Journal articles: 'Microbial insecticide'

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Mansfield, Sarah, Richard J. Chynoweth, Mark R. H. Hurst, Alasdair Noble, Sue M. Zydenbos, and Maureen O'Callaghan. "Novel bacterial seed treatment protects wheat seedlings from insect damage." Crop and Pasture Science 68, no. 6 (2017): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp17176.

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Insecticidal seed treatments are used commonly worldwide to protect seedlings against root feeding insects. Organophosphate insecticides that have been used for seed treatments are being phased out and replaced with neonicotinoid insecticides. Concerns about the environmental impact of neonicotinoids have prompted a search for alternatives. Microbial insecticides are a biological alternative for seed treatments to target root feeding insects. Six field trials with organophosphate granules (diazinon, chlorpyrifos), neonicotinoid seed treatment (clothianidin) and microbial (Serratia entomophila) seed treatment targeting grass grub, a New Zealand scarab pest, were conducted in wheat crops at several sites over 4 years (2012–2015). Sites were selected each year that had potentially damaging populations of grass grub present during the trials. Untreated seeds led to significant losses of plants and wheat yield due to lower seedling establishment and ongoing plant losses from grass grub damage. Insecticide and microbial treatments increased plant survival in all trials compared with untreated seeds. Better plant survival was associated with higher yields from the insecticide treatments in four out of six trials. Neonicotinoid seed treatment alone gave similar yield increases to combined neonicotinoid seed treatment and organophosphate granules. Microbial seed treatment with S. entomophila gave similar yield increases to insecticide treatments in two out of six trials. Seed treatment with S. entomophila is an alternative for grass grub control; however, development of a commercial product requires effective scale-up of production, further research to improve efficacy, and viability of the live bacteria needs to be maintained on coated seed.

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Cloyd, Raymond A. "Compatibility of Insecticides with Natural Enemies to Control Pests of Greenhouses and Conservatories." Journal of Entomological Science 41, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-41.3.189.

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Natural enemies used as biological control agents may not always provide adequate control of plant-feeding insects in greenhouses and conservatories. Research continues to assess the utilization of natural enemies in conjunction with biorational insecticides including insect growth regulators, insecticidal soaps, horticultural oils, feeding inhibitors, and microbial agents (entomogenous bacteria and fungi, and related microorganisms); and the potential compatibility of both strategies when implemented together. A variety of factors influence the ability of using natural enemies with insecticides. These include whether the natural enemy is a parasitoid or predator, the species of the natural enemy, life stage sensitivity, rate and timing of insecticide application, and mode of action of the insecticide. Insecticides may impact natural enemies by affecting longevity (survival), host acceptance, sex ratio, reproduction (fecundity), foraging behavior, emergence, and development. Despite the emphasis on evaluating the compatibility of natural enemies with insecticides, it is important to assess if this is a viable and acceptable pest management strategy in greenhouses and conservatories.

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Crisol-Martínez, Eduardo, Laura T. Moreno-Moyano, Ngare Wilkinson, Tanka Prasai, Philip H. Brown, Robert J. Moore, and Dragana Stanley. "A low dose of an organophosphate insecticide causes dysbiosis and sex-dependent responses in the intestinal microbiota of the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)." PeerJ 4 (May 5, 2016): e2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2002.

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Organophosphate insecticides have been directly or indirectly implicated in avian populations declining worldwide. Birds in agricultural environments are commonly exposed to these insecticides, mainly through ingestion of invertebrates after insecticide application. Despite insecticide exposure in birds occurring mostly by ingestion, the impact of organophosphates on the avian digestive system has been poorly researched. In this work we used the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) as an avian model to study short-term microbial community responses to a single dose of trichlorfon at low concentration in three sample origins of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT): caecum, large intestine and faeces. Using next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons as bacterial markers, the study showed that ingestion of insecticide caused significant changes in the GIT microbiome. Specifically, microbiota composition and diversity differed between treated and untreated quail. Insecticide-associated responses in the caecum showed differences between sexes which did not occur with the other sample types. In caecal microbiota, only treated females showed significant shifts in a number of genera within the Lachnospiraceae and the Enterobacteriaceae families. The major responses in the large intestine were a significant reduction in the genusLactobacillusand increases in abundance of a number of Proteobacteria genera. All microbial shifts in faeces occurred in phylotypes that were represented at low relative abundances. In general, changes in microbiota possibly resulted from contrasting responses towards the insecticide, either positive (e.g., biodegrading bacteria) or negative (e.g., insecticide-susceptible bacteria). This study demonstrates the significant impact that organophosphate insecticides have on the avian gut microbiota; showing that a single small dose of trichlorfon caused dysbiosis in the GIT of the Japanese quail. Further research is necessary to understand the implications on birds’ health, especially in females.

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Oliveira, Jean César de, Aline Barbosa Arruda, Ana Paula Cipriano Borges, Matheus Vinicius Abadia Ventura, Renato Cardoso Teixeira, and Ricardo Araújo Alves. "INFLUENCE OF INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES IN THE RIZOSPHERE OF UNCONVENTIONAL FOOD PLANTS (UFP's)." Ipê Agronomic Journal 3, no. 2 (February 7, 2020): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37951/2595-6906.2019v3i2.5320.

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The rhizosphere is the region of influence of the roots of the plants in the soil that provide environment favorable to the maximum microbial activity. As the maximum microbial activity occurs in the rhizosphere, several benefits are added to this environment, since it becomes a source of biodiversity of microorganisms capable of maintaining the ecological balance, and also provide significant improvements for plants the soil and for the environment. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of xenobiotics (fungicides and insecticides) in an isolated and combined way on the microbial diversity benefices of the rhizosphere under the cultivation of 4 unconventional food plants (UFP's) or exotic vegetables. This work was performed with a randomized complete block design in the 4 x 4 factorial scheme, the first factor being the cultures: Fragaria vesca L. (“morango”), Rumex acetosa L. (“azedinha”), Tropaeolum majus L. (capuchin - “capuchinha”) and Stachys Lanata L. (“peixinho”) and the second factor (application with insecticide, application with fungicide, insecticide / fungicide application and control) with 4 replicates. There was no statistical difference between the cultures in relation to the numbers of fungal and soil CFUs and that the application of xenobiotics (fungicides and insecticides, isolated and combined) did not affect the microbial diversity in the soil cultivated with the crops. The xenobiotics did not affect the microbial diversity present in the soils of the tested cultures, being similar statistically with the control. UFP's crops did not present statistical differences regarding CFU in cultivated soils.

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Reed, J. P., A. J. Keaster, R. J. Kremer, and H. D. Kerr. "Microbial degradation of some soil-applied insecticides, herbicides, and insecticide-herbicide combinations." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 42, no. 5 (May 1989): 676–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01700387.

