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1
Pereira, MarÃlia Williani Filgueira. "VariÃveis nutricionais e nictemerais de dietas com diferentes fontes de lipÃdeos em ovinos Santa InÃs." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=13535.
Full textAbstract:
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior<br>O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar a inclusÃo de diferentes fontes de lipÃdeos na dieta de cordeiros sobre o consumo e digestibilidade da matÃria seca (MS), matÃria orgÃnica (MO), proteÃna bruta (PB), extrato etÃreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), carboidratos totais (CT), carboidratos nÃo-fibrosos (CNF), nutrientes digestÃveis totais (NDT) e energia metabolizÃvel (EM); a produÃÃo microbiana; o balanÃo de nitrogÃnio (BN), as excreÃÃes de creatinina e os padrÃes nictemerais do comportamento ingestivo. Foram utilizados 35 ovinos da raÃa Santa InÃs com peso mÃdio inicial de 13,00  1,80 kg, em delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com cinco dietas experimentais (dieta controle, sem suplementaÃÃo; dieta com caroÃo de algodÃo (CAL), com farelo de castanha de caju (FCC), com caroÃo de algodÃo mais farelo de castanha de caju (CALFCC) e com sais de cÃlcio de Ãcidos graxos de cadeia longa (CaAgCl). O consumo de MS (kg/dia, %PC e g/kg0,75) e dos nutrientes (kg/dia) nÃo foram alterados com a inclusÃo de fontes lipÃdicas nas dietas, com exceÃÃo dos consumos de EE, CNF (kg/dia) e FDN (%PC e g/kg0,75). A suplementaÃÃo lipÃdica influenciou a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, de modo que as dietas com CAL apresentaram os menores coeficientes de digestibilidade da MS, MO, FDN e CT (63,89; 64,41; 70,79 e 54,02%, respectivamente), quando comparado à dieta controle. NÃo houve diferenÃa entre as dietas em relaÃÃo ao volume urinÃrio, no entanto as excreÃÃes de creatinina foram influenciadas. O BN nÃo foi alterado com a inclusÃo de lipÃdeos, porÃm as excreÃÃes dos derivados de purina (DP mmol/dia), absorÃÃo dos derivados de purina (abs. DP mmol/dia), produÃÃo de nitrogÃnio microbiano (N mic mmol/dia), proteÃna bruta microbiana (PB mic g/dia) e eficiÃncia de sÃntese de proteÃna microbiana (ESPBmic g/kgNDT) foram afetadas pela adiÃÃo de lipÃdeos dietÃticos, de modo que as menores mÃdias para essas variÃveis foram para a dieta suplementada com CaAgCl (3,48; 2,95; 2,14; 13,40; 21,31 mmol/dia, respectivamente). O tempo de ruminaÃÃo (TR), o nÃmero de mastigaÃÃes merÃcicas (nÂ/dia) e mastigaÃÃes merÃcicas por bolo (nÂ/bolo) foram influenciados de acordo com as fontes lipÃdicas na dieta, de modo que os maiores tempos foram dispendidos para o tratamento CAL (10,14; 61026 e 78,91, respectivamente). Os animais consumiram preferencialmente nos horÃrios que compreenderam os perÃodos de 06:00 Ãs 12:00 e 12:00 Ãs 18:00 hs e ruminaram nos perÃodos que compreenderam os intervalos 18:00 Ãs 24:00 e 24:00 Ãs 06:00 hs. A adiÃÃo de diferentes fontes de lipÃdeos nÃo influencia o consumo de MS e dos nutrientes, com exceÃÃo do consumo de EE e CNF, porÃm influencia os coeficientes de digestibilidade da MS e dos nutrientes. O BN e o volume urinÃrio nÃo sÃo influenciados de acordo com a fonte de lipÃdeos da dieta, contudo as excreÃÃes de creatinina sÃo influenciadas e a produÃÃo microbiana à reduzida quando CaAgcl fazem parte da dieta. A suplementaÃÃo à base de caroÃo de algodÃo influencia os padrÃes nictemerais do comportamento ingestivo em ovinos da raÃa Santa InÃs.<br>The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of different fat sources in the diet of lambs over the intake and digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total carbohydrates (TC), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), total digestible nutrients (TDN) and metabolizable energy (ME), microbial production, nitrogen balance (NB), creatinine excretion and nictemeral pattern of feeding behavior. It was used 35 Santa InÃs sheep with initial body weight of 13.00  1.80 kg. The experimental design was randomized blocks. The experimental diets consisted of five treatments: the control diet without supplementation, added cottonseed (CAL), bran cashews (FCC), cottonseed meal plus cashews (CALFCC) and calcium salts of long chain fatty acids (CaAgCl). DM intake (kg/day, %PC and g/kg0.75) and nutrients (kg/day) did not change according to the inclusion of dietary lipids, with the exception of EE, NFC intake (kg/day) and NDF (%PC and g/kg0.75). The lipid supplementation influenced the nutrients digestibility, so that diets with CAL showed the lowest digestibility coefficients for DM, OM, NDF and CT (63.89, 64.41, 70.79 and 54.02%), respectively, when compared to the control diet. There was no difference between diets in relation to urinary volume, however the excretions of creatinine were influenced. The NB did not change with the inclusion of lipids, however, purine derivatives excretions (PD mmol/dia), purine derivatives absorption (PD abs. mmol/day), microbial nitrogen production (N microb mmol/day), microbial crude protein (CP microbial g/day) and microbial protein efficiency synthesis (ESPBmic (g)/kgNDT) were influenced by addition of dietary lipids, so that the lowest means for these variables were for diet supplemented with CaAgCl (3.48, 2.95, 2.14, 13.40, 21.31 mmol/day), respectively. The ruminating time (RT), number of chews (No/day), chews per bolus (No/bolus) are influenced in accordance with the addition of lipids in the diet, so that longer times have been expended for the CAL treatment (10,14, 78,91 and 61,026), respectively. The animals fed heavily at times on the periods of 06 to 12 and 12 to 18 h and ruminated in periods that comprised the intervals 18 to 24 and 24 to 06 h. Supplementation with different lipid sources did not influence the consumption of DM and nutrients, with the exception of EE and NFC intake but influences the digestibility of DM and nutrients. NB and urine volume are not affected according to the lipid inclusion in diets, however, the excretions of creatinine are influenced and microbial production is reduced when CaAgcl are part of the diet. The lipid supplementation influences diary cycle patterns on intake behavior in Santa Ines sheep.
2
Fowler, Colleen Marie. "Evaluation of 2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio) Butanoic Acid Isopropyl Ester and Methionine Supplementation on Efficiency of Microbial Protein Synthesis and Rumen Bacterial Populations." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1248875016.
Full text
3
Pereira, Marília Williani Filgueira. "Variáveis nutricionais e nictemerais de dietas com diferentes fontes de lipídeos em ovinos Santa Inês." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2013. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/18968.
Full textAbstract:
PEREIRA, Marília Williani Filgueira. Variáveis nutricionais e nictemerais de dietas com diferentes fontes de lipídeos em ovinos Santa Inês. 2013. 55 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Fortaleza-CE, 2013<br>Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-08T13:46:27Z
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Previous issue date: 2013<br>The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of different fat sources in the diet of lambs over the intake and digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total carbohydrates (TC), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), total digestible nutrients (TDN) and metabolizable energy (ME), microbial production, nitrogen balance (NB), creatinine excretion and nictemeral pattern of feeding behavior. It was used 35 Santa Inês sheep with initial body weight of 13.00 ± 1.80 kg. The experimental design was randomized blocks. The experimental diets consisted of five treatments: the control diet without supplementation, added cottonseed (CAL), bran cashews (FCC), cottonseed meal plus cashews (CALFCC) and calcium salts of long chain fatty acids (CaAgCl). DM intake (kg/day, %PC and g/kg0.75) and nutrients (kg/day) did not change according to the inclusion of dietary lipids, with the exception of EE, NFC intake (kg/day) and NDF (%PC and g/kg0.75). The lipid supplementation influenced the nutrients digestibility, so that diets with CAL showed the lowest digestibility coefficients for DM, OM, NDF and CT (63.89, 64.41, 70.79 and 54.02%), respectively, when compared to the control diet. There was no difference between diets in relation to urinary volume, however the excretions of creatinine were influenced. The NB did not change with the inclusion of lipids, however, purine derivatives excretions (PD mmol/dia), purine derivatives absorption (PD abs. mmol/day), microbial nitrogen production (N microb mmol/day), microbial crude protein (CP microbial g/day) and microbial protein efficiency synthesis (ESPBmic (g)/kgNDT) were influenced by addition of dietary lipids, so that the lowest means for these variables were for diet supplemented with CaAgCl (3.48, 2.95, 2.14, 13.40, 21.31 mmol/day), respectively. The ruminating time (RT), number of chews (No/day), chews per bolus (No/bolus) are influenced in accordance with the addition of lipids in the diet, so that longer times have been expended for the CAL treatment (10,14, 78,91 and 61,026), respectively. The animals fed heavily at times on the periods of 06 to 12 and 12 to 18 h and ruminated in periods that comprised the intervals 18 to 24 and 24 to 06 h. Supplementation with different lipid sources did not influence the consumption of DM and nutrients, with the exception of EE and NFC intake but influences the digestibility of DM and nutrients. NB and urine volume are not affected according to the lipid inclusion in diets, however, the excretions of creatinine are influenced and microbial production is reduced when CaAgcl are part of the diet. The lipid supplementation influences diary cycle patterns on intake behavior in Santa Ines sheep.<br>O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar a inclusão de diferentes fontes de lipídeos na dieta de cordeiros sobre o consumo e digestibilidade da matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), carboidratos totais (CT), carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF), nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e energia metabolizável (EM); a produção microbiana; o balanço de nitrogênio (BN), as excreções de creatinina e os padrões nictemerais do comportamento ingestivo. Foram utilizados 35 ovinos da raça Santa Inês com peso médio inicial de 13,00 ± 1,80 kg, em delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com cinco dietas experimentais (dieta controle, sem suplementação; dieta com caroço de algodão (CAL), com farelo de castanha de caju (FCC), com caroço de algodão mais farelo de castanha de caju (CALFCC) e com sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos de cadeia longa (CaAgCl). O consumo de MS (kg/dia, %PC e g/kg0,75) e dos nutrientes (kg/dia) não foram alterados com a inclusão de fontes lipídicas nas dietas, com exceção dos consumos de EE, CNF (kg/dia) e FDN (%PC e g/kg0,75). A suplementação lipídica influenciou a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, de modo que as dietas com CAL apresentaram os menores coeficientes de digestibilidade da MS, MO, FDN e CT (63,89; 64,41; 70,79 e 54,02%, respectivamente), quando comparado à dieta controle. Não houve diferença entre as dietas em relação ao volume urinário, no entanto as excreções de creatinina foram influenciadas. O BN não foi alterado com a inclusão de lipídeos, porém as excreções dos derivados de purina (DP mmol/dia), absorção dos derivados de purina (abs. DP mmol/dia), produção de nitrogênio microbiano (N mic mmol/dia), proteína bruta microbiana (PB mic g/dia) e eficiência de síntese de proteína microbiana (ESPBmic g/kgNDT) foram afetadas pela adição de lipídeos dietéticos, de modo que as menores médias para essas variáveis foram para a dieta suplementada com CaAgCl (3,48; 2,95; 2,14; 13,40; 21,31 mmol/dia, respectivamente). O tempo de ruminação (TR), o número de mastigações merícicas (n°/dia) e mastigações merícicas por bolo (n°/bolo) foram influenciados de acordo com as fontes lipídicas na dieta, de modo que os maiores tempos foram dispendidos para o tratamento CAL (10,14; 61026 e 78,91, respectivamente). Os animais consumiram preferencialmente nos horários que compreenderam os períodos de 06:00 às 12:00 e 12:00 às 18:00 hs e ruminaram nos períodos que compreenderam os intervalos 18:00 às 24:00 e 24:00 às 06:00 hs. A adição de diferentes fontes de lipídeos não influencia o consumo de MS e dos nutrientes, com exceção do consumo de EE e CNF, porém influencia os coeficientes de digestibilidade da MS e dos nutrientes. O BN e o volume urinário não são influenciados de acordo com a fonte de lipídeos da dieta, contudo as excreções de creatinina são influenciadas e a produção microbiana é reduzida quando CaAgcl fazem parte da dieta. A suplementação à base de caroço de algodão influencia os padrões nictemerais do comportamento ingestivo em ovinos da raça Santa Inês.
