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Journal articles on the topic 'Microbial load'
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MARRIOTT, N. G., W. F. COLLINS, and J. W. BOLING. "MICROBIAL LOAD OF BEVERAGE GLASSES." Journal of Food Quality 9, no. 2 (1986): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4557.1986.tb00781.x.
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Li, Zonggang, Chang Liu, Dongyan Shao, et al. "Low-Concentration Hypochlorous Acid Drinking Water Alleviates Broiler Gut Microbial Load While Preserving Overall Growth Performance." Toxics 13, no. 1 (2025): 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13010048.
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Hypochlorous acid has been attempted as an additive to animal drinking water in practical animal farming processes for water microbial quality control. Despite its potential, there is still a knowledge gap concerning the effects of hypochlorous acid on both poultry growth performance and gut microbial load. To address this gap, an animal study was conducted using flow cytometry to quantify the age-related microbial load in broiler manure and gut contents. We observed that the effect on growth performance was sustained only during the starter phase, with no significant impact throughout the entire production cycle. The treatment could reduce the microbial load of both fresh broiler manure and cecal contents. Despite this convergence in the duodenum, significant differences in microbial loads between the control and treatment groups persisted in the manure and cecal contents throughout the later stages. Our findings demonstrate that consuming low-concentration hypochlorous acid water over the long term can lower the microbial load in the broiler gut throughout the entire growth cycle without impacting overall growth performance. Future research on drinking or feed additives should incorporate microbial absolute quantification methods to achieve a more precise assessment of microbiota.
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Zabala, Sonsoles Mercedes, Consuelo Serres, Natalia Montero, et al. "Innovative Approaches to Avoid Antibiotic Use in Equine Semen Cryopreservation: Advancing Sustainable Reproductive Technologies." Animals 15, no. 10 (2025): 1368. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15101368.
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This study evaluated the impact of different processing techniques on microbial load and sperm quality in frozen–thawed equine semen to identify alternatives to reduce the preventive use of antibiotics. Semen was obtained and processed under rigorous hygiene measures from ten stallions, using four protocols: Simple Centrifugation with antibiotics (S+) and Simple Centrifugation (S−), Filtration (F−) and Single-Layer Colloidal Centrifugation (C−) in an antibiotic-free extender. Microbial load in different culture media, sperm viability and motility were assessed. Microbial load results were consistent across protocols, except in Columbia 5% Sheep Blood Agar media, where S− exhibited higher microbial load than S+ (p < 0.05). However, F− and C− showed similar microbial loads to S+. No significant differences were observed in progressive motility, average path velocity, straight-line velocity or wobble parameters between protocols. Total motility and viability were significantly higher in S+ compared to other treatments (p < 0.05). Thus, regardless of antibiotics, the proposed methods achieved results similar to the traditional antibiotic-inclusive protocol in terms of microbial load and the most relevant semen quality parameters. These findings suggest that the use of F− and C−, combined with optimized hygiene measures, offers an effective alternative to reduce the prophylactic use of antibiotics in semen extenders.
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Taaffe, Kevin, Brandon Lee, Yann Ferrand, et al. "The Influence of Traffic, Area Location, and Other Factors on Operating Room Microbial Load." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 39, no. 4 (2018): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2017.323.
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OBJECTIVETo determine how the movement of patients, equipment, materials, staff, and door openings within the operating room (OR) affect microbial loads at various locations within the OR.DESIGNObservation and sampling study.SETTINGAcademic health center, public hospital.METHODSWe first analyzed 27 videotaped procedures to determine the areas in the OR with high and low numbers of people in transit. We then placed air samplers and settle plates in representative locations during 21 procedures in 4 different ORs during 2 different seasons of the year to measure microbial load in colony-forming units (CFU). The temperature and humidity, number of door openings, physical movement, and the number of people in the OR were measured for each procedure. Statistical analysis was conducted using hierarchical regression.RESULTSThe microbial load was affected by the time of year that the samples were taken. Both microbial load measured by the air samplers and by settle plates in 1 area of the OR was correlated with the physical movement of people in the same area but not with the number of door openings and the number of people in the OR.CONCLUSIONSMovement in the OR is correlated with the microbial load. Establishing operational guidelines or developing OR layouts that focus on minimizing movement by incorporating desirable internal storage points and workstations can potentially reduce microbial load, thereby potentially reducing surgical site infection risk.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;39:391–397
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Lee, Hai, Shih Loong, Jing Khoo, et al. "Impact of Hygiene Intervention Practices on Microbial Load in Raw Milk." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 11, no. 3 (2017): 1281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.11.3.07.
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Nnanwube, Ikechukwu, and Mabel Keke. "Conservation of Palm Wine Using Ultraviolet Radiation." Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic and Practice Studies 2, no. 1 (2024): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35912/jomaps.v2i1.1795.
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Purpose
 This study investigated the conservation of palm wine using ultraviolet radiation.
 Research Methodology
 The palm wine was conserved by sterilization with ultraviolet rays sterilizer. The time of contact of the rays and the intensity of the rays with palm wine was varied. The microorganisms considered include mould, yeast and bacteria.
 Results
 Results obtained shows that the microbial load of sterilized palm wine decreased with time of contact with rays. The microbial loads of the wine before and after sterilization were determined. More so, the microbial load further decreased during storage of sterilized samples. In fact, sterilization time of 240 seconds (4 minutes) reduced the mould and yeast from to and then to zero after 10 days of preservation.
 Limitation
 This research did not consider the effect of stirring on the microbial load reduction.
 Contribution
 This research has established an ideal sterilization time of 240 seconds (4 minutes) for palm wine sterilization.
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Zabala, Sonsoles Mercedes, Consuelo Serres, Natalia Montero, et al. "Strategies to Reduce the Use of Antibiotics in Fresh and Chilled Equine Semen." Animals 14, no. 2 (2024): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14020179.
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The study assessed the impact of four equine semen processing techniques on sperm quality and microbial load immediately post-processing and after 48 h of refrigeration. The aim was to explore the potential reduction of prophylactic antibiotic usage in semen extenders. Semen from ten adult stallions was collected and processed under a strict hygiene protocol and divided into four aliquots: Simple Centrifugation with antibiotics (SC+), Simple Centrifugation (SC−), Single-Layer Colloidal Centrifugation (CC−), and Filtration (with SpermFilter®) (F−), all in extenders without antibiotics. Sperm motility, viability, and microbial load on three culture media were assessed. No significant differences were observed in the main in the sperm quality parameters among the four protocols post-processing and at 48 h (p < 0.05 or p < 0.1). Microbial loads in Columbia 5% Sheep Blood Agar and Schaedler vitamin K1 5% Sheep Blood Agar mediums were significantly higher (p < 0.10) for raw semen than for CS+, CC−, and F− post-processing. For Sabouraud Dextrose Agar medium, the microbial load was significantly higher (p < 0.10) in raw semen compared to CS+ and F−. No significant differences (p < 0.10) were found in 48 h chilled samples. Regardless of antibiotic presence, the evaluated processing methods, when combined with rigorous hygiene measures, maintained semen quality and reduced microbial load to the same extent as a traditional protocol using antibiotics.
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Jimoh, WA, MO Oladele-Bukola, MD Adebayo, AA Yusuff, FA Azeez, and OO Salami. "Microbial flora of the gastro-intestinal tract of Clarias gariepinus caught from river Dandaru Ibadan, Nigeria." Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences 12, no. 2 (2014): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v12i2.4.