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Withers, T. M., M. C. Watson, M. S. Watt, T. L. Nelson, L. A. Harper, and M. R. H. Hurst. "Laboratory bioassays of new synthetic and microbial insecticides to control Eucalyptus tortoise beetle Paropsis charybdis." New Zealand Plant Protection 66 (January 8, 2013): 138–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5570.

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Paropsis charybdis or eucalyptus tortoise beetle is (one of) the most significant pests of eucalypts in New Zealand It severely defoliates Eucalyptus nitens and Eucalyptus globulus plantations leaving heavilydamaged trees with reduced growth and poor form Laboratory bioassays of new synthetic and microbial insecticides were undertaken to identify management options compatible with biological control The current insecticide used for operational control alphacypermethrin was a positive control Of the products tested spinetoram (Sparta) gave the most promising results (100 mortality after 14 days) for control of adult P charybdis Spinetoram and spinosad (Success Naturalyte) the microbial control agents Beauveria bassiana (F305 ex Botanigard) and Bacillus thuringiensis var tenebrionis and the enterobacterium Yersinia entomophaga all resulted in high mortality of larval P charybdis after 4 days Targeting larvae alone may not be economically viable leaving spinetoram as the only possible additional insecticide for managing P charybdis Potential barriers of cost application and nontarget impacts are yet to be addressed

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Lopez-Carvajal, Arturo, R. Leonel Grijalva-Contreras, and Fabian Robles-Contreras. "Chemical Control of the European Asparagus Aphid (Brachycorynella asparagi Mordvilko) in Northwestern Mexico." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 828E—828. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.828e.

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Asparagus growers in the Caborca, Sonora, area consider disulfoton the only efficient insecticide for the control of the European asparagus aphid (EAA); therefore, this is the only insecticide used to control this pest. However, it is prohibited in Mexico. Therefore, during Fall 1991 in a commercial plantation of asparagus, six conventional and one microbial insecticides were evaluated. All the insecticides: chlorpirifos (480 g a.i./ha), dimethoate (400 g), malathion (2000 g), pirimicarb (375 g), oxamil (480 g), disulfoton (1000 g), and two doses of the fungus Verticillium lecanii (300 and 600 g) had a significant control (P ≤ 0.05) in relation to the untreated check. However, chlorpirifos, malathion, disulfoton, and Verticillium (600 g) were more consistent, fast-acting, and registered from 90% to 100% control of the EAA for at least 51 days after application; 73 days after the application, control ranged from 16% to 57%, except oxamil, which registered 71% control.

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Isah, U., and M. A. Ahmad. "Microorganisms as bioinsecticides; short review." Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v12i1.42s.

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Hundred thousand tons of chemical insecticides are used annually in Nigeria to combat insect disease vectors especially agricultural pests, but this sort of vector control method is gradually being substituted due to their environmental effects on non-target beneficial insects especially vertebrates through contamination of food and water. To counteract this contamination, attention, efforts and researches were directed to the use of biological control agents including insect pathogens. As a result, the use of bio insecticide, as a component of integrated pest management (IPM), has been gaining acceptance over the world. Microbial pathogens comprise of organisms which cause disease, these organisms are disseminated in the pest population in large quantity in a manner similar to application of chemical pesticides. Insects like other organisms are susceptible to a variety of diseases caused by different groups of microorganisms including virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and nematodes. Microbial pathogens of insects are intensively investigated to develop environment friendly pest management strategies in agriculture. Microbial insecticides represent today the best alternative to chemical insecticides in controlling insect pests, they are safe for non-target species and human health are believed to show low persistence in the environment. This short review indicates that microbial insecticides are the safe alternative way possessing all the requirements to replace chemical insecticides hence, they can be utilized in pest management and control. Keywords: Bio-insecticides, Microorganisms, biological control, pest, chemical insecticides

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Wahyuni, Sri, E. Sulaeman, and A. N. Ardiwinata. "PELAPISAN UREA DENGAN ARANG AKTIF YANG DIPERKAYA MIKROBA DAPAT MEMPERCEPAT PENURUNAN KONSENTRASI RESIDU INSEKTISIDA HEPTAKLOR DI LAHAN SAWAH." Informatika Pertanian 25, no. 2 (February 26, 2018): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ip.v25n2.2016.p155-162.

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Heptachlor insecticide is a toxic organochlorine insecticide, persistent and bio-cummulative in the environment. Remediation using actived carbon and microbial is a solution to pollution due to pesticide in the environment.The objective of this study was to obtain fertilizer technology using urea with activated carbon and enriched with microbes degrading heptachlor insecticide in order to reduce the insecticide residue in paddy fields. The research was conducted at the Jakenan Experimental Station between February to September 2012. The soil used as the planting medium was brought from the village Sukamenak, District Rawagempol Wetan, Karawang. The experiment was conducted in the field at micro-plot scale with lysimeter, and using a randomized block design (RBD) with 3 replications and 6 fertilizer treatments ( control , prill urea , urea with activated carbon maize cobs ( UAATJ ) , urea with activated carbon coconut shell ( UAATK ) , urea with activated carbon cob corn + microbes ( UAATJM ) , urea with activated carbon coconut shell + microbes ( UAATKM ). The plants used were from Inpari 13 variety. The insecticide residue analysis was performed in the Residu Bahan Agrikimia (RBA) laboratory of Balingtan. The results showed significant orthogonal countrast tests of different treatments. The highest reduction of residual insecticide was observed in urea coated with activated carbon cob corn and enriched with microbial consortia degrading POPs, which was 36.30 %. It is suspected that activated carbon coated cob corn with microbial enrichment was favored as its home and the microbes utilized carbon sources of heptachlor as the food.

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Wirth, Margaret C., Armelle DelÃ¯Â¿Â½cluse, and William E. Walton. "Cyt1Ab1 and Cyt2Ba1 from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. medellin and B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis Synergize Bacillus sphaericus against Aedes aegypti and Resistant Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 3280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.7.3280-3284.2001.

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ABSTRACT The interaction of two cytolytic toxins, Cyt1Ab fromBacillus thuringiensis subsp. medellinand Cyt2Ba from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.israelensis, with Bacillus sphaericus was evaluated against susceptible and resistant Culex quinquefasciatus and the nonsensitive species Aedes aegypti. Mixtures of B. sphaericus with either cytolytic toxin were synergistic, and B. sphaericusresistance in C. quinquefasciatus was suppressed from >17,000- to 2-fold with a 3:1 mixture of B. sphaericusand Cyt1Ab. This trait may prove useful for combating insecticide resistance and for improving the activity of microbial insecticides.