4
Bowen, Maree Kim. "Efficiency of microbial protein production in cattle grazing tropical pastures /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17401.pdf.
Full text
5
Pasini, Martina. "Robust microbial construction and efficient processes for recombinant enzymes production in Escherichia coli." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/330368.
Full textAbstract:
Encara
que
els
gens
de
resistència
a
antibiòtics
són
una
eina
important
per
a
la
selecció
i
manteniment
de
plàsmids
recombinants,
les
autoritats
reguladores
consideren
el
seu
ús
inacceptable
en
diverses
àrees
dins
la
indústria
biotecnològica,
sobretot
quan
el
producte
serà
utilitzat
amb
finalitat
terapèutica.
Un
sistema
d’expressió
basat
en
el
vector
pQE
(Quiagen)
amb
un
marcador
de
selecció
plasmídic
alternatiu
(basat
en
l’auxotròfia
de
glicina)
va
ser
desenvolupat
prèviament
(Vidal
et
al.,
2008).
El
sistema
d’expressió
pQE
es
basa
en
el
promotor
T5,
induïble
per
IPTG.
La
no-‐
estabilitat
del
promotor
en
absència
d’inductor
pot
provocar
una
inestabilitat
estructural
del
vector,
que
portarà
a
nivells
baixos
d’expressió
deguts,
per
exemple,
a
fenòmens
de
recombinació
a
la
regió
del
promotor
T5.
El
repressor
lac,
codificat
pel
gen
lacI,
s’uneix
molt
fortament
al
promotor,
interferint
en
la
transcripció
del
gen
d’interès.
Així
doncs,
els
nivells
transcripcionals
del
gen
lacI
tenen
un
paper
crític
en
els
sistemes
d’expressió
basats
en
el
promotor
T5,
influenciant
els
nivells
basals
de
transcripció
i
la
concentració
d’inductor.
Encara
que
la
sobreexpressió
de
la
proteïna
d’interès
és
un
factor
important
en
quant
a
càrrega
metabòlica,
també
cal
tenir
en
compte
la
contribució
deguda
a
l’expressió
d’altres
gens
plasmídics.
En
aquest
sentit,
per
tal
de
millorar
la
robustesa
del
sistema
i
minimitzar
la
càrrega
metabòlica
relacionada
amb
els
gens
codificats
als
plàsmids,
s’han
eliminat
tots
els
gens
de
resistència
a
antibiòtics
i
s’han
afinat
els
nivells
d’expressió
del
marcador
auxotròfic
(glyA)
i
del
repressor
lac
(lacI).
En
aquest
treball
s’han
construït
uns
cassettes
d’expressió
on
els
gens
lacI
i
glyA
estan
sota
el
control
d’un
seguit
de
promotors
constituents
sintètics,
per
tal
d’obtenir
suficient
inhibidor
lacI
per
evitar
la
“no-‐estabilitat
del
promotor”
i
assegurar
el
nivell
mínim
de
transcripció
de
glyA
necessaris
tant
per
al
manteniment
del
plàsmid
com
per
al
correcte
creixement
del
cultiu
en
medi
definit.
A
més,
el
gen
de
resistència
a
antibiòtic
en
el
vector
d’expressió
va
ser
reemplaçat
per
la
construcció
glyA-‐lacI,
obtenint
un
sistema
totalment
lliure
de
gens
per
a
la
resistència
a
antibiòtic.
Finalment,
s’ha
estudiat
la
capacitat
per
a
la
sobreexpressió
de
FucA
recombinant
a
diferents
escales
(flascons
agitats
i
bioreactor)
i
en
diversos
modes
d’operació
(discontinu
i
discontinu
alimentat)
per
tal
d’obtenir
alts
nivells
d’expressió.
Per
últim,
per
tal
d’analitzar
la
població
bacteriana
a
nivell
de
cèl·∙lules
individuals,
els
canvis
morfològics
(FSC
i
SSC)
i
les
característiques
físiques
i
bioquímiques
de
les
diferents
cèl·∙lules
dins
la
població
bacteriana,
s’han
realitzat
anàlisis
de
citometria
de
flux.<br>While
antibiotic
resistance
marker
genes
are
a
powerful
system
for
selection
and
maintenance
of
recombinant
plasmids
in
hosts
such
as
E.
coli,
its
use
has
been
considered
unacceptable
in
many
areas
of
biotechnology
by
regulatory
authorities,
particularly
when
the
recombinant
product
will
be
used
in
the
therapeutic
field.
Previously,
we
have
developed
an
expression
system
based
on
the
pQE
vector
series
(Qiagen)
with
an
alternative
plasmid
selection
marker
based
on
glycine
auxotrophy
complementation
(Vidal
et
al.,
2008).
The
pQE
expression
system
is
based
on
the
IPTG-‐induced
T5
promoter.
Promoter
leakiness
in
inducer
absence
may
lead
to
structural
instability
of
the
expression
vector,
resulting
in
reduced
expression
levels,
e.g.
due
to
recombination
events
in
the
T5
promoter
region.
The
lac
repressor,
encoded
by
the
lacI
gene,
binds
very
tightly
to
the
promoter,
interfering
with
the
transcription
of
the
gene
of
interest.
Therefore,
lacI
transcriptional
level
plays
a
key
role
in
T5
promoter-‐based
expression
systems,
influencing
the
basal
transcriptional
levels
and
the
concentration
of
inducer.
Furthermore,
although
the
overexpression
of
the
plasmid-‐encoded
protein
of
interest
is
a
major
factor
in
the
metabolic
burden,
expression
of
other
plasmid-‐genes
may
also
contribute.
Thus,
in
order
to
improve
the
system
robustness,
all
the
antibiotic
resistance
genes
have
been
removed
and
the
expression
levels
of
the
auxotrophic
marker
(glyA)
and
the
lac
repressor
(lacI)
genes
have
been
fine-‐tuned,
in
order
to
minimize
the
metabolic
burden
related
to
plasmid-‐encoded
genes.
In
this
study,
an
expression
cassette
has
been
constructed
where
the
lacI
and
glyA
genes
have
been
placed
under
the
control
of
selected
synthetic
constitutive
promoters
in
order
to
obtain
the
sufficient
lacI
inhibitor
ensuring
lack
of
“promoter
leakiness”
and
the
minimal
glyA
transcriptional
levels
needed
for
plasmid
maintenance
and
optimal
cell
growth
in
defined
media.
Moreover,
in
the
expression
vector
the
antibiotic
resistance
gene
was
replaced
by
the
lacI-‐glyA
cassette,
thus
yielding
a
completely
antibiotic
resistance
gene
free
system.
Finally,
in
order
to
obtain
high
expression
levels
of
the
protein
of
interest,
the
capacity
for
recombinant
FucA
overexpression
has
been
investigated
at
different
scales
(shake
flasks
and
bioreactors)
and
operation
modes,
batch
and
fed-‐batch.
Lastly,
flow
cytometry
analyses
were
performed
in
order
to
analyze
the
bacterial
populations
at
the
single-‐cell
level:
changes
in
morphology
(FSC
and
SSC)
and
physical
and
biochemical
characteristics
of
individual
cells
within
a
bacterial
population.
6
Rius, Agustin Gregorio. "Nitrogen Efficiency and Regulation of Protein Synthesis in Lactating Dairy Cows." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37780.
Full textAbstract:
Dairy herds are major contributors to N pollution because 70% of the N intake is lost to the environment and 30% or less is retained in milk protein. Plasma amino acids (AA) that are not used for protein synthesis in mammary glands (MG) are catabolized in post splanchnic tissues (liver plus gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, spleen, portal system, and associated adipose tissue) and two thirds of the net supply of essential AA (EAA) are cleared in splanchnic tissues. Thus, increasing AA capture in MG would be expected to reduce AA catabolism and thereby increase efficiency of AA utilization. The objectives of the work presented in this dissertation were to test the effect of energy and N intake on cell regulatory mechanisms, nutrient kinetics, milk, milk protein yield, and N efficiency in dairy cows.
The aim of the first study was to test whether metabolizable protein (MP) and dietary energy exerted independent effects on milk protein synthesis and postabsorptive N efficiency. Forty mid-lactation cows (32 multiparous Holstein and 8 primiparous Holstein x Jersey cross-breds) were used in a complete randomized design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of diets. Cows were assigned to one of four dietary treatments: high-energy, high-protein (HE/HP); high-energy, low-protein (HE/LP); low-energy, high-protein (LE/HP); and low-energy, low-protein (LE/LP). Energy concentrations were 1.55 (HE/HP and HE/LP) or 1.44 (LE/HP and LE/LP) Mcal NEL/kg DM according to the NRC model. Changes in predicted MP were achieved by feeding diets with 6.6 (HE/HP and LE/HP) or 4.6% (HE/LP and LE/LP) ruminally undegradable protein (DM basis). Ruminally degradable protein was held constant at 10.1% of DM. All cows were fed HE/HP diet from day 1 to 21 followed by the respective treatments from day 22 to 43 (n=10). Milk protein yield was reduced as dietary energy was reduced. There were no interactions between dietary energy and protein for either milk or protein yield. Milk urea N was significantly affected by energy and protein with an interaction (HE/HP=17.2, HE/LP=12.2, LE/HP=21.0, LE/LP=12.2 mg/dl). Nitrogen efficiency was affected by energy and protein supplies with no interaction and ranged from a low of 31% (LE/HP) to a high of 43% (HE/LP). Although energy and protein independently affected milk and protein yield the tissue and cellular mechanisms that regulate milk production were not studied.
