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Journal articles on the topic 'Microbial protein efficiency synthesis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Oosting, S. J., T. C. Viets, S. C. W. Lammers-Wienhoven, and J. Van Bruchem. "Ammonia treatment of wheat straw. 2? Efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, rumen microbial protein pool size and turnover, and small intestinal protein digestion in sheep." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 41, no. 2 (1993): 135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v41i2.627.

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Ammonia-treated wheat straw (AWS) was compared with untreated wheat straw (UWS) and untreated wheat straw supplemented with urea (SWS) in an experiment with 6 wether sheep. Microbial protein synthesis increased after ammonia treatment due to the higher intake of rumen degradable organic matter (OM). The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was low for all diets, averaging 22.1 g N/kg apparently rumen degradable OM and was not significantly affected by ammonia treatment. Estimates of microbial protein synthesis based on diaminopimelic acid or the amino acid profile methods did not differ s

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2

Rooke, J. A., M. A. Overend, and D. G. Armstrong. "The effects upon rumen microbial protein synthesis of giving sheep diets of rolled barley and hay supplemented with increasing quantities of soya-bean meal." Journal of Agricultural Science 106, no. 3 (1986): 635–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960006353x.

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A ruminant animal is largely dependent upon microbial protein synthesized within the reticulorumen for amino acids to meet its requirements for maintenance and production. The major precursor for rumen microbial protein synthesis is ammonia arising both from degradation of feed proteins within the rumen and from nitrogen recycled to the rumen. The concentration of rumen ammonia-N required to sustain maximal rates of microbial protein synthesis in vivo has been variably reported to range from 22 to 235 mg ammonia-N/1 rumen fluid (Miller, 1982). Most experiments which have investigated the conce

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3

Dijkstra, J., J. France, and S. Tamminga. "Integration of in vitro parameters by mechanistic modelling to predict recycling of microbial nitrogen in the rumen." BSAP Occasional Publication 22 (1998): 158–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x0003247x.

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In protein evaluation systems for ruminants, the microbial protein supply is calculated from the amounts of rumen degradable organic matter and nitrogen (N) using empirical equations. A variable part of the rumen synthesized microbial protein does not reach the duodenum but is recycled within the rumen (review Firkins, 1996). Since energy is required for its re-synthesis and degraded microbial protein is subject to deamination, the efficiency of substrate conversion into microbial protein in the rumen is affected by microbial recycling. Rumen protozoa have a major impact upon this recycling th

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4

Ranilla, M. J., S. López, M. D. Carro, R. J. Wallace, and C. J. Newbold. "Effect of fibre source on the efficiency of microbial synthesis by mixed microorganisms from the sheep rumen in vitro." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2001 (2001): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200005330.

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The efficiency and rate of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen depend on several factors, of which the chemical and physical properties of the plant fibre are among the most important. Estimation of microbial yield and fermentation rate can be obtained from in vitro experiments, which combine gas production and substrate degradability measurements and/or use microbial markers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different fibre sources on microbial protein synthesis in a batch culture system in vitro.

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5

Sinclair, L. A., P. C. Garnsworthy, J. R. Newbold, and P. J. Buttery. "Effects of synchronising dietary nitrogen and energy supply in diets with a similar carbohydrate composition on rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in sheep." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1993 (March 1993): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600024375.

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The recently introduced metabolisable protein system for ruminants (Webster 1992) relates microbial nitrogen production to daily supply of fermentable metabolisable energy and effective rumen degradable protein but does not consider the effect of the pattern of supply of nutrients to rumen microbes on their efficiency and growth. However, synchronising the hourly supply of nitrogen and energy yielding substrates to rumen micro-organisms has been shown to increase the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (Sinclair et al. 1993). The objective of the current experiment was to examine the eff

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6

Bruchem, J. van, A. K. Kies, R. Bremmers, M. W. Bosch, H. Boer, and P. W. M. van Adrichem. "Digestion of alfalfa and grass silages in sheep. 2. Digestion of protein in reticulorumen and intestines." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 36, no. 4 (1988): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v36i4.16662.

