Relevant bibliographies by topics / Microbial enzymes

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Microbial enzymes'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Microbial enzymes"

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Liu, Chunhui, Jingyi Ma, Tingting Qu, Zhijing Xue, Xiaoyun Li, Qin Chen, Ning Wang, Zhengchao Zhou, and Shaoshan An. "Extracellular Enzyme Activity and Stoichiometry Reveal Nutrient Dynamics during Microbially-Mediated Plant Residue Transformation." Forests 14, no. 1 (December 24, 2022): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14010034.

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Extracellular enzymes are the major mediators of plant residue and organic matter decomposition in soil, frequently associated with microbial metabolic processes and the biochemical cycling of nutrients in soil ecosystems. However, the dynamic trends and driving factors of extracellular enzymes and their stoichiometry during plant residue transformation remain to be further studied. Here, we investigated the dynamics of extracellular enzymes and enzymatic stoichiometry in the “litter-soil” transformation interface soil (TIS) layer, an essential occurrence layer for microbially-mediated C transformation. The results indicated an unbalanced relationship between substrate resource supply and microbial metabolic demand. Microbial metabolism was limited by C (C/N-acquiring enzymes > 1) and P (N/P-acquiring enzymes < 1) throughout the observed stages of plant residue transformation. The initially higher extracellular enzyme activity reflected the availability of the active components (dissolved carbon (DC), nitrogen (DN), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), nitrogen (MBN), and phosphorus (MBP)) in the substrate and the higher intensity of microbial metabolism. With the transformation of plant residues, the active fraction ceased to be the predominant microbial C source, forcing the secretion of C-acquiring enzymes and N-acquiring enzymes to obtain C sources and N nutrients from refractory substrates. Moreover, C/N-acquiring enzymes decreased, while C/P-acquiring enzymes and N/P-acquiring enzymes subsequently increased, which suggested that the microbial demand for N gradually increased and for P relatively decreased. Soil microorganisms can be forced into dormancy or intracellular mineralization due to the lack of substrate resources, so microbial biomass and extracellular enzyme activities decreased significantly compared to initial values. In summary, the results indicated that soil nutrients indirectly contribute to extracellular enzymes and their stoichiometry by affecting microbial activities. Furthermore, extracellular enzymes and their stoichiometry were more sensitive to the response of soil microbial biomass carbon.
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Wackett, Lawrence P. "Microbial industrial enzymes." Microbial Biotechnology 12, no. 2 (February 25, 2019): 405–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.13389.

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Wackett, Lawrence P. "Microbial industrial enzymes." Microbial Biotechnology 12, no. 5 (August 5, 2019): 1090–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.13469.

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Wackett, Lawrence P. "Microbial commercial enzymes." Microbial Biotechnology 4, no. 4 (July 2011): 548–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7915.2011.00274.x.

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Sihi, Debjani, Stefan Gerber, Patrick W. Inglett, and Kanika Sharma Inglett. "Comparing models of microbial–substrate interactions and their response to warming." Biogeosciences 13, no. 6 (March 21, 2016): 1733–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1733-2016.

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Abstract. Recent developments in modelling soil organic carbon decomposition include the explicit incorporation of enzyme and microbial dynamics. A characteristic of these models is a positive feedback between substrate and consumers, which is absent in traditional first-order decay models. With sufficiently large substrate, this feedback allows an unconstrained growth of microbial biomass. We explore mechanisms that curb unrestricted microbial growth by including finite potential sites where enzymes can bind and by allowing microbial scavenging for enzymes. We further developed a model where enzyme synthesis is not scaled to microbial biomass but associated with a respiratory cost and microbial population adjusts enzyme production in order to optimise their growth. We then tested short- and long-term responses of these models to a step increase in temperature and find that these models differ in the long-term when short-term responses are harmonised. We show that several mechanisms, including substrate limitation, variable production of microbial enzymes, and microbes feeding on extracellular enzymes eliminate oscillations arising from a positive feedback between microbial biomass and depolymerisation. The model where enzyme production is optimised to yield maximum microbial growth shows the strongest reduction in soil organic carbon in response to warming, and the trajectory of soil carbon largely follows that of a first-order decomposition model. Modifications to separate growth and maintenance respiration generally yield short-term differences, but results converge over time because microbial biomass approaches a quasi-equilibrium with the new conditions of carbon supply and temperature.
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Baldrian, P. "Microbial enzyme-catalyzed processes in soils and their analysis." Plant, Soil and Environment 55, No. 9 (October 14, 2009): 370–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/134/2009-pse.

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Currently, measuring enzyme activities in soils or other lignocellulose-based materials is technically feasible; this measurement is particularly suitable for evaluating soil processes of biopolymer (cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, chitin and others) degradation by microbes and for assessing cycling and mobilization of principal nutrients including nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. With some considerations, assay methods can provide reliable information on the concentration of enzymes in soil or the rates of enzyme-catalyzed processes. Enzyme analyses in recent studies demonstrated a high level of spatial variability of soil enzyme activity both in depth and in space. The vertical gradients of enzyme activities are most developed in forest soils. Furthermore, enzyme activity in soils is regulated by seasonally-dependent variables such as temperature, moisture and the input of fresh litter. While several enzymes are widely produced by different groups of soil microorganisms, some of them can be used as indicators of the presence or activity of specific microbial taxa.
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Singh, Ankita, PalakVarma .., Arpita Singh, Shuchi .., Anakshi .., Neha Sharma, Kajal Rawat, et al. "Applications of Microbial Enzymes: The Need of an Hour." Indian Journal of Genetics and Molecular Research 12, no. 2 (December 15, 2023): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijgmr.2319.4782.12223.3.