The second experiment studied cellular mechanisms in MG that contributed to the regulation of protein synthesis in the presence of energy or protein supply. We hypothesized that metabolism of AA in the MG is controlled by systemic and local tissue adaptations and when combined with altered mammary cell function controlled milk protein yield. Six primiparous mid-lactation Holstein cows with rumen cannulas were randomly assigned to abomasal infusions of casein and starch using a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. The design was a replicated incomplete 4 x 4 Latin-square. All animals received the same basal diet (17.6% CP and 1.58 Mcal NEL/kg DM) throughout the study. Cows were restricted to 70% of ad libitum intake and infused abomasally for 36 h with water, starch (2 kg/d), casein (0.86 kg/d), or the combination (2 kg/d starch + 0.86 kg/d casein) using peristaltic pumps. Milk weights, milk samples, and arterial and venous blood samples were collected during the last 8 h of infusions. Mammary biopsy samples were collected and tissue protein prepared to evaluate cell signaling. Animals infused with casein had increased arterial concentrations of NEAA and EAA, as well as net uptake and clearance; however, milk protein yield did not increase. Animals infused with starch however, exhibited reduced arterial concentrations of NEAA and EAA but increased clearance and net uptake of most AA. Additionally, infusions of starch increased circulating concentration of insulin, IGF-I, and glucose as well as the rate of mammary plasma flow. Abomasal infusions of starch activated mammary activity of ribosomal protein S6 irrespective of other treatments. However, mammary tissue mTOR increased activity in response to casein only when starch was present during the infusions. These results suggest that cell signaling activation responded to different nutritional stimuli. Milk and protein yield increased in animals infused with starch. Therefore, MG positively responded to energy supply and engaged local and intracellular regulatory mechanisms to achieve that response. Understanding these adaptations could be beneficial in the development of mathematical representations for nutrients utilization in lactating animals. These two studies supported our hypotheses that regulatory mechanism are activated during limiting supply of AA to sustain protein synthesis in MG. The accuracy of mathematical models for lactating animals would increase if effects of energy on AA metabolism and cell signaling related to protein synthesis were included in the representation of milk protein synthesis.<br>Ph. D.
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Eriksson, Torsten. "Milk production from leguminous forage, roots and potatoes : effects on microbial protein supply and nitrogen efficiency /." Uppsala : Dept. of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/a422.pdf.
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Blum, Janna Karen. "Broadening the enyzme-catalyzed synthesis of semi-synthetic antibiotics." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/39528.
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An alpha-amino ester hydrolase (AEH) applicable to synthesis of semi-synthetic antibiotics was cloned from the genomic DNA of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris sp. strain ATCC 33913. AEHs catalyze the synthesis and hydrolysis of alpha-amino beta-lactam antibiotics. The enzyme was characterized for thermodynamic and kinetic parameters. The enzyme shows optimal ampicillin hydrolytic activity at 25C and pH 6.8. The AEH enzymes have been shown to have excellent synthetic capability. Additionally, we demonstrated the first fully aqueous enzymatic one-pot synthesis of ampicillin direct from the natural product penicillin G eliminating the isolation of the intermediate 6-APA. Lastly, to improve the thermostability of the AEH a modified structure-guided consensus model of seven homologous enzymes was generated along with analysis of the B-factors from the available crystal structures of the known AEH from Xanthomonas citri. Our best variant, which is a quadruple mutant, E143H/A275P/N186D/V622I, which has a T_50_30, the temperature at which the half-life is 30 minutes, of 34C and 1.3-fold activity compared to wild-type. Overall, we have successfully improved the understanding of the AEH class of enzymes and applied a novel cascade application, demonstrating AEHs unique applicability in the synthesis of beta-lactam antibiotics. The improved thermostability will further improve the industrial relevance of AEHs.
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Connors, Mark Terence. "The investigation of the parameters of protein synthesis and translational efficiency in the ovine /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16926.pdf.
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Chikunya, Sifelani. "Microbial protein synthesis and fibre digestion in the rumen in relation to the form of supplementary nitrogen." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624398.
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Morley, Shari. "Role of protein kinases in stretch-induced regulation of elastin synthesis through increasd translational efficiency." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0008/MQ40772.pdf.
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Ieong, Ka-Weng. "Rate and Accuracy of Bacterial Protein Synthesis with Natural and Unnatural Amino Acids." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Struktur- och molekylärbiologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-235534.
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This thesis addresses different questions regarding the rate, efficiency, and accuracy of peptide bond formation with natural as well as unnatural amino acids: Which step is rate-limiting during peptide bond formation? How does the accuracy vary with different transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and codons and how is it relevant to the living cells? Does proofreading selection of codon reading occur in a single- or multi-step manner as theoretically suggested? How does the E. coli translation system discriminate unnatural amino acids? Based on that, how to improve the incorporation efficiencies of unnatural amino acids? Based on the study on pH dependence of peptide bond formation, we show that the rate of the chemistry of peptidyl transfer to aminoacyl-tRNA (AA-tRNA) Gly-tRNAGly or Pro-tRNAPro limits the rate of peptide bond formation at physiological pH 7.5, and this could possibly be true for peptidyl transfer to all natural AA-tRNAs at physiological condition. By studying the efficiency-accuracy trade-off for codon reading by seven AA-tRNA containing ternary complexes, we observe a large variation on the accuracy of initial codon selection and identify several error hot-spots. The maximal accuracy varied 400-fold from 200 to 84000 depending on the tRNA identity, the type and position of the mismatches. We also propose a proofreading mechanism that contains two irreversible steps in sequence. This could be highly relevant to the living cells in relation to maintaining both high accuracy and high efficiency in protein synthesis. Finally, we show that peptide bond formation with small and large non-N-alkylated L- unnatural amino acids proceed at rates similar to those with natural amino acids Phe and Ala on the ribosome. Interestingly, the large side chain of the bulky unnatural amino acid only weakens its binding for elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) but not slows down peptidyl transfer on the ribosome. Our results also suggest that the efficiency of unnatural amino acid incorporation could be improved in general by increasing EF-Tu concentration, lowering the reaction temperature and / or using tRNA bodies with optimal affinities for EF-Tu in the translation system.
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Ahnert, Veronika Sandra [Verfasser]. "Response of urinary purine derivatives excretion to nutritional factors affecting ruminal microbial protein synthesis in cattle / Veronika Sandra Ahnert." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1072621436/34.
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Atthoff, Björn. "Tailoring of Biomaterials using Ionic Interactions : Synthesis, Characterization and Application." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Materials Chemistry, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6924.
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<p>The interactions between polymers and components of biological systems are an important area of interest within the fields of tissue engineering, polymer chemistry, medicine and biomaterials. In order to create such a biomimetic material, it must show the inherent ability to reproduce or elicit a biological function. How do we design synthetic materials in order to direct their interactions with biological systems?</p><p>This thesis contributes to this research with aspects of how polymers interact with biological materials with the help of ionic interactions. Polyesters, biodegradable or not, may after a hydrolytic cleavage interact ionically with protonated amines by the liberated carboxylate functions. Amines are found in proteins and this fact will help us to anchor proteins to polyester surfaces. Another type of interaction is to culture cells in polymeric materials, i.e. scaffolds. We have been working on compliant substrates, knitted structures, to allow cell culture in three dimensions. A problem that arises here is how to get a high cell seeding efficiency? By working on the interactions between polymers, proteins and finally cells, it is possible to create a polarized protein membrane that allows for very efficient cell seeding, and subsequent three dimensional cell cultures. Finally a synthetic route to taylor interaction was developed. Here a group of polymers known as ionomers were synthesized. In our case ionic end groups have been placed onto biodegradable polycarbonates, we have created amphiphilic telechelic ionomers. Functionalization, anionic or cationic, changes the properties of the material in many ways due to aggregation and surface enrichment of ionic groups. It is possible to add functional groups for a variety of different interactions, for example introducing ionic groups that interact and bind to the complementary charge of proteins or on the other hand one can chose groups to prevent protein interactions, like the phosphorylcholine zwitterionomers. Such interactions can be utilized to modulate the release of proteins from these materials when used in protein delivery applications. The swelling properties, Tg, degradation rate and mechanical properties are among other things that will easily be altered with the choice of functional groups or backbone polymer.</p>
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Bell, Ashley Lorraine. "Effects of reduced dietary protein and supplemented rumen protected amino acids on the nitrogen efficiency of dairy cows." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46324.
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Dairy cows are extremely inefficient at converting dietary nitrogen (N) to productive N. Approximately 25-30% of dietary N is used for milk protein while the remaining N is lost to the environment. According to National Research Council (NRC, 2001) recommendations, dairy cow rations are formulated in terms of metabolizable protein (MP) which often causes many amino acids (AA) to be fed in excess. A better understanding of protein and AA requirements could help to improve the nitrogen efficiency of dairy cows. The objective of this work was to examine the effects of feeding a low protein diet supplemented with rumen protected (RP) AA on production and N efficiency of dairy cows. Twenty-four Holstein and 24 Holstein x Jersey crossbred cows were used in a Youden square design consisting of 3 periods. Cows were randomly assigned to one of 8 treatments: 1) a standard diet containing 17% crude protein (+Con), 2) a 15% crude protein diet (-Con), 3) â Con plus RP methionine (+M, 16g/d), 4) â Con plus RP lysine (+K, 47g/d), 5) â Con plus RP leucine (+L, 181g/d), 6) â Con plus RP methionine and lysine (+MK), 7) â Con plus RP methionine and leucine (+ML), and 8) â Con plus RP methionine, lysine, and leucine (+MKL). Cows fed the â Con as well as the +MKL diet experienced a reduction in milk production and milk protein yield (P < 0.05). Dry matter intake decreased only for those animals on the +ML diet (P < 0.05). Milk urea N (MUN) decreased for all diets when compared to the +Con treatment (P < 0.05). In accordance with the decrease in MUN, N efficiency was numerically increased in the diets supplemented with RP AA, but this improvement was not significant. Phosphorylation of signaling proteins important for protein synthesis were also examined. Animals fed the +MK treatment increased phosphorylated and total forms of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) when compared to the +Con and â Con (P < 0.05), but this increase in abundance did not affect the ratio of phosphorylated to total abundance. Feeding dairy cows a low protein diet supplemented with RP AA has the ability to alleviate the loss in milk production associated with feeding a low protein diet as well as to increase nitrogen efficiency.<br>Master of Science
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Hildebrand, Bastian [Verfasser], and Markus [Akademischer Betreuer] Rodehutscord. "Investigations on the effects of forage source and feed particle size on ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in vitro / Bastian Hildebrand. Betreuer: Markus Rodehutscord." Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1027353916/34.
