negative control (p <0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that propolis extracts present an important ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
Drennon, Michael T. "Drug resistant patterns of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in the State of Florida in 2003." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001455.
Full textOh, Herin. "Quinolone resistance in Bacteroides fragilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, two opportunistic pathogens /." Stockholm, 2003. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2003/91-7349-498-4.
Full textVickers, Mark. "Bacteria isolated from orthopaedic patients in north-eastern Australia: Epidemiology, multi-drug resistance and the impact of environment and season." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/213222/1/Mark_Vickers_Thesis.pdf.
Full textVarela, Julia Nogueira 1986. "Estudo da transferência e funcionalidade do gene OmpP2 de Haemophilus influenzae cepa não tipada e multiresistente : perspectivas sobre aquisição de resistência e vacinas." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317523.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Haemophilus influenzae é uma bactéria causadora de doenças tipicamente associadas ao trato respiratório superior e inferior. Tal bactéria é classificada em linhagens capsuladas e não capsuladas - as não tipadas. As grandes responsáveis por patogenias mais severas são as capsuladas, especialmente as do sorotipo b, a existência de uma vacina para somente esse sorotipo, faz com que ocorra uma emergência de casos com H. influenzae não tipado - NTHi. A crescente resistência a antibióticos dessa bactéria está associada à plasmídios de resistência, bem como sua competência natural. A presença desses patógeno é maior em países nos quais não existe acesso a vacina, devido ao alto custo da mesma, que acabam utilizando antibióticos mais acessíveis como o cloranfenicol no tratamento. Esse trabalho estudou a transferência horizontal do gene ompP2 em diversas cepas de H. influenzae com a ajuda de nanopartículas de óxido de grafeno. Essas nanopartículas mimetizam uma atmosfera rica em partículas suspensas como as grandes cidades e zonas de agricultura precoce, já que, nesses locais ocorrem com maior frequência mutações e adaptações desse patógeno. Quando as nanopartículas encontravam-se no meio de cultura, verificou-se um aumento da taxa de transformação dessas bactérias. Assim como uma modificação no padrão de adesão celular das bactérias mutadas quando comparadas com as selvagens em linhagens celulares distintas e expostas ao antibiótico de resistência, levando a um aumento da taxa de adesão das cepas mutadas com relação às cepas selvagens. Como esse gene é e de possível aquisição entre cepas de H. influenzae em seu ambiente natural seria possível utilizá-lo para obtenção de uma proteína recombinante, com possível antigenicidade. Uma vez que a taxa de adesão aumenta com a presença do mesmo, levando a uma possível nova vacina que também protegeria contra cepas não tipadas e não somente capsuladas
Abstract: Haemophilus influenzae is a bacteria that causes diseases typically associated with the upper and lower respiratory tract. Their strains are divided in capsulated and non-capsulated - the non typable. The major responsible for more severe cases are the capsulated types, specially the b type. The existence of a vaccine for the serotype b, allows the emergence of cases of non typable H. influenzae - NTHi. The growing resistance is associated with resistance plasmids, and with its natural competence, that enables the bacteria to acquire DNA fragments between it's' species. Since this pathogen is common in countries that there is no access to this vaccine, therefore the use of accessible and cheaper antibiotics, such as chloramphenicol for treatment is. This work studied the horizontal transference of the ompP2 gene from multiresistant strains of H. influenzae, with the aid of grafen oxide nanoparticles, that mimesis an atmosphere rich in suspended particles, such as great urban areas and ancient agricultural zones. In these environments a great frequency in mutation and adaptations of these bacteria is verified. When we look at the adhesion patterns of these bacteria we can see that it is modified when they are mutated and exposed to the resistance antibiotic. Leading to an augmentation of the adhesion patterns when we compare to the wild strains. Since this gene was present in all strains and it was of easy acquisition between strains, it would be possible to use it to obtain a recombinant protein with likely antigen properties. Because the adhesion tax enhances with the presence of this gene. Leading to a possible new vaccine target, for NTHi and capsulated strains also
Mestrado
Fármacos, Medicamentos e Insumos para Saúde
Mestra em Biociências e Tecnologia de Produtos Bioativos
Cataneo, Caroline. "Sensibilidade dos critérios para isolamento de pacientes admitidos num hospital especializado em oncologia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/22/22132/tde-04082010-131552/.
