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1
Aston, R. P. "The use of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) for the control of Heliothis armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) on cotton." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234528.
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Sitch, Joanne Claire. "The resistance of non target invertebrates to infection by the entomopathogenic fungus Verticillium lecanii (Zimm.) viegas." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388348.
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Tobin, Michael. "The characterisation of a nucleopolyhedrovirus infecting the insect Trichoplusia ni." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2979.
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Thesis (MSc (Biomedical Sciences))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019Background: Baculoviruses have great potential as alternatives to conventional chemical insecticides. The large scale adoption of such agents has however been hampered by the slow killing times exhibited by these bio-insecticides, limitation to single target insect and difficulty of large scale production of these preparations. Trichoplusia ni single nucleopolyhedrovirus (TnSNPV), initially identified in the Eastern Cape region of South Africa, has potential as a biocontrol agent as it possesses a higher speed of kill compared to other baculoviruses. Aims and methods: The main objective of this study was the identification, molecular characterisation and cloning of a structural core gene (polyhedrin) and three auxiliary genes, the inhibitor of apoptosis (iap2 and iap3) and the ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase (egt) genes, from TnSNPV in order to delineate its phylogenetic relationship to a Canadian isolate of the same virus and to other baculoviruses. In addition, the genes were expressed in an Escherichia coli (E. coli) based system as a prelude to genetic modification to increase the pesticidal property of the virus. Results: The genome size of the South African strain of TnSNPV was estimated at 160 kb and is significantly larger than the Canadian isolate of TnSNPV and may reflect genetic variation as the two strains have adapted to varying environmental conditions. Occlusion bodies of the South African strain of TnSNPV were visualised by Transmission Electron Microscopy and consisted of rod shaped single virions composed of a single enveloped nucleocapsid. Insect bioassays showed that the median lethal time (LT50) of the virus strain averaged 1.8 days which is significantly faster than other baculoviruses. The South African and Canadian strains of TnSNPV share nucleotide similarities greater than 95% for the genes analysed in this study, which indicates that they are closely related. From this analysis, the South African strain of TnSNPV identifies as a Group II NPV with the closest relatives being the Canadian strain of TnSNPV and ChchNPV. The topology of the tree for the polyhedrin protein was better resolved than that of the IAP2, IAP3 and EGT proteins and was comparable to the tree inferred from a concatenated data set consisting of complete polyhedrin/granulin, LEF8, and LEF9 proteins of 48 completely sequenced genomes. For the IAP2, IAP3 and EGT proteins, the separation of the lepidopteran and hymenopteran specific baculoviruses was not evident while the separation of Group I and II Alphabaculoviruses diverged from that observed from the baculovirus core gene polyhedrin as well as the tree inferred from complete polyhedrin/granulin, LEF8, and LEF9 proteins. Five distinct groups relating to IAP-1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 could be distinguished from the tree inferred from all IAP proteins from 48 fully sequenced baculoviruses. From this analysis, the IAP protein from the South African isolate of TnSNPV can be designated as an IAP3 due to sequence homology to other IAP3 proteins. Similarly, the IAP2 can be confirmed as an IAP2 protein as it clusters with other IAP2 proteins. RNA transcripts of the four genes were detected by RT-PCR at one hr after induction with Larabinose in BL21-A1 E. coli and persisted until four hrs post induction. Antisera directed against the C-terminal 6X His tag was able to detect the recombinant proteins at two hours after induction confirming the rapid rise in expression of the proteins which persisted at high levels until four hrs after induction. The discrepancy observed with the predicted molecular mass of the EGT protein and the migration on SDS-PAGE may be due to the absence of posttranslational modification in the E. coli expression system and the hydrophobic residues present in the N-terminal signal sequence. Conclusion: Sequence and phylogenetic analysis suggest that the two isolates of TnSNPV have been exposed to similar evolutionary pressures and evolved at similar rates and represent closely related but distinct variants of the same virus. The difference in genome size between the two strains is likely to reflect actual genetic differences as the strains have adapted to their local environments and hosts and the extent of the differences will only be apparent as more sequencing results become available. Phylogenetic analysis of the IAP and EGT proteins yields a tree that varies from the phylogenetic reconstruction observed for the polyhedrin gene as well as the concatenated data set consisting of complete polh/gran, LEF8, and LEF9 proteins and highlights the risks inherent in inferring phylogenetic relationships based on single gene sequences. The tree inferred from the concatenated data set of polh/gran, LEF8, and LEF9 proteins was a quick and reliable method of identification particularly, when whole genome data is unavailable and mirrors the accepted lineage of baculoviruses. Expression of the recombinant IAP2, IAP3, EGT and polyhedrin was confirmed by RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis and rose rapidly after induction and persisted at high levels. It is as yet unclear if the expressed proteins are functional particularly as post translation modifications are lacking in this system.
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Opoku-Debrah, John Kwadwo. "Studies on existing and new isolates of Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus (CrleGV) on Thaumatotibia leucotreta populations from a range of geographic regions in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005466.
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Baculoviruses are arthropod-specific DNA viruses that are highly virulent to most lepidopteran insects. Their host specificity and compatibility with IPM programmes has enabled their usage as safe microbial insecticides (biopesticides). Two baculovirus-based biopesticides, Cryptogran and Cryptex, which have been formulated with Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus (CrleGV) have been registered for the control of false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia (=Cryptophlebia) leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in South Africa and have been successfully incorporated into IPM programmes. However, several studies have indicated that insects can develop resistance to baculovirus-based biopesticide as was shown with field populations of codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L.), which developed resistance to the biopesticide Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV-M) in Europe. Other studies have shown that, under laboratory conditions, FCM populations differ in their susceptibility to Cryptogran and Cryptex. In order to investigate difference in susceptibility as well as protect against any future resistance by FCM to Cryptogran and Cryptex, a search for novel CrleGV-SA isolates from diseased insects from different geographic regions in South Africa was performed. Six geographic populations (Addo, Citrusdal, Marble Hall, Nelspruit, Baths and Mixed colonies) of FCM were established and maintained in the laboratory. Studies on the comparative biological performance based on pupal mass, female fecundity, egg hatch, pupal survival, adult eclosion and duration of life cycle of the Addo, Citrusdal, Marble Hall, Nelspruit and Mixed colonies revealed a low biological performance for the Citrusdal colony. This was attributed to the fact that FCM populations found in the Citrusdal area are not indigenous and may have been introduced from a very limited gene pool from another region. When insects from five colonies, excluding the Baths colony, were subjected to stress by overcrowding , a latent baculovirus resident in the Addo, Nelspruit, Citrusdal, Marble Hall and Mixed colonies was brought into an overt lethal state. Transmission electron micrographs revealed the presence of GV occlusion bodies (OBs) in diseased insects. DNA profiles obtained by single restriction endonuclease analysis of viral genomic DNA using BamH 1, Sa/1, Xba1 , Pst1, Xh01 , Kpn1, Hindlll and EcoR1 revealed five CrleGV-SA isolates latent within the insect populations. The new isolates were named CrleGV-SA Ado, CrleGV-SA Cit, CrleGV-SA Mbl, CrleGVSA Nels and CrleGV-SA Mix isolates. The novelty of the five CrleGV-SA isolates was confirmed by the presence of unique submolar bands, indicating that each isolate was genetically different. PCR amplification and sequencing of the granulin and egt genes from the five isolates revealed several single nucleotide polymorph isms (SNPs) which, in some cases, resulted in amino acid substitutions. DNA profiles from RFLPs, as well as phylogenetic analysis based on granulin and egt sequencing showed the presence of two CrleGV-SA genome types for the CrleGV-SA isolate. Cryptex and CrleGV-SA Ado, CrleGV-SA Cit, CrleGV-SA Mbl and CrleGV-SA Mix were placed as members of Group one CrleGV-SA, and Cryptogran and CrleGV-SA Nels isolate were placed into Group two CrleGV-SA. In droplet feeding bioassays, the median survival time (STso) for neonate larvae inoculated with Group one and two CrleGV-SA were determined to range from 80 - 88 hours (3.33 - 3.67 days), for all five colonies. LDso values for Group one and two CrleGV-SA against neonates from the Addo, Citrusdal, Marble Hall, Nelspruit and Mixed colonies varied between some populations and ranged from 0.80 - 3.12 OBs per larva, indicating some level of variation in host susceptibility. This is the first study reporting the existence of genetically distinct CrleGV baculovirus isolates infecting FCM in different geographical areas of South Africa. The results of this study have broad-ranging implications for our understanding of baculovirus-host interactions and for the application of baculovirus basedbiopesticides.
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Umeda, K., J. Murrieta, and D. Stewart. "Lepidopterous Insect Pest Control with New Insecticides in Cabbage." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221641.
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Four experimental insecticides being developed for lepidopterous insect control in vegetable crops were applied on cabbage and demonstrated efficacy against cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni, CL). Chlorfenapyr (Alert®), tebufenozide (Confirm®), spinosad (Success®), and emamectin- benzoate (Proclaim®) reduced the number of larger cabbage loopers following multiple applications. The experimental insecticides were comparable or superior to the commercially available standard treatments of thiodicarb (Larvin®), methomyl (Lannate®), or cryolite (Kryocide®). Evaluations at 7 days after treatment (DAT) showed that Success controlled CL so that no medium to large -sized larvae were observed. Alert, Confirm, and Proclaim were highly effective and less than 0.3 CL/plant were detected. The untreated cabbage had 0.5 to 1.1 CL/plant that were medium to large-sized at various observation dates.