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A growing need for sustainable solutions is one of the primary drivers of the demand for industrial enzymes. One of the most significant and beneficial sources of many enzymes has been and still is the microbial world. Numerous industrial procedures, such as chemical synthesis used to create chemicals and pharmaceuticals, have a number of drawbacks: Lack of enantiomeric specificity for chiral synthesis, low pH, high pressure, high temperature, and low catalytic efficiency. Enzyme research and interest are still advancing, which helps industrial biocatalysis succeed even more. There should be a lot of intriguing discoveries in the field of biotransformation over the coming years. The value of biotechnologically and industrially significant microbial enzymes is the main topic of this study, which comprises 44 papers, including research studies and review articles. Also, it offers novel insights into the micro-organisms that manufacture these enzymes as well as the procedures employed for their purification and separation.
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Demain, Arnold L., and Sergio Sánchez. "Enzymes of industrial interest." Mexican journal of biotechnology 2, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 74–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.29267/mxjb.2017.2.2.74.

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For many years, industrial enzymes have played an important role in the benefit of our society due to their many useful properties and a wide range of applications. They are key elements in the progress of many industries including foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, therapy, personal care, animal feed, detergents, pulp and paper, textiles, leather, chemicals and biofuels. During recent decades, microbial enzymes have replaced many plant and animal enzymes. This is because microbial enzymes are widely available and produced economically in short fermentations and inexpensive media. Screening is simple, and strain improvement for increased production has been very successful. The advances in recombinant DNA technology have had a major effect on production levels of enzymes and represent a way to overproduce industrially important microbial, plant and animal enzymes. It has been calculated that 50-60% of the world enzyme market is supplied with recombinant enzymes. Molecular methods, including genomics and metagenomics, are being used for the discovery of new enzymes from microbes. Also, directed evolution has allowed the design of enzyme specificities and better performance.
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Wackett, Lawrence P. "Broad specificity microbial enzymes." Microbial Biotechnology 8, no. 1 (January 2015): 188–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.12270.

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Wackett, Lawrence P. "Immobilization of microbial enzymes." Microbial Biotechnology 3, no. 6 (October 22, 2010): 729–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7915.2010.00227.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Microbial enzymes"

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Ghadge, G. D. "Microbial enzymes." Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 1986. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/3251.

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Garrett, Mark Denis. "A study on selectivity in microbial biotransformations of substituted arenes." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287620.

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Nathan, Philip Bernard. "Genetic and biochemical studies of microbial peptidase enzymes." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.258545.

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De, Villiers Tania. "Fungal enzymes and microbial systems for industrial processing." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21457.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study strives to improve two current industrial processes by making them more cost effective through the use of hydrolytic enzymes or microbial systems. The first process targeted is the industrial conversion of starch to ethanol. In the second process, hydrolytic enzymes are applied to the manufacturing of instant coffee. The engineering of microbial systems to convert starch to bio-ethanol in a one-step process may result in large cost reductions in current industrial processes. These reductions will be due to decreased heating energy requirements, as well as a decrease in money spent on the purchase of commercial enzymes for liquefaction and saccharification. In this study, a recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain was engineered to express the wild-type Aspergillus awamori glucoamylase (GA I) and α-amylase (AMYL III) as well as the Aspergillus oryzae glucoamylase (GLAA) as separately secreted polypeptides. The recombinant strain that secreted functional GA I and AMYL III was able to utilise raw corn starch as carbon source, and converted raw corn starch into bio-ethanol at a specific production rate of 0.037 grams per gram dry weight cells per hour. The ethanol yield of 0.40 gram ethanol per gram available sugar from starch translated to 71% of the theoretical maximum from starch as substrate. A promising raw starch converter was therefore generated. In the second part of this study, soluble solid yields were increased by hydrolysing spent coffee ground, which is the waste generated by the existing coffee process, with hydrolytic enzymes. Recombinant enzymes secreted from engineered Aspergillus strains (β-mannanase, β-endoglucanase 1, β-endo-glucanase 2, and β-xylanase 2), enzymes secreted from wild-type organisms (β-mannanases) and commercial enzyme cocktails displaying the necessary activities (β-mannanase, cellulase, and pectinase) were applied to coffee spent ground to hydrolyse the residual 42% mannan and 51% cellulose in the substrate. Hydrolysis experiments indicated that an enzyme cocktail containing mainly β-mannanase increased soluble solids extracted substantially, and a soluble solid yield of 23% was determined using the optimised enzyme extraction process. Soluble solid yield increases during the manufacturing of instant coffee will result in; (i) an increase in overall yield of instant coffee product, (ii) a decrease in amount of coffee beans important for the production of the product, and (iii) a reduction in the amount of waste product generated by the process.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie poog om twee huidige industriële prosesse te verbeter deur die prosesse meer kosteeffektief met behulp van hidroltiese ensieme en mikrobiese sisteme te maak. Die eerste industrie wat geteiken word, is die omskakeling van rou stysel na etanol, en die tweede om hidrolities ensieme in die vervaardiging van kitskoffie te gebruik. Die skep van mikrobiese sisteme om rou-stysel in ’n ’een-stap’ proses om te skakel na bio-etanol sal groot koste besparing tot gevolg hê. Hierdie besparings sal te wyte wees aan die afname in verhittingsenergie wat tydens die omskakelingsproses benodig word, asook ’n afname in die koste verbonde aan die aankoop van duur kommersiële ensieme om die stysel na fermenteerbare suikers af te breek. In hierdie studie is ’n rekombinante Saccharomyces cerevisiae-gis gegenereer wat die glukoamilase (GA I) and α-amilase (AMYL III) van Aspergillus awamori, asook die glukoamilase van Aspergillus oryzae (GLAA) as aparte polipeptide uit te druk. Die rekombinante gis wat die funksionele GA I en AMYL III uitgeskei het, was in staat om op die rou-stysel as koolstofbron te groei, en het roustysel na bio-etanol teen ’n spesifieke tempo van 0.037 gram per gram droë gewig biomassa per uur omgeskakel. Die etanolopbrengs van 0.40 gram per gram beskikbare suiker vanaf stysel was gelykstaande aan 71% van die teoretiese maksimum vanaf stysel as substraat. ’n Belowende gis wat roustysel kan omskakel na bio-etnaol was dus geskep. In die tweede deel van hierdie studie is die opbrengs in oplosbare vastestowwe vermeerder deur die koffie-afval wat tydens die huidige industrieële proses genereer word, met hidrolitiese ensieme te behandel. Rekombinante ensieme afkomstig vanaf Aspergillus-rasse (β-mannanase, β-endoglukanase 1, β-endo-glukanase 2 en β-xilanase 2), ensieme deur wilde-tipe organismes uitgeskei (β-mannanase), asook kommersiële ensiempreparate wat die nodige ensiemaktiwiteite getoon het (β-mannanase, sellulase en pektinase) is gebruik om die oorblywende 42% mannaan en 51% sellulose in koffie-afval te hidroliseer. Hidrolise eksperimente het getoon dat ’n ensiempreparaat wat hoofsaaklik mannanase bevat, die oplosbare vastestofopbrengs grootliks kan verbeter, met ’n verhoogde opbrengs van 23% tydens geöptimiseerde ensiembehandelings. ’n Verhoogde opbrengs in oplosbare vastestowwe tydens die vervaardiging van kitskoffie sal die volgende tot gevolg hê: (i) ’n toename in totale opbrengs van kitskoffie produk, (ii) ’n afname in die hoeveelheid koffiebone wat vir die produksie ingevoer moet word, en (iii) ’n afname in die hoeveelheid afval wat tydens die vervaardigingsproses produseer word.
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Bohlin, Jan. "Enzymes and electron transport in microbial chlorate respiration." Doctoral thesis, Karlstad : Faculty of Technology and Science, Chemistry, Karlstads University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-2805.