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The study reports the microbial load and diversity in the gastro-intestinal tract of Clarias gariepinus caught in River Dandaru, Ibadan. A set of adult samples of Clarias gariepinus was caught from the river Dandaru, Ibadan. Determination of microbial loads and characterization of microorganisms present in the gut region of the captured Clarias gariepinus were carried out using standard microbiological procedures. The fungi isolated were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium atrovenetum and Penicillium expansum while the bacteria isolated were Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus alvei, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Bacillus megaterium, Flavobacterium rigense and Enterobacter aerogenes. The microbial counts were; total plate count 6.5 x 105 CFUs/g, total coliform count 1.9 x104 CFUs/g, total anaerobic count 4.2 x 102 CFUs/g, total faecal coliform count was 2.2 x 103 CFU/ml, total fungi count 3.0 x 103 spore/g.Keywords: Microbial Load,Catfish gut, Microbial diversity, River Dandaru
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Yakutin, Mikhail V., and Vladislav S. Andrievskii. "The influence of grazing load of different intensity on the state of zoo-microbial complex in the soils of Tuva dry steppes." BIO Web of Conferences 160 (2025): 01036. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202516001036.
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The paper presents the results of a study of the features of the transformation of various components of the zoo-microbial complex during long-term use of the steppe ecosystem as a pasture under a strong load compared to pasture areas under a weak load. It was revealed that various components of the zoo-microbial complex are characterized by fundamentally different reactions to such a widespread anthropogenic factor in the steppe zone as grazing load. It was determined that when the constant grazing load changes from weak to strong, a reliable increase in the C-biomass of microorganisms occurs. It was found that areas of dry steppe that have been under a weak grazing load for a long time are characterized by significantly higher quantitative indicators of oribatid mite communities, such as species richness and total abundance, compared to an area of the dry steppe ecosystem that has been under a strong grazing load for a long time. As a result of the conducted acarological analysis, the statement is substantiated that under a weak but stable load, the oribatid communities have a moderately high number, while under a strong grazing load, the oribatid community is in a depressed state. The conclusion is presented that the indicators of soil microbial biomass, number and species richness of oribatid mites can be successfully used in the practice of environmental monitoring of steppe ecosystems under varying grazing loads.
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Dreikausen, Lena, Bernd Blender, Milena Trifunovic-Koenig, et al. "Analysis of microbial contamination during use and reprocessing of surgical instruments and sterile packaging systems." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (2023): e0280595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280595.
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A surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common surgical complications. This study analyzed different sources of microorganisms in the air, on reusable surgical instruments, and the outer surface of sterile packaging systems during the use and reprocessing of sterile goods (from the operating room (OR) to the Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD)). The microbial load in the air was analyzed via active air sampling and settle plates. Furthermore, the airborne particle load was measured by a particle counter. Contact agar plates were used to determine the microbial load on surgical instruments and sterile packaging systems. The highest average microbial and particle load was measured in the air of the OR (active air sampling: max. 56 CFU/m3; settle plates: max. 9 CFU; ≥0.3 μm particles in size: 1,958,403 no./m3). However, no microbial load (0 CFU) was detected on surgical instruments sampled in the OR. The outer surface of stored sterile packaging systems showed a maximal microbial load of 64 CFU. The most common identified pathogen was coagulase-negative staphylococci. Compared to properly reprocessed reusable surgical instruments and sterile packaging systems, the air still seems to be the primary potential source of microbial contamination, especially within the OR.
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Pöllinger-Zierler, Barbara, Andrea Lienhard, Chiara Mayer, et al. "Tenebrio molitor (Linnaeus, 1758): Microbiological Screening of Feed for a Safe Food Choice." Foods 12, no. 11 (2023): 2139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12112139.
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As a result of the increasing focus on alternative protein sources which are ideally still sustainable, the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, has come into focus. To verify its suitability as a food source in relation to human health, an analysis of the microbiome of larvae of T. molitor is pertinent. Subsequently, the focus of this study was, on the one hand, to analyze the influence of the substrate on the microbial load of the larvae microbiome, and, on the other hand, to determine which processing methods ensure the risk-free consumption of mealworms. For this purpose, mealworms were grown on 10 different substrates derived from by-products of food production (malt residual pellets, corn germ meal, chestnut breakage and meal, wheat bran, bread remains, draff, nettle, hemp seed oil cake, oyster mushrooms with coffee grounds, pumpkin seed oil cake) and microbial loads were analyzed using different selective media. Further starvation/defecation and heating (850 W for 10 min) methods were used to investigate how the reduction of microorganisms is enabled by these methods. The results showed that there was no significant relationship between the microbial load of the substrate and the mealworm. Starvation and defecation led to a lower stock of microorganisms. Heating led to a significant microbial reduction in non-defecated mealworms. The group of defecated and heated mealworms showed no detectable microbial load. In conclusion, firstly, the choice of substrate showed no effect on the microbial load of larvae of Tenebrio molitor and secondly, heating and starvation allow risk-free consumption. This study makes an important contribution for evaluating the safety of mealworms as a sustainable protein source in human nutrition.
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Sivakumar, Prema, and Muralidharan. "Demonstration of microbial load in coffee powders." International Journal of Current Advanced Research 6, no. 4 (2017): 3048–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijcar.2017.3050.0177.
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Negri de Sousa, Ana Claudia, Vanessa Aparecida Vilas Boas, Carlos Emilio Levy, and Maria Isabel Pedreira de Freitas. "Laryngoscopes: Evaluation of microbial load of blades." American Journal of Infection Control 44, no. 3 (2016): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2015.10.014.
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PATGIRI, G. P., and A. K. ARORA. "Technical note: Microbial load in blood meals*." International Journal of Food Science & Technology 13, no. 5 (2007): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1978.tb00828.x.
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Lazutin, Nikolay, Lyudmila Zaynitdinova, Rokhila Juraeva, and Rustambek Ergashev. "Microbial Diversity of Soils under Anthropogenic Load." Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology 24, no. 5 (2025): 349–55. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajee/2025/v24i5716.
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Anthropogenic impacts have complex effects on microbial communities in urban soils. These changes can impact key ecosystem functions such as carbon cycling, biodegradation, and the maintenance of ecosystem health. Monitoring and assessing anthropogenic effects, as well as preserving soil biodiversity in urbanized areas, are important tasks to ensure the sustainability of the urban ecosystem in the future. Given the increasing urbanization and ecosystem changes, research in this area is becoming increasingly relevant. The taxonomic structure of microorganisms in the urban soils of a metropolis has been determined. It has been established that soil microbiocenoses directly depend on the degree of anthropogenic load. Thus, a decrease in the total microbial count was noted in samples with a low organic matter content - locations near busy highways, while park areas have a higher concentration and a wider variety of different groups of microorganisms. It was shown that the intensity of basal soil respiration is directly proportional to the number of viable microbial cells detected.
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Sreenivasan, PK, VI Haraszthy, and JJ Zambon. "The effect of a microbead dentifrice on microbial load in oral microenvironments." International Journal of Dental Hygiene 9, no. 2 (2011): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5037.2010.00465.x.
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VALI ASILL, Razieh, Majid AZIZI, Maasome BAHREINI, and Hossein AROUIEE. "The Investigation of Decontamination Effects of Ozone Gas on Microbial Load and Essential Oil of Several Medicinal Plants." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 5, no. 1 (2013): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb518297.