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Umeda, Kai, and Chris Fredman. "Evaluation of Insecticides for Lepidopterous Insect Pest Control in Cabbage." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214747.
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Experimental insecticides MK-244 (Merck), Alert (AC 303630, Cyanamid), and Confirm (RH-5992, Rohm and Haas) demonstrated very good efficacy in reducing the lepidopterous pests including plutell4 xylostella (diamondback moth, DBM) and Tricoplusia at (cabbage looper, CL) in cabbage. The total number of small, medium, and large DBM larvae for all treatments was lower than the untreated at most rating dates. The experimental insecticides compared favorably with commercially available products Lannate®, Larvin®, and Kryocide®.
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Baker, Paul B., and Tasha M. Brew. "Pest Control Advisors' Recommendations for Cotton Insecticides: A Historical Review." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204514.
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A survey of agricultural pest control professionals showed that certain compounds have consistently been recommended to control cotton pests for more than 40 years. Over that same period, the number of preferred materials available for recommendation has greatly increased. Other trends are toward greater use of compounds using lower application rates and biological insecticides.
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Umeda, K., and B. Strickland. "S-1812 Lepidopterous Insect Pest Control in Broccoli Study." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219968.
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A single application of S-1812 (Valent) at 0.15 and 0.20 lb AI/A effectively reduced Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth, DBM) in broccoli compared to the untreated check. S-1812 at 0.15 lb AI/A performed similar to thiodicarb (Larvin) at 1.0 lb AI/A. S-1812 significantly reduced the DBM at 5 days after treatment (DAT) and control was effective for up to 14 DAT. S-1812 was less effective against Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper, CL) compared to DBM control efficacy or Larvin. S-1812 reduced the development of small CL to larger sized larvae.
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Kerns, David L. "Control of Early Woolly Whiteflies Infestations with Foliar Insecticides." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/198097.
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Five foliar insecticide treatments (Esteem, Provado, Applaud, Assail, and Danitol + Lorsban) were evaluated for their control of early woolly whitefly infestations in lemons. Esteem and Applaud are insect growth regulators that should have little impact on whitefly parasitoids. The impact of Provado and Assail on whitefly parasitoids is not certain, but at high rates may be detrimental, while Danitol + Lorsban will be especially harmful to parasitoids. The impact of these insecticides on woolly whitefly could not be fully determined in this trial due to the effectiveness of parasitoids, Eretmocerus comperei or E. dozieri (exact species not certain), on controlling the whiteflies in this test. However, other research (not reported here) has indicated that all of the insecticide treatments evaluated have good activity against woolly whitefly. Because parasitoids can be extremely effective in mitigating woolly whiteflies populations during the early phases of colonization, it is recommended that chemical control not be utilized until woolly whitefly colonies are common. However, previous experiences suggest that allowing woolly whitefly populations develop extremely high populations should be avoided.
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Thompson, Andrew J. "Actions of pyrethroid on sodium channels." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243690.
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Hossain, Md Ismail. "Effect of impregnated nets on mortality and behaviour of mosquitoes." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340893.
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Akalach, Mohammed. "Effects of insecticides and entomopathogenic nematodes on Conorhynchus mendicus (Coleoptera: curculionidae) on sugar beet." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263256.
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Heneghan, Philip Andrew. "Side-effects of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides on the dispersal activity of predatory Coleoptera, with particular reference to the Carabidae." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259933.
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Subramaniam, V. R. "Cloning, characterisation and sequence comparison of sodium channel genes from Pyrethroid-resistant and susceptible strains of Heliothis virescens (Fab.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Thesis, University of Reading, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360077.
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Saljoqu, Ahmad-Ur-Rahman. "Integrated management of potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) in Pakistan." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284450.
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Jenkins, Paul E. "Control of the grape berry moth, Paralobesia viteana, using reduced-risk insecticides, cultural controls, and conservation of natural enemies." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2006.
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Smith, Ethan A. "Is everything connected? following the predators, pests, and plants within a no-till, western Montana agroecosystem /." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2006. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-12212006-142245/.
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Williams, Donald L. "Preliminary evaluation of the rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea) as a potential bioherbicide control agent for crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) infestations of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. cv. Fawn) turf." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1117114.
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This study addressed the possibility of rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea) as a potential bioherbicide for the control of crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), in turf/lawn plantings. Experiments were: (i) evaluation of the effect of bioherbicide inoculum dosage (titer) on disease severity in crabgrass; (ii) competition between crabgrass and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. 'Fawn') and the additive effect of rice blast bioherbicide on the competitiveness of crabgrass; (iii) survival of rice blast spores under non-conducive infection conditions on crabgrass; and (iv) effect of multiple inoculations of rice blast fungus and subsequent disease on crabgrass.Spore concentrations of 5 x 105 to 1 x 106 conidia/mI had no significant difference in effect on mean biomass reduction of treated crabgrass. All produced tissue death and loss of vigor in treated crabgrass, but no plant death. In one trial, a spore concentration of 2 x 106 conidia/ml produced 100% biomass loss in treated crabgrass.Competition studies indicated crabgrass will out-compete fescue 'Fawn' in plots of equal numbers of each plant, i.e., 3 fescue and 3 crabgrass. In 10 x 10 cm mini-lawns of fescue interspersed with 5 crabgrass plants, fescue will out-compete the crabgrass. In mini-lawns of fescue and crabgrass, infection of crabgrass with non-lethal doses of rice blast fungus improved fescue's ability to out-compete crabgrass. Three methods of investigating competition were tested. Mini-lawns sown with 0.5 g fescue seed (approx. 200 seeds) with crabgrass seed sown into centers of the four quadrants and in center of the mini-lawn, worked best.Survival of Magnaporthe grisea conidia under non-conducive conditions was tested by drying inoculated crabgrass seedlings for 0-48 hours prior to dew-deposition. Treatments verified spores remain viable at least 24 hours on crabgrass leaves under greenhouse conditions (25-40° C and 25-75% relative humidity).Two successive inoculations (at 3 days and 7 days after primary inoculation) of crabgrass with M. grisea conidia (5 x 105 conidia/ml) resulted in significant reduction in growth compared to a single spore application.Results suggested Magnaporthe grisea exhibits potential for future development as a commercial bioherbicide to control crabgrass (Digitaria sanquinalis). Current studies investigated integration in lawn grass, but should be applicable to situations anywhere crabgrass is considered a weed e.g., in corn (Zea mans) or soybeans (Glycine max).Department of Biology
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Hill, Catherine Alexandra. ""The mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) against the sheep louse, Bovicola ovis (Schrank)"." Title page, contents and summary only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh6449.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 120-145. Reports Bt crystal protein toxicity to a phthirapteran species. Although Bt strain WB3516 may produce other unidentified toxins effective against B. ovis, the results provide strong evidence that the [delta]-endotoxin crystal proteins of strain WB3516 significantly contribute to the lousicidal toxicity of this strain.
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Gumede, Halalisani. "The development of a putative microbial product for use in crop production." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1352/.
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Kazachkova, Nadiya. "Genotype analysis and studies of pyrethroid resistance of the oilseed rape (Brassica napus) insect pest - pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus) /." Uppsala : Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200711.pdf.
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Bosch, Serra Dolors. "Diversidad y extensión de los mecanismos de resistencia a insecticidas en poblaciones españolas de carpocapsa (Cydia pomonella (L.) Lepidoptera Tortricidae) y estudio de sus posibilidades de manejo." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664271.
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La carpocapsa, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), és una de les plagues més importants del cultiu dels fruiters de pinyol, principalment de la pomera. A la zona fructícola de Lleida, a l’igual que a la majoria de les zones productives del món, s’han detectat problemes de resistència a insecticides piretroïds, organofosforats, benzoilurees, fenoxycarb i diacilhidracines. El principal mecanisme de resistència detectat ha estat l’acció dels enzims detoxificadors multifunció-oxidases (MFO) i, de manera menys important, glutathion transferases (GST) i esterases (EST). A la present tesis doctoral, s’han determinat els nivells resistència de carpocapsa a insecticides de baix risc per a la salut humana i medi ambient i la presència i extensió de les mutacions de la acetilcolinesterasa (AChE) i la knockdown (kdr), en poblacions de camp procedents de tres zones productives de poma a España, amb sistemes de maneig molt diferents.
Les poblacions asturianes resultaren susceptibles a tots els insecticides provats, mentre que les poblacions de la Val de l’Ebre (Catalunya i Aragón) presentaren resistència en alguna població i tolerància de forma freqüent a metoxifenocide, lambda-cyhalotrin i tiacloprid. La resta de productes provats, etil-clorpirifos, tebufenocide, spinosad, spinetoram, indoxacarb, clorantraniliprole i emamectine, resultaren efectius fins i tot en les poblacions amb elevats nivells de resistència. La mutació AChE està present de forma generalitzada únicament a les parcel·les de la Val de l’Ebre, mentre que la kdr està present a la majoria de les parcel·les de Catalunya. A les poblacions d’ Asturias i a la població d’Extremadura analitzades no es detectaren mutacions.