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Hauxwell, Caroline. "Against the one hundredth locust: the commercial use of insect pathogens." Microbiology Australia 29, no. 1 (2008): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma08045.

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Insect pathology has a long history dating back to the earliest studies in microbiology. A select few of the many known insect pathogens can be produced and used on an industrial scale as biopesticides and are championed for their low environmental impact. The commercial application of microbial insecticides has been limited competition with chemical insecticides. However, the advent of gene technology led to a multibillion dollar industry incorporating bacterial toxins into insect resistant transgenic crops, and in the development of expression vectors. Recent use of insect pathogens in Australia has demonstrated that these biopesticides can play a significant role in mainstream commercial agriculture for the management of multiple-insecticide resistant pests and maintenance and in integrated pest management.

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Labbé, Roselyne M., Dana Gagnier, Rebecca Rizzato, Amanda Tracey, and Cara McCreary. "Assessing New Tools for Management of the Pepper Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Greenhouse and Field Pepper Crops." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 4 (May 15, 2020): 1903–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa092.

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Abstract The pepper weevil, Anthonomus eugenii Cano, is an economically important pest of field and greenhouse pepper crops in North America. In this study, a series of insecticides covering a broad-spectrum of insecticidal modes of action were assessed for their potential in managing the pepper weevil under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. To accomplish this, laboratory mini-spray tower and greenhouse cage trials were conducted that evaluated the efficacy of 16 conventional, reduced-risk, and microbial insecticides. In laboratory trials, adult weevils were sprayed with insecticides, placed on treated leaves within a cup cage, and were monitored for their survival over 10 d. Of the 16 insecticides tested, 8 provided greater than 60% weevil control, a threshold considered necessary for including products in further greenhouse testing. In greenhouse trials, adult weevil mortality, bud and foliar damage, bud and fruit abortion, and subsequent weevil offspring emergence were measured following each of three weekly insecticide applications. The most efficacious insecticides included kaolin clay and mineral oil, which performed as well as the thiamethoxam-positive control, and incurred 70 and 55% of adult weevil mortality, respectively. Additionally, kaolin clay and mineral oil reduced offspring weevil emergence by 59 and 54%, respectively, compared with untreated controls. Despite the clear challenge that controlling this pest represents, this study has identified useful new tools for the integrated management of the pepper weevil, which may accelerate the rate at which these become available for use in greenhouse and field pepper production.

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Abd El-Ghany, Nesreen M., Atef Sayed Abdel-Razek, Ibrahim M. A. Ebadah, and Youssf A. Mahmoud. "Evaluation of some microbial agents, natural and chemical compounds for controlling tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)." Journal of Plant Protection Research 56, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 372–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2016-0055.

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AbstractSolanaceous plants have a great economic impact in Egypt. These groups of plants include potatoes, tomatoes and eggplants. The new invasive pest of tomatoes, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) causes the greatest crop losses which can range from 60 to 100%. After its detection in Egypt during the last half of 2009, it spread quickly to all provinces in the country. We aiming to propose a sustainable control program for this devastating pest. In this research we tested three groups of control agents. The first was microbial and natural, the second - plant extracts and the third - chemical insecticides. Our results showed that the impact of T. absoluta can be greatly reduced by the use of sustainable control measures represented by different insecticide groups. Bioassay experiments showed that this devastating pest can be controlled with some compounds that give high mortality rates. Of these compounds, spinosad and Beauveria bassiana, microbial control agents, followed by azadirachtin, gave the best results in controlling T. absoluta. Of the chemical insecticides, lambda-cyhalotrin was the most effective, followed by lufenuron and profenofos. In conclusion we encourage farmers to use microbial and natural control measures in combating the tomato leafminer, T. absoluta, in Integrated Pest Mangement (IPM) programs.

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HIMENO, Michio. "The future and present of a microbial insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis." Journal of the agricultural chemical society of Japan 64, no. 10 (1990): 1603–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.64.1603.

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Van Rie, J., W. McGaughey, D. Johnson, B. Barnett, and H. Van Mellaert. "Mechanism of insect resistance to the microbial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis." Science 247, no. 4938 (January 5, 1990): 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.2294593.

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Wang, Tieying. "Microbial insecticide model and homoclinic bifurcation of impulsive control system." International Journal of Biomathematics 14, no. 06 (July 1, 2021): 2150043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524521500431.

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A new microbial insecticide mathematical model with density dependent for pest is proposed in this paper. First, the system without impulsive state feedback control is considered. The existence and stability of equilibria are investigated and the properties of equilibria under different conditions are verified by using numerical simulation. Since the system without pulse has two positive equilibria under some additional assumptions, the system is not globally asymptotically stable. Based on the stability analysis of equilibria, limit cycle, outer boundary line and Sotomayor’s theorem, the existence of saddle-node bifurcation and global dynamics of the system are obtained. Second, we consider homoclinic bifurcation of the system with impulsive state feedback control. The existence of order-1 homoclinic orbit of the system is studied. When the impulsive function is slightly disturbed, the homoclinic orbit breaks and bifurcates order-1 periodic solution. The existence and stability of order-1 periodic solution are obtained by means of theory of semi-continuous dynamic system.

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Hindersah, Reginawanti, Wahyuda Rachman, Betty Natalie Fitriatin, and Dedi Nursyamsi. "Populasi Mikrob di Rizosfer dan Pertumbuhan Caisim (Brassica juncea) di Tanah Dikontaminasi Insektisida Organoklorin setelah Aplikasi Konsorsia Mikrob dan Kompos." Jurnal Natur Indonesia 15, no. 2 (July 27, 2015): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jnat.15.2.115-120.

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Organochlorine insecticide hed been banned for agriculture but nowadays its residue was still found in some agriculturalsoil. One of ways to lower organochlorine residue in soil is by using degrading-organochlorine microbial consortiaaccompanied by compost application. However, application of exogenous microbes might affect bacterial and fungalpopulation in soil and hence plant growth. The pot experiment has been set up to verify the influence of Pseudomonasmallei and Trichoderma sp. and compost on total bacteria and fungi on rhizosphere of caisim (Brassica juncea L.) grownon Andisols which were contaminated with organochlorine insecticide of Heptachlor, endosulfan, dieldrin, and DDT.Experimental design was Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replicates. The first factor was microbial consortiaof P.mallei and Trichoderma sp., and the second one was the kind of compost. The result showed that effect of microbialconsortia on total bacteria population was determined by the kind of compost. Total bacterial population in rhizosphere ofcaisim grown with cow manure compost and microbial consortia was more increased. However, microbial consortia as wellas any kind of compost did not influence total fungal population in caisim rhizosphere. Amount of leaf increased due tomicrobial and compost application however plant yield did not.