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Today, Ozone as a disinfectant method, without putting on the harmful effects on human and plant products, it is alternative common methods for disinfection of plant material. The research as a factorial experiment was conducted on the basis of randomized complete block design with three replications and the effects of Ozone gas on decreasing the microbial load of some important medicinal plants include: Peppermint (Mentha piperita), Summer savory (Satureja hortensis), Indian valerian(Valeriana wallichii), Meliss (Melissa officinalis) and Iranian thyme (Zataria multiflora) were investigated. Medicinal plants leaves were treated with Ozone gas concentration 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 ml/L at times of 10 and 30 then total count, coliform and mold and yeast of the samples were studied. The result showed that Ozone gas decreases microbial load of medicinal plants samples. But Ozone gas and Ozone gas in medicinal plants interaction effect had no effect on essential oil content. The lowest and the highest of microbial load were detected in samples treated with concentration of 0.9 ml/L of Ozone gas and control respectively. The highest and the lowest of microbial load were observed in Iranian thyme and Indian valerian respectively. Also result showed that Ozone gas treatment for 30 min had the greatest of effect in reducing the microbial load and 0.9 ml/L Ozone gas concentration had the lowest of microbial load. Results of this survey reflect that the use of Ozone as a method of disinfection for medicinal plants is a decontamination.
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AL-Hubaety, Arif Kassim, and Rimon Waadullah Mate. "Microbial Load in Fore-milk and Total Milk of Iraqi Local Goat Breed." Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A 16, special (2013): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10329.
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BELOUS, MADALINA, MARIN MIHAIU, SORIN DAN, and ALEXANDRA TABARAN. "ASSESSMENT OF THE SPOILAGE MICROFLORA IN SWINE AND BROILER CARCASSES." Scientific Papers Journal VETERINARY SERIES 66, no. 1 (2023): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.61900/spjvs.2023.01.06.
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"The microbial load is of major importance in terms of the quality, sanity, and freshness of the meat. The aim of our study was to perform a microbial risk assessment at warm and chilled swine and broilers carcasses represented by the psychrotrophic bacteria. The research material was represented by swine and broiler carcasses collected in past years. The results showed a variation in swine and broilers microbiological carcasses. The point of interest was based on the microorganisms presented in both species. Microbial load from the surface of carcasses is significantly influenced by the temperature in the chilling room of the slaughterhouse, if the temperature is inadequate, the microbial load is significantly higher."
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Contoli, Marco, Alessia Pauletti, Maria Rita Rossi, et al. "Long-term effects of inhaled corticosteroids on sputum bacterial and viral loads in COPD." European Respiratory Journal 50, no. 4 (2017): 1700451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00451-2017.
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Inhaled corticosteroid-containing medications reduce the frequency of COPD exacerbations (mainly infectious in origin) while paradoxically increasing the risk of other respiratory infections.The aim was to determine the effects of inhaled corticosteroids on airway microbial load in COPD patients and evaluate the influence of the underlying inflammatory profile on airway colonisation and microbiome.This is a proof-of-concept prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded endpoint study. Sixty patients with stable moderate COPD were randomised to receive one inhalation twice daily of either a combination of salmeterol 50 μg plus fluticasone propionate 500 μg or salmeterol 50 μg for 12 months. The primary outcome was the change of sputum bacterial loads over the course of treatment.Compared with salmeterol, 1-year treatment with salmeterol plus fluticasone was associated with a significant increase in sputum bacterial load (p=0.005), modification of sputum microbial composition and increased airway load of potentially pathogenic bacteria. The increased bacterial load was observed only in inhaled corticosteroid-treated patients with lower baseline sputum or blood eosinophil (≤2%) levels but not in patients with higher baseline eosinophils.Long-term inhaled corticosteroid treatment affects bacterial load in stable COPD. Lower eosinophil counts are associated with increased airway bacterial load.
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Rajah, Amina Suleiman, Umar Yunusa, Tashi, F. T., Tukuntawa, A. S., and Abdullahi, S. O. "The Effectiveness of Different Cleaning Methods on the Microbial Load of Reusable Menstrual Pads." UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR) 9, no. 2 (2024): 218–25. https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2492.024.
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Study’s Excerpt:• This study evaluates microbial load on reusable menstrual pads cleaned differently.• Bacterial and fungal growth were assessed using microbiological analysis.• Nutrient agar, chocolate agar, and Sabouraud dextrose agar were used.• Pads cleaned with detergent, disinfectant, and ironing had low microbial contamination.• Pads washed with only water had a significantly higher microbial load.Full Abstract:Menstrual pads are essential hygiene products used to manage menstrual flow, ensuring comfort and dignity for menstruating individuals. Reusable menstrual pads are re-gaining popularity as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to disposable ones. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of various cleaning methods in reducing the microbial load of reusable menstrual pads. A total of 26 samples from reusable menstrual pads were collected. The participants were directed to follow specific washing protocols as highlighted in recommendations by UNICEF (washing with water only, detergent only, bar soap only, detergent and disinfectant and detergent, disinfectant, and ironing). Samples (used reusable menstrual pads) were retrieved from participants to analyze any microbial presence on the pads themselves. Microbiological analysis was conducted to assess microbial growth on nutrient agar, chocolate agar, and Sabouraud dextrose agar. Results obtained showed low microbial load in 53.8% of the samples analyzed. All reusable menstrual pads (RMPs) washed with water only (5) were positive for bacterial culture with a count of > 100cfu/ml. Those washed with Viva detergent and May bar soap revealed a microbial count of 50-100cfu/ml. RMPs washed with Viva detergent and Dettol disinfectant, dried, and then ironed showed no significant growth or very low microbial counts compared to other cleaning methods (p-values: mesophilic bacteria, p = 0.009; molds, p = 0.009; anaerobic bacteria, p = 0.026; and Staphylococcus spp., p = 0.001). The predominant isolates are Staphylococcus species (26.9%), Lactobacillus species (26.9%), Candida species (19.2%), and Fusobacterium nucleatum (23%). The study revealed that reusable menstrual pads cleaned with water only had the highest microbial loads, while those cleaned with a combination of detergent, disinfectant, and ironing showed minimal to no microbial contamination, demonstrating this method as the most effective for ensuring hygiene and safety.
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Kiewhuo, P., N. Trivedi, L. Mozhui, M. K. Dhillon, and L. N. Kakati. "Quantitative characterization of microbial load in wild-harvested edible insects of Nagaland, India." Journal of Environmental Biology 44, no. 4 (2023): 587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/44/4/mrn-5097.
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Aim: To analyze the microbial load in raw and roasted insects in an attempt to determine the efficiency of heat treatment in removing the microbial load. Methodology: Fresh as well as roasted (over low flame for 15 min) insect samples were used to determine the microbial contaminants. Crushed insect samples were suspended in sterile half-strength nutrient broth solution and were further serially diluted 10-fold (up to 10-10) in isotonic half-strength nutrient broth solution. The total number of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms were determined on plate count agar and expressed as log Cfu g-1. Results: Differences in the number of microbial colonies were observed in fresh and roasted samples. The microbial load ranged from 6.30-8.75 log Cfu g-1 and showed that the highest microbial colonies were present in the fresh samples. The average log Cfu g-1 in fresh insect samples (7.57±0.87) was significantly higher (P<0.05) as compared to roasted samples (7.07±0.76). Interpretation: Edible insects require proper processing before consumption to reduce microbial contamination and further study is needed to identify specific microbes/food pathogens to develop microbial quality and parameters to ensure consumer safety. Key words: Alternative food, Edible insects, Food safety, Microbial contaminants, Traditional foods
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Vieira, Cristina Dutra, Thaysa Leite Tagliaferri, Maria Auxiliadora Roque de Carvalho, et al. "Knowledge, behaviour and microbial load of workers handling dental solid waste in a public health service in Brazil." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 35, no. 6 (2017): 680–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x17704714.