També s’ha determinat la línia base de susceptibilitat insecticida de la matèria activa chlorantraniliprole en poblacions de camp europees de carpocapsa, i s’ha avaluat l’evolució de la seva eficàcia al llarg dels anys d’aplicació. No s’han detectat poblacions resistents a chlorantraniliprole, però, tanmateix, sí s’ha detectat una relació entre la freqüència d’individus MFO-resistents (amb un elevat nivell d’enzims de detoxificació MFO) amb el percentatge de la mortalitat produïda per la concentració discriminant pròxima a la CL50.
A més, s’estudià la freqüència d’adults MFO-resistents de C. pomonella capturats en trampes de feromones amb diferents difusors, amb i sense la cairomona (l’èster de pera, (2E, 4Z)-decadienoat de etil), degut a la major atracció d’aquests individus per la cairomona pura al laboratori. La finalitat fou la millora del monitoreig a les parcel·les amb una elevada presència d’individus resistents. Tanmateix, aquella major atracció no es produí al camp. Sí que es detectà una diferent freqüència d’individus resistents entre generacions i entre parcel·les amb o sense tractaments químics.La carpocapsa, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), es una de las plagas más importantes del cultivo de los frutales de pepita, principalmente del manzano. En la zona frutícola de Lleida, al igual que en la mayoría de las zonas productivas del mundo, se han detectado problemas de resistencia a insecticidas piretroides, organofosforados, benzoilureas, fenoxycarb y diacilhidracinas. El principal mecanismo de resistencia detectado ha sido la acción de las enzimas detoxificadoras multifunción-oxidasas (MFO) y, en menor medida, glutathion transferasas (GST) y esterasas (EST). En la presente tesis doctoral, se han determinado los niveles de resistencia de carpocapsa a insecticidas de bajo riesgo para la salud humana y el medio ambiente y la presencia y extensión de las mutaciones de la acetilcolinesterasa (AChE) y la knockdown (kdr), en poblaciones de campo procedentes de tres zonas productivas de manzana en España, con sistemas de manejo muy distintos. Las poblaciones asturianas resultaron susceptibles a todos los insecticidas ensayados, mientras que las poblaciones del Valle del Ebro (Catalunya y Aragón) presentaron resistencia en alguna población y tolerancia de forma frecuente a metoxifenocide, lambda-cyhalotrin y tiacloprid. El resto de productos ensayados, etil-clorpirifos, tebufenocide, spinosad, spinetoram, indoxacarb, clorantraniliprole y emamectine, resultaron efectivos incluso en las poblaciones con elevados niveles de resistencia. La mutación AChE está presente de forma generalizada únicamente en las fincas del Valle del Ebro, mientras que la kdr está presente en la mayoría de las fincas en Catalunya. En las poblaciones de Asturias y la población de Extremadura analizadas no se detectaron mutaciones. También se ha determinado la línea base de susceptibilidad insecticida de la materia activa chlorantraniliprole en poblaciones de campo europeas de carpocapsa, y se ha evaluado la evolución su eficacia a lo largo de los años de aplicación. No se han detectado poblaciones resistentes a chlorantraniliprole, pero, sin embargo, sí se ha detectado una relación entre la frecuencia de individuos MFO-resistentes (con un elevado nivel de enzimas de detoxificación MFO) con el porcentaje de mortalidad de la concentración discriminante próxima a la CL50. Por otro lado, se estudió la frecuencia de adultos MFO-resistentes de C. pomonella capturados en trampas con distintos difusores, con y sin cairomona (el éster de pera, (2E, 4Z)-decadienoato de etilo), debido a una mayor atracción de estos individuos por la cairomona pura en laboratorio. La finalidad era la mejora del monitoreo en las fincas con una elevada presencia de insectos resistentes. Sin embargo, esa mayor atracción no se produjo en campo. Sí se detectó una distinta frecuencia de individuos resistentes entre generaciones y entre fincas con o sin tratamientos químicos.
Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is one of the most important pests of pome orchards, mainly of apple ones. Problems of resistance to insecticides pirethroids, organophosphates, benzoylureas, fenoxycarb, and diacylhydrazines have been detected in the fruit growing area of Lleida, as well as in the majority of the world apple growing areas. The main resistance mechanism detected has been the action of the detoxifying enzyms mixed-function oxidases (MFO) and, in a lesser extent, glutatione S-transferases (GST) and esterases (EST). In the present thesis, the levels of codling moth resistance to safe insecticides and the presence and the extension of the mutations acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and the knockdown (kdr) have been determined in field populations from three fruit growing areas of Spain, with very different production systems. The populations from Asturias were susceptible to all the tested insecticides, while some populations from the Ebro Valley (Catalonia and Aragón) were resistant, and frequently tolerant to methoxyfenozide, lambda-cyhalothrin and thiacloprid. The rest of tested insecticides chlorpyrifos-ethyl, tebufenozide, spinosad, spinetoram, indoxacarb, chlorantraniliprole and emamectin, were effective, even against populations with high resistance levels. The AChE mutation is generally present only in orchards from the Ebro Valley, while the kdr is present in the majority of the orchards from Catalonia. No mutations were detected in the populations from Asturias and Extremadura. The susceptibility baseline of chlorantraniliprole has been determined in field populations from Europe, and the evolution of its efficacy along time have been evaluated. Resistant populations to chlorantraniliprole have not been detected, but a relationship between the frequency of MFO-resistant individuals (those that show a high level of MFO detoxification enzymes) and the mortality (percentage) caused the discriminant concentration near to the LC50. Furthermore, the frequency of C. pomonella MFO-resistant adults caught in traps with different lures, with and without the kairomone (pear ester, (2E, 4Z)-2,4-decadienoate) was studied, because a higher attraction of these individuals for the pure kairomone had been detected in the laboratory. The aim was to improve monitoring in the orchards that show a high percentage of resistant individuals. However, this higher attraction was not observed in the field. A different frequency of resistant individuals among generations and among orchards chemically or non-chemically treated was observed.
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Celestino, Flávio Neves. "Potencial do óleo de mamona e associação com Beauveria bassiana (BALS.) Vuillemin visando o manejo da broca-do-café." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2011. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/6546.
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Previous issue date: 2011-02-11The coffee cultivation is a very important social and agricultural activity. However, some phytosanitary problems can cause losses, diminishing productivity and ultimately their profitability economic. Among the insects the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), is a major pest of the crop. This study evaluates the potential use of castor oil and its association with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin, 1912, in order to controlling of H. hampei. The potential of castor oil through the mortality of the coffee berry borer using three different routes of application was evaluated: (1) ingestion, (2) contact and (3) combined (ingestion + contact), beyond the estimate of LC50. In association between castor oil and B. bassiana the germination, vegetative growth and sporulation were evaluated, and the biological index (BI) determined. The route application combined (ingestion + contact) has increased mortality at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 3.0% (v/v), differing from the other routes of application. However, on the concentrations 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5% (v/v) there was no significant differences between the routes of application contact and contact + ingestion, and these differ from the route of application by ingestion. The route of application by ingestion + contact presented 92% mortality on the concentration 3.0% (v/v), higher than the other routes of application. This route of application also presented an LC50 of 1.31% (v/v). The CCA-UFES/Bb-4 and CCA-UFES/Bb-15 isolated showed the highest values of germination. Only CCA-UFES/Bb-4 isolate presented the vegetative growth reduced in function of increasing concentrations of castor oil. This isolate was one that showed greater sporulation at all concentrations. The oil acts both by ingestion and contact, and that the association of both provides a more efficient control. All isolates present great potential for use associated with castor oil
A cafeicultura é uma atividade de extrema importância social e agrícola. Contudo, alguns problemas fitossanitários podem ocasionar prejuízos, diminuindo a produtividade e, consequentemente, a sua rentabilidade econômica. Dentre os insetos, a broca-do-café Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), é considerada a principal praga da cultura. No presente estudo foi avaliado o potencial de uso do óleo de mamona e a associação com o fungo entomopatogênico Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin, 1912, visando o controle de H. hampei. Avaliou-se a potencialidade do óleo de mamona sobre a mortalidade da broca-do-café utilizando três diferentes vias de aplicação: (1) ingestão, (2) contato e (3) ingestão + contato, além da estimativa da CL50. Na associação entre o óleo de mamona e B. bassiana foram avaliados os parâmetros de germinação, crescimento vegetativo e esporulação, e determinado o índice biológico (IB). A via aplicação por ingestão + contato apresentou maior mortalidade nas concentrações de 0,5; 1,0 e 3,0% (v/v) diferindo das demais vias de aplicação. Por sua vez, nas concentrações 1,5; 2,0 e 2,5% (v/v) não houve diferença entre as vias de aplicação por contato e ingestão + contato, sendo que estas diferiram da via de aplicação por ingestão. A aplicação via ingestão + contato apresentou 92% de mortalidade na concentração 3,0% (v/v), superior as demais vias de aplicação. Esta via de aplicação também apresentou CL50 de 1,31% (v/v). Os isolados CCA-UFES/Bb-4 e CCA-UFES/Bb-15 foram os que apresentaram os maiores valores de germinação. Somente o isolado CCA-UFES/Bb-4 apresentou crescimento vegetativo reduzido em função do aumento das concentrações do óleo de mamona. Esse isolado foi o que apresentou a maior esporulação em todas as concentrações. O óleo atua tanto por ingestão quanto por contato, sendo que a associação de ambos proporciona uma melhor eficiência de controle. Todos os isolados apresentam grande potencial de utilização associados com óleo de mamona
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Dauthuille, Dominique. "Etude écopathologique de deux baculovirus pathogènes de Spodoptera Frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (lépidoptère : noctuidae) en prairie guyanaise à Digitaria Swazilandensis Stent." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066484.