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Seetaramarao, B. "Microbial enzymes : immobilized whole cell systems in fermentation." Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 1987. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/3290.

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Khisti, U. V. "Microbial enzymes related to agro - waste material degradation." Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 2011. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/3808.

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Brearley, Graham Mark. "Microbial enzymes in the oxidative deamination of L-phenylalanine." Thesis, Open University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386680.

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Ashida, Hisashi. "Studies on Microbial Enzymes Acting on Mucin-type Oligosaccharides." Kyoto University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/78116.

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Yasohara, Yoshihiko. "PRODUCTION OF USEFUL OPTICALLY ACTIVE COMPOUNDS BY MICROBIAL ENZYMES." Kyoto University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/150356.

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Books on the topic "Microbial enzymes"

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Barredo, José Luis, ed. Microbial Enzymes and Biotransformations. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1592598463.

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Shukla, Pratyoosh, ed. Microbial Enzymes and Biotechniques. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6895-4.

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Fogarty, William M., and Catherine T. Kelly, eds. Microbial Enzymes and Biotechnology. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0765-2.

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José-Luis, Barredo, ed. Microbial enzymes and biotransformations. Totowa, N.J: Humana Press, 2005.

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M, Fogarty William, and Kelly Catherine T, eds. Microbial enzymes and biotechnology. 2nd ed. London: Elsevier Applied Science, 1990.

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Bhatt, Pankaj. Industrial Applications of Microbial Enzymes. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003202998.

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Chróst, Ryszard J., ed. Microbial Enzymes in Aquatic Environments. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3090-8.

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J, Chróst Ryszard, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften., Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and Workshop on Enzymes in Aquatic Environments (1st : 1989 : Ringberg Castle, Germany), eds. Microbial enzymes in aquatic environments. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1991.

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Gupta, Vijai Kumar, ed. Microbial Enzymes in Bioconversions of Biomass. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43679-1.

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Zakharova, I. I͡A. Liticheskie fermenty mikroorganizmov. Kiev: Nauk. dumka, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Microbial enzymes"

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Sharma, Juhi, Divakar Sharma, Karan Sharma, Surabhi Sharma, Priya Choudhary, and Akshay Bharti. "Microbial Enzymes." In Bionanotechnology for Advanced Applications, 70–81. New York: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003362258-6.

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Cohen, G. N. "Allosteric Enzymes." In Microbial Biochemistry, 51–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9437-7_5.

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Cohen, G. N. "Allosteric Enzymes." In Microbial Biochemistry, 59–71. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8908-0_5.

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Cohen, Georges N. "Allosteric Enzymes." In Microbial Biochemistry, 93–106. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7579-3_5.

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Cohen, Georges N. "Allosteric Enzymes." In Microbial Biochemistry, 31–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2237-1_5.

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Thakur, Abhijeet, Kedar Sharma, Kaustubh C. Khaire, Vijay S. Moholkar, and Arun Goyal. "Enzymes." In Microbial Fermentation and Enzyme Technology, 257–68. Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2020]: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429061257-16.

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Whitaker, John R. "Microbial Pectolytic Enzymes." In Microbial Enzymes and Biotechnology, 133–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0765-2_4.