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Healthcare wastes are those generated inside healthcare services, including dental clinics. Workers coming into close proximity to hazardous healthcare waste are potentially at risk. In an attempt to assess the knowledge and attitudes of workers dealing with infectious waste, a questionnaire was administered. The biological risk was investigated by evaluating the microbial load and screening some clinically relevant micro-organisms in the nasal mucosa, hands and coats of these workers. The results showed that 66.6% of the study population had incomplete primary education. Only two workers have had their blood tested to confirm anti-HBs levels. Microbial load evaluation on hand surfaces of morning workers showed statistically significant lower microbial loads after the workday when compared with the beginning of the work period. It is important to highlight that some clinically relevant bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from worker’s hands. This study revealed the need for more training programmes regarding awareness of safe waste disposal protocols and also the necessity of discussing vaccination and its implications. Data regarding microbial loads of the worker’s hands, mostly at the beginning of the workday when handwashing is recommended worldwide, emphasise that hygiene measures should receive more attention during training exercises.
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Kubrat, A. Oyinlola, E. Ogunleye Gbemisola, I. Balogun Augustina, and Ayo-Abimbola K.I. "Efficacy of vinegar as a disinfectant on the microbial quality of Lactuca sativa L." African Journal of Biological Sciences 4, no. 3 (2022): 116–23. https://doi.org/10.33472/AFJBS.4.3.2022.116-123.
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Vegetables are widely exposed to microbial contamination, thus, harbor diverse microorganisms which may lead to infection outbreak. Microbial load on lettuce was estimated in this study, with vinegar, as a disinfecting agent. Randomly purchased samples were analyzed using standard microbiological methods to estimate microbial load in relation to disinfectant concentration and exposure time. Microbial load of samples rinsed with sterile distilled (control experiment) and tap water were 3.8 × 10<sup>6</sup>CFU/g and 4.0 × 10<sup>6</sup> CFU/g, while those rinsed with vinegar ranged from 1.0 × 10<sup>5</sup> CFU/g to 2.7 × 10<sup>6</sup> CFU/g. Upon subjection to different exposure times (0, 5, 10 min) and vinegar concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%), gradual reduction in microbial load was observed from 2.9 × 10<sup>7</sup> CFU/g, when rinsed with 0.5% vinegar to 1.0 × 10<sup>6</sup> CFU/g with 2.0% vinegar at initial time (0 min), at 5 min exposure, microbial load reduced from 1.9 × 10<sup>7</sup> CFU/g at 1.0% concentration to 3.0 × 10<sup>5</sup> CFU/g with 2.0% vinegar concentration, while the exposure of lettuce to 2.0% vinegar concentration for 10 min, showed no observable microbial growth. Lettuce samples analyzed were heavily contaminated with microorganisms, however, 2% vinegar at 10 min exposure time, was most effective at eliminating microbes. Healthy-looking vegetables may possibly harbor microorganisms, as such, good sanitary measures should be adopted before consumption.
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Newman, Kira L., Faith E. Bartz, Lynette Johnston, Christine L. Moe, Lee-Ann Jaykus, and Juan S. Leon. "Microbial Load of Fresh Produce and Paired Equipment Surfaces in Packing Facilities Near the U.S. and Mexico Border." Journal of Food Protection 80, no. 4 (2017): 582–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-365.
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ABSTRACT Several produce-associated outbreaks have been linked to the packing facility. Equipment surfaces may be an important source of contamination. The goal was to assess whether the microbial load of packing facility surfaces is associated with the microbial load of produce. From November 2000 to December 2003, 487 matched produce (14 types) and equipment surfaces (six production steps) were sampled from eight packing facilities in the United States near the border with Mexico and enumerated for aerobic plate counts (APC), Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, and coliforms. Bivariate correlations were assessed by Spearman's ρ, and adjusted associations were assessed by multilevel mixed linear regression models. In general, the microbial load both increased and decreased on produce (0.2 to 1.0 log CFU/g) and equipment surfaces (0.5 to 3.0 log CFU/cm2) across production steps. Equipment surface and produce microbial loads were correlated, but correlations varied from none to high depending on the equipment surface. For example, significant correlations (P &lt; 0.01) included APC (ρ = 0.386) and Enterococcus (ρ = 0.562) with the harvest bin, E. coli (ρ = 0.372) and Enterococcus (ρ = 0.355) with the merry-go-round, Enterococcus (ρ = 0.679) with rinse cycle equipment, APC (ρ = 0.542) with the conveyer belt, and for all indicators with the packing box (ρ = 0.310 to 0.657). After controlling for crop type, sample replicate group, and sample location, there were significant positive associations between the log concentration of Enterococcus on produce and the harvest bin (β = 0.259, P &lt; 0.01) and the rinse cycle (β = 0.010, P = 0.01), and between the log concentration of all indicators on produce and the packing box (β = 0.155 to 0.500, all P &lt; 0.01). These statistically significant associations between microbial loads on packing facility surfaces and fresh produce confirm the importance of packing facility sanitation to protect produce quality and safety.
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DAGODOG, Jess Mark, Wendilyn ABDULGANİ, Sofia AKRİM, Jurma TİKMASAN, Jurmin SARRİ, and Iannie MARIBAO. "Sensory, physicochemical, microbiological properties and commercialization preference of formulated spicy salted fish Ginamos." European Food Science and Engineering 4, no. 2 (2023): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.55147/efse.1392159.
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The purpose of this study was to reintroduce the spicy salted fish Ginamos made from anchovies (Stolephorus spp.) as a commercial product. Two formulations were prepared: F1 (one part of salt and five parts of fish) and F2 (one part of salt and four parts of fish). Panelists evaluated the sensory properties and general acceptability of the two formulations packaged as last product, after 45 days of storage. The product formulation was further analyzed for its moisture content and microbial load. The results indicated that both formulations positively impacted sensory attributes such as color, odor, texture, flavor, and overall acceptability. Additionally, all panelist agreed that both formulated spicy salted fish Ginamos products were suitable for commercialization. Moreover, the moisture content of F1 was not significantly different (P&gt;0.05) than the moisture content in F2. However, there was a significant difference between F1 and F2 in terms of microbial load, indicating that F1 had a microbial load of 3.279 log cfu/g, as opposed to F2, which had a microbial load of 2.827 log cfu/g. Hence, it was determined that the F2 formulation of spicy salted fish Ginamos product had a lower microbial load and was safer for human consumption.
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Fernandes, Richard, Conn Carey, James Hynes, and Dmitri Papkovsky. "GreenLight™ Model 960." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 96, no. 2 (2013): 369–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.12-318.
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Abstract The importance of food safety has resulted in a demand for a more rapid, high-throughput method for total viable count (TVC). The industry standard for TVC determination (ISO 4833:2003) is widely used but presents users with some drawbacks. The method is materials- and labor-intensive, requiring multiple agar plates per sample. More importantly, the method is slow, with 72 h typically required for a definitive result. Luxcel Biosciences has developed the GreenLight™ Model 960, a microtiter plate-based assay providing a rapid high-throughput method of aerobic bacterial load assessment through analysis of microbial oxygen consumption. Results are generated in 1–12 h, depending on microbial load. The mix and measure procedure allows rapid detection of microbial oxygen consumption and equates oxygen consumption to microbial load (CFU/g), providing a simple, sensitive means of assessing the microbial contamination levels in foods (1). As bacteria in the test sample grow and respire, they deplete O2, which is detected as an increase in the GreenLight probe signal above the baseline level (2). The time required to reach this increase in signal can be used to calculate the CFU/g of the original sample, based on a predetermined calibration. The higher the initial microbial load, the earlier this threshold is reached (1).