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Deux baculovirus, une granulose et une polyédrose nucléaire, isolés de S. F. En Guyane française sont décrits. Les deux maladies sont responsables d'enzooties dans les populations du ravageur en prairie à d. S. La valeur maximale de la mortalité larvaire naturelle engendrée par les deux virus, déterminée après échantillonnage et élevage au laboratoire, est de 32%. La cyclicité de la présence sur une même parcelle de la noctuelle et de ses baculovirus est due au mode de conduite des exploitations agricoles. Les taux de mortalité larvaire par granulose et par polyédrose nucléaire sont variables d'une parcelle à une autre, et un équilibre dynamique se maintient entre les deux viroses. L'introduction d'un mélange des deux virus a permis de montrer que les larves jouent un rôle important dans la dissémination des pathogènes dans la prairie.
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Marques, Luiz Henrique da Silva Fagundes. "Biologia, dano e controle de Dichomeris famulata Meyrick, 1914 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) por meio de iscas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-09092009-153326/.
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Dichomeris famulata Meyrick, 1914 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) é uma nova praga da espiga de milho no Brasil, sendo importante em áreas de produção de sementes porque os grãos atacados pelas lagartas não germinam. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a sua biologia, descrever os danos causados pela praga e verificar o efeito de alguns tratamentos no controle dos adultos, por ingestão, em condições de laboratório (25 ± 2°C, UR de 65 ± 10% e fotofase de 14 horas). Os inseticidas foram fornecidos às mariposas com e sem isca a base de mel a 10%. Os inseticidas utilizados e suas respectivas doses foram: cloridrato de cartape (0,5 g i.a. L-1 calda), metomil (0,258 g i.a. L-1 calda), acetamiprido (0,2 g i.a. L-1calda), espinosade (0,24 g i.a. L-1 calda) e pirimifós-metílico (0,5 g i.a. L-1 calda), além da testemunha. O ciclo biológico (ovoadulto) foi de 35,2 dias. O período de incubação foi de 4,1 dias. A duração média da fase larval foi de 21,1 dias, sendo observados cinco ínstares larvais. A fase pupal durou 8,6 dias para os machos e 8,1 dias para as fêmeas. O peso de pupa de machos e fêmeas foi de 12,4 e 11,3 mg, respectivamente. As fêmeas colocaram, em média, 118 ovos, apresentando um período de préoviposição de 10,7 dias e de oviposição de 14,0 dias. A longevidade média de machos e fêmeas foi de 37,02 e 44,16 dias, respectivamente, e a razão sexual de 0,48. As iscas contendo cloridrato de cartape e metomil causaram 97,92 e 83,33% de mortalidade de adultos, respectivamente 24 horas após a exposição dos tratamentos, sendo promissores no controle desta praga e podendo ser utilizados alternadamente, caso necessário. Cloridrato de cartape sem atrativo alimentar causou mortalidade de 91,67% de adultos. As lagartas danificam os estilo-estigmas e os grãos em formação ou em estado leitoso por meio de pequenos orifícios de entrada, prejudicando o endosperma e principalmente a região do embrião, inutilizando-os para sementes. A visualização dos danos é difícil, sendo que esses passam despercebidos. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho fornecem subsídios para o estabelecimento de estratégias de manejo do inseto, especialmente em áreas de produção de sementes.Dichomeris famulata Meyrick, 1914 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a new pest of corn in Brazil, and is important in seed fields. The work goals were to study the biology of this pest, describe the damages caused by this pest and evaluate the effect of some insecticides, with and without bait, to control adults by ingestion, under laboratory conditions (25 ± 2°C, 65 ± 10% of RH and 14-hours of photophase). Pesticides were provided to moth with and without honeybee 10%. The insecticides used and respective doses were: cartap (0.5 g a.i. L-1), methomyl (0.258 g a.i. L-1), acetamiprid (0.2 g a.i. L-1), spinosad (0.24 g a.i. L-1), pirimiphos-methyl (0.5 g a.i. L-1) and a control treatment. The biological cycle (egg-adult) was 35.2 days. The incubation period was 4.1 days. The mean time larval was 21.1 days and 5 instars were observed. The pupal period was 8.6 days for male and 8.1 days for female insects. The pupae weight was 12.4 and 11.3 mg for males and females, respectively. The females laid an average of 118 eggs with a preoviposition period of 10.7 days and an oviposition time of 14.0 days. The mean longevity of males and females was 37.02 and 44.16 days, respectively, and sex ratio was 0.48. The baits with cartap and methomyl caused 97.92 and 83.33% of adults mortality, respectively, 24 hours after exposure to the treatments. This is a promising way to control this pest and it may be used in rotation. Cartap without attractive caused 91.67% of adults mortality. The caterpillars damage the silks and beginning of grain development or grains at the milk stage through little entry orifices, damaging the endosperm and, more importantly, the embryo, which disenables them for seed. Therefore, it is difficult to visualize the damage, which is unnoticed without an accurate examination. These results can support the establishment of strategies to manage this new corn ear pest, especially in seeds field.
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Santoso, Teguh. "Contribution a l'etude des relations entre la fertilisation du vegetal-hote et l'intoxication de spodoptera littoralis boisd. Par bacillus thuringiensis berliner." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066027.
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L'insecticide microbiologique bacillus thuringiensis provoque des reponses de niveaux divers chez les especes susceptibles lorsqu'elles sont alimentees par differents especes vegetales. Il a ete emis l'hypothese que ces manifestations sont dependantes du systeme intestinal, lui-meme conditionne par le type d'alimentation. L'objet de ce travail est l'etude de l'effet de la fertilisation minerale du vegetal consomme sur la sensibilite de spodoptera littoralis a l'intoxication par bacillus thuringiensis
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Coombes, Candice Anne. "Field evaluation of the use of select entomopathogenic fungal isolates as microbial control agents of the soil-dwelling life stages of a key South African citrus pest, Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/507.
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The control of false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick, 1912) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in citrus orchards is strongly reliant on the use of integrated pest management as key export markets impose stringent chemical restrictions on exported fruit and have a strict no entry policy towards this phytosanitary pest. Most current, registered control methods target the above-ground life stages of FCM, not the soil-dwelling life stages. As such, entomopathogenic fungi which are ubiquitous, percutaneously infective soil-borne microbes that have been used successfully as control agents worldwide, present ideal candidates as additional control agents. Following an initial identification of 62 fungal entomopathogens isolated from soil collected from citrus orchards in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, further laboratory research has highlighted three isolates as having the greatest control potential against FCM subterranean life stages: Metarhizium anisopliae G 11 3 L6 (Ma1), M. anisopliae FCM Ar 23 B3 (Ma2) and Beauveria bassiana G Ar 17 B3 (Bb1). These isolates are capable of causing above 80% laboratory-induced mycosis of FCM fifth instars. Whether this level of efficacy was obtainable under sub-optimal and fluctuating field conditions was unknown. Thus, this thesis aimed to address the following issues with regards to the three most laboratory-virulent fungal isolates: field efficacy, field persistence, optimal application rate, application timing, environmental dependency, compatibility with fungicides and the use of different wetting agents to promote field efficacy. Following fungal application to one hectare treatment blocks in the field, FCM infestation within fruit was reduced by 28.3% to 81.7%. Isolate Bb1 performed best under moderate to high soil moisture whilst Ma2 was more effective under low soil moisture conditions. All isolates, with the exception of Ma2 at one site, were recorded in the soil five months post-application. None of the wetting agents tested were found to be highly toxic to fungal germination and similar physical suspension characteristics were observed. Fungicide toxicity varied amongst isolates and test conditions. However, only Dithane (a.i. mancozeb) was considered incompatible with isolate Ma2. The implication of these results and the way forward is discussed. This study is the first report of the field efficacy of three laboratory-virulent fungal isolates applied to the soil of conventional citrus orchards against FCM soil-dwelling life stages. As such, it provides a foundation on which future research can build to ensure the development and commercialisation of a cost-effective and consistently reliable product.
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Santos, Viviane. "Riqueza e alterações morfofisiológicas associadas à infecção por vírus de RNA de fita dupla no fungo entomopatogênico Metarhizium anisopliae." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-26042013-162222/.