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Al-Dehneh, Adnan. "The contribution of recycled urea to the synthesis of microbial protein in the rumen of dairy cows fed high grain and forage diets using nitrogen-15-labelled urea." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185802.
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Lactating Holstein cows were used to evaluate the contribution of recycled urea nitrogen to bacterial protein exiting the rumen, and appearing in milk and feces during continuous jugular infusion of ¹⁵N-labelled urea in long-term infusion (72 h) and short term infusion (3, 12, 20, and 24 h) studies. Two cows in the first trial, and four cows in the second trial fitted with T-type duodenal cannulae were fed either a high grain or high forage diet. Urea labeled with ¹⁵N was infused continuously into the jugular vein for 72 h in trial 1 and for 3, 12, 20, and 24 h in trial 2. Cr₂O₃ was used as a digestibility marker. In trial 1, duodenal digesta, feces and urine were sampled every 4 h for 5 d (during 72 h of infusion and 48 h thereafter). Milk and blood were sampled every 12 h for 5 d, and total urine was collected for 5 d. In trial 2, duodenal digesta and urine were sampled every 6 h for 3 d. Feces, milk and blood were sampled every 12 h for 3 d, and total urine was collected for 3 d. Percent of total N in digesta and bacteria entering the duodenum which originated from recycled N was greater in cows fed high grain than high forage, 20 vs 10%, P < .23 and 28 vs 15%, P < .18 respectively, for trial 1. In both trials, ¹⁵N enrichment of digesta and bacteria entering the duodenum was higher for high grain from shortly after the beginning until the end of infusion periods of more than 20 h. Enrichment patterns of urine (and blood) were inverse of those in digesta and bacteria, reflecting a greater recycling of urea on the high grain diet. Flow of N from the rumen to the small intestine was higher on high grain than on high forage in both trials, (128 vs 107% of N intake for trial 1, and 123 vs 98% of N intake for trial 2), which was consistent with the larger amount of recycled N on high grain. Urinary excretion of ¹⁵N accounted for about 84% of that excreted in trial 1, and 76% in trial 2; whereas, feces and milk accounted for a total of 16% in trial 1, and 24% in trial 2. Percent of ¹⁵N infused which was retained in the body 2 d after infusion ceased was 23% in tiral 1, and 17% at 72 h in trial 2. It was estimated by the ¹⁵N ratio techniques that 64 to 74% of the total N passing into the duodenum was bacterial N in trial 1. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that about twice as much endogenous N is recycled and incorporated into bacterial N on a high grain than a high forage diet fed to lactating cows. The higher N passage into the duodenum than N intake on a high grain diet might be explained by more N being recycled into the rumen.
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Herrera, y. Saldana Rolando Ernesto. "The effect of synchronization of protein and starch degradation in the rumen on nutrient utilization and milk production in dairy cows." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184373.
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Four studies were conducted to determine the effect of synchronization of protein and starch degradation on nutrient utilization, microbial protein synthesis and milk production in dairy cows. In Experiment 1, five cereal grains and five protein supplements were compared for extent of solubility and degradability of their starch and nitrogen fractions. Results indicated large differences which permitted their ranking from high to low degradability as follows: grains, oats > wheat > barley > corn > milo protein supplements, soybean meal > cottonseed meal, (CSM) > corn gluten meal > brewers dried grains, (BDG) > blood meal. In Experiment 2, the five grains were incubated for varying times in vitro (with added amylase) or in situ to determine rate and extent of degradation of dry matter, crude protein and starch. Results showed that rate of starch degradation followed a similar, but slightly different trend than in trial 1 (wheat > barley > oats > corn > milo). Rates for DM and CP degradation were similar than those for starch. In Experiment 3, high (barley, HS) and low (milo, LS) degradable starch sources were combined with a high (CSM, HP) and a low (BDG, LP) degradable protein sources to formulate four diets; HSHP, HSLP, LSHP and LSLP. Diets were fed to 32 cows, starting two to four weeks postpartum, for a 60-d milk production and digestibility study. Apparent digestibility was calculated using chromium oxide. Organic matter digestibility was higher (P < .05) was found in nutrient output to the small intestine among diets and microbial CP synthesis was higher (P > .05) for barley diets.
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Raiford, Douglas Whitmore III. "Multivariate Analysis of Prokaryotic Amino Acid Usage Bias: A Computational Method for Understanding Protein Building Block Selection in Primitive Organisms." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1133886196.
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Alves, Teresa Cristina. "Desenvolvimento ponderal, características da carcaça e eficiência da nutrição energética e protéica no metabolismo ruminal de búfalos e produção de gases in vitro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-04102010-162648/.
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Com o objetivo de estudar a espécie bubalina quanto ao desempenho de machos bubalinos do nascimento ao abate em regime de pastejo e as características de carcaça em dois pesos de abate, assim como o metabolismo ruminal de dietas com diferentes níveis de proteína e energia e a produção de gases in vitro, o presente trabalho apresenta-se avaliações feitas em quatro partes. A parte 1 foi realizada com búfalos em crescimento criados à pasto, do nascimento até atingirem dois pesos distintos de abate (517 e 568 kg). Avaliações do desempenho foram realizadas com medição do peso vivo, perímetro torácico, altura de cernelha e comprimento corporal e as avaliações das características da carcaça e carne com determinação do rendimento de carcaça quente e fria, perda no resfriamento, peso da gordura, peso do fígado, temperatura e pH da carcaça, área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura subcutânea, marmorização, maciez e coloração. A segunda parte avaliou dietas com três níveis de proteína (9%, 12% e 15%) no metabolismo ruminal. Os Itens analisados foram: consumo de nutrientes, pH, amônia e ácidos graxos voláteis no rúmen e degradabilidade in situ. Na parte 3, foram avaliadas dietas com dois níveis de proteína (9 e 15%) e dois de energia (65 e 69% NDT) no metabolismo ruminal. Além dos Itens avaliados na parte 2 foram ainda analisados a digestibilidade com uso de marcador, taxa de passagem de liquido ruminal e volume do rúmen e síntese de proteína microbiana. Na última parte foi realizada avaliação de produção de gases in vitro com estudo da cinética da degradabilidade in vitro no tempo de 72 horas. Animais abatidos com diferentes pesos apresentaram desenvolvimento ponderal diferenciado desde o início do crescimento. Não houve diferença entre os dois grupos de animais nas características de carne e carcaça, mas os búfalos abatidos mais pesados (568 kg) apresentaram maior deposição de gordura interna. Níveis de proteína de 9%, 12% e 15% não influenciaram na degradabilidade in situ dos nutrientes e no pH ruminal. A concentração de amônia e AGV foram maiores com níveis de 15% de proteína na dieta. Os níveis de energia (alta ou baixa) combinados com teores de proteína (alto ou baixo) e as correlações entre os níveis de energia e proteína não promoveram efeitos significativos sobre o pH ruminal concentração de amônia, taxa de passagem de líquido e volume ruminal em búfalos, entretanto, dieta com teor de 15% de proteína bruta, independente dos níveis de energia na dieta apresentaram melhores degradabilidades efetivas dos nutrientes. Os níveis de energia não influenciaram significativamente na concentração amônia ruminal ao contrário dos níveis de proteína em que a maior quantidade de proteína na dieta produziu maior concentração de amônia. Não houve diferença significativa na taxa de passagem e volume ruminal entre as quatro dietas fornecidas aos animais. Dietas com diferentes níveis de energia e proteína não influenciaram na qualidade do inóculo para a produção de gases in vitro.<br>With the aim of studying the buffalo on the performance of males from birth to slaughter in buffalo grazing and carcass characteristics in two slaughter weights, as well as the metabolism of diets with different levels of protein and energy and the production of gases in vitro, this work presents evaluations conducted in four parts. Part 1 was performed with buffalo raised in pasture from birth until they reach two different slaughter weights (517 and 568 kg). Performance assessments were performed with measurement of body weight, chest girth, height and body length and evaluations of carcass characteristics and meat with determining the hot and cold carcass, the cooling loss, fat weight, liver weight, temperature and pH of the carcass, ribeye area, fat thickness, marbling, tenderness and color. The second part evaluated diets with three protein levels (9%, 12% and 15%) on rumen metabolism. Items discussed were the amount of nutrients, pH, ammonia and volatile fatty acids in the rumen and degradability in situ. In Part 3, were evaluated diets with two protein levels (9 and 15%) and two energy (65 and 69% of TDN) on rumen metabolism. Besides the items evaluated in Part 2, were also analyzed the digestibility, passage rate and ruminal volume and rumen microbial protein synthesis. In the last part was done evaluation of gas production in vitro with study of the kinetics of degradation in 72 hours. Animals slaughtered at different weights showed differential weight performance since the beginning of growth. There were no differences between the two groups of animals on meat and carcass characteristics, but the buffaloes slaughtered heavier (568 kg) had higher deposition of internal fat. Protein levels of 9%, 12% and 15% did not influence the in situ degradability of nutrients and rumen pH. The concentration of ammonia and VFA levels were higher with 15% protein diet. Energy levels (high or low) combined with protein levels (high or low) and the correlations between the levels of energy and protein did not cause significant effects on rumen pH, ammonia concentration, liquid passage rate and ruminal volume in buffalo, however, dietary content of 15% crude protein, independent of the energy levels in the diet showed better effective degradability of nutrients. Energy levels did not significantly modify the rumen ammonia concentration unlike the protein levels where in the higher protein diet resulted in higher ammonia concentration. There was no significant difference in passage rate and ruminal volume between the four diets fed to the animals. Diets with different levels of energy and protein did not influence the quality of inoculum for the gas production in vitro.
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Rebelo, Lucas Rocha [UNESP]. "Influência de nitrato encapsulado e enxofre na dieta sobre metabolismo e emissão de metano em bovinos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151072.