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Channagouda, Rudragouda F. "Beneficial Microbial Load under Organic Cotton Production System." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (2019): 1055–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.812.134.
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Cairns, SA, and ET Hegarty. "Microbial Load and Decontamination in the Theatre Suite." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 90, no. 8 (2008): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588408x321819.
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Zegowitz, Andreas, Anna Renzl, Wolfgang Hofbauer, Joerg Meyer, and Hartwig Kuenzel. "Drying behaviour and microbial load after water damage." Structural Survey 34, no. 1 (2016): 24–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ss-07-2015-0032.
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Purpose – The water damage in buildings because of leaking pipes and increasingly because of floods and severe weather require professional help. Methods for improved repair and remediation techniques have to be developed. The water damage in buildings because of leaking pipes and increasingly because of floods and severe weather require professional help. Methods for improved repair and remediation techniques have to be developed. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Therefore, large scale laboratory tests with four rooms, each with three types of masonry walls (Figure 2 and Plate 1) and typical floors for intermediate storeys with insulation were performed within a climate simulator. Artificial water damage was provoked through watering the floors, and the dispersion of water in the floors and the rising damp in the walls was measured. In the follow-up to the watering of the floors, a company specialized in drying wet buildings, installed systems for under floor drying and wall drying. Findings – The drying process of the different components and layers of the floor construction and walls was monitored by a measuring system with more than 300 sensors for moisture content, relative humidity and temperature accompanied by thermography and demonstrated so the advantages and disadvantages of the different tested drying systems. After providing an initial contamination that is typical for construction sites, the microbial load (mould infestation) within the wet components was monitored at different times by experienced biologists. So after three weeks under floor drying no mould growth could be asserted but more bacteria than expected were found. Originality/value – The aim of the research was to gain more confidence in selecting appropriate drying procedures and systems in order to identify the right moment for terminating the drying process. A further intent was to acquire data for computer simulations.
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Sukul, Sujoya, and Mini Sheth. "Can sanitizers reduce microbial load of coriander leaves?" Nutrition & Food Science 42, no. 1 (2012): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346651211196483.
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Carpentier, B., E. Lagendijk, D. Chassaing, P. Rosset, E. Morelli, and V. Noël. "Factors impacting microbial load of food refrigeration equipment." Food Control 25, no. 1 (2012): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.10.051.
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Jerald A, Dr Lovelin. "Assessing Microbial Load in Milk: A Comprehensive Review." International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 13, no. 1 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.61463/ijset.vol.13.issue1.145.
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Lebeuf, Maria, Nathalie Turgeon, Cynthia Faubert, Justin Robillard, Éric Paradis, and Caroline Duchaine. "Managing the bacterial contamination risk in an axenic mice animal facility." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 67, no. 9 (2021): 657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2020-0519.
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A gap exists between good laboratory practices with axenic animals and the procedures applied. This work examined the efficacy of sodium dichloroisocyanurate (MB-10) and potassium peroxymonosulfate (Virkon™) disinfectants, as well as the appropriate soaking time for materials used with the ISOcage Biosafety Station™. We also compared the microbial load in cage systems hosting mice over 2 weeks in axenic rooms (ARs) and in typical specific-pathogen-free (SPF) non-axenic rooms (NARs) to identify resistant microorganisms, targeted for longer soaking disinfection, and evaluated the necessary procedures for reducing the microbial load in AR. Staphylococcus was the most frequently isolated genus (in both ARs and NARs). An average of three spore-forming microorganisms per cage were counted from AR. The disinfection time to reach 1 log reduction for Bacillus atrophaeus spores varied from 138 s (100 ppm MB-10) to 290 (Virkon™) to <20 s for S. epidermidis (100 ppm MB-10). AR management protocols lead to a microbial load that is 1000 times lower than that found in NARs. Data comparing the microbial load in SPF and axenic facilities can be used to improve the effectiveness of their microbial control procedures.
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Meto, Aida, Enrico Conserva, Francesco Liccardi, Bruna Colombari, Ugo Consolo, and Elisabetta Blasi. "Differential Efficacy of Two Dental Implant Decontamination Techniques in Reducing Microbial Biofilm and Re-Growth onto Titanium Disks In Vitro." Applied Sciences 9, no. 15 (2019): 3191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9153191.
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Dental implants are crucial therapeutic devices for successful substitution of missing teeth. Failure cases are mainly pathogen-associated events, allowing clinical progression toward peri-mucositis or peri-implantitis. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of two mechanical decontamination systems, Nickel-Titanium brush (Brush) and Air-Polishing system with 40 µm bicarbonate powder (BIC-40), by means of a novel bioluminescence-based model that measures microbial load in real time. Briefly, 30 disks were contaminated using the bioluminescent Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain (BLI-P. aeruginosa), treated with Brush (30 s rounds, for 90 s) or BIC-40 (30 s, at 5 mm distance) procedure, and then assessed for microbial load, particularly, biofilm removal and re-growth. Our results showed that Brush and BIC-40 treatment reduced microbial load of about 1 and more than 3 logs, respectively. Furthermore, microbial re-growth onto Brush-treated disks rapidly occurred, while BIC-40-treated disks were slowly recolonized, reaching levels of microbial load consistently below those observed with the controls. In conclusion, we provide evidence on the good performance of BIC-40 as titanium device-decontamination system, the clinical implication for such findings will be discussed.
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TATAVARTHY, APARNA, KEALY PEAK, WILLIAM VEGUILLA, et al. "An Accelerated Method for Isolation of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium from Artificially Contaminated Foods, Using a Short Preenrichment, Immunomagnetic Separation, and Xylose-Lysine-Desoxycholate Agar (6IX Method)." Journal of Food Protection 72, no. 3 (2009): 583–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-72.3.583.
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Rapid isolation of Salmonella from food is essential for faster typing and source tracking in an outbreak. The objective of this study was to investigate a rapid isolation method that would augment the standard U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) method. Food samples with low microbial load, including egg salad and ice cream, moderately high–microbial-load tomatoes, and high-microbial-load ground beef were intentionally inoculated with 2 to 48 CFU of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium. The samples were preenriched in buffered peptone water for 6 h, and then selectively concentrated by immunomagnetic separation and plated for isolation on xylose-lysine-desoxycholate agar: the 6IX method. Salmonella Typhimurium was presumptively identified from approximately 97% of the low-microbial-load and moderately high–microbial-load samples by the 6IX method 2 days before the BAM standard method for isolation of Salmonella. In 49% of the beef samples, Salmonella Typhimurium was presumptively identified 1 or 2 days earlier by the 6IX method. Given the inocula used, our data clearly indicated that for most of the food samples tested, with the exception of ground beef, Salmonella Typhimurium could be isolated two laboratory days earlier with the 6IX method compared with the BAM method. In conclusion, this 6IX method may expedite Salmonella isolation and, therefore, has the potential to accelerate strain tracking for epidemiological analysis in a foodborne outbreak.