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O Brasil é o país líder no uso do fungo entomopatogênico Metarhizium anisopliae para o controle pragas agrícolas. Pouco se conhece sobre a diversidade e o impacto dos micovírus em M. anisopliae sensu stricto. Este trabalho mostra a riqueza dos micovírus associados a isolados de M. anisopliae da coleção de entomopatógenos da Universidade de São Paulo, usinas sucroalcooleiras e produtos microbianos à base do entomopatógeno. RNAfd foram encontrados em 55% dos 36 isolados de Metarhizium e apresentaram 16 diferentes padrões eletroforéticos consistindo de 3 a 18 bandas de RNAfd em gel de poliacrilamida. RNAfd não foram detectados em nenhum dos produtos comerciais utilizados no presente estudo. Os diferentes padrões de vírus encontrados nos isolados aqui estudados, aparentemente, não têm relação com os locais onde foram coletados. O inibidor de síntese protéica ciclohexamida não foi eficiente na eliminação dos vírus de RNAfd em nenhum dos isolados de fungos testados. Colônias dos isolados de M. anisopliae ESALQ 866, M. anisopliae ESALQ 1256 e M. anisopliae CTC F8 foram curadas por meio do cultivo monoconidial ou isolamento de ponta de hifas. Alguns segmentos do isolado M. anisopliae PL26 foram perdidos após o subcultivo de ponta das hifas. Colônias de M. anisopliae ESALQ PL26 obtidas por meio do cultivo monoconidial ou subcultivo de ponta de hifas apresentaram grande variabilidade morfológica, no entanto, essa variação não foi correlacionada com a presença de micovírus. Colônias isogênicas de M. anisopliae ESALQ 1256 mostraram diferenças no crescimento, na produção de conídios e na virulência, no entanto, essas diferenças não foram associadas à presença de RNAfd. Não foram observadas diferenças na tolerância aos raios ultravioleta e ao calor entre as colônias de M. anisopliae ESALQ 1256, com e sem vírus de RNAfd. Colônias oriundas de setores formados no isolado M. anisopliae PL26 produziram menor quantidade de conídios e apresentaram menor quantidade de vírus RNAfd em comparação com as colônias oriundas de outras regiões da colônias originais com características normais. A repicagem sucessiva dos isolados de M. anisopliae ESALQ PL26, ESALQ 1256, CTC F8 e CTC F15, infectados por diferentes vírus de RNAfd, nos meios de cultura BDA, SDAY e meio de arroz, bem como a passagem dos fungos em larvas de Tenebrio molitor, em geral, não afetaram a replicação dos micovírus.Brazil is the leading country in the use of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae against agricultural pests. Little is known about the diversity and the impact of mycovirus in M. anisopliae sensu stricto. This study shows the richness of mycovirus associated with M. anisopliae isolates from the collections of entomopathogens of the University of São Paulo, from sugar-alcohol factories and microbial based products. dsRNA were found in 55% of the 36 Metarhizium isolates and showed 16 different electrophoretic patterns consisting of 3 to 18 dsRNA bands in polyacrylamide gels. dsRNA was not detected in any of the commercial products used in this study. The different viral patterns found in the isolates studied here apparently have no relation to the locations where they were collected. The inhibitor of protein synthesis cycloheximide culture was efficient in eradicating dsRNA virus from fungi. Colonies of isolates of M. anisopliae ESALQ 866, M. anisopliae ESALQ 1256 and M. anisopliae F8 were cured by monoconidial or by hyphal tip isolation of. Some segments of the M. anisopliae PL26 isolate were lost following hyphal tip subculture. Colonies both from monoconidial culture and hyphal tip subculture of M. anisopliae ESALQ PL26 showed great morphological variability; however, this variation was not correlated with the presence of mycoviruses. Isogenic colonies of M. anisopliae ESALQ 1256 showed differences in growth, conidia production and virulence; however, these differences were not associated to the presence of the dsRNA. No difference was observed regarding tolerance to ultraviolet rays and heat among the colonies of M. anisopliae ESALQ 1256, with and without the dsRNA virus. Sectors formed in the isolate M. anisopliae PL26 produced a smaller number of conidia and fewer dsRNA virus in comparison to the original colonies with normal characteristics. The repeated subculture of isolates of M. anisopliae ESALQ PL26, ESALQ 1256, CTC F8 and CTC F15, infected by different virus of dsRNA, in the PDA, SDAY culture media and in rice, as well as the fungi passage in larvae of Tenebrio molitor, in general, did not affect the replication of the mycovirus.
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Teixeira, Vagner Meira. "Eficiência de Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch) Sorok. no controle de cigarrinhas-das-pastagens (Homoptera: Cercopidae) em capim-marandu (Brachiaria bryzantha) em Corumbiara, Rondônia." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/96.
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Previous issue date: 2010-08-13Spittlebugs are the main pests of pasture of America Tropical, among which the genera Deois and Mahanarva stand out. These pests have been causing serious losses in the Brachiaria bryzantha pasture of the Rondônia State, Brazil. The fungus entomopathogenic Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin is considered an efficient agent for the biological control of many insects that represent plagues of agriculture. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of spraying Brachiaria bryzantha pasture with the fungus M. anisopliae (isolate ESALQ 1037) against naturally infestation with the cattle tick spittlebug nymphs was evaluated. In this work the efficacy the fungus of applied at in twice formulations (concentrated emulsifiable oil and wettable powder), trhee doses (1,0 x109, 1,5 x109, 2 x109 viable conidias ha-1) in once for twice during the pest infested with period. The study was conducted from December 2008 to February 2009 at the Daiane farm in Corumbiara, Rondônia State, Brazil. The fungus was applied from 05 pm, under average temperature of 18 ºC and relative air humidity of 69%. The volume of the solution utilized was 300 liter ha-1 with sprayer. The evaluations were performed at the beginning (day 0), and 15, 32, 45, 61 e and 75 days, being one evaluation before the applications, and five after the applications of this fungus, counting the spittlebugs (nymphs) per 0.0625 m² (0.25 m x 0.25 m square). At 0 days the infestation was of 153,6 nymphs/m². It was verified that the levels of nymphs were reduced after the sprayings of M. anisopliae in all treatments. The stinkbug in efficiency control levels were higher of spittlebug nymphs for aplication fungus isolate, between 85,30% to 93,72%, in 75 days the applications, of this fungus. From these data, we conclude that M. anisopliae isolate ESALQ 1037 was efficient to control spittlebug in the B. bryzantha pasture, thus being a promising choice for use as a microbial insecticide and thus being promising choice familiar agriculture integrated pest management of in the Rondônia State
As cigarrinhas-das-pastagens constituem as principais pragas de gramíneas forrageiras em toda a América Tropical, destacando-se os gêneros Deois e Mahanarva. Essas pragas vêm causando sérios danos a Brachiaria bryzantha cv. Marandu no Estado de Rondônia. O fungo entomopatogênico Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin é considerado um eficiente agente para o controle biológico de grande número de insetos-pragas, como cigarrinha da cana-deaçúcar e das pastagens. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a eficiência da aplicação de Metarhizium anisopliae (isolado ESALQ 1037) no controle da infestação de cigarrinhas-das-pastagens em capim-Marandu (B. bryzantha) submetida ao pastejo com bovinos. Avaliou-se o efeito do fungo aplicado em duas formulações, três dosagens e duas épocas ao longo do período de infestação da praga. As dosagens aplicadas foram de 1,0 x109, 1,5 x109, 2,0 x109 conídios viáveis/ha, nas formulações de concentrado emulsionável e Pó molhável. O estudo foi conduzido no Sítio Daiane, município de Corumbiara, RO, no período de dezembro de 2007 a fevereiro de 2008. O isolado foi aplicado a partir das 17h, sob temperatura média de 18° C e umidade relativa de 69%. O volume de calda foi de 300 L/ha, utilizando-se pulverizador costal manual. As avaliações procederam-se aos 0, 15, 32, 45, 61 e 75 dias, contando-se as cigarrinhas (ninfas) por ponto de 0,0625 m² (quadrado de 0,25 m x 0,25 m). Aos 0 dias a infestação era de 153,6 ninfas/ m². Foi observada a diminuição das ninfas das cigarrinhas-das-pastagens em todos os tratamentos com a aplicação do fungo M. anisopliae. Os níveis de eficiência de controle das ninfas das cigarrinhas com a aplicação do Metarril® variaram de 85,30% e 93,72%, aos 75 dias. Com base nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que M. anisopliae (isolado ESALQ 1037) é eficiente para o controle das cigarrinhaspastagens em capim-Marandu (B. bryzantha), constituindo-se em uma alternativa promissora para ser utilizado como inseticida microbiano em programas de manejo integrado de pragas para o Estado de Rondônia.
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Ausique, John Jairo Saldarriaga. "Desenvolvimento de estratégias para incorporação de fungos entomopatogênicos no manejo de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, 1908 (Hemiptera: Liviidae) na cultura dos citros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-15092014-101020/.