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Godtfredsen, Sven Erik. "Microbial Lipases." In Microbial Enzymes and Biotechnology, 255–74. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0765-2_7.

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Sandhya, Chandran, K. Madhavan Nampoothiri, and Ashok Pandey. "Microbial Proteases." In Microbial Enzymes and Biotransformations, 165–79. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-846-3:165.

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Tewari, Rupinder, Ram P. Tewari, and Gurinder S. Hoondal. "Microbial Pectinases." In Microbial Enzymes and Biotransformations, 191–208. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-846-3:191.

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Conference papers on the topic "Microbial enzymes"

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Moldovan, Cristina. "Study of the enzymatic properties of fungi in the "La Izvor" aquatic ecosystem." In 5th International Scientific Conference on Microbial Biotechnology. Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52757/imb22.48.

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The physiological adaptability of fungi and the multi-enzyme metabolic system is the basis of their amazing ability to develop in various environmental conditions, considered the engines of natural ecosystem restoration. They are natural decomposers of organic matter to absorb their nutrients, thus allowing recycling, mineralization and release of compounds for the community and ecosystems. Extracellular enzymes of fungal origin, both redox and hydrolytic, have been reported for various industrial and biotechnological applications, such as the medical, agricultural, pulp and paper, textile, detergent, food processing and biofuel industries; as well as bioremediation. In addition, fungal enzymes have a significant advantage over those derived from plants or animals due to their ease of handling, rapid production in lowcost media, higher yields, and catalytic activity. The purpose of the research was to study the enzymatic properties (amylase, catalase, cellulase, lipase) of 93 strains of micromycetes representing the genera Aspergilus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Fusarium, Mucor, Rhizopus, isolated from the "La izvor" aquatic ecosystem. Strains were isolated from water (35 strains), biofilm (28 strains) and silt (30 strains). Express tests were performed to determine the enzyme capacity: amylase, catalase, cellulase, and lipase. When determining the enzyme capacity, specific indicators were used for each enzyme: amylase - Lugol's solution, catalase - H2O2 (3%), cellulase carboxymethylcellulase and Congo red, lipase - Tween 80. The enzyme activity was assessed as: (+++) – high; (++) – average; (+) – weak; (-) – missing. As a result of the research on the strains isolated from the water, it was found that, in 12 strains, the activity of catalase was at an average level (++), in 11 strains - weak (+), and in 12 strains this activity was missing (-). Amylase, lipase, and cellulase activities were also weak in most strains tested. Only 4 strains registered an average enzymatic activity (++) of the 3 enzymes. In the rest of the strains, the activity of these enzymes is weak (+) or absent (-). The activity of amylase was not manifested in 10 strains, of lipase in 13 strains, and of cellulase in 12 strains. None of the tested strains showed medium-level activity of the studied enzymes, and medium-level enzymatic activity of 3 enzymes did - the strains isolated from water: A 12 and A 14. In the strains isolated from the biofilm, the enzymatic capacity of the 4 enzymes was presented as follows, catalase activity: average (++) - 3 strains, weak (+) - 15 strains, missing (-) - 10 strains. Amylase activity: 2 strains – medium, 11 strains – weak, 15 – missing. Lipase and catalase activity in the tested strains was also weak or absent. None of the strains isolated from the biofilm showed moderate lipase and cellulase enzyme activity. Lipase activity was missing in 9 strains, and cellulase activity in 18 strains. Thirty strains isolated from the silt were tested. From the 30 strains tested, catalase activity at a medium level (++) was recorded in 20 strains, at a weak level (+) in 8 strains and absent (-) in 2 strains. Amylase activity at a medium level - 18 strains, at a weak level - 10 strains, and missing in 2 strains. Lipase activity at a medium level - 18 strains, at a weak level - 9 strains, missing (-) in 3 strains. Cellulase activity: medium level - 6 strains, weak level - 19 strains, missing in 5 strains. Thus, we can state that from an enzymatic point of view the most active strains are the strains isolated from the silt. In 4 strains, the enzymatic activity of catalase, amylase, lipase and cellulase was recorded at medium level (++). These are strains N 5, N 7, N 12, N 14. According to the obtained results, we can mention that the aquatic strains of micromycetes possess selective enzymatic properties. The most active ones possessing significant enzymatic properties (A 12 and A 14, N 5, N 7, N 12, N 14) were selected for further research.
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"Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Microbial Drug Preparation." In 2017 International Conference on Materials Science and Biological Engineering. Francis Academic Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.25236/icmsbe.2017.14.

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Toplaghaltsyan, Anna, Zhaneta Karapetyan, Susanna Keleshyan, G. Avetisova, L. Melkonyan, G. Tsarukyan, and V. Ghochikyan. "Enzymatic activity of nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria." In 5th International Scientific Conference on Microbial Biotechnology. Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Republic of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52757/imb22.37.