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Kayta, Gebre, Aseer Manilal, Dagimawie Tadesse, and Munira Siraj. "Indoor air microbial load, antibiotic susceptibility profiles of bacteria, and associated factors in different wards of Arba Minch General Hospital, southern Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (2022): e0271022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271022.
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The levels of indoor air microbial load in hospitals are very crucial to the health of patients and health care workers and are to be regularly monitored and maintained at an acceptable level. However, this problem remains overlooked, particularly in developing countries including Ethiopia. A hospital-based cross-sectional study is designed to determine the indoor air microbial load (settle plate technique), microbial isolates (standard microbiological techniques), bacterial susceptibility profiles (Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique), and associated factors, in different wards of the title Hospital, southern Ethiopia. An observational checklist was used to collect relevant information related to the associated factors; descriptive and inferential statistics were applied using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS); p-values ≤ 0.05 in the multivariable analysis were considered statistically significant. The total average bacterial and fungal load of the selected wards was 1914±1081.4 Colony Forming Units (CFU)/m3 (95% CI: 1718.5–2109.48 CFU/m3) and 1533.7±858.8 CFU/m3 (95% CI: 1378.5-1688CFU/m3) respectively. The highest mean bacterial (1914±1081.4 CFU/m3) and fungal (1533.7±858.8 CFU/m3) loads were found in the male surgical and female medical wards respectively. A total of 229 bacterial and 139 fungal isolates were obtained; Gram-positive bacteria were the predominant type, 130 (56.7%), particularly the isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, 46 (20.1%). The predominant fungal isolates were Aspergillus sp., 53(38%). Percentages of multidrug-resistant (MDR), extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), and carbapenemase producers respectively were 48.5, 26.5, and 25%. High room crowd index [p = 0.003; Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 12.5 (Confidence Interval (CI) 95%: 2.42–65)], presence of damp/wet materials [p = 0.025; AOR 7 (CI 95%: 1.3–37.4)], intense room traffic [p = 0.004; AOR 9.6 (CI 95%: 1.2–79.3)], inappropriate storage of food and drugs [p = 0.008; AOR 7.5 (CI 95%: 1.7–32)], and unclean environment [p = 0.03; AOR 5.8 (CI 95%: 1.2–28)] showed statistical significance concerning the indoor air microbial loads; most of the wards in Arba Minch General Hospital (AMGH) stand high and not in an acceptable level as per the WHO and the European Commission standards on indoor air microbial load. Periodic air surveillance and infection prevention control programs are required to reduce the transmission of these microbes to inpatients, visitors, and health care workers.
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Sasi, Abhinav, N. K. Ahammed Zainy, Alan John, et al. "Hurdle Technology Prototype to Reduce Microbial Load in Clarified Citrus Juice." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 13, no. 10 (2024): 50–58. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2024.1310.007.
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Hurdle technology is a food preservation approach that involves combining multiple preservation factors or hurdles to prevent the growth of microorganisms, enzymatic reactions, and other deteriorative processes in food. By employing several hurdles simultaneously, each set at sub-lethal levels, the overall effectiveness of preservation is enhanced. To enhance the microbial safety of clarified citrus juices by employing a combined treatment involving ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, ozone application, and light-emitting diode (LED) technology. Clarified citrus juices, known for their susceptibility to microbial contamination, pose challenges in maintaining microbial safety while preserving their fresh attributes. In this research, a multi-hurdle strategy was implemented, harnessing the synergistic effects of UV, ozone, and LED treatments. The UV component of the process aims to disrupt the DNA structure of microorganisms, hindering their ability to replicate. Simultaneously, ozone, a powerful oxidizing agent, contributes to the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms and spoilage agents. The incorporation of LED technology enhances the microbial reduction process by providing targeted light wavelengths that further contribute to microbial inactivation.
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Al-Zubaidy, Rafid Samir Abdul-Karime, and Abdollah Jamshidi. "The investigate of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) by Conventional Methods from Cheese of Awassi ewes milk and its Effect in Public Health." Kufa Journal For Veterinary Medical Sciences 10, no. 2 (2019): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36326/kjvs/2019/v10i23313.
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The study conducted to investigate of the Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) microbial load in which contaminate the locally produce cheese from milk of local Awassi breed ewes . And to indicate the effect of different types and concentrations of mixture’s of Emulsifying salts to choose the best mix of them that reduce the Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) microbial load in this locally produce cheese . A 60 sample Cheese locally produced from milk of Awassi ewes were been collected randomly from Local Awassi Flock of College of Agriculture at Baghdad University (Iraq) , ( 30 samples to each winter and spring season ) to investigate their microbial load . Both of all winter and spring samples were in high significant (p
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EHIELU, R. O., H. I. AJAYI, J. I. IMOUOKHOME, and I. I. ILABOYA. "EFFECT OF Vernonia Amygdalina LEAF MEAL EXTRACT IN DRINKING WATER ON POST-WEANING DIARRHEA OCCURRENCE IN PIGLETS." FUDMA Journal of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology 9, no. 2 (2023): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/jaat.2023.0902.04.
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This study was aimed at determining the effect of Vernonia amygdalina leaf meal (VALM) extract in drinking water on the faecal microbial load on post-weaning diarrhea occurrence in piglets using different agar. Forty-five piglets of Large white X Duroc breed were given Vernonia amygdalina (VA) through water infusion. Three levels of 0.0g, 1.2g, and 2.4g of VA per 1000ml of clean drinking water designated as T1, T2, and T3 were used. Nine piglets weaned at different ages of 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th week of age were randomly allotted to three treatments with each treatment replicated three times with a piglet per replicate in a completely randomized design. The different agar used are Macconkey Agar, Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) Agar, and Nutrient Agar. These agars were used for 4days each to determine the faecal microbial load. The experiment lasted 28 days. Results showed that the bitter leaf contain high Alkaloids, medium Tannins, Saponins Flavonoids, and low amounts of Terpenoids and Phenols while Cardiac Glycosides were not determined. Bitter leaf showed the power of antibacterial activity for the reduction of faecal microbial load. Bitter leaf as a feed additive in the drinking water of piglets caused a significant (P<0.05) reduction in the faecal microbial load for piglets given 1.2g and 2.4g of VA per 1000ml of drinking water. It can be concluded that bitter leaf extract in drinking water can be used as phyto-additive for piglets to reduce faecal microbial load.
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Åström, J., T. J. R. Pettersson, T. A. Stenström, and O. Bergstedt. "Variability analysis of pathogen and indicator loads from urban sewer systems along a river." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 2 (2009): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.860.
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The pathogen loads within surface waters originating from urban wastewater sources needs to be assessed to support drinking water risk estimations and optimal selection of risk reduction measures. Locally reported discharges from sewer systems (&gt;100,000 persons connected) were used to simulate the potential microbial loads into the Göta älv river, Sweden. Using Monte Carlo simulations, the median and 95% percentile (i.e. worst case) of total microbial load from wastewater treatment plants, sewer network overflows and emergency discharges were assessed and presented for dry and wet weather conditions. Wastewater treatment plants with secondary treatment represented a major source of E. coli, norovirus, Giardia and Cryptosporidium. During wet weather, comparably high microbial loads were found for sewer overflows due to heavy rains. Substantial loads were also associated with an incident of the emergency discharge of untreated wastewater. Simulated river water concentrations of faecal indicators (E. coli, sulfite reducing clostridia, somatic coliphages) and pathogens (norovirus, Giardia, Cryptosporidium) were confirmed by river sampling data, suggesting that urban wastewater is the major microbial source for this river.