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O principal problema fitossanitário da citricultura atualmente é a doença conhecida como greening ou Huanglongbing (HLB), transmitida pelo inseto vetor Diaphorina citri. O presente trabalho objetivou desenvolver estratégias para incorporação dos fungos Beauveria bassiana ESALQ-PL63, registrado para o controle de outras pragas e/ou I. fumosorosea ESALQ-1296 em desenvolvimento como biopesticida especialmente para o manejo de D. citri, determinando a melhor concentração de adjuvantes e de conídios dos fungos a serem utilizados, sua eficácia em laboratório, semi-campo e campo; assim como sua compatibilidade com os agroquímicos utilizados na cultura. Na comparação dos dois fungos aplicados com seis adjuvantes no controle de D. citri revelaram que exceto Tween 80 a 0,001%, todos os outros adjuvantes contribuíram para aumentar a eficácia dos fungos. Os níveis de controle obtidos nos bioensaios em laboratório com B. bassiana e I. fumosorosea foram confirmados nos bioensaios em semi-campo e em campo. Realizaram-se 12 pulverizações com os dois fungos durante o período de dezembro de 2011 a janeiro de 2013 em campo nas concentrações de 2,5x106 conídios/mL em 2000 L/ha e 5x106 conídios/mL em 1000 L/ha ambos com 0,075% do adjuvante KBRAdj. Na comparação mês a mês, somente em janeiro de 2012 o controle químico foi superior a todos os outros tratamentos. No restante dos meses, as mortalidades causadas pelos tratamentos com fungos foram semelhantes entre si e semelhantes ao controle químico. As mortalidades de adultos de D. citri pelos fungos variaram de 96,4±3,8% (dezembro/2011) a 57,8±3,5% (outubro/2012). Os efeitos de 27 agroquímicos sobre o crescimento vegetativo e esporulação das colônias e a viabilidade dos conídios in vitro e a virulência dos fungos in vivo após mistura com cada um dos produtos foram determinados e revelaram que exceto os fungicidas a maioria dos produtos são compatíveis com os fungos e podem ser misturados na calda de aplicação. Estes resultados indicam que Beauveria bassiana ESALQ-PL63 e Isaria fumosorosea ESALQ-1296 são promissores para utilização no controle de D. citri em programas de manejo integrado de pragas de citros.The main cause of the crop loss in citrus is currently the disease known as greening or Huanglongbing (HLB), transmitted by the insect vector Diaphorina citri. This study aimed to develop strategies for incorporating the fungi Beauveria bassiana ESALQ-PL63, registered for the control of other pests and Isaria fumosorosea ESALQ-1296 in development as biopesticide especially for the management of D. citri by determining the optimal concentration of adjuvants and of conidia to be used, their effectiveness in laboratory, semifield and field; as well as its compatibility with agrochemicals used in the crop. The comparison of the two fungi applied with six adjuvants for the control of D. citri revealed that except Tween 80 (0.001%), all other adjuvants contributed to increase the effectiveness of the fungi. Control levels obtained in the laboratory bioassays with B. bassiana and I. fumosorosea were confirmed in bioassays in semi-field and field. Both fungi were sprayed 12 times from December 2011 to January 2013 in the field at concentrations of 2.5x106 conidia/mL in 2000 L/ha and 5x106 conidia/mL in 1000 L/ha both with 0.075% of KBRAdj adjuvant. Only in January 2012 the chemical control was superior to all other treatments. In the remaining months, the mortalities caused by all the fungi treatments were similar to each other and similar to chemical control. The mortalities of adult D. citri by fungi ranged from 96.4 ± 3.8% (December/2011) to 57.8 ± 3.5% (October/2012). The effects of 27 agrochemicals on the vegetative growth and sporulation of colonies and conidia viability in vitro and in vivo virulence of the fungus after mixing it with each of the products were determined and showed that except the fungicides, the majority of products are compatible with the fungi and may be tank mixed. These results indicate that B. bassiana ESALQ-PL63 and I. fumosorosea ESALQ-1296 are promising for use in the control of D. citri in integrated pest management programs of citrus.
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Rugno, Gabriel Rodrigo. "Seletividade de inseticidas utilizados na cultura dos citros ao predador Ceraeochrysa cubana (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), desenvolvimento em diferentes temperaturas e diversidade de crisopídeos em propriedades com manejo intensivo e convencional de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-23042013-112046/.
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O crisopídeo Ceraeochrysa cubana (Hagen, 1861) é um importante predador na cultura dos citros. Apesar da grande importância de C. cubana, pouco se conhece sobre a biologia e o efeito dos inseticidas a este crisopídeo, o que seria fundamental para um programa de Manejo Integrado de Pragas. Com essa pesquisa objetivou-se avaliar o efeito: a) letal e subletal de inseticidas aplicados sobre ovos com 3 idades diferentes; b) letal e subletal de inseticidas sobre larvas de primeiro instar; c) letal e subletal de inseticidas aplicados sobre pupas e adultos; d) do manejo de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) na população de crisopídeos; e) de seis temperaturas sobre a biologia de C. cubana. Verificou-se que não houve diferença significativa das variáveis avaliadas entre os tratamentos, dentre os ovos com 24, 72 e 120 horas. O produto Lorsban® 480 BR afetou a viabilidade dos ovos das três idades e foi o inseticida que mais afetou o predador quando aplicado sobre os ovos, classificado como moderadamente nocivo (classe 3). Em larvas, os inseticidas Lorsban® 480 BR e Malathion® 1000 EC tiveram efeito letal, causando 100% de mortalidade 24h após a aplicação e os inseticidas Azamax® e Engeo Pleno® foram os únicos produtos que tiveram efeito subletal sobre as pupas oriundas das larvas tratadas e nenhum dos produtos testados foram classificados como inócuos (classe 1) ao predador. Nenhum dos inseticidas testados teve efeito letal e subletal quando aplicados sobre as pupas, sendo classificados como inócuos, já, quando aplicados sobre adultos, os inseticidas Actara® 250 WG, Ampligo®, Engeo Pleno®, Lorsban® 480 BR e Malathion® 1000 EC causaram 100% de mortalidade e todos os produtos testados sobre os adultos foram nocivos, exceto Evidence® 700 WG, Imidan® 500 WP e Tiger® 100 EC, que foram classificados como moderadamente nocivos. Nas coletas de crisopídeos feitas em campo, a espécie Ceraeochrysa cincta (SCHNEIDER, 1851) foi a mais coletada, observou-se também que na propriedade com manejo menos intensivo de D. citri foi coletado um número maior de indivíduos comparado com a propriedade com manejo rigoroso. Em relação à biologia, verificou-se um aumento na velocidade do desenvolvimento das fases do predador em função da temperatura e a viabilidade da fase de ovo e larva não foi afetada, porém, a temperatura de 18°C afetou a viabilidade da pupa e no ciclo ovoadulto, além dessa temperatura, a de 32°C também afetou a viabilidade. Para o ciclo total de C. cubana foram necessários 354,61 GD e a temperatura base (Tb) foi de 12,72°C.The lacewing Ceraeochrysa cubana (Hagen, 1861) is an important predator of citrus pests. Still, little is known about the biology and the effect of insecticides on this green lacewing, which is essential for an Integrated Pest Management program. The aim of this study was to evaluate: a) lethal and sublethal effects of insecticides applied on eggs at 3 different ages, b) lethal and sublethal effects of insecticides on the first larval instar c) lethal and sublethal effects of insecticides applied to pupae and adults; d) effects of the management of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) in a lacewing population e) effects of six temperatures on the C. cubana biology. We found no significant differences for the variables in the treatments for eggs at 24, 72 and 120 hours. The insecticide Lorsban® 480 BR affected the viability of the eggs at the three ages and most affected the predator when applied on the eggs, classified as moderately harmful (class 3). On the larvae, the insecticides Lorsban® 480 BR and Malathion® 1000 EC had lethal effect, occurring 100% mortality of the larvae 24h after application of insecticides, and Azamax® and Engeo Pleno® were the only products that presented sublethal effects on pupae from treated larvae and none of the products tested were classified as harmless (class 1) to the predator. None of the insecticides tested had lethal and sublethal effect when applied on the pupae, and were classified as harmless. When applied to adults, insecticides Actara® 250 WG, Ampligo®, Engeo Pleno®, Lorsban® 480 BR and Malathion® 1000 EC caused 100% of mortality of the adult predator and all products tested on adults were harmful, except for Evidence® 700 WG, Imidan® 500 WP and Tiger® 100 EC, which were classified as moderately harmful. In the collections of green lacewings in the field, the species Ceraeochrysa cincta was predominant. We also observed that in orchards under less intensive management of D. citri, a larger number of individuals were collected compared to the orchards under a strict management system. Regarding biology, we observed an increase in growth speed in instars of the predator due to temperature, but the viability of eggs and larvae were not affected. However, the temperature of 18°C affected the pupae viability and the eggadult cycle. The temperature of 32°C also affected viability. For total cycle of C. cubana took 354.61 degrees day (DD) and thermal threshold (Tb) was 12.72°C.
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Cradock, Kenwyn R. "Interactions of Beauveria bassiana with the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), and the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum L." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1123859637.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 126 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 96-107). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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RONDELLI, Vando Miossi. "Desempenho do fungo Beaveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. e do óleo de mamona para controle de Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera : Plitellidae)." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2010. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6034.