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Soil is a medium for more than 100 enzymes. During soil deterioration the change of enzymes occurs much sooner than of other parameters in the soil so they are considered the best indicators of soil health. These enzymes play a vital role in supporting soil ecology and health by direct agents of the biological catabolism of soil organic and mineral components. Еnzymatic activities in the soil are mainly of microbial origin. In a number of potential bacterial enzymes that play an important role in maintaining soil health, some of the important ones are protease, lipase, cellulase, amylase and urease [1]. The aim of this work was the study of enzymatic activity in nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as protease, lipase, cellulose, amylase and urease. The bacteria used in the experiments were Agrobacterium sp. strain M-1 (MN717167) and Agrobacterium sp. strain Y-2 (MN721294), previously isolated by us from saline soils of the villages Mrgashat and Yeghegnut of Armenia, respectively [2]. Proteolytic activity of nitrogen-fixing strains was determined using Skim Milk Agar, lipolytic activity - by Burk's Agar with 2% Tween 80, cellulolytic activity - by Cellulose Congo Red Agar. Bacterial suspension (107-108 CFU/ml) was added into punch holes in the agar and plates were incubated at 30 °C during 3-7 days. Enzymatic activity was detected by clear zones around holes. In case of amylolytic activity Starch Agar was used. A fresh colony of bacteria was streaked on the surface of the agar by double streak and was incubated for 3-5 days at 30 °C. Then the surface of the agar was flooded with Gram’s iodine solution. A clear zone surrounding the bacterial growth confirmed the hydrolysis of starch. Urease activity was investigated by using Urea broth. The cultures were inoculated separately into test tubes and incubated at 30 °C for 4 days. The appearance of a deep pink color indicated a positive result. The results of the experiments presented in Table 1 show the presence of a fairly wide range of enzymes in cultures Agrobacterium sp. strain M-1 and Agrobacterium sp. strain Y-2. Table 1. Enzymatic activity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria Nitrogen-fixing bacteria Enzymatic activity Protease Lipase Cellulase Amylase Urease Agrobacterium sp. strain M-1 - + + + + Agrobacterium sp. strain Y-2 + + + + + Therefore, it can be assumed that the use of Agrobacterium sp. strain M-1 and Agrobacterium sp. strain Y-2 with a variety of enzymatic activities can provide the soil with the enzymes necessary for the normal course of global carbon and nutrient cycles.
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Ruginescu, Robert, Ioana Gomoiu, Simona Neagu, Lucia Roxana Cojoc, Ionela Lucaci, Costin Batrinescu-Moteau, and Madalin Enache. "Bioprospecting for novel bacterial sources of salt-tolerant enzymes with biotechnological applications." In 5th International Scientific Conference on Microbial Biotechnology. Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Republic of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52757/imb22.02.

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Toplaghaltsyan, Anna, Zhaneta Karapetyan, Susanna Keleshyan, G. Avetisova, L. Melkonyan, G. Tsarukyan, and V. Ghochikyan. "Enzymatic activity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolated from Armenian saline soils." In 5th International Scientific Conference on Microbial Biotechnology. Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Republic of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52757/imb22.38.

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Nitrogen-fixing bacteria with phytostimulating potential have great interest in the modern world. The aim of this work was to study the enzymatic activity of nitrogen-fixing strains Agrobacterium sp. M-1 and Agrobacterium sp. Y-2. Studies have shown that these strains are capable to produce proteases, lipases, cellulases, amylases and ureases, enzymes that play a vital role in maintaining soil health. In addition, these bacteria have several significant characteristics: salt tolerance, pH stability, maintaining of viability at low and high temperatures. Therefore, the above strains have every chance to become the basis for the creation of a multifunctional biofertilizer in the future
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Yakubovskaya, A. I., I. A. Kameneva, S. V. Didovich, I. I. Smirnova, N. A. Kashirina, and M. V. Ermolaeva. "Influence of microbial preparations on the enzymatic activity of Thymus vulgaris L." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-5-9-10-119.

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Recently, special concern has been shown to common thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), essential oil of which has a valuable ingredients and is of interest for different uses. The purpose of the research was to study the influence of polyfunctional microbial preparations on the enzymatic activity of T. vulgaris, which is grown under conditions of the foothill zone of the Crimea. In field experiments on southern Chernozem, we studied the influence of “Biopolycid” and “Cyanobacterium consortium” preparations on the activity of catalase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes in leaves of T. vulgaris. The microbial preparations were spread onto the top layer of the soil once at the stem-extension stage. In this case, their use promoted efficient plant-microbial interaction, i.e. induction of antioxidant enzyme activity, increasing stress resistance of plants. Thus, in the foothills of the Crimea, according to the results of the first year of research, it was proved that top-soil dressing with polyfunctional microbial preparations “Biopolycid” and “Cyanobacterium consortium” increased the enzymatic activity of T. vulgaris plants
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Sultana, Sharmin, Md Sad Salabi Sawrav, Md Bokhtiar Rahma, Md Shohorab Hossain, and Md Azizul Haque. "Isolation and Biochemical Characterization of Xylanase Enzyme Producing Bacteria from Goat Rumen." In International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Advanced Science. AIJR Publisher, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.123.1.

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The rumen microbial communities of ruminants are thought to be the most promising biochemical source of inordinately diversified and multi-functional cellulolytic enzymes with unique functional adaptations to improve biotechnological processes. The exploitation of rumen microbial genetic variety has been limited due to a lack of effective screening culture techniques and a lack of understanding of the rumen microbial genetic diversity. This study is conducted to isolate and characterize rumen bacteria from goat rumen that have capability to produce xylanase enzyme. Serial dilutions technique is applied to isolate bacteria from goat rumen and repeated tubing of the selectively enriched microbial cultures by using the specific media for rumen bacteria. Following that, all of the isolates were underwent Methyl Red (MR) test & Voges-Proskauer (VP) test to identify organisms metabolic pathway, Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSI) Test to determine bacterial ability to utilize sugar, Motility Indole and Urease activity test (MIU) to determine motility, Urease utilization and can produce Indole or not, Citrate utilization test to utilize citrate as carbon and energy source, Oxidase test, Catalase test to check the presence of catalytic enzyme where all isolates found promising which indicates that all five isolates are superior and capable to produce xylanase.
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Chiselita, Oleg, Natalia Chiselitsa, Elena Tofan, Alina Beshliu, Nadejda Efremova, Marina Danilis, and Ana Rotaru. "Antocyanic extracts from yeast winewaste." In 5th International Scientific Conference on Microbial Biotechnology. Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Republic of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52757/imb22.15.