Full textIntroduction: the gradual increase of microorganisms\' resistance to antimicrobials used in clinical practice has effectively contributed to hospital-acquired infections be considered a public health problem. Hence, reducing the dissemination of these microorganisms in the hospital setting has become a challenge for professionals working in hospital-acquired infection control services. Objective: to identify the sensitivity and specificity of criteria for isolation of patients admitted to a cancer specialized hospital. Material and method: this prospective cross-sectional study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of a cancer specialized hospital. The study\'s population was composed of 61 patients, who were admitted to the hospital between March 1 and August 31 2009 according to the protocol for isolation of patients from other hospitals. Data were collected through individual interview and consultation of the results from nasal and anal swabs culture collected by the nursing team at the moment patients were admitted to the hospital and available in the microbiology laboratory. Results: 56 out of the 61 patients met the criteria establishing contact precautions. It is worthy noting that 30(49,2%) patients presented positive cultures for multi-resistant microorganisms, while the Staphylococcus aureus resistant to oxacillin was the microorganism most frequently isolated in nasal and anal swabs. The sensitivity of the criteria for isolation of patients from other hospitals admitted in the studied hospital was of 90%. Conclusions: criteria used for isolation of patients from other hospitals were highly sensitive, thereby the majority of patients colonized by multi-resistant microorganisms were isolated at the moment of admission.
Adeyemi, Oluwatosin Oluwakemi. "Comparative in-vitro activities of trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole and the new fluoroquinolones against confirmed extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in Nkonkobe Municipality, Eastern Cape environment." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007576.
Full textAgvald-Öhman, Christina. "Colonization, infection and dissemination in intensive care patients /." Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-075-6/.
Full textTaqi, Marwa. "Focal-plane-array fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as a rapid method for the differentiation between antibiotic resistant and sensitive salmonella." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101657.
Full textOptimum spectral acquisition and processing parameters as well as appropriate film thickness of bacterial films were empirically established for the discrimination between two Shigella species (S. flexneri and S sonnei) in order to optimize the scanning parameters of an FPA-FTIR spectrometer. A detailed study of the potential of FPA-FTIR spectroscopy for the discrimination between antibiotic resistant and sensitive strains from two Salmonella species (S. Typhimurium and S. Heidelberg) was subsequently undertaken. The results of these studies demonstrated that the infrared spectra recorded by an FPA-FTIR spectrometer contained sufficient information to differentiate between antibiotic resistant and sensitive strains of Salmonella. Accordingly, FPA-FTIR spectroscopy may potentially serve as a high-throughput technique for the identification of foodborne as well as antibiotic resistant bacteria.
Interpretation of the regions selected in relation to the different resistance mechanisms would require more detailed studies. However, the identification of specific biochemical markers based on such spectral interpretation is generally not feasible owing to the complexity of the FTIR spectra of microorganisms.
Ministro, Joana Henriques. "Role of ß-lactamase operon on mecA expression in Staphylococcus aureus." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/6657.
Full textLeite, Gleice Cristina. "Determinação dos efeitos das combinações antimicrobianas contra isolados de Acinetobacter baumannii multidrogas resistentes com avaliação dos mecanismos de resistência." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5134/tde-09032017-113321/.
Full textAcinetobacter baumannii is an important agent of infections related to health care, especially in intensive care units in Brazil, its antimicrobial resistance has increased in recent decades and the options for treatment are restricted. In 2011, in the HC-FMUSP, there was an outbreak of A. baumannii infection resistant to all antibiotics and since then isolates resistant to all classes of antibiotics have been identified in the hospital. The study investigated the effect of antimicrobial combinations against 20 clinical isolates of A. baumannii, seven isolates colistin resistant (2011-2012) and thirteen colistin sensitive (2002-2004) from LIM-54 strains bench with different resistance mechanisms. Minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotics, clonality evaluation by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and detection of resistance mechanisms by polymerase chain reaction, outer membrane protein analysis and based on clonality, the whole genome sequencing of fifteen isolates were performed. Synergism was determined using checkerboard and time-kill methods. For expression monitoring of the regulatory system PmrCAB and the genes responsible for the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide, it was performed quantitative polymerase chain reaction. All isolates were resistant to meropenem and rifampicin. OXA-23 and OXA-143 were the most frequent carbapenems. Four isolates showed loss of one outer membrane protein called OMP 43kDa. Colistin susceptible isolates belonged to different clones and Multilocus Sequence Types; it also showed the greatest synergistic effect with fosfomycin-amikacin. The colistin resistance was involved in overexpression of the pmrA gene. Six colistin-resistant isolates belonged to Clonal Complex 113 and higher synergistic effect were observed with colistin-rifampicin followed by colistin-vancomycin combinations for these isolates. We found different virulence genes involved in biofilm formation, adhesion, enzyme production and iron uptake
Nyenje, Mirriam E. "Phytochemical analysis and bioactivity of the stem bark of Combretum Molle on some selected bacterial pathogens." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/391.