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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep.: Plutellidae) is considered the most important pest of brassicas productive systems. Due to the high use of pesticides for DBM control, alternative methods to be applied against DBM are necessary. The use of the enthomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. and vegetable oils present as promising alternatives to control DBM. Thus, 17 isolates of B. bassiana were studied aiming to select isolates to be used for DBM control. The commercial formulation Boveril® WP (isolate ESALQ-PL63) was also included in the bioassays. Among the evaluated isolates, the isolates CCA/UFES-4, 18, 31 e 35 were selected because they caused mortality confirmed for 2nd-instar larvae greater than 90%. The standard isolate ESALQ-447 and the commercial formulation (Boveril® WP) had similar results and were also selected. In addition, the isolates CCA/UFES-4, 18, 31, ESALQ-447 and Boveril® WP were considered efficient for DBM control based on the lethal concentrations LC50-values. The castor bean oil has its efficacy and stability evaluated, as its compatibility with B. bassiana upon P. xylostella as well. The castor bean oil 1-d old caused53.9% mortality for P. xylostella. The insecticidal activities, however, were unstable over timewhich requires further studies. The results also indicate compatibility between the oil of castor bean and B. bassiana.
A traça-das-crucíferas, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep.: Plutellidae) é considerada a principal praga no mundo nos sistemas produtivos de brássicas. Devido a grande utilização de agrotóxicos para o seu controle, métodos alternativos para o manejo dessa praga se fazem necessários, e o uso do fungo entomopatogênico Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. e óleo vegetal apresentam-se como alternativas. Desta forma, 17 isolados desse fungo foram estudados objetivando selecionar isolados para ser utilizado no controle da traça-das-crucíferas. O formulado comercial Boveril® PM (isolado ESALQ-PL63) também foi incluído nos bioensaios. Entre os isolados avaliados, os isolados CCA/UFES-4, 18, 31 e 35 foram selecionados por causarem mortalidade confirmada de larvas do segundo instar superior a 90%. O isolado padrão ESALQ-447 e o formulado comercial (Boveril® PM) tiveram resultados semelhantes e também foram selecionados. Adicionalmente, os isolados CCA/UFES-4, 18, 31, ESALQ-447 e o Boveril® PM foram considerados eficientes para o controle da traça-das-crucíferas, mediante os resultados das estimativas da CL50. O óleo de mamona foi avaliado quanto a sua eficiência e estabilidade, como também a sua compatibilidadecom B. bassiana sobre P. xylostella. O óleo de mamona com 1 dia proporcionou mortalidade de 53,9% para P. xylostella. As atividades inseticidas, no entanto, foram instáveis ao longo dotempo, sendo necessários estudos adicionais. Os resultados também indicam compatibilidade entre o óleo de mamona e B. bassiana.
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Rocha, Junior Valter Ferreira. "Eficiência de fungos entomopatogênicos no controle do percevejo-bronzeado-do-eucalipto (Thaumastocoris peregrinus) (Hemiptera: Thaumastocoridae) em condições de campo." Pós-Graduação em Agricultura e Biodiversidade, 2017. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/6769.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESBrazil is the world's leader in productivity of Eucalyptus plantations, with approximately 6 million hectares of planted area and optimistic expansion projections in the coming years. Native to Oceania, the species was introduced to Brazil, and its production has been supported by the development of silvicultural and breeding techniques and a wide genetic base for clonal production. However, poor phytosanitary measures have led to the occurrence of exotic pests, which are potentiated by the absence of specific natural enemies and plantation homogeneity. This fact increases the cost with forest protection and directly interferes with the country's competitiveness in foreign markets. Thaumastocoris peregrinus is a key-pest in Eucalyptus plantations,that occurs worldwide, being detected in Brazil in 2008. The pest feeds on the sap of leaves, resulting in chlorosis, followed by tanning; in severe infestations, the damage can lead to leaf abscission and plant death. Chemical control (Bifenthrin) is used in emergency cases. However, environmental certification systems do not recommend this practice due to the high toxicity to humans and the environment. Therefore, alternative control strategies have been studied, such as biological control, which is potentially less toxic and is in compliance with the social and environmental aspects of forest plantations, according to environmental certification systems. Microbial control has been extensively and successfully studied in the country, such as entomopathogenic fungi, and thus, this procedure has been considered as a potential alternative to combat Thaumastocoris peregrinus. The first pathogens associated with insects control can be found naturally or isolated, or can be massively produced and stored for use in the field. Due to the possibility of being isolated and massively produced, a market for entomopathogenic fungi has been created, which enabled the development of mycoinseticide products. The fungi Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Isaria fumosorosea and Beauveria brongniartii have been used in this industry. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of microbial control applied to T. Peregrinus in field conditions as a viable alternative to be inserted in the integrated management of this pest. The most effective treatment is the chemical control (Bifenthrin), followed by the biological control with I. fumosorosea, B. bassiana, and Metarril®. The entomopathogenic fungi I. fumosorosea and B. bassiana proved to be potential alternatives for biological control in the Integrated Management of T. peregrinus.
Líder mundial de produtividade em plantações de eucalipto, o Brasil possui, aproximadamente, 6 milhões de hectares com a cultura e tem otimistas projeções de expansão do setor nos próximos anos. Com sua origem na Oceania, o eucalipto foi introduzido no Brasil e alicerçado em técnicas silviculturais e de melhoramento. Com isso, o país desenvolveu a eucaliptocultura e uma ampla base genética para a produção clonal. No entanto, falhas em fronteiras fitossanitárias possibilitam a introdução de pragas exóticas potencializadas pela ausência de inimigos naturais específicos e pela homogeneidade das plantações. Como consequência, os custos com a proteção florestal são elevados e interferem diretamente na competitividade do país no mercado externo. Presente em todo o mundo e detectado no Brasil em 2008, o Thaumastocoris peregrinus é praga-chave na eucaliptocultura. Esta praga dispersou-se para todo o país associado à cultura do eucalipto que ao utilizar a sua seiva na alimentação, provoca danos que levam a clorose, seguida de bronzeamento e, em infestações severas, pode levar a absição da folha e morte da planta. Emergencialmente, utiliza-se o controle químico com Bifentrina, no entanto, não é recomendado devido à alta toxidade ao homem e ao meio ambiente e não sugerido por sistemas de certificação ambiental. Assim, estratégias de controle alternativos vêm sendo estudadas, como o controle biológico, potencialmente menos tóxico, que atestam os aspectos sócio-ambientais das plantações florestais para tais sistemas de certificação. Com uma ampla gama de estudos e casos de sucesso no país, o controle microbiano, integrante do controle biológico, é visto como uma alternativa potencial; em destaque está o uso de fungos entomopatogênicos. Os primeiros patógenos associados ao controle de insetos podem ser encontrados naturalmente, reisolados, produzidos massalmente e armazenados para a utilização em campo. Concebendo a criação de um mercado para tal, os fungos entomopatogênicos possibilitaram a criação de produtos micoinseticidas Entre os fungos mais utilizados destacam-se o Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Isaria fumosorosea e Beauveria brongniartii. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a eficiência do controle microbiano do T. peregrinus em condições de campo, a fim de obter uma alternativa viável a ser inserida do Manejo Integrado do T. peregrinus. O tratamento mais eficiente foi com o controle químico (Bifentrina), seguido dos controles biológicos com I. fumosorosea, B. bassiana e Metarril®. Sendo assim, os fungos entomopatogênicos I. fumosorosea e B. bassiana são alternativas potenciais para a inserção do controle biológico no Manejo Integrado do T. peregrinus.
São Cristóvão, SE
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ARAÚJO, Whakamys Lourenço de. "Toxicidade de neonicotinóides sobre abelhas (Apis mellifera)." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2015. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/726.
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Capes
O cultivo do meloeiro (Cucumis melo L.) é de grande importância para a economia brasileira. Seu cultivo tem demonstrado significativa expansão nas duas últimas décadas, especialmente nas regiões Semiáridas do Nordeste. Apesar dos fatores favoráveis à produtividade do meloeiro, vale salientar fatores limitantes, destacando-se os danos ocasionados por pragas que destroem o cultivo e, consequentemente, diminuindo a colheita, obrigando que medidas de controle sejam adotadas. Entres estas, estão aplicações de inseticidas químicos, entre eles os neonicotinoides. Estudos têm demonstrado os danos colaterais destes inseticidas a insetos benéficos como abelhas, que por sua vez são de fundamental importância para a polinização de 90% das angiospermas, principalmente para o melão. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a toxicidade de neonicotinoides empregados para o controle de pragas na cultura do meloeiro à abelhas A. mellifera Linnaeus. Os bioensaios foram realizados em laboratório, sendo tomadas medidas repetidas no tempo de mortalidade para os produtos comerciais Actara 250 WG (tiametoxam), Evidence 700 WG (imidacloprid), Mospilan (acetamipride) e Orfeu (acetamipride). A exposição das abelhas aos compostos foi realizada por meio de pulverização e ingestão de alimento contaminado com as maiores e menores doses recomendadas pelos fabricantes. Independente do modo de exposição, tiametoxam, imidaclopride e acetamipride (duas formulações) foram tóxicos, diminuindo o tempo de vida útil das abelhas em até 1, 2, 11 e 11 dias, respectivamente, quando comparados com a testemunha, que por sua vez sobreviveram 18 dias, em média. O inseticida tiametoxam foi extremamente tóxico quando pulverizado sobre as abelhas, bem como quando contaminante da dieta ingerida. O imidaclopride também apresentou toxicidade em ambos os experimentos, sendo depois do tiametoxam o mais tóxicos. O inseticida acetamipride apresentou toxicidade, porém não tão alta, quanto às observadas com o tiametoxam e o imidaclopride.