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Phenolic compounds, especially phenolic acids, tannins and anthocyanins are among the important biologically active components of wines. Of all the phenolic compounds, anthocyanins are of a particular interest because they have many beneficial effects on human and animal health. In vitro and in vivo studies have revealed the biological potential of these compounds and demonstrated their ability to reduce oxidative stress, to act as antimicrobial substances and to counteract the appearance and progression of many nontransmissible diseases, such as neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, metabolic ones and cancer. In combination with vitamin A and other carotenoids they protect visual function. Anthocyanins and their derivatives have no toxic effect on living organisms, even after ingestion in very high doses. Since the biologically active substances, including anthocyanins, found out in the fermentation medium, are largely absorbed on the surface of the yeast cells, yeast biomass remaining from wine production, can serve as an important source of these substances. The purposes of this research were to obtain anthocyanin extracts from the yeast biomass remaining from the production of the autochthonous wines, to characterize them biochemically, and to assess their antioxidant potential. The research was focused on the sediment yeast biomass from the production of white dry wine Rkatsiteli, red dry wines Merlot and Cabernet, offered by the «Cricova» winery. The extracts were obtained by different methods of destruction of the yeast cell wall, which included the use of the acetic acid and the sodium phosphate buffer solutions, homogenization, different temperatures and biomass-solution ratios. The extracts were characterized by their dry weight, by the content of the anthocyanins, proteins, and carbohydrates, as well as by the activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase. Depending on the yeast biomass type and the cell wall destruction method the obtained extracts had the dry weight of 2.2 - 13.3 mg/ml, and contained 3.9±0.3 - 20.7±0.4 mg/g of cyanidin anthocyanins, 3.2±0.2 - 9.7±0.4% (d.w.) of proteins, 2.2±0.02 - 31.4±0.3% (d.w.) of carbohydrates, and possessed the antioxidant type catalase activity of 315±2.6 - 524±1.5 mmol/min/mg protein and the superoxide dismutase of 173±5.2 - 457±0.6 U/mg protein. The valuable biochemical composition and high activity of the antioxidant enzymes such as catalase type and superoxide dismutase of the extracts revealed the perspectivity of using the yeast biomass from wine production as a source of anthocyanin preparations for various fields. The results of the research permitted to elaborate a procedure of obtaining the anthocyanin preparations from yeast biomass after red wine fermentation, which is currently being patented.
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Tirtom, Sena, and Aslı Akpınar. "The Plant-Based Enzymes Used in Coagulation of Milk for Cheese Production." In 7th International Students Science Congress. Izmir International guest Students Association, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2023.020.

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Dairy products have a quite important for the food industry. Cheese, which has more than a thousand varieties, takes it in the first place among dairy products. Coagulation of milk is the most important step in cheese production. A considerable part of the cheese produced in the world is obtained as a result of coagulation of milk with enzymes. The rennets used to provide milk coagulation in cheese production can be obtained from different animal, plant-based and microbial sources. Coagulant enzymes obtained from different sources are called rennet obtained from animal sources. The increase in the amount of cheese production also increases the need for rennet. Due to reasons such as increasing cheese production and consumption around the world, difficult calf rennet supply (expensive and scarce), religious reasons, prohibition of rennet obtained from recombinant calf rennet in some countries, vegetarian preferences of consumers, some diseases that can be transmitted from animals, attitudes towards genetically modified foods have led to the need for alternative coagulants in cheese production. This situation has led to studies on the production of alternative coagulant enzymes of microbial, plant-based and recombinant origin that can be used instead of calf rennet. Enzymes obtained from different parts of plants (such as roots, stems, leaves, flowers, seeds and fruits) by different extraction methods can be used to coagulate milk. Although coagulant enzymes of plant-based origin are used in the production of traditional cheese varieties in many different countries, they are not used in general areas due to their high proteolytic activities, degradation in coagulum qualities, decrease in yield, and negative effects on sensory properties such as bitter taste formation. In this review, the most commonly used plant-based enzymes used in coagulation of cheese milk and their effects on the final product properties are mentioned.
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Tirtom, Sena, and Aslı Akpınar. "The Plant-Based Enzymes Used in Coagulation of Milk for Cheese Production." In 7th International Students Science Congress. Izmir International guest Students Association, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2023.020.

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Dairy products have a quite important for the food industry. Cheese, which has more than a thousand varieties, takes it in the first place among dairy products. Coagulation of milk is the most important step in cheese production. A considerable part of the cheese produced in the world is obtained as a result of coagulation of milk with enzymes. The rennets used to provide milk coagulation in cheese production can be obtained from different animal, plant-based and microbial sources. Coagulant enzymes obtained from different sources are called rennet obtained from animal sources. The increase in the amount of cheese production also increases the need for rennet. Due to reasons such as increasing cheese production and consumption around the world, difficult calf rennet supply (expensive and scarce), religious reasons, prohibition of rennet obtained from recombinant calf rennet in some countries, vegetarian preferences of consumers, some diseases that can be transmitted from animals, attitudes towards genetically modified foods have led to the need for alternative coagulants in cheese production. This situation has led to studies on the production of alternative coagulant enzymes of microbial, plant-based and recombinant origin that can be used instead of calf rennet. Enzymes obtained from different parts of plants (such as roots, stems, leaves, flowers, seeds and fruits) by different extraction methods can be used to coagulate milk. Although coagulant enzymes of plant-based origin are used in the production of traditional cheese varieties in many different countries, they are not used in general areas due to their high proteolytic activities, degradation in coagulum qualities, decrease in yield, and negative effects on sensory properties such as bitter taste formation. In this review, the most commonly used plant-based enzymes used in coagulation of cheese milk and their effects on the final product properties are mentioned.
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Reports on the topic "Microbial enzymes"

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Fennell, Pearlie M. A study of microbial enzymes and coal liquefaction: Quarterly report, December 1, 1988--February 28, 1989. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6311228.