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Oliveira, Carolina Natali de, Pedro Manuel Oliveira Janeiro Neves, and Lídio Sueki Kawazoe. "Compatibility between the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana and insecticides used in coffee plantations." Scientia Agricola 60, no. 4 (December 2003): 663–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162003000400009.

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Microbial control in integrated pest management (IPM) programs of coffee plantations is an important factor for the reduction of pest population densities. The use of selective pesticides can be associated with entomopathogens, increasing the efficiency of the control and reducing the use of required insecticides. The in vitro fungitoxic effect of insecticide formulations of Thiamethoxam, Cyfluthrin, Deltamethrin, Alpha-Cypermethrin, Triazophos, Chlorpyrifos, Fenpropathrin and Endosulfan and Beauveria bassiana (CG 425 strain) was evaluated at three concentrations (FR = average field recommendation; 0.5 ´ FR and 2 ´ FR). Effects of these products on conidia germination, vegetative growth and sporulation were compared. Only five insecticides, at the FR concentration, promoted conidia viability higher than 60%. Viability should be considered the most important factor to be evaluated since it is the first step of the infection process. The insecticide formulations of Alpha-Cypermethrin, Thiamethoxam and Cyfluthrin caused the lower inhibition level on conidia germination at the two lower concentrations, with no difference in relation to the control. With respect to vegetative growth analysis, Thiamethoxam at the two lower concentrations was not found to cause radial growth inhibition. Thiamethoxam caused the smallest inhibition level with regard to conidia production. The use of Alpha-Cypermethrin and Thiamethoxam formulations in coffee IPM programs for a B. bassiana inoculum conservation strategy are recommended, since these products were compatible with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (CG 425), an important natural control agent of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei.

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Peres, Fernanda Salles Cunha, Fabiano André Petter, Daniela Tiago da Silva Campos, Heiriane Martins Sousa, Larissa Borges de Lima, Onã da Silva Freddi, and Ben Hur Marimon Júnior. "Microbial Activity of a Plinthosol With Application of Thiamethoxam Insecticide and Biochar." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 15 (September 15, 2019): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n15p52.

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Although thiamethoxam is an insecticide widely used in agriculture, its high mobility and persistence in the soil can result in contamination of groundwater and alteration in biogeochemical cycles. The objective of this study was to verify the effect of biochar, NPK fertilizer and thiamethoxam insecticide on soil microbial properties. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design composed of the doses combination of mineral fertilizer NPK (0 and 300 kg ha-1 of the formulated 05-25-15), and biochar (0, 8, 16 and 32 t ha-1) in the absence and presence of thiamethoxam. Deformed soil samples were collected in all plots in the 0 to 0.10 m layer to determine the activity of the enzymes: acid and alkaline phosphatase, beta glucosidase and urease, beyond the microbial biomass carbon (MBC), basal respiration rate (C-CO2) and metabolic quotient (qCO2). To compare soil microbiology before and after the application of thiamethoxam, multivariate statistical techniques were used. The application of biochar resulted in increased enzymatic activity of urease, acid phosphatase, increase of qCO2 and basal respiration and reduction of MBC. In contrast, the application of the thiamethoxam insecticide suppressed the enzymatic activity of urease, acid phosphatase, resulting, however, in the elevation of alkaline phosphatase and basal respiration of the soil. Biochar application at doses greater than or equal to 16 t ha-1 resulted in elevation of qCO2 and reduction of MBC, regardless of the absence or presence of NPK chemical fertilization. Biochar effect on soil microbiological attributes is less significant than the effect of thiamethoxam application.

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Jones, W. Jack, Christopher S. Mazur, John F. Kenneke, and A. Wayne Garrison. "Enantioselective Microbial Transformation of the Phenylpyrazole Insecticide Fipronil in Anoxic Sediments." Environmental Science & Technology 41, no. 24 (December 2007): 8301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es071409s.

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ZHANG, Baoguo, Hongxun ZHANG, Bo JIN, Ling TANG, Jianzhou YANG, Baoju LI, Guoqiang ZHUANG, and Zhihui BAI. "Effect of cypermethrin insecticide on the microbial community in cucumber phyllosphere." Journal of Environmental Sciences 20, no. 11 (January 2008): 1356–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(08)62233-0.

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Balusu, Rammohan, and Henry Y. Fadamiro. "Susceptibility ofMicrotheca ochroloma(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to Botanical and Microbial Insecticide Formulations." Florida Entomologist 96, no. 3 (September 2013): 914–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1653/024.096.0327.

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Zhang, Min, Yongchao Liang, Alin Song, Bing Yu, Xibai Zeng, Ming-Shun Chen, Huaqun Yin, Xiaoxia Zhang, Baoli Sun, and Fenliang Fan. "Loss of soil microbial diversity may increase insecticide uptake by crop." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 240 (March 2017): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.02.010.

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Gilbert, E. S., A. W. Walker, and J. D. Keasling. "A constructed microbial consortium for biodegradation of the organophosphorus insecticide parathion." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 61, no. 1 (January 16, 2003): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-002-1203-5.

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Cycoń, Mariusz, and Zofia Piotrowska-Seget. "Biochemical and microbial soil functioning after application of the insecticide imidacloprid." Journal of Environmental Sciences 27 (January 2015): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2014.05.034.

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Lal, Rup, Gunjan Pandey, Pooja Sharma, Kirti Kumari, Shweta Malhotra, Rinku Pandey, Vishakha Raina, et al. "Biochemistry of Microbial Degradation of Hexachlorocyclohexane and Prospects for Bioremediation." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 74, no. 1 (March 2010): 58–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00029-09.

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SUMMARY Lindane, the γ-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), is a potent insecticide. Purified lindane or unpurified mixtures of this and α-, β-, and δ-isomers of HCH were widely used as commercial insecticides in the last half of the 20th century. Large dumps of unused HCH isomers now constitute a major hazard because of their long residence times in soil and high nontarget toxicities. The major pathway for the aerobic degradation of HCH isomers in soil is the Lin pathway, and variants of this pathway will degrade all four of the HCH isomers although only slowly. Sequence differences in the primary LinA and LinB enzymes in the pathway play a key role in determining their ability to degrade the different isomers. LinA is a dehydrochlorinase, but little is known of its biochemistry. LinB is a hydrolytic dechlorinase that has been heterologously expressed and crystallized, and there is some understanding of the sequence-structure-function relationships underlying its substrate specificity and kinetics, although there are also some significant anomalies. The kinetics of some LinB variants are reported to be slow even for their preferred isomers. It is important to develop a better understanding of the biochemistries of the LinA and LinB variants and to use that knowledge to build better variants, because field trials of some bioremediation strategies based on the Lin pathway have yielded promising results but would not yet achieve economic levels of remediation.