The cultivation of melon (Cucumis melo L.) is of great importance for the Brazilian economy, especially in semiarid regions of the Northeast. Despite the favorable factors to the yield of melon other limiting factors have been highlighted as the damage caused by pests, which undertake to harvest, requiring that control measures are adopted. Among these are applications of chemical insecticides, including the neonicotinoids. Studies have shown the collateral damage of these insecticides to beneficial insects like bees, important pollinators of 90% of angiosperms, mainly to melon. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of neonicotinoids used for pest control in the melon crop to Linnaeus honeybees. Bioassays were performed in the laboratory, being taken repeated measures in time to mortality commercial products Actara 250 WG (thiamethoxam), Evidence 700 WG (imidacloprid), Mospilan (acetamiprid) and Orpheus (acetamiprid) (two formulations). The exposure of bees to the compounds was performed by spraying and ingestion of food contaminated with higher and lower doses recommended by the manufacturers. Regardless of the exposure mode, all insecticides were toxic, reducing the useful life of bees within 1, 2 and 11 days, respectively, compared with the control (distilled water + pure candy), which survived 18 days, average . The insecticide thiamethoxam in both experiments and doses, was extremely toxic; as well as Imidacloprid, the second most toxic. The Acetamiprid insecticide, in both formulations showed toxicity, but not so high as those observed with other insecticides in the study.
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Carrington, Terry R. "Factors influencing habitat selection and activity of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in central Appalachia Part I : The influence of soil and soil surface characteristics on habitat selection by Carabidae ; Part II : Precipitation and temperature fluctuations : effects on Carabidae activity ; Part III : The effects of two microbial insecticides for gypsy moth control on Carabidae populations /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2368.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 114 p. : ill., maps. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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PESSOA, Elvira Bezerra. "Prospecção fitoquímica e bioatividade de extratos seco e hidroalcoólico de três espécies vegetais da caatinga paraibana no controle do zabrotes subfasciatus em sementes de feijão." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2012. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/1008.
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Dentre as pragas que atacam as sementes de feijão durante o armazenamento, destaca-se o Zabrotes subfasciatus (gorgulho-do-feijão) por reduzir a qualidade e o valor nutricional das sementes. A redução da qualidade dos grãos/sementes durante o armazenamento está associada, principalmente, ao grau de infestação e às condições ambientais cm que se encontra a massa de feijão. Assim, buscou-se com este trabalho produzir e avaliar o potencial de extratos vegetais de Aspidosperma pyrifolium (pereiro), Anadenanthera colubrina (angico) e Licania rígida (oiticica) no controle do Zabrotes subjàsciatus, bem como avaliar a qualidade física e fisiológica das sementes de feijão Phaseolus tratadas com extratos, obtidos da folha c da casca dessas espécies, durante 180 dias acondicionadas em embalagens do tipo pet em ambiente não controlado de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar. O trabalho foi realizado cm quatro experimentos, onde no primeiro foram produzidos os extratos e realizados a bbatividade inseticida dos extratos vegetais hidroalcoolico e seco, cm que o extrato pereiro casca a partir da dose de 3 ml, foi 100% eficiente em matar o Zabrotes subfasciatus e, nas doses de 4 e 5 ml a mortalidade de 100% deu-se para todos os extratos. No segundo experimento se estudou a repelência/atralividade e mortalidade do Zabrotes subfasciatus pelos extratos pós das mesmas plantas, tendo-sc observado que o número de insetos adultos repelidos pelos extratos pós tbi maior com o extrato oiticica casca, seguido dos demais (pereiro casca, angico casca, pereiro folha e angico folha) que estatisticamente se igualaram e, o menor número de insetos repelidos deu-se com o extrato oiticica folha, ocorrendo o contrário com a atratividade. Os bioensaios para prospecção lltoquímica dos extratos vegetais obtidos das folhas e das cascas dessas espécies, correspondeu ao terceiro experimento, em que os extratos de pereiro revelaram os mais elevados índices de compostos secundários (alcalóides, esteróides, taninos, flavonóides e saponinas) seguidos de angico e oiticica e, no quarto experimento os extratos botânicos foram utilizados no controle deste inseto praga durante o armazenamento, onde constatou-se atividade inseticida no controle do Zabrotes subfasciatus, matando-os e/ou inibindo o seu desenvolvimento. No tratamento das sementes de feijão Phaseolus, a dose de 3 ml tbi a de melhor controle com melhor resultados para os extratos oiticica folha c pereiro casca. Os procedimentos adotados no tratamento das sementes com os extratos das espécies vegetais demonstraram eficiência na manutenção da viabilidade não afetando a germinação durante os 180 dias do armazenamento.
Among the pests that attack bean seeds during storage, we highlight the 'Zabrotes subfasciatus (bean weevil) by reducing the quality and nutritional value of seeds. lhe reduction of the quality of grains / seeds during storage is mainly associated with the degree of infestai ion and environmental conditions in which it is the mass of beans. Thus. we attempted to produce this work and assess the potential of plant extracts of Aspidosperma pyrifolium (pereiro), Anadenanthera colubrína (angico) and Licania rígida (oiticica) of Zabrotes subfasciatus in control and evaluate the physical and physiological quality of seeds Phaseolus beans treated with extracts obtained from leaves and bark of these species, 180 days packed in like pet under uncontrolled temperature and relative humidity. The study was conducted in four experimenls. where the first extracts werc produccd and performed the bioactivky of insecticide hydroalcoholic plant extracts and dry in the extract from the bark pereiro dose of 3 ml. was 100% effective in killing the Zabrotes subfasciatus and, in doses of 4 and 5 ml 100% mortaliiy are given for ali the extracts. In the second experiment we studied the rcpcllcncy / attractiveness and mortality of Zabrotes subfasciatus post by extracts of these plants and has been observed that the number of adult inseets repelled by the extracts was higher with post myrtle bark extract, followcd by the others (pereiro shcll angico bark, leaf and angico pereiro sheet) that are staiisticaily similar, and the fewer inseets gave repelled with myrtle leaf extract. but the contrary to the attractiveness. The bioassays for phytochemical screening of plant extracts obtained from leaves and bark of these species corresponded to the third experiment, in which extracts pereiro revcaled the highest leveis of secondary compounds (alkaioids, steroids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins) followed by mimosa and myrtle. and lhe fourth experiment, the botanical extracts were used to control this insect pest during storage, where it was found in control insccticidal activity of Zabrotes subfasciatus, killing them and / or inhibiting its development. In the treatment of seeds o f Phaseolus beans, the dose of 3 ml was the best results for better control extracts oiticica, pereiro sheet and the shell. The procedures used in seed treatment with the extracts of plant species were efficient in maintaining the viability did not affect germination during 180 days of storage.
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Du, Rand Nicolette. "Isolation of entomopathogenic gram positive spore forming bacteria effective against coleoptera." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/1235.
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Fourteen spore-forming bacterial strains were isolated and screened for entomopathogenic activity. Five displayed toxicity towards the common mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L., (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). The majority of the isolates were obtained from insect larvae and insect rich environments. The three bacterial species identified were Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, Brevibacillus laterosporus Laubach and Bacillus cereus Frankland and Frankland. Bioassays were conducted using T. molitor larvae. The one isolate of B. cereus required the highest concentration of bacterial cells to achieve its LC50, whereas one of the isolates of B. laterosporus required the lowest cell concentration to achieve its LC50. Dose response curves were generated for the five best isolates, which showed that the isolate of B. laterosporus (NDR2) was substantially more toxic than the other isolates.Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.
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Reeh, Kevin. "Commercial Bumble Bees as Vectors of the Microbial Antagonist Clonostachys rosea for Management of Botrytis Blight in Wild Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium)." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/15008.
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Greenhouse and laboratory experiments in 2011 determined that Clonostachys rosea can effectively prevent Botrytis cinerea infection in Vaccinium angustifolium blossoms. In vitro testing demonstrated that C. rosea germination was not significantly affected by the presence of Switch®, but was by either Pristine® or Maestro®. Field experiments completed during the summer of 2010 and 2011 indicated that the dispenser designs tested had no significant effects on Bombus impatiens foraging behaviours, aside from hive-activity. There was also no difference in the quantity of C. rosea applied by each to bees, the distribution of product in the field, or for blossoms exposed to bees from each dispenser to resist infection by B. cinerea. However, B. cinerea prevalence in blossoms from both treatments was significantly different from the control, with infection reduced by 10-20%. Technical issues with dispensers currently appear to be the limiting factor for application within commercial wild blueberry production.