Full textPaula, Cacia Regia de. "Perfil microbiológico da cavidade nasal de trabalhadores dos setores de emergência e atendimento móvel de urgência do município de Jataí-GO." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/3545.
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Introduction: Interest in the subject worker safety emergency room (IF) and Mobile Emergency Service (SAMU), focused on the eventual colonization and infection related to health care (IRAs), came to fruition during the academic. Acting as nurse of those services, I had the opportunity to observe workers acting in an unsafe manner during work activities, contributing to occupational exposure to biological agents. These observations, coupled with experience in this area, led the study. Despite this problem to be elucidated in the hospital, the same does not occur in the services of SE / SAMU, pay special attention to the safety of workers reason that sparked interest in the subject. This concern is due, among others, to alert the World Health Organization, with the launch of the World Alliance for Patient Safety and greatly not forget the workers. This assumption, some concerns emerged regarding the colonization of workers SE / SAMU, to unveil indicators within the colonization of these micro-organisms resistant to antibiotics which could compromise patient safety and worker himself. Workers SE / SAMU / SMS / Jatai-Goiás are carriers of micro-organisms resistant to antimicrobials in the nasal cavity? Faced with this question outlined the following Objectives: to analyze the microbiological profile of the nasal cavity sector workers and emergency mobile service emergency department Jataí - Goiás; isolate multiresistant micro-organisms in the nasal cavity of these workers; determine the profile Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates; estimate the prevalence of workers colonized with resistant microorganisms; verify the compliance of workers with hand hygiene during labor; raise the predictors related to colonization of these workers by resistant microorganisms; draft a care about the safety of the worker of Emergency Services and the Mobile Emergency Care Health System in Goiás, aiming at the prevention of occupational hazards in the workplace. Methods: Cross-sectional study of epidemiological, developed in the emergency services and Mobile Emergency Care Service Jataí-Goiás. We applied an interview form to collect demographic data, knowledge and attitude of the worker in relation to aspects of colonization by multiresistant microorganisms. Then, we collected a sample specimen of the nasal cavity through swab of 51 employees, including 12 doctors, 08 nurses, 01 pharmacists / biochemists, 20 nursing staff, 01 technical radiologist, 01 biomedical, 01 biotechnologist, 01 social workers and 06 firefighters / drivers / paramedics. The tubes of BHI broth containing the swabs were incubated at 35 ° C for 18/24 hours and then the samples were plated on selective culture media and processed by automation. The colonies that developed in any of the culture media were previously identified by their macroscopic characteristics and morphological / staining and subjected to screening for the selection of the identification evidence. Results: It was found that 38 (55.9%) of workers were carriers of S. epidermidis, followed by S. aureus, S. hyicus and Proteus mirabilis, 14 (20.6%) 2 (3.0%) and 3 (4.4%) respectively. As for the resistance profile of 38 isolates, 89.4% of S. epidermidis showed ampicillin resistance, 76.3% clindamycin, erythromycin 86.8%, 86.8% and 2.6% penicillin vancomycin. Proteus Mirabilis had resistance profile of 100% to sulfametazol / trimethoprim, tetracycline 66.6% and 33.3% to ampicillin, piperacillin and gentamicin. Conclusion: The colonization by resistant antimicrobial agents in the nasal cavity of 51 (100%) workers is reality. These results indicate challenges for municipal management, to point out flaws and loopholes in the context of patient safety and worker inherent in the working environment. Therefore, the evidence presented by this research will impact the operation of a project host aimed at quality of life and safety of the worker within the service and emergency.