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Kioulos, E., G. Koliopoulos, E. A. Couladouros, and A. Michaelakis. "Preliminary studies for the attract-and-kill strategy against Culex pipiens." ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA 17 (June 1, 2017): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/eh.11611.

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The attract-and-kill strategy requires an intelligent and an efficient combination of an attractant and a killing agent such as a pheromone and an insecticide respectively. The production of the synthetic oviposition pheromone of the mosquito species Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) was already achieved and its combination with three different insecticides were tested. Furthermore three larvicides, an insect growth regulator (pyriproxyfen), an organophosphate (temephos) and a microbial (Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis) were tested in the laboratory against Culex pipiens biotype molestus (Diptera: Culicidae) as agents that can keep water free from mosquito larvae. Larvicidal activity, over a 50-day period, revealed good results primary for temephos and secondary for pyriproxyfen. Temephos killed all the hatched larvae (100%) while pyriproxyfen was effective the first five days (>90%) and for the following days mortality was in a rate between 60 and 80%. The results from oviposition bioassays revealed that except temephos all the tested larvicidals repel gravid females of laying eggs for the first two days. However, when synthetic pheromone is combined with the three larvicidals, temephos and microbial agent followed the same attractant pattern as synthetic pheromone independently.

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López, L., C. Pozo, M. A. Gómez, C. Calvo, and J. González López. "Studies on the effects of the insecticide aldrin on aquatic microbial populations." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 50, no. 2 (September 2002): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0964-8305(01)00128-7.

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Erler, Fedai, Ersin Polat, Halil Demir, Huseyin Cetin, and Tugba Erdemir. "Evaluation of Microbial Products for the Control of the Mushroom Phorid Fly, Megaselia halterata (Wood)." Journal of Entomological Science 44, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-44.2.89.

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Over the last decade, mushroom production has become one of the most actively developing fields of agriculture in Turkey. About 45% of the total mushroom production and >50% of the total compost production occurs in the Antalya-Korkuteli district (southwestern Turkey). Major insect pests of mushroom production are cecidomyiid, sciarid and phorid flies with Megaselia halterata (Wood) (Diptera: Phoridae) being the most common species in the district. In the present study, two commercial microbial products [a bacterial larvicide, Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis Berliner (Bti) commercially available as Gnatrol® (Valent USA Corp., Walnut Creek, CA), and an entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) Wouts, Mracek, Gerdin & Bedding commercially available as Entonem® (Koppert Biological Systems, The Netherlands)] and spinosad, a biologically-derived insecticide that is commercially available as Laser® (Dow AgroSciences, Zionsville Road, IN), were evaluated for control of M. halterata in 3 successive mushroom-growing periods. These products were compared with a control treated with water and a conventional chemical insecticide control (chlorpyrifos-ethyl). Treatments were targeted at larvae as soil drenches; treatment efficacy was evaluated by assessing adult emergence and larval damage. Treatments with the microbial products had significantly lower numbers of emerging adults than those observed in water-treated control. There were no significant differences in adult emergence among the 3 microbial products and the chlorpyrifos-ethyl control over the 3 growing periods. Each of the microbial products reduced the incidence of fruit damage by the larvae and resulted in significantly lower damage rates when compared with the watertreated control. These results suggest that these microbial products can be used as alternatives to conventional chemicals in controlling M. halterata on mushroom.

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Barden, Graeme. "Regulation of Microbial Organisms in Australia – A Technical Overview." Phytoprotection 79, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/706150ar.

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The National Registration Authority for Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (NRA) is the regulatory body responsible for the coordinated registration, regulation and review of agricultural and veterinary (agvet) chemicals up to and including the point of retail sale. This role is defined by the Agvet Code, 1994. Each of Australia's eight states and territories retains its own jurisdictional controls over the use of agricultural and veterinary products. The NRA may issue permits to exercise control over research agricultural and veterinary (agvet) chemicals. Under defined emergency conditions, the NRA can also issue "emergency use" permits, and can approve the use of agvet chemicals for minor uses that do not normally appear on product labels, and would otherwise be illegal. The Existing Chemicals Review Program of the NRA reviews registered agvet chemical products to ensure that they meet contemporary standards for efficacy, safety and health, and pose no undue risk to the environment or trade. Recently reviewed chemicals include atrazine, metham sodium, endosulfan and ethylene dibromide, and certain changes to their registration and labelling are being implemented. Several other chemicals are currently under review. The Special Review Program allows the NRA to review registered agvet products if there are any special issues arising that may alter the terms of their original registration. Current challenges to the NRA include the management of insecticide and weed resistance, particularly in relation to the regulation of genes expressing insecticides and herbicide tolerance. Specific guidelines for the registration of microbiological products are currently being reviewed. Issues relating to the release of microbial organisms into existing agricultural Systems and environments require considered risk assessment prior to any approval. Macrobiological control agents are specifically excluded from regulation by the NRA. They may, however, be regulated under other pieces of legislation.

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Bhagabati, Kalyanee Sharma, and Hemen Sarma. "Differential effects of pesticides on soil microflora in cultivated soil of Indian rice field agro-ecosystems." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 277–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v3i2.196.

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The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of indiscriminant use of common pesticides especially insecticide on the population of soil micro flora in cultivated soil of Indian rice field agro-ecosystems. Endosulfan and Dichlorvos @ 1ml/l (normal dose) did not show any adverse effect on soil micro flora; but a high dose 2ml/l showed a negative effect. On the other hand Carbofuran @ 9 kg/acre (normal dose) and 12kg/ acre (high dose) showed an adverse effect on the growth of actinomycetes, bacteria and fungi. The important findings of the present study is that the effect on microbes by applying insecticides reflects the ecological imbalance of microbes in cultivated soil and hamper the microbial equilibrium to some extent. The study focused that the uses of the pesticides as a plant protection agent occasionally hamper the growth of soil micro flora in cultivated rice field.

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AliNiazee, M. T., Amin Alhumeyri, and M. Saeed. "LABORATORY AND FIELD EVALUATION OF A NEEM INSECTICIDE AGAINST ARCHIPS ROSANUS L. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 129, no. 1 (February 1997): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent12927-1.

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AbstractA commercial formulation of neem seed extract, Margosan-O, containing 0.3% AI azadirachtin, was tested under laboratory and field conditions against the European leafroller, Archips rosanus L. In laboratory tests, a 1% aqueous solution of neem insecticide produced 100% larval mortality within 48 h of treatment. At lower concentrations of 0.1 and 0.01%, 48-h mortality rates were reduced. Prolonged deleterious effects of sublethal treatments of neem were observed even at the lowest concentration (0.001%) tested. Mortality in the 0.1 and 0.01% treatments group reached 100% within 32–39 days after treatment. Field data showed that 3 weeks after application, 1% Margosan-O was as effective as the organophosphate insecticide diazinon and significantly more effective than the microbial insecticide Dipel (Bacillus thuringiensis). Larvae exposed to higher concentrations of neem died within 48 h after feeding on treated foliage. At lower rates, feeding deterrence (including cessation of feeding) and growth regulatory effects (e.g. difficulty in molting, abnormal larval growth, and formation of malformed pupae and adults) were recorded.