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Previous issue date: 2017-06-19<br>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)<br>Este estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito da substituição da fonte de proteína verdadeira e da ureia por nitrato encapsulado (En) e enxofre (S) elementar sobre consumo, digestibilidade, parâmetros ruminais, eficiência de síntese de proteína microbiana e emissão de CH4 em bovinos Nelore. Foram utilizados cinco novilhos Nelore (352.7 ± 38.4 kg PV) canulados no rumen, e distribuídos em um delineamento em quadrado latino 5 × 5 (5 tratamentos e 5 períodos, 21 dias cada). O volumoso utilizado foi feno de Tifton 85 e o concentrado basal foi composto por milho, farelo de soja, e suplemento mineral comercial. Ureia, En e S foram adicionados para compor demais dietas. Os tratamentos foram: farelo de soja (SBM) como tratamento controle; ureia (U); U mais S elementar (US); nitrato encapsulado (EN); e EN mais S elementar (ENS). O En foi incluído nos tratamentos EN e ENS em 2% da MS (1,42% de NO3 - ânion), enquanto que a inclusão de ureia nos tratamentos U e US foi de 0,8% na MS da dieta. A inclusão de S nos tratamentos U e EN foi em 0,24% da MS, e a relação N:S foi reduzida de 8:1 para 4:1 com a adição de S. O En foi incluído gradualmente de 0,5% até 2% da MS da dieta. Os contrastes ortogonais para avaliar os efeitos de tratamento foram: SBM vs. EN + ENS; U + US vs. EN + ENS; U vs. US; e EN vs. ENS. Os novilhos apresentaram baixos níveis de MetHb (média de 1,1%) a medida em que a quantidade de En foi aumentada. O consumo de OM e NDF foram menores (P ≤ 0,01) para os animais alimentados com En comparado à SBM. A digestibilidade da DM, OM, e GE foram maiores (P ≤ 0,01) quanto fornecido En comparado à ureia. O pH ruminal foi maior (P = 0,01) e N-NH3 foi menor (P = 0,01) para animais recebendo En na dieta comparado à ureia. Comparado à ureia, o fornecimento de En causou redução (P = 0,01) na proporção de propionato, assim como aumento (P ≤ 0,03) na proporção de acetato e na relação acetato:propionato. O consumo de N foi menor (P ≤ 0,07) em animais alimentados com En comparado à SBM e ureia. O N retido (g N/d) foi menor (P = 0,01) com dietas com En comparado à SBM e ureia. Nitrogênio microbiano (MN; g MN/d) tendeu a aumentar (P = 0,06) com a inclusão de En comparado à SBM, e foi aumentado (P ≤ 0,04) pela adição de S elementar à dietas com NNP. O fornecimento de dietas com En aumentou (P ≤ 0,01) MN quando em proporção à ingestão de PB (CPI; g MN/kg CPI) e aumentou (P = 0,02) a eficiência de síntese de MN com base na ingestão de OM digestível (DOMI; g MN/kg DOMI) comparado à SBM, assim como tendeu a aumentar (P = 0,09) g MN/kg DOMI comparado à ureia. A adição de S elementar às dietas com NNP tendeu a aumentar (P ≥ 0,05) g MN/kg CPI, e aumentou (P = 0,04) g MN/kg DOMI quando incluído na dieta EN. Animais alimentados com En tiveram redução (P = 0,02) na emissão de CH4 em cerca de 31,2 g CH4/d, e tenderam a reduzir (P = 0,06) a emissão de CH4 em g CH4/kg DMI e como % da GEI, quando comparados à SBM. Portanto, En mais S elementar em substituição parcial à proteina verdadeira da ração ou substituindo totalmente a ureia pode otimizar a eficiência de síntese de proteína microbiana e concomitantemente reduzir a emissão de CH4 por bovinos Nelore.<br>The objective of this study was to investigate the replacement of true protein source as well as the conventional NPN source (urea) by encapsulated NO3 - (En) plus elemental sulfur (S) on microbial protein synthesis efficiency, and CH4 emission in Nellore beef cattle. Five ruminally-cannulated Nellore steers (352.7 ± 38.4 kg BW) were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design with 5 periods of 21 d each. Tifton 85 hay was used as forage and the basal concentrate consisted of corn, soybean meal, and commercial mineral supplement (50:50 wt/wt, forage:concentrate). Urea, En and S were added to compose the other diets. The treatments were: true protein from soybean meal as control (SBM); urea (U); U plus elemental S (US); encapsulated NO3 - (EN); and EN plus elemental S (ENS). En was included in 2% on dietary DM (1.42% NO3 - anion), while the inclusion of urea in U and US diets was 0.8% on dietary DM. The inclusion of S for U and EN diets was 0.24% on dietary DM, and the N:S ratio was reduced from 8:1 to 4:1 with the addition of S. En was gradually included from 0.5 to 2% on dietary DM by 0.5% every 4 d. The orthogonal contrasts for specific partitioning of treatment effects were: SBM vs. EN + ENS; U + US vs. EN + ENS; U vs. US; and EN vs. ENS. Steers displayed adequate MetHb levels as dietary En content increased. Organic matter and aNDF intake were smaller (P ≤ 0.01) for animals fed En diets compared to SBM. Digestibility of DM, OM, and GE were greater (P ≤ 0.01) when fed En diets compared to urea. Ruminal pH was greater (P = 0.01) and ruminal NH3-N was smaller (P = 0.01) for animals fed En diets compared to urea. Compared to urea, En supply resulted in lower propionate proportion (P = 0.01), but increased (P ≤ 0.03) acetate proportion and acetate:propionate ratio. Nitrogen intake was smaller (P ≤ 0.07) with En supply compared to SBM and urea. Retained N (g N/d) for animals fed En diets was smaller (P = 0.01) compared to SBM and urea. Microbial N (MN; g MN/d) tended to increase (P = 0.06) with En inclusion compared to SBM, and was increased (P ≤ 0.04) by the addition of elemental S to NPN diets. Encapsulated NO3 - diets supply increased (P ≤ 0.01) MN as a proportion of CPI (g MN/kg CPI), increased (P = 0.02) MN efficiency based on digestible OM intake (DOMI; g MN/kg DOMI) compared to SBM, and as well tended to increase (P = 0.09) g MN/kg DOMI compared to urea. The addition of elemental S to NPN diets tended to increase (P ≥ 0.05) g MN/kg CPI, and increased (P = 0.04) g MN/kg DOMI when included in EN. Animals fed En diets decreased (P = 0.02) CH4 emission by 31.2 (g CH4/d), and tended to decrease (P = 0.06) CH4 emission (g CH4/kg DMI, and CH4 as % of GEI) when compared to SBM. Thus, En plus elemental S as a dietary additive replacing part of true protein of the ration or totally urea can optimize microbial protein synthesis efficiency and concomitantly decrease CH4 emission by Nellore beef cattle.<br>FAPESP: 2016/01562-0
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Conti, Luís Henrique Andreucci. "Efeito do teor de proteína e fonte nitrogenada em dietas com cana-de-açúcar sobre frações protéicas do leite, balanço nitrogenado e parâmetros metabólicos sanguíneos de vacas lactantes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10135/tde-01102012-155542/.
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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do teor de proteína bruta (PB) e da fonte nitrogenada da dieta para vacas lactantes, utilizando cana-de-açúcar como volumoso sobre a síntese de proteína microbiana, composição da fração nitrogenada do leite, balanço nitrogenado e parâmetros metabólicos sangüíneos. Foram utilizadas 12 vacas Holandesas com média de 235 dias em lactação, agrupadas em três quadrados latinos contemporâneos 4x4, com período experimental de 21 dias, sendo 14 para adaptação as dietas e os 7 últimos para coletas. Os animais foram alimentados com rações isoenergéticas (1,29 Mcal/Kg de MS), com duas fontes nitrogenadas principais (farelo de soja e uréia) e dois teores de PB (14,5 e 16,0 %) na ração: A) 14,21% de PB e farelo de soja (FS) como fonte nitrogenada principal, com 65% de PDR, B) 15,57% de PB e FS, com 65% PDR, C) 14,23% de PB e Ureia, com 70% de PDR, D) 15,62% de PB e Uréia, com 70% PDR. Para a determinação da contagem de células somáticas e de nitrogênio ureico no leite (NUL) foram coletadas amostras de leite do 14º ao 18º dia de cada período. Para a determinação dos teores de proteína bruta, nitrogênio não protéico, nitrogênio não caseinoso, proteína verdadeira, caseína e proteína do soro do leite, foram coletadas amostras de leite do 18º ao 21º dia de cada período. Para a determinação da síntese de proteína microbiana foram coletadas amostras de leite e amostras spot de urina no 15º dia de cada período. A coleta de sangue foi realizada no 16º dia de cada período. Houve interação entre fonte nitrogenada e teor de PB da dieta sobre o NUL (mg/dL) e tendência de interação entre fonte nitrogenada e teor de PB da dieta sobre a excreção total de urina (L/dia) (P = 0,052) e proteína verdadeira do leite do leite (%) (P = 0,06). A excreção total de urina (L/dia), o NUL e a uréia no soro foram maiores para as dietas com 16% de PB, independentemente da fonte nitrogenada. As dietas com uréia como fonte nitrogenada principal apresentaram maior concentração de albumina sangüínea (g/L). Houve maior eficiência nitrogenada para as dietas com 14,5% de PB.<br>The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of crude protein (CP) content and dietary nitrogen source for lactating cows using cane sugar as forage on microbial protein synthesis, composition of milk nitrogen fraction, nitrogen balance and blood parameters. Twelve Holstein cows (235 days in milk) were allocated in three Latin squares balanced 4x4, with a trial period of 21 days where 14 days were for diet adaptation and the last seven for sample collection. The animals receive isocaloric diets (1.29 Mcal / kg DM), with two major nitrogen sources (soybean meal and urea) and two crude protein levels (14.5 and 16.0%): A) 14.21% CP, soybean meal (SBM) as the main nitrogen source, with 65% PDR, B) 15.57% CP as SBM and 65% PDR, C) 14.23% CP and urea as the main nitrogen source, with 70% PDR, D) 15.62% CP as urea and 70% PDR. To determine the somatic cell count and milk urea nitrogen, milk samples were collected from day 14th to 18th of each period. To determine crude protein, non-protein nitrogen, non-casein nitrogen, true protein, casein and whey protein, milk samples were collected from day18th to 21st of each period. To determine microbial protein synthesis milk and spot urine samples were collected at day 15th of each period. Blood collection was performed on the 16th day of each period. There was interaction between nitrogen source and diet protein content on milk urea nitrogen (MUN), and interaction tendency on urine excretion (L/day) (P = 0.052) and milk true protein (%) (P =0.06). Total urine excretion (liters/day), MUN and urea in blood serum were higher for diets with 16% CP, regardless of nitrogen source. Diets with urea as main nitrogen source had higher concentration of blood albumin (g/L). There was higher nitrogen efficiency for diets with 14.5% CP.