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Wilted lucerne and grass silages were given to mature wethers. Estimates of degradability of proteins in the reticulorumen were lower with diaminopimelic acid (38-71%) than those based on amino acid profiles of dietary, microbial and duodenal proteins (64-87%). Microbial protein synthesis was related to extent of organic matter fermentation in the reticulorumen. Efficiency of protein synthesis was not different between silages. Apparent digestibility of protein and amino acids in the small intestine was lower for lucerne silage (54%) than for grass silage (60-63%), probably caused by a higher

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7

van Straalen, W. M., and C. Salaün. "Comparison and evaluation of protein evaluation systems currently in use in europe." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1993 (March 1993): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600023370.

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In modern protein evaluation systems the protein unit (PU) of a feedstuff and the requirement of PU is expressed as true protein assumed to be absorbed from the small intestine. Total PU supply originates from feed protein escaping rumen degradation and from microbial protein synthesised in the rumen. Escape feed PU is calculated from crude protein (CP) multiplied by the escape CP fraction, amino acid content of escape CP and small intestinal digestibility of escape amino acids. Microbial PU is calculated from the energy source for microbial growth multiplied by the efficiency by which this en

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8

Ferreira Brito, Eliseu, Mara Lúcia Albuquerque Pereira, Herymá Giovane de Oliveira Silva, et al. "Effects of enriched mesquite piperidine alkaloid extract in diets with reduced crude protein concentration on the rumen microbial efficiency and performance in lambs." Czech Journal of Animal Science 65, No. 7 (2020): 268–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/54/2020-cjas.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of enriched mesquite piperidine alkaloid (MPA) extract at 31 mg/kg of dry matter (DM) in diets with 16% or 13% of crude protein (CP) compared to a diet with 16% CP without additive (control) and diets with monensin (MON) at 31 mg/kg DM and 16% or 13% CP. The intake, ingestive behaviour, apparent digestibility, body weight gain, microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen balance were evaluated. A total of 30 uncastrated crossbred Santa Inês × Bergamasca lambs were used and allocated in a completely randomized design. No effects of additives

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9

Cirne, Luis Gabriel Alves, Américo Garcia da Silva Sobrinho, Fernanda Carvalho Basso, et al. "Intake, microbial protein synthesis, and nitrogen balance in lambs fed diets containing mulberry hay." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 36, no. 6Supl2 (2015): 4413. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n6supl2p4413.

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<p>The objective of this study was to evaluate intake, microbial protein synthesis, and nitrogen balance in lambs fed diets containing 0.00, 12.50, and 25.00% mulberry hay substituting the concentrate. Twentyfour Ile de France lambs at approximately 60 days of age, with a body weight of 15.48 ± 0.07 kg, were confined in individual stalls and slaughtered upon reaching 32 kg body weight. Only the intakes of ether extract and metabolizable energy decreased linearly (P&lt;0.05) as the participation of mulberry hay in the concentrate was increased. Nitrogen in the feces, expressed in g da

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10

Amelia Putri Nasution, Risda, Sri Rahayu, and Muhamad Bata. "Nitrogen Metabolism and Microbial Protein Synthesis by Local Sheep Fed Diet Containing Hibiscus Leave Meal (HLM) with Different Direct-Fed Microbials (DFM) Supplementation." ANIMAL PRODUCTION 22, no. 3 (2021): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jap.2020.22.3.22.

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The interaction of Hibiscus Leaf Meal (HLM) and Direct-Fed Microbials (DFM) supplementation on nitrogen metabolism and rumen microbial synthesis by local sheep was investigated. Thirty six male local sheep aged ±2 years, weight 28.01±2.61 kg were fed concentrate (3% of body weight) supplemented with HLM twice a day, amoniated rice-straw (ARS) supplemented with DFM were given ad-libitum were assigned randomly to nine treatment in an experiment of 3×3 factorial design. The first factor (P) was DFM were supplemented in ARS (P0=without DFM, P1=DFMAMS, and P2=DFMRK). Second factor (W) was the level

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11

Benhissi, H., I. Beltrán de Heredia, and A. García-Rodríguez. "Apparent nutrient digestibility, nitrogen metabolism and microbial protein synthesis in sheep supplemented with different vegetable fats." Animal Production Science 60, no. 6 (2020): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an18052.