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Akien-Alli IJ, Dokubo, KO, Otali CC, and Braide W. "Impact of different doses of deltamethrine on soil microbial density and crop growth." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 036–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2021.8.3.0175.

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The effects of agrochemicals pollution on soil nutrients, soil microbes as well as plants cultivated on the soil were studied. Insecticide and herbicide were used to impact on the soil samples across concentration gradients. Bean and maize seeds were planted in separate experiments to monitor the effects of the agrochemicals on the plants. The microbial diversity and the physicochemical characteristics of the soil before and after pollution were determined using standard methods. Chlorophyll contents of the leaves were also determined after planting. Results indicated that bacterial isolates such as Enterococcus sp 54(40%), Staphylococcus sp 8(13%), Bacillus sp 46(34%) and Micrococcus sp 15(11%) and fungal isolates such as Penicillium sp 41(34%), Saccharomyces sp 67(56%), Yeast sp 4(3%), Geotrichum sp 6 (5%) and Aspergillus sp 1(1.8%) were recovered from treated and untreated soil with the percentages representing after planting. From the results, the herbicide treated soils indicated that the Total Heterotrophic Bacterial Count (THBC) increased after cultivation while the Total Heterotrophic Fungal Count (THFC) decreased after cultivation. On the other hand, the insecticides treated soils recorded a general decrease in THFC and THBC after cultivation. The total nitrogen (TN) and available phosphorus (AP) had no significant differences before and after planting while the exchangeable potassium (EP) had significant increase recorded after planting. Plants generally had poor growth characteristics recorded by stem girth and length, as well as chlorophyll content.

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DeVries, Terry A., and Robert J. Wright. "Evaluation of Microbial and Conventional Insecticides for Control of Larval European Corn Borer on Whorl Stage Corn, Clay Center, Ne, 1995." Arthropod Management Tests 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/21.1.218.

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Abstract Bacillus thuringiensis formulations and conventional insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against larval ECB in whorl stage field corn. All plots were planted without soil insecticide on 16 May. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replicates. Each plot consisted of a single row, 40 ft long with a 30-inch row spacing. Plots were artificially infested with black-head stage ECB egg masses. The egg masses were deposited on wax paper discs, precounted in the laboratory and placed in the whorl of the infested plants on 30 Jun and 9 Jul. Crop growth stage was 37 and 57 inches extended leaf height, respectively. The same 5 plants in each treatment replicate were infested with 10 egg masses per infestation date. All granular insecticides were applied on 13 Jul. Environmental conditions were: air temperature, 81°F; wind direction and speed, west (250°) at 7 mph; relative humidity, 53%; and crop growth stage, 63 inches extended leaf height. A 10-inch Almaco smooth belt cone rear mounted on a Hahn Hi-Boy was used to apply preweighed amounts of the granular insecticides over the top of the plant whorls (G). Liquid insecticides were applied on 15 Jul. Environmental conditions were: air temperature, 74°F; wind direction and speed, east (80°) at 5 mph; relative humidity, 76%; and crop growth stage, 67 inches extended leaf height. A CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer at 30 psi was used to apply a band application over the top of the whorl (total spray volume = 1050 ml/plot) of premeasured amounts of the liquid insecticides (L). All infested plants were evaluated for ECB larval feeding damage on 14-15 Aug. The stalks of the infested plants were split lengthwise and the accumulated length and number of cavities in the 5 plants per treatment replicate were used to evaluate ECB larval damage. The percent infestation at evaluation was determined by the plants with a minimum of 1 cavity per treatment replicate. Data were analyzed by ANOVA for RCB with mean separation using DMRT.

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35

Mauchline, N. A., and K. A. Stannard. "Evaluation of selected entomopathogenic fungi and bioinsecticides against Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera)." New Zealand Plant Protection 66 (January 8, 2013): 324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5707.

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Entomopathogenic fungi could provide feasible pest management options for control of Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemiptera Triozidae) an important pest of solanaceous crops in New Zealand In laboratory trials BotaniGard ES and BotaniGard 22WP (Beauveria bassiana; GHA strain) resulted in average nymph mortality of 82 which was significantly greater than the conventional insecticide Oberon (63) or the microbial standard eNtocide L (63) (P

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36

Domínguez-Arrizabalaga, Mikel, Maite Villanueva, Baltasar Escriche, Carmen Ancín-Azpilicueta, and Primitivo Caballero. "Insecticidal Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis Proteins against Coleopteran Pests." Toxins 12, no. 7 (June 29, 2020): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12070430.

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Bacillus thuringiensis is the most successful microbial insecticide agent and its proteins have been studied for many years due to its toxicity against insects mainly belonging to the orders Lepidoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera, which are pests of agro-forestry and medical-veterinary interest. However, studies on the interactions between this bacterium and the insect species classified in the order Coleoptera are more limited when compared to other insect orders. To date, 45 Cry proteins, 2 Cyt proteins, 11 Vip proteins, and 2 Sip proteins have been reported with activity against coleopteran species. A number of these proteins have been successfully used in some insecticidal formulations and in the construction of transgenic crops to provide protection against main beetle pests. In this review, we provide an update on the activity of Bt toxins against coleopteran insects, as well as specific information about the structure and mode of action of coleopteran Bt proteins.

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Cáceres, Tanya P., Wenxiang He, Mallavarapu Megharaj, and Ravi Naidu. "Effect of insecticide fenamiphos on soil microbial activities in Australian and Ecuadorean soils." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 44, no. 1 (December 24, 2008): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601230802519504.

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38

Kreutzweiser, D. P., K. P. Good, D. T. Chartrand, T. A. Scarr, and D. G. Thompson. "Toxicity of the Systemic Insecticide, Imidacloprid, to Forest Stream Insects and Microbial Communities." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 80, no. 3 (January 9, 2008): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-007-9347-8.

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39

Jaques, Robert P., and Daniel R. Laing. "EFFECTIVENESS OF MICROBIAL AND CHEMICAL INSECTICIDES IN CONTROL OF THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) ON POTATOES AND TOMATOES." Canadian Entomologist 120, no. 12 (December 1988): 1123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent1201123-12.