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Hentz, Fernanda. "Avaliação da inclusão do farelo de canola em dietas para ruminantes." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2010. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10756.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico<br>Eight Texel x Polwarth crossbred wethers (31.1±3.8 kg BW), four with duodenal cannulae were used in a replicated 4x4 Latin square design to evaluate effects of canola meal (44.4% CP, 29.5% NDF and 3.2% EE; DM basis) on intake, whole-tract digestibility, microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen retention. The basal diet consisted of ad libitum access to sudangrass (10% refusals). Treatments were
sudangrass only (control), or supplemented with 5, 10, or 15 g/kg BW of concentrate, offered twice daily at 0800 and 1700h. Concentrate was 90% canola meal and 10% finely ground corn. Wethers were adapted to diets for 10 d followed by a 5-d collection period. Forage DMI decreased linearly (P<0.001) as supplement intake increased, and was 26.1% lower in supplemented animals in relation to the control group. Total DMI, which included forage and supplement, increased 30.6% and digestible OM intake increased 41% with supplementation. Supplementation did not
affect DM and OM digestibility, while depressed NDF digestibility and improves N digestibility. Microbial protein synthesis and microbial efficiency were not affected by supplementation. Nitrogen retention was markedly higher in supplemented animals (236% higher), and was due mainly to the higher duodenal flow of amino acids.
Supplementation with canola meal improves total nutrient supply, however, exerted a negative effect on forage intake and fiber digestibility in wethers.<br>Este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a inclusão de farelo de canola na dieta de ovinos e seus efeitos sobre o consumo de volumoso, digestibilidade, síntese protéica microbiana ruminal e retenção de nitrogênio. Oito ovinos machos cruzados Texel x Polwarth (31,1±3,8 kg PV), quatro destes implantados com cânula duodenal foram utilizados em um delineamento quadrado Latino 4x4 duplo com períodos de
15 dias, sendo 10 dias adaptação e cindo dias coleta de dados. A dieta experimental basal foi composta de capim Sudão (ad libitum, 10% de sobras) e os tratamentos
foram: capim Sudão (controle), ou suplementado com 5, 10 ou 15 g/kg PV de concentrado, ofertados duas vezes ao dia às 08:00 e 17:00h. O concentrado foi 90% farelo de canola e 10% de milho moído. O consumo de MS da forragem decresceu
linearmente (P<0,001) com o aumento no consumo de suplemento e foi em média 26,1% menor em relação ao grupo controle. O consumo total de MS que inclui forragem e suplemento aumentou 30,6% e o consumo de MOD aumentou 41% nos animais suplementados. Não houve efeito da suplementação sobre a digestibilidade da MS e da MO, todavia, houve redução na digestibilidade da FDN e aumento na digestibilidade do N. A síntese e a eficiência de síntese protéica microbiana ruminal não foram afetadas (P>0,05) pela adição do suplemento à dieta. A retenção de N foi
substancialmente maior(P<0,001) nos animais recebendo o farelo de canola (236%), e foi devida principalmente à maior oferta de aminoácidos. A suplementação aumentou a oferta total de nutrientes e a retenção de nitrogênio em ovinos, todavia, exerceu um efeito negativo sobre o consumo de forragem e a digestibilidade da fibra.
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Millar, Kristina K. "Antibiotic Efficacy and Interaction in Escherichia coli during Varying Nutrient Conditions." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/809.
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Due to the recent rise in antibiotic resistant pathogens, and the difficulties surrounding the quest for new antibiotics, many researchers have started revisiting antibiotic interactions in hopes of finding new treatment options. The primary outcome of this project was to examine the efficacy of concomitant antibiotic use under varying nutrient conditions, to identify variations in antibiotic interactions. Antibiotic interactions were studied, utilizing E. coli as a model bacterial system, grown in four different media types. E. coli cultures were treated with streptomycin, tobramycin, erythromycin, and amikacin individually and in a pairwise fashion at varying doses. We found that at least some antibiotic efficacies were dependent on the environmental nutrient conditions E. coli was grown in, as the antibiotics were not equally effective in all media types. E. coli grown in potato dextrose broth, in particular, showed extremely high tolerance to antibiotic inhibition. In addition, we observed several variations in antibiotic interactions, depending on the combination of antibiotics and environmental conditions utilized. It is predicted that differences in available nutrients is the primary cause of the observed discrepancies in antibiotic properties between media. The observation of changes in antibiotic efficacy under different environmental and nutrient conditions has serious implications for use of antibiotic combinations as drug treatments. Not all microenvironments within the human body have identical nutrient make-up. If the interactions antibiotics are reported to have in one environmental condition change under another, reckless prescription of combinations could lead to a serious adverse reaction. Thus, this is an important area for future in vitro and in vivo research.
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Calomeni, Gustavo Delfino. "Utilização de ureia encapsulada de liberação lenta na alimentação de vacas em lactação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10135/tde-27092012-154006/.
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Objetivou-se avaliar a utilização de ureia encapsulada de liberação Lenta nas dietas de vacas em lactação e seus efeitos sobre o consumo e digestibilidade aparente total da matéria seca e dos nutrientes, fermentação ruminal, produção microbiana ruminal, produção e composição do leite, e as concentrações de parâmetros sangüíneos. Foram utilizadas 16 vacas da raça Holandesa com produção média de 30,0 kg/dia, agrupadas em 4 quadrados latinos 4x4 balanceados e contemporâneos, recebendo as dietas experimentais: 1) Controle (CT), ração sem a inclusão de ureia; 2) Ureia pecuária (UP), com a utilização de 1,0% de UP na ração, baseada na matéria seca (MS); 3) Ureia encapsulada 1 (UE1), com a utilização de 1,0% de UE1 na ração, baseada na MS; e 4) Ureia encapsulada 2 (UE2), com a utilização de 1,0% de UE2 na ração, baseada na MS. O volumoso utilizado foi a silagem de milho, em relação de 50:50 (relação volumoso:concentrado). A produção de leite e o consumo de matéria seca foram mensurados diariamente durante todo o período experimental. As amostras utilizadas para análise da composição do leite foram coletadas no 16º dia de cada período experimental, sendo provenientes das duas ordenhas diárias. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas em tubos vacuolizados por punção da veia e/ou artéria coccígea. As amostras de líquido ruminal foram coletadas com a utilização de sonda esofágica três horas após a alimentação matinal. A digestibilidade foi determinada por meio de indicador interno FDAi. Não houve diferença para consumo de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente neutro e nutrientes digestíveis totais. Foi observado aumento na digestibilidade da proteína bruta e nos nutrientes digestíveis totais observados nos animais submetidos às dietas contendo ureia quando comparados aos animais alimentados com a dieta controle. Não houve efeito das dietas experimentais sobre o pH e concentração de amônia ruminal. Foi observado aumento nas concentrações totais de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta e do ácido propiônico nos animais tratados com a dieta controle quando comparados aos animais alimentados com as dietas com inclusão de ureia, mas não foi observada alteração na relação acetato:propionato e na proporção molar dos ácidos graxos de cadeia curta. Também não foi observada diferença na síntese e na eficiência de síntese de proteína microbiana. Não houve diferença para o consumo de compostos nitrogenados totais, e nas excreções de compostos nitrogenados na urina, no balanço de nitrogênio e na eficiência de utilização do nitrogênio. Foi observado aumento na excreção de compostos nitrogenados no leite e nas fezes nos animais tratados com a ração controle quando comparados aos animais tratados com as dietas com ureia. Também foi observado aumento na produção de leite, e na produção de gordura e lactose nos animais tratados com a dieta controle quando comparados aos animais tratados com as dietas contendo ureia. Não houve diferença para as concentrações sanguíneas de glicose, ureia, e nitrogênio ureico. A utilização de ureia na alimentação de vacas em lactação, apesar de ter reduzido a produção de leite, não influenciou a produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura, e a sua composição. Nas condições em que os animais foram avaliados neste estudo não foi observada diferença no desempenho e metabolismo entre as vacas suplementadas com ureia, seja encapsulada ou não.<br>The aim was to evaluate the use of polymer-coated slow release urea (PCU) in rations for lactating cows by evaluating its effects on consumption and nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, rumen microbial yield, production and milk composition, and concentrations of blood parameters. To perform this experiment were used 16 Holstein cows with average production of 30.0 kg/day, divided into four 4x4 balanced and contemporary latin squares, receiving the experimental diets: 1) Control (CT) diet without the addition of urea, 2) Feedgrade Urea (FGU), with the use of PCU 1.0% in the diet based on dry matter (DM), 3) PCU 1, with the use of PCU1 1.0% of the diet, based on DM, and 4) PCU 2 , with the use of 1.0% PCU2 in the diet, based on DM. The forage used was corn silage in a ratio of 50:50 (forage:concentrate ratio). Milk production (MP) and dry matter intake (DMI) were measured daily throughout the experimental period. The samples used to analyze the composition of milk were collected on the 16th day of each experimental period, and from the two daily milkings. Blood samples were collected in tubes vacuolated by vein puncture and/or coccygeal artery. The rumen fluid samples were collected with the use of esophageal probe three hours after the morning feeding. The digestibility was determined by means of the internal marker indigestible acid detergent fiber. There was no difference for DMI, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients. There was a increase in the digestibility of crude protein and total digestible nutrients in animals treated with urea diets compared to animals fed the control diet. There was no effect on pH and ruminal ammonia. An increase in concentrations of total short-chain fatty acid and propionic acid was observed in animals treated with the control diet compared to animals fed diets with inclusion of urea. There was no change in acetate: propionate ratio and the molar ratio of short-chain fatty acids. There was no difference in the synthesis and efficiency of synthesis of microbial proteins. There was no difference in consumption of total nitrogen compounds, and nitrogen compounds excretion in urine, nitrogen balance and nitrogen use efficiency. There was an increase in the excretion of nitrogenous compounds in milk and feces in animals treated with the control diet compared to animals treated with urea rations. Was observed an increase in milk production and total fat and lactose production in animals treated with the control diets compared to animals treated with urea rations. There was no difference in blood concentrations of glucose, urea and urea nitrogen. The use of urea in the feeding of dairy cows, despite the lower milk production, did not influenced fat corrected milk yield (3,5%) and its composition. Under conditions in which animals were evaluated in this study there was no difference in performance and metabolism between cows supplemented with urea, polymer-coated slow release or not.
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Azevedo, Katharine Kelly de. "Avalia??o nutricional do farelo de crambe em dietas para ovinos." UFVJM, 2017. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1757.