Introdução: O interesse pelo tema segurança do trabalhador do setor de emergência (SE) e Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU), focado na colonização e eventual infecção relacionada à assistência em saúde (IrAS), aflorou durante a formação acadêmica. Atuando como enfermeira desses serviços, tive a oportunidade de observar trabalhadores atuando de forma insegura durante as atividades laborais, contribuindo para a exposição ocupacional por agentes biológicos. Tais observações, associadas à vivência nessa área, motivaram a realização do estudo. Apesar dessa problemática estar elucidada em nível hospitalar, o mesmo não ocorre nos serviços de SE/SAMU, em especial atenção à segurança dos trabalhadores, motivo que despertou o interesse pela temática. Tal preocupação se deve, entre outros, ao alerta da Organização Mundial da Saúde, com o lançamento da Aliança Mundial para a segurança do paciente e de sobremaneira não esquecer os trabalhadores. Desse pressuposto, emergiram algumas inquietações relativas à colonização dos trabalhadores do SE/SAMU, no sentido de desvelar indicadores no âmbito da colonização destes a micro-organismos resistentes aos antimicrobianos os quais poderiam comprometer a segurança do paciente e do próprio trabalhador. Os trabalhadores do SE/SAMU/SMS/Jatai-Goiás são portadores de micro-organismos resistentes aos antimicrobianos na cavidade nasal? Perante essa indagação delinearam-se os seguintes Objetivos: analisar o perfil microbiológico da cavidade nasal de trabalhadores do setor de emergência e atendimento móvel de urgência do município de Jataí – Goiás; isolar micro-organismos multirresistentes da cavidade nasal desses trabalhadores; determinar o perfil de suscetibilidade dos isolados aos antimicrobianos; estimar a prevalência de trabalhadores colonizados por micro-organismos resistentes; verificar a adesão dos trabalhadores à higienização das mãos durante o período laboral; levantar os preditores relacionados à colonização desses trabalhadores por micro-organismos resistentes; elaborar um projeto de acolhimento sobre a segurança do trabalhador dos Serviços de emergência e Atendimento Móvel de Urgência do Sistema Único de Saúde do interior de Goiás, visando à prevenção dos riscos ocupacionais no ambiente laboral. Material e Método: Estudo transversal de natureza epidemiológica, desenvolvido nos serviços de emergência e Atendimento Serviço Móvel de Urgência de Jataí-Goiás. Aplicou-se um formulário de entrevista para a coleta dos dados demográficos, conhecimento e atitude do trabalhador em relação aos aspectos da colonização por micro-organismos multirresistentes. Em seguida, coletou-se uma amostra de espécime da cavidade nasal, por meio de swab de 51 trabalhadores, sendo 12 médicos, 08 enfermeiros, 01 farmacêutico/bioquímico, 20 técnicos de enfermagem, 01 técnico em radiologista, 01 biomédico, 01 biotecnológo, 01 assistente social e 06 bombeiros/condutores/socorristas. Os tubos de caldo BHI contendo os swabs foram incubados a 35ºC por 18/24 horas e, em seguida, as amostras foram semeadas em meios de cultura seletivos e processados por automação. As colônias que se desenvolveram em qualquer um dos meios de cultura foram, previamente identificadas segundo as suas características macroscópicas e morfológicas/ tintoriais e submetidas à triagem para a seleção das provas de identificação. Resultados: Identificou-se que 38 (55,9%) dos trabalhadores eram portadores de S. epidermidis, seguido por S. aureus, S. hyicus e Proteus Mirabilis, com 14 (20,6%), 2 ( 3,0%) e 3 (4,4%) respectivamente. Quanto ao perfil de resistência de 38 isolados, 89,4% dos S. epidermidis demonstraram resistência à ampicilina, 76,3% à clindamicina, 86,8% à eritromicina, 86,8% à penicilina e 2,6% à vancomicina. O Proteus Mirabilis teve perfil de resistência de 100% ao sulfametazol/trimetropina, 66,6% a tetraciclina e 33,3% a ampicilina, piperaciclina e gentamicina. Conclusão: A colonização por agentes resistentes aos antimicrobianos na cavidade nasal dos 51 (100%) trabalhadores é realidade. Esses resultados sinalizam desafios para a gestão municipal, ao apontar falhas e lacunas no âmbito da segurança do paciente e do trabalhador inerentes ao ambiente laboral. Logo, as evidências apontadas por essa pesquisa impactarão na operacionalização de um projeto de acolhimento, visando à qualidade de vida e segurança do trabalhador no âmbito do serviço de urgência e emergência.