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AbstractThe control of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), by formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) (B.t.) and other microbial agents and chemical insecticides was assessed in field plots of potatoes and tomatoes over a 5-year period. Applications of formulations of thuringiensin, the beta exotoxin of B.t., and of B.t. var. son diego (B.t.sd.) to potatoes reduced numbers of larvae of the potato beetle compared with the nontreated check and resulted in yields significantly greater than from the check plots and, in most cases, similar to yields from plots treated with carbofuran. Treatment of tomatoes with B.t.sd. reduced populations of larvae of the Colorado potato beetle compared with the nontreated check and increased yield of nondamaged fruit from plots. An initial application of carbofuran to potatoes or permethrin to tomatoes followed by applications of thuringiensin or B.t.sd. protected potatoes or tomatoes as well as did the chemical insecticide used alone in a treatment program. Applications of preparations of B.t. var. kurstaki or spores of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin or the microsporidium Vairimorpha necatrix (Kramer) did not reduce populations of the beetle.

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40

Meher, S. M., S. L. Bodhankar, Arun Kumar, J. N. Dhuley, D. J. Khodape, and S. R. Naik. "Toxicity Studies of Microbial Insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis var. kenyae in Rats, Rabbits, and Fish." International Journal of Toxicology 21, no. 2 (March 2002): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810252866079.

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Bacillus thuringiensis var. kenyae (B.t.k.) is a microbial insecticide effective against lepidopteran pest species. Acute oral toxicity in rats and acute dermal toxicity, ocular irritation, skin irritation in rabbits were studied for the wettable powder formulation of B.t.k. In addition, toxicity of the wettable powder formulation was also studied in fresh water fish ( Gambussia affinis). The results of these studies indicate that this wettable powder formulation of B.t.k. is nontoxic and nonirritant to rats, rabbits, and fish.

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41

Huang, Yaohua, Ziqiu Lin, Wenping Zhang, Shimei Pang, Pankaj Bhatt, Eldon R. Rene, Alagarasan Jagadeesh Kumar, and Shaohua Chen. "New Insights into the Microbial Degradation of D-Cyphenothrin in Contaminated Water/Soil Environments." Microorganisms 8, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8040473.

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Persistent use of the insecticide D-cyphenothrin has resulted in heavy environmental contamination and public concern. However, microbial degradation of D-cyphenothrin has never been investigated and the mechanism remains unknown. During this study, for the first time, an efficient D-cyphenothrin-degrading bacterial strain Staphylococcus succinus HLJ-10 was identified. Response surface methodology was successfully employed by using Box-Behnken design to optimize the culture conditions. At optimized conditions, over 90% degradation of D-cyphenothrin (50 mg·L−1) was achieved in a mineral salt medium within 7 d. Kinetics analysis revealed that its half-life was reduced by 61.2 d, in comparison with the uninoculated control. Eight intermediate metabolites were detected in the biodegradation pathway of D-cyphenothrin including cis-D-cyphenothrin, trans-D-cyphenothrin, 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde, α-hydroxy-3-phenoxy-benzeneacetonitrile, trans-2,2-dimethyl-3-propenyl-cyclopropanol, 2,2-dimethyl-3-propenyl-cyclopropionic acid, trans-2,2-dimethyl-3-propenyl-cyclopropionaldehyde, and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, dipropyl ester. This is the first report about the degradation of D-cyphenothrin through cleavage of carboxylester linkage and diaryl bond. In addition to degradation of D-cyphenothrin, strain HLJ-10 effectively degraded a wide range of synthetic pyrethroids including permethrin, tetramethrin, bifenthrin, allethrin, and chlorempenthrin, which are also widely used insecticides with environmental contamination problems. Bioaugmentation of D-cyphenothrin-contaminated soils with strain HLJ-10 substantially enhanced its degradation and over 72% of D-phenothrin was removed from soils within 40 d. These findings unveil the biochemical basis of a highly efficient D-cyphenothrin-degrading bacterial isolate and provide potent agents for eliminating environmental residues of pyrethroids.

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Pang, Shimei, Ziqiu Lin, Yuming Zhang, Wenping Zhang, Nasser Alansary, Sandhya Mishra, Pankaj Bhatt, and Shaohua Chen. "Insights into the Toxicity and Degradation Mechanisms of Imidacloprid Via Physicochemical and Microbial Approaches." Toxics 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics8030065.

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Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide that has been widely used to control insect pests in agricultural fields for decades. It shows insecticidal activity mainly by blocking the normal conduction of the central nervous system in insects. However, in recent years, imidacloprid has been reported to be an emerging contaminant in all parts of the world, and has different toxic effects on a variety of non-target organisms, including human beings, due to its large-scale use. Hence, the removal of imidacloprid from the ecosystem has received widespread attention. Different remediation approaches have been studied to eliminate imidacloprid residues from the environment, such as oxidation, hydrolysis, adsorption, ultrasound, illumination, and biodegradation. In nature, microbial degradation is one of the most important processes controlling the fate of and transformation from imidacloprid use, and from an environmental point of view, it is the most promising means, as it is the most effective, least hazardous, and most environmentally friendly. To date, several imidacloprid-degrading microbes, including Bacillus, Pseudoxanthomonas, Mycobacterium, Rhizobium, Rhodococcus, and Stenotrophomonas, have been characterized for biodegradation. In addition, previous studies have found that many insects and microorganisms have developed resistance genes to and degradation enzymes of imidacloprid. Furthermore, the metabolites and degradation pathways of imidacloprid have been reported. However, reviews of the toxicity and degradation mechanisms of imidacloprid are rare. In this review, the toxicity and degradation mechanisms of imidacloprid are summarized in order to provide a theoretical and practical basis for the remediation of imidacloprid-contaminated environments.

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Souza, Tamara D. de, Alisson C. Borges, Antonio T. de Matos, Ann H. Mounteer, and Maria E. L. R. de Queiroz. "Removal of chlorpyrifos insecticide in constructed wetlands with different plant species." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 21, no. 12 (December 2017): 878–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v21n12p878-883.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the remediation of water containing the insecticide chlorpyrifos by using constructed wetlands (CW) cultivated with Polygonum punctatum, Cynodon spp. and Mentha aquatica, operated under different hydraulic retention times: 24, 48, 96, 144 and 192 h. The system efficiency was based on reduction of the initial concentration of chlorpyrifos and toxicity of the contaminated water. The results showed that constructed wetlands are an excellent alternative for remediation of the insecticide chlorpyrifos in aqueous medium. It was observed that the average overall removal efficiency of the insecticide was 98.6%, and in the first hydraulic retention time, 24 h, chlorpyrifos was removed to levels below the detection limit in all CW. This result is mainly attributed to adsorption and microbial degradation. For the qualitative standard acute toxicity tests with Daphnia similis, for most samples there was a reduction in toxicity greater than 80%. It was reported that the ecotoxicological tests with the effluents of the constructed wetland are a good option as an indicator of the effectiveness of treatments and a promising alternative to complement the physical and chemical analyses.