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Previous issue date: 2018<br>Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)<br>Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de n?veis crescentes de substitui??o da PB do concentrado (0, 25, 50 e 75% com base na MS) pela PB do farelo de crambe (FC) em dietas para ovinos, sobre o consumo e digestibilidade de nutrientes, par?metros ruminais, N ureico no plasma sangu?neo (NUP), excre??o urin?ria de N ureico (EUNU), balan?o de N, fluxo intestinal de N microbiano (NMIC) e efici?ncia de s?ntese de prote?na microbiana (EFIM). Foram utilizados quatro ovinos fistulados no r?men, SRD, machos, castrados, alojados em gaiolas metab?licas, com idade m?dia inicial de 18 meses e peso vivo m?dio inicial de 50 kg, distribu?dos em delineamento quadrado latino 4 x 4 (4 tratamentos e 4 per?odos). Cada per?odo foi composto de 14 dias, sendo sete dias destinados ? adapta??o dos animais ? dieta e ?s condi??es experimentais e sete dias para as coletas. As dietas foram compostas por 50% de volumoso (silagem de milho) e 50% de concentrado (%MS). Os resultados foram submetidos ? an?lise de vari?ncia e estudo de regress?o a 5% de signific?ncia, utilizando-se o programa estat?stico SAS. Foi verificado efeito linear crescente para o consumo de extrato et?reo e linear decrescente para o consumo de carboidratos n?o fibrosos corrigidos para cinzas e prote?na. Com o aumento dos n?veis de FC nas dietas observou-se redu??o na digestibilidade de todos os nutrientes avaliados, exceto para PB e EE. N?o houve efeito para o pH do l?quido ruminal, por?m para os valores de N amoniacal no l?quido ruminal foi observado efeito linear decrescente com a inclus?o do FC na dieta. Tamb?m n?o foi observado efeito das dietas para o balan?o de N e EUNU. Contudo, para a concentra??o de NUP houve efeito linear decrescente. O NMIC e EFIM apresentaram efeito linear crescente com a inclus?o do FC. De acordo com os resultados alcan?ados no presente estudo, o FC possui potencial como alimento proteico alternativo na dieta de ovinos, pois assegura consumo e utiliza??o do N semelhante a alimentos convencionais e contribui pra melhor s?ntese de prote?na microbiana. Apesar da redu??o da digestibilidade dos nutrientes com a inclus?o do FC ?s dietas, o consumo de NDT n?o foi prejudicado.<br>Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017.<br>The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of CP replacement of concentrate (0, 25, 50 and 75% based on DM) for crambe meal (CM) CP in sheep diets regarding on nutrient intake, digestibility, ruminal parameters, blood plasma urea nitrogen (NUP), urinary urea nitrogen excretion (EUNU), N balance, intestinal flow of microbial nitrogen (NMIC), and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EFIM). Four rumen fistulated male sheep of undefined breed, castrated, housed in metabolic cages, with initial mean age of 18 months and initial mean body weight (BW) of 50 kg, were distributed in a 4 x 4 Latin square design (4 treatments and 4 periods). Each period was composed of 14 days, seven days for the adaptation of the animals to the diet and the experimental conditions and seven days sampling. The diets were composed of 50% of roughage (corn silage) and 50% of concentrate (% MS). The results were submitted to analysis of variance and regression study at 5% of significance using the SAS statistical program. It was verified crescent linear effect for the intake of ethereal extract and linear effect decreasing for the intake of non-fibrous carbohydrates corrected for ashes and protein. It was observed a reduction of the digestibility of all the nutrients with increase of CM levels in the diets, except for PB and EE. There was no effect on the ruminal fluid pH, but it was observed linear decreasing effect for the values of ammoniacal nitrogen in the rumen according to the inclusion of the CM in the diets. It was not observed effect of diets on N balance and EUNU. However, there was a linear decreasing effect for NUP. The was in increasing linear effect on NMIC and the EFIM with the inclusion of CM. According to the results obtained in the present study, the CM has potential as an alternative protein food in the diets of sheep, because the intake and use of N is similar to conventional foods and improves the microbial protein synthesis. Even with the reduction of nutrient digestibility with the inclusion of CM in diets, the intake of TDN was not affected.
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Reveneau, Carine. "Dietary source and availibility [i.e. availability] of fatty acids to manipulate ruminal protozoa, metabolism of fat, and milk fatty acid profile in lactating dairy cows." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1204659455.
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Vagnoni, David B. "In vitro and in vivo quantification of ruminal microbial protein synthesis." 1995. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/34764531.html.
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Brito, André Fonseca de. "Effects of dietary forage and protein supplements on production, nitrogen utilization and microbial protein synthesis in lactating dairy cows." 2004. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/62054424.html.
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Adeleke, Rasaq Ademola. "Effects of Brevibacillus laterosporus and live yeast on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility and microbial protein synthesis." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23002.
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This study investigated the effects of Brevibacillus laterosporus and live yeast (LY) on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility and microbial protein synthesis. The basal diet was a total mixed ration formulated to fulfil the minimum nutrient requirement of early lactating 600 kg Holstein cow producing 40kg of milk with 3.5 % fat and 3.3 % protein using CPM-dairy software (NRC, 2001). Treatments were: T1 (Control: basal diet with no additive), T2 (Basal diet + Brevibacillus laterosporus), T3 (Basal diet + Live yeast), and T4 (Basal diet + Brevibacillus laterosporus + Live yeast). In situ degradation, in vitro batch fermentation were performed. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using PROC GLM (SAS Institute, 2009). The effective dry matter (DM) degradability evaluated at low (0.02) and medium (0.05) ruminal passage rate (ED1 and ED2) were higher (p<0.05) in T1 compared to T2 and T3, but did not differ (p>0.05) between T2, T3 and T4, and between T1 and T4. When evaluated at fast passage rate (0.08) the effective DM degradability (ED3) was higher (p<0.05) in T1 compared to T3 and T4, but did not differ (p>0.05) between T1 and T2. The difference in ammonia nitrogen production was observed only between T1 and T2, and was higher (p<0.05) in T1. The total VFA’s concentration was higher (p<0.05) in T3 compared to the control.
All additives decreased the molar percentage of acetate (P<0.05). The concentration of acetate was lower (p<0.05) in T3 and T4 compared to control. Propionate concentration was higher (p<0.05) in T3 and T4 compared to other treatments and lower (p<0.05) in the control compared to the rest of treatments. Butyrate concentration was higher (p<0.05) in T2 and T4 compared to the rest of the treatments, and lower (p<0.05) in T3 than other treatments. The microbial protein synthesis measured as purine derivate done on residues was higher (p<0.05) for T3 compared to T1 and T2, but did not differ between T1, T2 and T4, and between T3 and T4. These results showed that the two additives have different individual effects on DM and CP degradability, but also associative effects in some fermentation parameters such as propionate production.<br>Agriculture, Animal Health and Human Ecology<br>M. Sc. (Agriculture)
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Gahl, Mark Joseph. "The efficiency of amino acid retention in rats role of protein synthesis and amino acid oxidation /." 1994. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/32844663.html.
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郭仁杰. "Synthesis and Modification of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for Binding Efficiency Between Iron Oxide -Protein Conjugation and Self-Assembly Molecules." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70657052534569046450.
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碩士<br>國立清華大學<br>微機電工程研究所<br>95<br>In this research we propose the utilization of iron oxide nanoparticles for the enhancement of protein binding efficiency to SAMs functionalized surface. Very uniform iron oxide nanoparticles with 5 and 10 nm particle sizes have been successfully fabricated by using micelle method in solvent phase, and the surfaces were modified by PEG-COOH functional group for dispersion in water and conjugation with protein. Anti-rabbit IgG-cy3 was successfully conjugated on the nanoparticle surfaces after the activation of PEG-COOH group. Binding efficiency between iron oxide-protein conjugation and self-assembly molecules (SAM) by external magnetic field with different AC frequencies was tested and demonstrated a 374% enhancement.
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Kim, JuHyun. "Organization of the T4 dNTP synthetase complex at DNA replication sites." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/29969.
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With respect to a multienzyme complex of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate
(dNTP) synthesis somehow juxtaposed with DNA replication sites, our laboratory
has demonstrated the existence of a multienzyme complex in T4-infected E. coli,
named the T4 dNTP synthetase complex, but the idea of direct linkage of dNTP
synthesis to DNA replication and organization of the complex has not been well
established. This study had two objectives. The first objective was to test the specific
hypothesis that gp32, the single-stranded DNA binding protein encoded by gene 32,
plays a role in recruiting enzymes of dNTP synthesis to the replisome and in
organizing the dNTP synthetase complex. By use of two newly created gene 32
mutants along with several experimental approaches, DNA-cellulose
chromatography, coimmunoprecipitation, and glutathione-S-transferase pull downs,
interactions of gp32 with thymidylate synthase (gptd), ribonucleotide reductase
(gpnrdA/B), and E. coli NDP kinase have been identified. These results support the
hypothesis that gp32 helps to recruit enzymes of dNTP synthesis to DNA replication
sites.
As the second objective, I investigated contributions of two host proteins, E. coli
nueleoside diphosphate kinase (NDP kinase) and adenylate kinase (Adk), to the
organization of the complex. As an important step to understand roles of E. coli NDP
kinase in the complex, I identified direct interactions of E. coli NDP kinase with
gpnrdA/B, dCMP hydroxymethylase (gp42), and dihydrofolate reductase (gpfrd) by
means of coimmunoprecipitation and glutathione-S-transferase pull-down
experiments. Interestingly, these interactions were influenced by the presence of
substrate nucleotides or an analog for E. coli NDP kinase, suggesting that metabolite
flux may affect the preference of E. coli NDP kinase binding to enzymes in the
complex in vivo. Meanwhile, Adk involvement in DNA precursor synthesis has been
suggested, particularly in phage T4-infected E. coli, from observations of increased
thermostability of temperature-sensitive Adk in situ. The involvement of E. coil Adk
in the complex was demonstrated by identifying some proteins of the T4 dNTP
synthetase complexgp42, dNMP kinase (gpl), gpfrd, and E. coli NDP
kinasedirectly interacting with Adk, implying that E. coil Adk would be properly
located in the complex to efficiently carry out the conversion of dNDPs to dNTPs.
This implication was supported by measurements of T4 DNA synthesis.
Taken together, this research strongly supports the idea of connection of dNTP
synthesis to DNA replication and allows us to take a step toward understanding the
organization of the complex at DNA replication sites.<br>Graduation date: 2005
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"Optimizing the efficiency of nutrient utilization in dairy cows." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2013-03-973.