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Awoniyi, O. S., P. O. Fakolade, E. B. Akande, T. P. Akilapa, O. P. Aluko, and O. J. Osunkeye. "ASSESSMENT OF MICROBIAL LOAD/COUNT IN ABATTIORS AND RETAIL MEAT OUTLETS IN OSUN STATE, NIGERIA." Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 5, no. 5 (2025): 853–62. https://doi.org/10.47760/cognizance.2025.v05i05.055.
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The study was carried out to evaluate the microbial load in abattoirs and retail meat outlets in Osun State. The microbial analysis were carried out on swabs of clothes, tables, knives and samples of meat and water were collected in six Abattoirs and retail meat outlets in six towns and cities to evaluate the microbial loads which include Total Viable Count (TVCs), Total Faecal Count (TFCs), and Total Coliform Counts (TCCs). The result of microbial analyses revealed that TVCs was highest (269.00 log10 CFU/cm/g/ml) in Ede and lowest (153.00 log10 CFU/cm/g/ml) in Ile Ife. TFCs was highest (45.00 log10 CFU/cm/g/ml) in Osogbo and lowest (1.10 log10 CFU/cm/g/ml) in Iwo. TCCs was highest (680.00 log10 CFU/cm/g/ml) in Ila Orangun and lowest (108.00 log10 CFU/cm/g/ml) in Ilesa. In conclusion, the result obtained from the study shows that there was higher microbial load in abattoirs and retail meat outlets. This is as a result of animals being processed in unsanitary environment, low level of hygiene and sanitation conditions of tools and material used for processing. The higher microbial log means values TVCs, TCCs, and TFCs from swabs and samples analysed are indication of meat contamination and making it a potential source of food spoilage and food borne infections. From the study, it can be deduced that contamination was present right from Abattoirs and retail meat outlets before it's get into the hands of consumers.
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O., S. Awoniyi, O. Fakolade P., B. Akande E., P. Akilapa T., P. Aluko O., and J. Osunkeye O. "ASSESSMENT OF MICROBIAL LOAD/COUNT IN ABATTIORS AND RETAIL MEAT OUTLETS IN OSUN STATE, NIGERIA." Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (CJMS) 5, no. 5 (2025): 853–62. https://doi.org/10.47760/cognizance.2025.v05i05.055.
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The study was carried out to evaluate the microbial load in abattoirs and retail meat outlets in Osun State. The microbial analysis were carried out on swabs of clothes, tables, knives and samples of meat and water were collected in six Abattoirs and retail meat outlets in six towns and cities to evaluate the microbial loads which include Total Viable Count (TVCs), Total Faecal Count (TFCs), and Total Coliform Counts (TCCs). The result of microbial analyses revealed that TVCs was highest (269.00 log<sub>10 </sub>CFU/cm/g/ml) in Ede and lowest (153.00 log<sub>10 </sub>CFU/cm/g/ml) in Ile Ife. TFCs was highest (45.00 log10 CFU/cm/g/ml) in Osogbo and lowest (1.10 log10 CFU/cm/g/ml) in Iwo. TCCs was highest (680.00 log10 CFU/cm/g/ml) in Ila Orangun and lowest (108.00 log10 CFU/cm/g/ml) in Ilesa. In conclusion, the result obtained from the study shows that there was higher microbial load in abattoirs and retail meat outlets. This is as a result of animals being processed in unsanitary environment, low level of hygiene and sanitation conditions of tools and material used for processing. The higher microbial log means values TVCs, TCCs, and TFCs from swabs and samples analysed are indication of meat contamination and making it a potential source of food spoilage and food borne infections. From the study, it can be deduced that contamination was present right from Abattoirs and retail meat outlets before it's get into the hands of consumers.
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Ferrari, Débora Oro, Rafael Guerra Lund, Luana Zanella, Walter Antônio Roman Júnior, and Sinval Adalberto Rodrigues-Junior. "Denture disinfection using Salvia officinalis L.: microbial load and selected properties of PMMA." Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences 17 (December 4, 2018): e18901. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/bjos.v17i0.8654158.
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Denture use may aggravate the occurrence of oral infections, considering it enhances microbial adherence. Aim: This study assessed the reduction of microbial loads of Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella oxytoca by disinfecting the polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) of complete dentures with hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia officinalis. Additionally, the effect of such extract on the properties of PMMA was examined. Methods: Microorganisms were isolated from saliva samples collected from complete denture wearers. The hydroalcoholic extract of S. officinalis was produced according to the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia 5. The PMMA specimens (n=188) were immersed in microbial inoculum and incubated at 37°C for 16 hours per day. Then, they were subjected to a disinfection protocol for 30 days. The specimens were divided into five treatment groups: sterile saline solution (0.85%; control), 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate, and hydroalcoholic extract of S. officinalis (0.2%, 0.8%, and 1.16%). Microorganism adherence to the PMMA surface was also assessed, as well as surface roughness (Ra in µm) and color stability of the PMMA (mean ΔE). Changes in microbial load and surface roughness after the disinfection protocol were verified with paired t-test. Substances at day 10, adherence, and color stability were compared by the Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests, and one-way ANOVA was used to compare substances at the beginning and end of the experiment (α=0.05). Results: The 1.16% S. officinalis extract significantly reduced the microbial load of all the microorganisms after 30 days of disinfection (p<0.05). The microbial load of K. oxytoca was also reduced at lower concentrations of the S. officinalis extract (0.2% and 0.8%) (p<0.02). Antimicrobial and anti-adherent effects against microorganisms isolated from the oral cavity were observed. There was no significant change in surface roughness (p>0.05) and color stability was significantly higher in the control group (p<0.0001). Conclusions: The hydroalcoholic extract of S. officinalis may be used as a disinfectant solution for dentures.
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Dutt, Vimal, Shivani Srivastav, Swati Mittal, and Md Rafiul Haque. "Determination of microbial load, total Phenolic and flavonoids contents in polyherbal formulation “yograj guggulu vati”." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 1-s (2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i1-s.3858.
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Yograj guggulu vati (YGV), a polyherbal formulation is recommended for the management of diseases like arthritic, anodyne or analgesic, spasm, muscle relaxant, flatulence, digestive problem, cough, hyperglycaemia, fat burner and obesity. Though Yograj guggulu vati is widely used for the treatment of diseases in Ayurvedic System of Indian Medicine, but till date, it’s Phenolic and flavonoids contents and contamination studies have not been carried. In the present article, we evaluated the total phenolic and flavonoids contents and contamination of YGV. Total phenolic contents were evaluated by Folin Ciocalteu reagent. Aluminum chloride colorimetric method was used for the determination of total flavonoid contents. Contamination study such as microbial load was also performed. Microbial load study revealed that total bacterial counts and total fungal counts were under limits. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were 190.16 mg/g and 20.87 mg/ g dry extract respectively. Microbial load studies showed that the formulation has a good quality and purity. Presence of abundance phenolic and flavonoids compound indicated that YGV can be used for different biological activities.
 Keywords: Microbial load, Yograj Guggulu Vati, total phenolic contents
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Guerrero-Beltr·n, J. A., and G. V. Barbosa-C·novas. "Advantages and Limitations on Processing Foods by UV Light." Food Science and Technology International 10, no. 3 (2004): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013204044359.