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Cho, Seung-Hak, Suk-Ho Kang, Yea-Eun Lee, Sung-Jo Kim, Young-Bin Yoo, Yeong-Seok Bak, and Jung-Beom Kim. "Distribution of Toxin Genes and Enterotoxins in Bacillus thuringiensis Isolated from Microbial Insecticide Products." Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 25, no. 12 (December 28, 2015): 2043–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1506.06025.

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45

Lodhi, A., N. N. Malik, T. Mahmood, and F. Azam. "Response of Soil Microflora, Microbial Biomass and Some Soil Enzymes to Baythroid (An Insecticide)." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 3, no. 5 (April 15, 2000): 868–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2000.868.871.

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46

Bourque, S. N., J. R. Valéro, J. Mercier, M. C. Lavoie, and R. C. Levesque. "Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for detection and differentiation of the microbial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59, no. 2 (1993): 523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.59.2.523-527.1993.

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Griffiths, Bryan S., Sandra Caul, Jacqueline Thompson, A. Nicholas E. Birch, Charles Scrimgeour, Jérôme Cortet, Andrew Foggo, Christine A. Hackett, and Paul Henning Krogh. "Soil Microbial and Faunal Community Responses to Bt Maize and Insecticide in Two Soils." Journal of Environmental Quality 35, no. 3 (May 2006): 734–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0344.

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48

Gebreyohans, Gebreegziabher, Yonas Chokel, Tesfaye Alemu, and Fasil Assefa. "Management of Cabbage Aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Homoptera: Aphididae)) on Ethiopian Mustard (Brassica carinata Braun) using Entomopathogenic Fungi and Selected Insecticides." SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science 44, no. 1 (June 9, 2021): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v44i1.2.

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Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is an important sucking insect pest of cabbage and other vegetables. It can be controlled using continuous chemical insecticides that cause human health and environmental problems. The present study was, therefore, designed to evaluate antagonistic activities of indigenous entomopathogenic fungi together with selective insecticides within the context of integrated pest management (ipm). To this effect, four strains of entomopathogenic fungi from Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae were tested for their antagonistic activities against the cabbage aphid. The result showed that microbial inoculums of 1×107 and 1×108 conidia mL-1 showed high mortality (66.7-100%) of aphids after 6 days of incubation under laboratory condition. Among them, bei1 (B. bassiana) isolate was the most virulent strain on adult aphids and nymphs showing 67 to 100% and 39-72% mortality after 4th-5th days of treatments. The data also indicated that the fungal isolates were compatible to the three insecticides with 70% - 91% conidial germination by M. anisopliae and 68%-98% conidial germination by B. bassiana after 24 hours of treatment of which Karate was the most compatible insecticide to the isolates. The single treatment with the entomopathogens gave a substantial percentage mortality of insect pests after 11 days compared to (80-100%) mortality obtained from a combined treatment with half recommended dose of Karate in seven days, which was similar to the treatment with full dose of the insecticide control. The treatments were slightly more effective on adults than they were on aphid larvae. It is interesting to note that the combination of bei1 + Ka induced 100% mortality of adult aphids after seven days of incubation compared to the 11 day incubation required to kill the nymphs. Given that the full dose of karate killed the adult aphids in five days, the 100% mortality of the half dose of karate with bei1 within seven days was a good indication that the ipm could reduce pollution problem. Thus, B. bassiana and M. anisopliae with Karate could be further tested in the field to realize their potential as bioinsecticides for integrated pest management to control mustard aphids.

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Pereira, J. L., M. C. Picanço, A. A. Silva, E. A. Santos, H. V. V. Tomé, and J. B. Olarte. "Effects of glyphosate and endosulfan on soil microorganisms in soybean crop." Planta Daninha 26, no. 4 (2008): 825–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582008000400014.

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Transgenic soybean, resistant to glyphosate, is the most dominant transgenic crop grown commercially in the world. Research works on herbicide and insecticide mixtures and their effects on microorganisms are rarely reported. This work aimed to study the impact of glyphosate, endosulfan and their mixtures on the microbial soil activity in soybean crop. The experiment was carried out in a complete randomized block design with four treatments and five replications. The treatments were glyphosate 480 SL [540 g of active ingredient (a.i.) ha-1], endosulfan 350 EC (525 g a.i. ha-1), the glyphosate 480 SL [540 g of active ingredient (a.i.) ha-1] mixed with endosulfan 350 EC (525 g a.i. ha-1) and the control. Microbial activity was evaluated five days after treatment application. Glyphosate application was not an impacting factor for soil CO2 production. Endosulfan application (alone or mixed with glyphosate) suppressed CO2 production by microorganisms in the soil. Microbial biomass and microbial quotient were lower in the treatments using endosulfan alone and in those using endosulfan mixed with glyphosate than in the treatments using glyphosate alone and control.

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Ayyanath, M. M., C. L. Zurowski, I. M. Scott, D. T. Lowery, M. C. Watson, D. T. O’Gorman, K. E. MacKenzie, and J. R. Úrbez-Torres. "Relationship BetweenDrosophila suzukiiand Postharvest Disorders of Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium)." Phytobiomes Journal 2, no. 1 (January 2018): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pbiomes-02-17-0007-r.

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Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, utilizes intact ripe fruits for oviposition and larval development. Sweet cherry (Prunus avium) and D. suzukii share a saprophytic microbial community, or microbiome, that colonizes the interior and exterior of the fruit, which benefits the nutrition and development of the flies. Some of the microbes, specifically yeast species, are also reportedly associated with a newly described slip-skin-like disorder of sweet cherries. In British Columbia (BC), Canada, contact-based insecticides and fungicides are applied to sweet cherry to suppress D. suzukii populations and cherry diseases, respectively. To date, no resistance to the organophosphate insecticide, malathion, in D. suzukii field or laboratory populations has been reported. Laboratory bioassays with malathion-incorporated diet determined that when microorganisms associated with the D. suzukii microbiome were sterilized with potassium metabisulfite (KMS), survival of the flies was significantly affected. These findings led to speculation that malathion residues on cherry fruit may be degraded due to the greater presence of yeast species that are spared as a result of selective fungicide use patterns in cherry orchards. In orchard trials, KMS was shown to be effective in suppressing the surface yeast counts on cherry, but this did not impact symptoms of slip-skin-like disorder. Based on these findings, it is recommended that other products functioning as systemic biocides need to be investigated to address these two microbial-connected pest management concerns in sweet cherries.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Microbial insecticide'

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