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A series of experiments were conducted to determine nutritional strategies to improve the efficiency of N utilization in dairy cows when feeding co-products including wheat-based (W-DDGS) and corn-wheat blend distillers grains with solubles (B-DDGS), and dried whey permeate (DWP). In Experiment 1, the objective was to determine the effects of replacing canola meal (CM) as the major protein source with W-DDGS on ruminal fermentation, microbial protein production, omasal nutrient flow, and animal performance. Cows were fed either a standard barley silage-based total mixed ration containing CM as the major protein supplement (0% W-DDGS, control) or diets formulated to contain 10, 15 and 20% W-DDGS (dry matter [DM] basis), with W-DDGS replacing primarily CM. Diets were isonitrogenous (18.9% crude protein [CP]). Inclusion of W-DDGS to the diet did not negatively affect ruminal fermentation, microbial protein production, and omasal nutrient flow. However, there was a 0.7- to 2.4-kg increase in DM intake, and a 1.2- to 1.8-kg increase in milk yield after the addition of W-DDGS in place of CM. In Experiment 2, the objective was to delineate the effects of including either W-DDGS or B-DDGS dried distillers grains with solubles as the major protein source in low or high CP diets fed to dairy cows on ruminal function, microbial protein synthesis, omasal nutrient flows, urea-N recycling, and milk production. The treatment factors were type of distillers co-product (W-DDGS vs. B-DDGS) and dietary CP content (15.2 vs. 17.3%; DM basis). The B-DDGS was produced from a mixture of 15% wheat and 85% corn grain. All diets were formulated to contain 10% W-DDGS or B-DDGS on a DM basis. Feeding up to 10% of dietary DM as B-DDGS or W-DDGS as the major source of protein did not have negative effects on metabolizable protein (MP) supply and milk production in dairy cows. However, reducing dietary CP content from 17.3 to 15.2% decreased milk production. This response was attributed to an insufficient supply of ruminally degradable protein (RDP) that suppressed microbial nonammonia N (NAN) synthesis in the rumen, thus decreasing intestinal MP supply. In Experiment 3, the objective was to determine the effects of replacing barley or corn starch with lactose (as DWP) in diets containing 10% W-DDGS on ruminal function, omasal nutrient flow, and lactation performance. The treatment factors were source of starch (barley vs. corn) and dietary inclusion level of DWP (0 vs. 6%; DM basis) as a partial replacement for starch. Diets were isonitrogenous (18% CP) and contained 3 or 8% total sugar. The starch content of the low sugar diet was 24% compared to 20% for the high sugar diet. Dry matter intake, and milk and milk component yields did not differ with diet. However, partially replacing dietary corn or barley starch with sugar up-regulated ruminal acetate and propionate absorption, and reduced ruminal NH3-N concentration, but had no effect on ruminal pH, microbial protein synthesis, omasal nutrient flow and production in dairy cows. In summary, data presented in this thesis indicate that W-DDGS and B-DDGS can be included as the major source of protein in dairy cow diets without compromising ruminal function, nutrient supply and milk production in dairy cows. Feeding medium to low CP diets, and partial replacement of starch with sugar in diets containing W-DDGS and B-DDGS can improve N utilization efficiency in dairy cows. Additionally, an upregulation of facilitated transport of acetate and propionate across epithelial cells possibly prevents the occurrence of ruminal acidosis when lactose partially replaces starch in cow diets.
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"The effects of extruding wheat dried distillers grains with solubles with peas or canola meal on ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, nutrient digestion and milk production in Holstein dairy cows." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2015-12-2387.
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The objective of this study was to examine the effects of feeding extruded and non-extruded mixtures of wheat dried distillers grains with solubles with peas (WP) or canola meal (WC) on ruminal fermentation, total tract nutrient digestion and milk production in dairy cows. Eight dairy cows (712 ± 54 kg body weight; 90 ± 31 days-in-milk at the beginning of the experiment) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design (28-d periods) with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments. Four cows in one Latin square were fitted with rumen cannulas for the measurement of ruminal fermentation characteristics. Treatment diets contained either WP or WC combinations fed in an extruded or non-extruded form (16% of DMI). Diets were isonitrogenous (17.1% crude protein; CP) and contained approximately 53% concentrate and 47% forage (DM basis). Dietary treatment had no significant effect on DMI (P > 0.10). Starch intake was higher for cows fed extruded diets compared to those fed non-extruded diets (P = 0.028) and was also higher for cows fed WP compared to those fed WC (P = 0.042). Cows fed extruded diets had higher apparent ruminal digestion of DM (P = 0.02) and a tendency (P = 0.05) for a higher OM apparently digested in the rumen compared to those fed non-extruded diets. Total tract digestibilities of organic matter (P < 0.01), CP (P < 0.01), ether extract (P < 0.01) and starch (P = 0.047) were higher for cows fed extruded diets compared to those fed non-extruded diets. Total tract digestibility of ether extract was lower (P = 0.011) but digestibility of starch was higher (P < 0.01) and CP digestibility tended to be higher (P = 0.08) for cows fed WP compared to those fed WC. Fecal N excretion was lower in cows fed extruded diets compared to those fed non-extruded diets (P < 0.01), but there was no difference in N retention, productive N, RDP or RUP between diets (P > 0.10). Ruminal pH was higher for cows fed non-extruded WC compared to those fed extruded WC, but there was no difference between WP diets (interaction; P = 0.047). Ruminal acetate displayed the opposite interaction where concentration was highest for cows fed extruded WC and lowest for those fed non-extruded WC but there was no difference between WP diets (interaction; P = 0.019). Ruminal ammonia-N concentration tended to be higher for cows fed WC compared to those fed WP (P = 0.06). Ruminal propionate concentration was higher for cows fed extruded diets compare to those fed non-extruded diets (P = 0.026). Ruminal isobutyrate concentration was higher for cows fed WC compared to those fed WP (P < 0.01). Ruminal butyrate (P < 0.01) and isovalerate (P < 0.01) concentrations were higher for cows fed extruded WC compared to those fed non-extruded WC, but concentrations decreased for cows fed extruded WP compared to those fed non-extruded WP. Plasma glucose concentration was higher for cows fed WC compared to those fed WP but concentration was highest for cows fed extruded WC but lowest for cows fed extruded WP (interaction; P < 0.01). Milk protein yield (P = 0.047) was higher and milk yield tended to be higher (P = 0.06) for cows fed WP compared to those fed WC diets. Milk protein content was not affected by diet; however, milk fat content (P = 0.04) and MUN (P = 0.011) were lower, whereas milk yield (P = 0.030), 3.5% fat corrected milk yield (P = 0.027), milk fat yield (P = 0.027), lactose content (P = 0.011) and lactose yield (P < 0.01) were higher in cows fed the extruded diets compared to those fed non-extruded diets. In summary, these results indicate that extrusion had positive effects on overall milk production and total tract nutrient digestion.
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Wang, Jyh-perng, and 王志鵬. "I. Improvement of the electrotransformation efficiency of threonine-treated Bacillus subtilis DB104. II. Design and synthesis of type I antifreeze protein gene and expression in Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06845893770635982518.
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碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>食品科學系<br>89<br>I.Part I. Improvement of the electrotransformation efficiency of threonine-treated Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis is an industrial important bacterium, which has been used for the manufacture of a variety of enzymes, antibiotics and fine biochemicals. For strain improvement and genetic manipulation, transformation of this bacterium is an important step. There are several methods to introduce plasmid DNA into Bacillus subtilis, such as competent cell transformation, protoplast transformation, and electrotransformation. Among these methods, electro-transformation is the most attractive approach for its simplicity and easiness. However, the transformation efficiency by electrotransformation is generally low. For this reason, many researchers are attempting to improve the transformation efficiency of electrotransformation.
In this study, we tried to improve the electrotransformation efficiency of Bacillus subtilis DB104. The cell wall of Bacillus subtilis DB104 is weakened by supplement of threonine in culture medium. We examined the effect of electrical parameters, cell concentration, the concentration of plasmid DNA, plasmid purity, plasmid source, electroporation buffer, recovery medium and recovery time on the electrotransformation efficiency of threonine-treated Bacillus subtilis. The results showed: (1)Efficiencies of transformation increased with applied voltage to an optimum of 1.77×104 transformants /μg at a field strength of 8.75 kV/cm and resistance of 500Ω. (2)The transformation efficiency increased with the increases of cell concentrations. (3)Plasmid concentration did not influence transformation efficiency, but the plasmid purity and source did. (4)The best electrotransformation buffer is SHMPYT(0.25M sucrose, 1mM Hepes, 1mM MgCl2, 20%(v/v) PEG (polyethylene glycol) 6000, 0.125% yeast extract, 0.25% tryptone). (5)The optimal recovery time is 2 hours. (6) The optimal medium is 2LB. The maximum transformation efficiency of Bacillus subtilis DB104 was 2.25×105 transformants/μg. It is much higher than the transformation efficiency of original procedure (7.22×103 transformants/μg). Transferred plasmid DNAs isolated from transformants were the same as those of intact plasmids. Therefore, it is clear that the transferred DNAs did not undergo significant rearrangement or deletion. Using this procedure, ligation mixture can be directly transformed into Bacillus subtilis DB104, allowing direct molecular cloning of DNA into this organism.
II.Design and synthesis of type I antifreeze protein gene and expression in Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli.
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are a group of proteins that can depress freezing point, inhibit ice recrystallization and modify the morphology of ice crystal. They are found in a wide range of organisms living in cold ambient conditions, including bacteria, fungi, plants, invertebrates and fish. Among these proteins, fish antifreeze proteins have been studied extensively. To date, five distinct types of fish AFPs have been described: antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGP), type I antifreeze proteins (AFP I), type II antifreeze proteins (AFP II), type III antifreeze proteins (AFP III) and type IV antifreeze proteins (AFP IV). In order to study their structure-function relationship or to apply them in industry, it is essential to gain a great quantity of these proteins. Three methods were developed to achieve this purpose: chemical synthesis, genetic engineering and isolation from fish bloods. Among these methods, genetic engineering is the most attractive one for scientists.
In this study, we designed and constructed a synthetic gene for recombinant antifreeze protein( rAFP ). The protein sequence of rAFP was designed to include four copies of the 11 amino acid antifreeze motif (Thr-X2-polar amino acid-X7) and was reverted into nucleotide sequence by Bacillus subtilis preferred codon usage. Using overlap extension polymerase chain Reaction technique to synthesize rAFP gene. Then, the PCR product was cloned into the Bacillus subtilis expression vector or Escherichia coli expression vector, and was transformed into the host strains by electroporation. In B. subtilis DB430, the expression level of antifreeze protein is very low. In E. coli host cells, the rAFP can be expressed after isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) induction. rAFP fused to Subtilisin YaB signal peptide can be exported to periplasmic space, even secreted to medium by signal peptide cleavage through secretion machinery. Otherwise rAFP fused to OmpT signal peptide accumulated as insoluble inclusion bodies in the E. coli host. Expressed rAFPs can be purified by using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The N-terminal amino acid seqence of purified protein confirmed the identity of the expressed and purified protein as rAFP. All puried rAFPs can decrease the size of ice crystal.
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Sullivan, Thomas Dermot. "Studies of globin gene expression in differentiating erythroid cells (1) the role of cell division rate on the differential expression of human [gamma] and [beta] globin genes; (2) the effect of messenger RNA stability and translational efficiency on the differential expression of human [gamma] and [beta] globin genes; (3) the role of protein synthesis factors in the loss of protein synthetic capacity during aging of mouse reticulocytes /." 1985. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/13366013.html.
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