Erlandsson, Marcus. "Surveillance of Antibiotic Consumption and Antibiotic Resistance in Swedish Intensive Care Units." Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Univ, 2007. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2007/med1019s.pdf.
Full textNascimento, Paulo Victor Fernandes Souza 1964. "Desenvolvimento de um modelo de predição clínica para infecção-colonização por bactérias multidroga resistentes em um hospital geral." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/309458.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: As infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde são responsáveis pela elevação do custo assistencial, aumento da morbimortalidade hospitalar e aumento do tempo de internação. Uma característica peculiar dessas infecções diz respeito à resistência dos microrganismos envolvidos. Protocolos de tratamento de infecções graves, como pneumonia e sepse, indicam o uso inicial de associações antimicrobianas de largo espectro, caso o paciente apresente fatores de risco para resistência. Posteriormente, com o resultado das culturas, o esquema terapêutico inicial seria readequado. Entretanto, esse processo conhecido como "descalonamento" ocorre de forma infrequente. Assim, no momento da escolha inicial dos antimicrobianos para o tratamento de síndromes infecciosas graves, os profissionais se deparam com um dilema: Utilizar um esquema de amplo espectro para a maior proteção do paciente, mas que raramente será revisto e contribuir para o aumento da resistência da microbiota hospitalar, ou tentar o uso de esquemas menos abrangentes? Com o objetivo de auxiliar o médico nesse momento da prescrição, procurou-se identificar possíveis características dos pacientes que pudessem servir como fatores preditores para infecção ou colonização para microrganismos multirresistentes. Em um hospital geral de 90 leitos, na cidade de São José dos Campos, no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, foi conduzido um estudo de caso-coorte, entre junho de 2009 e junho de 2011, em que todos os pacientes que realizaram pelo menos um exame de cultura foram incluídos (753 pacientes). Os casos foram definidos como todos os pacientes que apresentaram culturas clínicas com o isolamento de pelo menos um microrganismo multirresistente (146 pacientes). A multirresistência foi definida conforme o consenso do Centro de Controle de Infecções e Doenças dos Estados Unidos da América em associação com o Centro Europeu para Prevenção e Controle de Doenças. Os controles foram todos os pacientes que se submeteram a culturas as quais não demonstraram crescimento de um agente multirresistente. Foram avaliadas quatorze variáveis demográficas e clínicas, comumente identificadas como fatores de risco. Foram construídos três modelos de predição clínica: regressão logística, árvore de classificação e floresta aleatória. No modelo de regressão logística, em função de intensa colinearidade, optou-se pela eliminação das variáveis pelo método backward. Na validação interna deste modelo, foi utilizada a técnica de reamostragem por bootstrap. O novo modelo foi calibrado com um fator de shrinkage de 0,91. Os modelos de árvore de classificação e floresta aleatória identificaram, de maneira semelhante, as variáveis mais importantes para predição que foram: história de internação nos últimos 180 dias, tempo de internação até a realização da cultura, Índice de comorbidades de Charlson, presença de cateter nasoentérico, traqueostomia e cateter venoso central. Foi realizada a validação externa temporal com uma nova amostra coletada entre julho e dezembro de 2011, num total de 342 pacientes. As acurácias dos modelos de regressão logística, árvore de classificação e floresta aleatória foram avaliadas por curvas ROC (Receiver operating characteristic). As áreas sobre a curva foram respectivamente: 72,4%, 66,2% e 69,2%. O modelo final da regressão logística com o total de pacientes estudados (1092) apresentou uma área sob a curva ROC corrigida do otimismo de 77,1%
Abstract: Healthcare-associated infections are responsible for rising health care costs, increasing morbidity, mortality, and longer hospital stays. A peculiar characteristic of such infections is the resistance of the involved microorganisms. The presence of infectious agents resistant to multiple classes of antimicrobials is increasing in such infections. Thus, multidrug resistance brings a real challenge to everyday clinical practice. Protocols for treatment of severe infections such as pneumonia and sepsis indicate the use of broad-spectrum antimicrobial associations as the initial therapy if the patient has a risk factor for resistance. Later, with the result of cultures, an adjustment of the initial therapeutic regimen would be expected. However, this process, known as de-escalation, occurs infrequently. Thus, at the moment of choosing the initial antibiotics for treating serious infectious syndromes, physicians are challenged with a dilemma: either to prescribe broad-spectrum antibiotics and contribute to increasing antibiotic resistance or to use a narrow spectrum of antimicrobials and put patients' prognosis at risk. The aim of this study was to identify potential predictors for the harboring of