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Sharon, Amir, and Maor Bar-Peled. Identification of new glycan metabolic pathways in the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea and their role in fungus-plant interactions. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597916.bard.

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The involvement of glycans in microbial adherence, recognition and signaling is often a critical determinant of pathogenesis. Although the major glycan components of fungal cell walls have been identified there is limited information available on its ‘minor sugar components’ and how these change during different stages of fungal development. Our aim was to define the role of Rhacontaining-glycans in the gray mold disease caused by the necrotrophic fungus B. cinerea. The research was built on the discovery of two genes, Bcdhand bcer, that are involved in formation of UDP-KDG and UDP-Rha, two UDP- sugars that may serve as donors for the synthesis of cell surface glycans. Objectives of the proposed research included: 1) To determine the function of B. cinereaBcDh and BcEr in glycan biosynthesis and in pathogenesis, 2) To determine the expression pattern of BcDH and BcERand cellular localization of their encoded proteins, 3) Characterize the structure and distribution of Rha- containing glycans, 4) Characterization of the UDP-sugar enzymes and potential of GTs involved in glycanrhamnosylation. To address these objectives we generated a series of B. cinereamutants with modifications in the bchdhand bcergenes and the phenotype and sugar metabolism in the resulting strains were characterized. Analysis of sugar metabolites showed that changes in the genes caused changes in primary and secondary sugars, including abolishment of rhamnose, however abolishment of rhamnose synthesis did not cause changes in the fungal phenotype. In contrast, we found that deletion of the second gene, bcer, leads to accumulation of the intermediate sugar – UDP- KDG, and that such mutants suffer from a range of defects including reduced virulence. Further analyses confirmed that UDP-KDG is toxic to the fungus. Studies on mode of action suggested that UDP-KDG might affect integrity of the fungal cell wall, possibly by inhibiting UDP-sugars metabolic enzymes. Our results confirm that bcdhand bcerrepresent a single pathway of rhamnose synthesis in B. cinerea, that rhamnose does not affect in vitro development or virulence of the fungus. We also concluded that UDP-KDG is toxic to B. cinereaand hence UDP-KDG or compounds that inhibit Er enzymes and lead to accumulation of UDP-KDG might have antifungal activity. This toxicity is likely the case with other fungi, this became apparent in a collaborative work with Prof. Bart Thomma of Wageningen University, NETHERLANDS . We have shown the deletion of ER mutant in Verticillium dahlia gave plants resistance to the fungal infection.
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McFarlane, Aaron, Nia Hurst, Carina Jung, and Charles Theiling. Evaluating soil conditions to inform Upper Mississippi River floodplain restoration projects. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48451.

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The US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) has designed and constructed thousands of acres of ecosystem restoration features within the Upper Mississippi River System. Many of these projects incorporate island construction to restore geomorphic diversity and habitat, including floodplain forests. Soils are the foundation of the ecological function and successful establishment of floodplain forests as they are the basis through which plants obtain water and nutrients and provide critical ecosystem services. To improve floodplain forest island restoration outcomes, three natural and four recently (<10 years) constructed restoration sites were studied to compare soil physical, chemical, microbial, and fungal characteristics. Constructed islands had lower soil organic matter and dissolved organic carbon and differed in nutrient concentrations, bacterial assemblages, and fungal communities compared to reference sites. However, soil enzyme activity and some microbial community characteristics were functionally similar between the natural and created sites. Results align with previously established restoration trajectory theories where hydrological and basic microbial ecosystem functions are restored almost immediately, but complex biologically mediated and habitat functions require more time to establish. Data from this and future studies will help increase the long-term success of USACE floodplain forest restoration, improve island design, and help develop region-specific restoration trajectory curves to better anticipate the outcomes of floodplain forest creation projects.
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Thomashow, Linda, Leonid Chernin, Ilan Chet, David M. Weller, and Dmitri Mavrodi. Genetically Engineered Microbial Agents for Biocontrol of Plant Fungal Diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7696521.bard.