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Fresh food products can be processed using UV light as a germicidal medium to reduce the food-borne microbial load. Water has been treated with UV light to obtain drinking water for quite some time. Pumpable fruit and vegetable products are generally very suitable for processing by UV light to reduce the microbial load. Today, most of these products are pasteurised to obtain microbiologically safe and nutritious products. However, pasteurisation can change the taste and flavour of such products because of the temperature and processing time. Juices from different sources can be treated by exposure to UV light at different doses. On the other hand, variables such as flow rate, exposure time, type of fruit product, juice colour and juice composition, among other variables, need to be studied to obtain fruit products with reduced microbial load, increased shelf life and adequate sensory and nutritional characteristics. Reduction of microbial load through UV light application as a disinfection medium for food products other than liquids is also being studied. Moreover, UV technology could be a source for pasteurisation of liquids, or disinfection of solid foods as an alternative technology, instead of thermal treatment or application of antimicrobial compounds.
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Al-Shdidi, Ahmed M. S., Muna M. Asmael, and Rafid S. A. Al-Zubaidy. "Detection of Campylobacter Spp. In Cheese of Awassi ewes milk and its effect in Public Health." Kufa Journal For Veterinary Medical Sciences 7, no. 1B (2016): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.36326/kjvs/2016/v7i1b4258.
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The study conducted to indicate the experimentally comparative measurements of Campylobacter spp. Load with food poisoning and to investigate the effect of different types and concentrations of Emulsifying salts : (Sodium Carbonate Na2CO3 , triSodium Citrate Na3C6H5O7 , Sodium tripolyphosphat (STPP) Na5P3O10) , to choose the best mix of them that reduce the microbial load in locally produce cheese . 60 samples of Cheese locally produced from milk of Awassi ewes were been collected randomly from Local Awassi Flock of College of Agriculture at Baghdad University (Iraq) , ( 30 samples to each winter and spring season ) to investigate their microbial load . Both of all winter and spring samples were in significant (p<0.05) microbial count of Campylobacter spp. . The Bacterio-(static&cidal) effect of Emulsifying salts on microbial activity was confirmed when The Total Bacterial Count (TBC) were highly significant (p<0.01) reduce in cooked cheese with 3% Emulsifying salts added . The Campylobacter spp. count in nutrient broth with 3% Emulsifying salts added were significant (p<0.05) reduce .
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Bukola, Ayodeji Bamkefa, Taye Umezurike Emeka, Oluboyede Omolola, and Adegbehingbe Kehinde. "Microbial profile of cabbage (Brassica oleraceae) sold in markets within Ibadan metropolis." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 21, no. 3 (2022): 166–74. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7653156.
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Cabbage is a dietary source of micronutrients, vitamins and fiber, vital for human health. Cabbage samples for this study were obtained from selected markets in Ibadan, Nigeria. Serial dilutions and membrane filter techniques were used to determine microbial load and profile of the samples. Appropriate culture media and techniques were used to detect for the presence of Fungi and Bacteria in samples. Fungi isolated included; <em>Sclerotinia sp, Fusarium sp, Cladosporium sp</em>, <em>Aspergillus sp, Mucor sp, Alternaria sp and Rhizopus sp</em>. Bacteria isolated included; <em>Staphylococcus sp, Pseudomonas sp</em>, <em>Xanthomonas sp, Micrococcus sp, Bacillus sp, Erwinia sp</em>, and <em>Streptococcus sp</em>. The fungi load was highest in cabbage samples collected from challenge having 158.0 X 103 cfu/ml, followed by cabbage purchased from Bodija having 67.6 X 103 cfu/ml, Monatan 63.6 X 103 cfu/ml. , Oje 27.0 X 103 cfu/ml, and Gbagi 24.0 X 103 cfu/ml. The bacterial load on the cabbage samples was observed to be the highest in cabbage samples from Bodija with 360.0 X 103 cfu/ml, followed by samples from Gbagi 188.6 X 103 cfu/ml, Monatan 171.3 X 103 cfu/ml, Challenge 133.6 X 103 cfu/ml and Oje 85.3 X 103 cfu/ml. Results also showed that Ascetic Acid lowered microbial load and thus researchers recommend that cabbage be treated with 2.5 - 5% acetic acid (vinegar) for 5-10 minutes to reduce microbial load then rinse with sterile water before consumption. Enlightenment campaigns are necessary for vendors and people purchasing cabbage for consumption on the dangers of not washing before selling and consuming.
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yasmeen, Roheela, Saman Basharat, Sumaira Mazhar, and Wajeeha Hamid. "Evaluation of Microbial Contamination via Wastewater Collected from Different Oil Industries and its Treatment Using Various Coagulants." Vol 4 Issue 2 4, no. 2 (2022): 392–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2022040210.
Full textAbstract:
Wastewater from industrial discharged into other water bodies that pose serious risks to human health as well as the environment. The oil and ghee industries are also the main contributors to water pollution along with various other industries. The present study aimed to evaluate microbial load in waste water of oil industries in Lahore and its treatment using chemical and natural coagulants. Water samples were collected from three selected oil and ghee industries in Lahore. Physicochemical properties (Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Biological oxygen demand (BOD), and turbidity) and microbial contamination of water samples were analyzed before and after treatment. It was observed that samples treated with natural coagulants such as orange and banana peel, and date seeds showed a mild reduction in physicochemical parameters. Orange and banana peel coagulants caused a 30% reduction, while date seeds coagulants caused a 60% reduction in physicochemical parameters. A significant decrease in microbial load was noticed by using natural coagulants. However, for the chemical coagulants, it was observed that ferric chloride with alum and Ca+2 cation with bleaching powder caused an extreme reduction in physicochemical indicators and microbial load. While no significant decrease was observed in physicochemical indicators and microbial load when waste water samples were treated with Poly Aluminum chloride (PAC) and alum. It was concluded that chemical coagulants have a better ability to treat waste water as compared to natural coagulants.
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Ajibare, A. O., O. O. Olawusi-Peters, and K. A. Oyinlola. "Microbiological load evaluation of white shrimp (Nematopalaemon hastatus Aurivillius, 1898) in the coastal waters of Ondo state, Nigeria." Agricultural Science and Technology 13, no. 4 (2021): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ast.2021.04.068.
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Abstract. This study investigated the condition factor with microbial load of Nematopalaemon hastatus (Aurivillius, 1898) collected for two years from four coastal towns in Ilaje communities of Ondo State, Nigeria. Shrimps’ weight, length and condition factor were determined using standard methods while estimation of microbial load (Total heterotrophic bacteria, coliform, Escherichia coli, Salmonella/Shigella, and fungal counts) was done using standard microbiological methods. The correlation between microbial load and condition factor was thereafter determined using regression analysis. N. hastatus exhibited allometric growth, with low but consistent condition factor. Mean heterotrophic bacteria count was 1.107×102 CFU/g and 1.079×102 CFU/g during the dry and wet season, respectively. Mean coliform count, total Salmonella-Shigella and E. coli counts were 0.398×102 CFU/g, 0.218×102 CFU/g and 0.303×102 CFU/g, respectively, during the wet season. A significant increase in counts (mean) was observed in the dry season for the coliform (0.404×102 CFU/g), total Salmonella-Shigella (0.234×102 CFU/g) and E. coli (0.326×102 CFU/g). The mean fungal count was 0.604×102 SFU/g and 0.563×102 SFU/g during the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The microbial loads were below acceptable limits; therefore, shrimps of the study area are safe for consumption. Conclusively, the condition factor of the shrimps was non-significantly influenced by the microbes. However, there is a need to regulate and/or prevent untreated sewage and effluent discharge into natural water bodies to reduce the environmental hazards it may portend and also obtain relatively safe aquatic products for consumption.