multidrug-resistant bacteria and to build a clinical prediction model that could help physicians to recognize patients with different risks for infection or colonization by these microorganisms. We conducted a case-cohort study in a 90-bed general hospital, at São José dos Campos, São Paulo State, Brazil, with all patients that performed at least one culture (753 patients). Cases were defined as patients that had had a culture demonstrating a multi-resistant agent (146 patients). Controls were all other patients that had had at least one culture. The consensus definition from the Center for Disease Control and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control was used to describe antibiotic multi-resistance. Fourteen traditional risk factors were evaluated as predictors. We constructed three clinical prediction models: logistical regression, classification tree, and random forest. In the logistical regression model, due to severe collinearity, we chose to eliminate variables by the backward method. In this model, for internal validation, we used the bootstrap resampling procedure. The new model was calibrated with the use of a shrinkage factor of 0.91. Similarly, the classification tree and random forest models identified that the most important variables for prediction were: admission history of 180 days, tube feeding, and length of hospital stay before culture, Charlson comorbidity index, central venous catheter, and tracheostomy. A temporal external validation was performed with a new sample collected between July and December 2011, with 342 patients. The accuracies of logistic regression, classification tree and random forest models were evaluated by ROC (Receiver operating characteristic) curves. The areas under the curve were 72.4%, 66.2% and 69.2%, respectively. The final logistical regression model with the overall study population (1092 patients) is described and shows an optimism-corrected area under the ROC curve of 77.1%
Doutorado
Epidemiologia
Doutor em Saude Coletiva
Oliveira, Priscila Rosalba Domingos de. "Impacto da restrição ao uso da cefepima na sensibilidade dos bacilos Gram-negativos em infecções hospitalares de um hospital ortopédico terciário." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5140/tde-25112010-140914/.
Full textBACKGROUND: In recent decades, antimicrobial resistance has become a public health problem globally. The interaction between antibiotic consumption and resistance development is of particular interest with respect to the Gramnegative bacilii (GNB), whose growing resistance to available antibiotics has represented a great challenge for the treatment of infections caused by them. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the restriction on the use of cefepime on the profile of antimicrobial susceptibility of GNB involved in nosocomial infections in a orthopaedic tertiary hospital. METHODS: In May 2007, the use of cefepime was restricted at our hospital. We compared the data on occupation, hospital mortality rates and general hospital infection in two periods: from May 2005 to May 2007 (24 months prior to the restriction on the use of cefepime first period) and May 2007 to May 2009 (24 months after this restriction second period). Data on antimicrobial consumption and antimicrobial resistance profile of GNBrelated nosocomial infections in both periods were also analyzed and compared. RESULTS: There were no differences between the two periods in the average hospital stay in days and in hospital mortality rate. There was no significant difference in overall rates of nosocomial infection between periods. The use of amikacin, aztreonam, ertapenem and levofloxacin increased statistically significant (p <0.05) in second period, while consumption of cefepime, imipenem/cilastin and colistin decreased significantly (p <0.05). There was no difference in the incidence of GNB as agents in cases of nosocomial infection in the two periods studied. A. baumanii, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp. were the most frequent GNB in both periods. After the restriction of cefepime, the susceptibility of A. baumanii improved to gentamicin (p = 0.001) and worsened to imipenem (p <0.001). There was no difference in susceptibility to antimicrobials for P. aeruginosa between the two periods. In the second period of this study, the susceptibility of K. pneumoniae improved to ciprofloxacin (p = 0.049). After the restriction of cefepime, the susceptibility of Enterobacter spp. improved to ciprofloxacin (p = 0.043). There was no significant change in the incidence of Extented spectrum beta lacmamasis (ESBL)producing Enterobacteriaceae. CONCLUSIONS: After implementation of the restriction to cefepime, there was no difference in overall incidence of GNB as cause of infection. For A. baumanii, after the restriction, there was an improvement in the susceptibility to gentamicin and worsening to imipenem. For P. aeruginosa, no significant changes in susceptibility were observed. Regarding K. pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp. significant improvement in sensitivity to ciprofloxacin was observed. There were no differences in the incidence of ESBLproducing K. pneumoniae and E. coli between the two periods studied