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The objectives of the project were: a) to construct the site-specific integrative expression cassettes carrying: (i) the chiA gene for a 58-kDa endochitinase, (ii) the pyrrolnitrin biosynthesis operon, and (iii) the acdS gene encoding ACC deaminase; b) to employ these constructs to engineer stable recombinant strains with an expanded repertoire of beneficial activities; c) to evaluate the rhizosphere competence and antifungal activity of the WT and modified strains against pathogenic fungi under laboratory and greenhouse conditions; and d) to monitor the persistence and impact of the introduced strains on culturable and nonculturable rhizosphere microbial populations in the greenhouse and the field. The research generally support our concepts that combining strategically selected genes conferring diverse modes of action against plant pathogens into one organism can improve the efficacy of biological control agents. We hypothesized that biocontrol agents (BCAs) engineered to expand their repertoire of beneficial activities will more effectively control soilborne plant pathogens. In this work, we demonstrated that biocontrol activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens Q8r1-96 and Q2-87, both producing the antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) effective against the plant pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani, can be improved significantly by introducing and expressing either the 1.6-kb gene chiA, encoding the 58-kDa endochitinase ChiA from the rhizosphere strain SerratiaplymuthicaIC1270, or the 5.8-kb prnABCDoperon encoding the broad-range antibiotic pyrrolnitrin (Prn) from another rhizosphere strain, P. fluorescens Pf-5. The PₜₐcchiAandPₜₐcprnABCDcassettes were cloned into the integrative pBK-miniTn7-ΩGm plasmid, and inserted into the genomic DNA of the recipient bacteria. Recombinant derivatives of strains Q8r1-96 and Q2-87 expressing the PₜₐcchiA or PₜₐcprnABCD cassettes produced endochitinase ChiA, or Prn, respectively, in addition to 2,4-DAPG, and the recombinants gave significantly better biocontrol of R. solani on beans under greenhouse conditions. The disease reduction index increased in comparison to the parental strains Q8r1-96 and Q2-87 to 17.5 and 39.0% from 3.2 and 12.4%, respectively, in the case of derivatives carrying the PₜₐcchiAcassette and to 63.1 and 70% vs. 2.8 and 12,4%, respectively, in the case of derivatives carrying the PₜₐcprnABCDcassette. The genetically modified strains exhibited persistence and non-target effects comparable to those of the parental strains in greenhouse soil. Three integrative cassettes carrying the acdS gene encoding ACC deaminase cloned under the control of different promoters were constructed and tested for enhancement of plant growth promotion by biocontrol strains of P. fluorescens and S. plymuthica. The integrative cassettes constructed in this work are already being used as a simple and efficient tool to improve biocontrol activity of various PGPR bacteria against fungi containing chitin in the cell walls or highly sensitive to Prn. Some parts of the work (e. g., construction of integrative cassettes) was collaborative while other parts e.g., (enzyme and antibiotic activity analyses) were fully synergistic. The US partners isolated and provided to the Israeli collaborators the original biocontrol strains P. fluorescens strains Q8r1-96 and Q2-87 and their mutants deficient in 2,4-DAPG production, which were used to evaluate the relative importance of introduction of Prn, chitinase or ACC deaminase genes for improvement of the biocontrol activity of the parental strains. The recombinant strains obtained at HUJI were supplied to the US collaborators for further analysis.
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Jander, Georg, and Daniel Chamovitz. Investigation of growth regulation by maize benzoxazinoid breakdown products. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600031.bard.

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Introduction Previous research had suggested that benzoxazinoids, a class of defensive metabolites found in maize, wheat, rye, and wild barley, are not only direct insect deterrents, but also influence other areas of plant metabolism. In particular, the benzoxazinoid 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxa- zin-3(4H)- one (DIMBOA) was implicated in: (i) altering plant growth by interfering with auxin signaling, and (ii) leading to the induction of gene expression changes and secondary plant defense responses. The overall goal of this proposal was to identify mechanisms by which benzoxazinoids influence other aspects of plant growth and defense. Specifically, the following hypotheses were proposed to be tested as part of an approved BARD proposal: Benzoxazinoid breakdown products directly interfere with auxin perception Global changes in maize and barley gene expression are induced by benzoxazinoid activation. There is natural variation in the maize photomorphogenic response to benzoxazinoids. Although the initial proposal included experiments with both maize and barley, there were some technical difficulties with the proposed transgenic barley experiments and most of the experimental results were generated with maize. Summary of major findings Previous research by other labs, involving both maize and other plant species, had suggested that DIMBOA alters plant growth by interfering with auxin signaling. However, experiments conducted in both the Chamovitz and the Jander labs using Arabidopsis and maize, respectively, were unable to confirm previously published reports of exogenously added DIMBOA effects on auxin signaling. Nevertheless, analysis of bx1 and bx2 maize mutant lines, which have almost no detectable benzoxazinoids, showed altered responses to blue light signaling. Transcriptomic analysis of maize mutant lines, variation in inbred lines, and responses to exogenously added DIMBOA showed alteration in the transcription of a blue light receptor, which is required for plant growth responses. This finding provides a novel mechanistic explanation of the trade-off between growth and defense that is often observed in plants. Experiments by the Jander lab and others had demonstrated that DIMBOA not only has direct toxicity against insect pests and microbial pathogens, but also induces the formation of callose in both maize and wheat. In the current project, non-targeted metabolomic assays of wildtype maize and mutants with defects in benzoxazinoid biosynthesis were used to identify unrelated metabolites that are regulated in a benzoxazinoid-dependent manner. Further investigation identified a subset of these DIMBOA-responsive compounds as catechol, as well as its glycosylated and acetylated derivatives. Analysis of co-expression data identified indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase (IGPS) as a possible regulator of benzoxazinoid biosynthesis in maize. In the current project, enzymatic activity of three predicted maize IGPS genes was confirmed by heterologous expression. Transposon knockout mutations confirmed the function of the maize genes in benzoxazinoid biosynthesis. Sub-cellular localization studies showed that the three maize IGPS proteins are co-localized in the plastids, together with BX1 and BX2, two previously known enzymes of the benzoxazinoid biosynthesis pathway. Implications Benzoxazinoids are among the most abundant and effective defensive metabolites in maize, wheat, and rye. Although there is considerable with-in species variation in benzoxazinoid content, very little is known about the regulation of this variation and the specific effects on plant growth and defense. The results of this research provide further insight into the complex functions of maize benzoxazinoids, which are not only toxic to pests and pathogens, but also regulate plant growth and other defense responses. Knowledge gained through the current project will make it possible to engineer benzoxazinoid biosynthesis in a more targeted manner to produce pest-tolerant crops without negative effects on growth and yield.
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