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The objective of the present study was to delineate the effect of different vegetable lipid supplements on apparent nutrients digestibility, nitrogen (N) metabolism and microbial protein synthesis in sheep reared under intensive conditions. Three Latxa sheep were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design, with three 21-day periods (14-day adaptation and a 7-day sample collection each period), and were fed barley straw plus a concentrate mixture supplemented with (1) prilled palm fat (PALM), (2) cold-pressed rapeseed cake (CPRC) or (3) cold-pressed sunflower cake (CPSC). Organic matter intake did not

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12

Sannes, R. A., M. A. Messman, and D. B. Vagnoni. "Form of Rumen-Degradable Carbohydrate and Nitrogen on Microbial Protein Synthesis and Protein Efficiency of Dairy Cows." Journal of Dairy Science 85, no. 4 (2002): 900–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74148-9.

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13

Rooke, J. A., P. A. Brett, M. A. Overend, and D. G. Armstrong. "The energetic efficiency of rumen microbial protein synthesis in cattle given silage-based diets." Animal Feed Science and Technology 13, no. 3-4 (1985): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(85)90028-8.

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14

DE JESUS DOS SANTOS, E., M. L. ALBUQUERQUE PEREIRA, M. PEREIRA DE FIGUEIREDO, et al. "Crude protein levels in diets of lactating goats: nitrogen balance, urea excretion and microbial protein synthesis." Journal of Agricultural Science 154, no. 6 (2016): 1102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859616000277.

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SUMMARYThe experiment, conducted at Bahia, Brazil, from May to August 2010, aimed to evaluate the nitrogen (N) balance, urea excretion and microbial protein synthesis in lactating goats fed pelleted concentrates with the addition of crude protein (CP), obtained by replacing alfalfa hay with soybean meal. The diets consisted of different levels of CP and 200 g of roughage (Tifton 85 hay)/kg. Maize and mesquite bran were used as the energy source, with maize replaced by mesquite bran in the ratio of 1·7:1. Eight female Saanen goats were used, confined in individual pens and allocated to a 4 × 4

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15

Fijałkowska, Maja, Barbara Pysera, Krzysztof Lipiński, and Danuta Strusińska. "Changes of Nitrogen Compounds During Ensiling of High Protein Herbages – A Review." Annals of Animal Science 15, no. 2 (2015): 289–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2015-0008.

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Abstract Losses of crude protein during ensiling of herbages, in contrast to carbohydrates, do not affect the reduction of its content; their form is changed into greater solubility non-protein compounds and also highly degraded forms, which lower the efficiency of the microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. These processes are accompanied by a change of amino acid composition of herbage protein and decrease in intestinal digestibility of protein from feeds as a result of the formation of indigestible complexes with carbohydrates (ADIN). Reduction of protein degradation in silages is achieve

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16

Lee, M. R. F., D. K. Leemans, D. R. Davies, et al. "Microbial activity in grass-fed in-vitro continuous cultures in response to infusion of graded levels of soluble sugars." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2001 (2001): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200004117.

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Novel lines of high sugar ryegrass have been shown to increase the efficiency of N use and milk production in zero-grazed cattle (Miller et al., 1999). An experiment was carried out to determine whether this was in part due to an increase in the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in response to the amount and availability of water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) increasing the balance between energy and nitrogen supply to the rumen microbial population.

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17

BLÜMMEL, M., R. MGOMEZULU, X. B. CHEN, H. P. S. MAKKAR, K. BECKER, and E. R. ØRSKOV. "The modification of an in vitro gas production test to detect roughage related differences in in vivo microbial protein synthesis as estimated by the excretion of purine derivatives." Journal of Agricultural Science 133, no. 3 (1999): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859699006991.

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The relationship between variations in in vitro microbial biomass production and microbial protein supply to the host animal was examined in 13 Malawian goats fed on stover leaves from two varieties of maize at Bunda College, Malawi, in 1995. The in vitro parameters were analysed based on the concept of the partitioning factor (PF) which is obtained by the combination of gas volume measurements with determinations of the amount of substrate truly degraded. The PF reflects substrate-dependent variation in the in vitro partitioning of degraded substrate between short chain fatty acids (SCFA), ga

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18

Alves Júnior, Renato Tonhá, Evaristo Jorge Oliveira de Souza, Airon Aparecido Silva de Melo, et al. "Mesquite Extract as Phytogenic Additive to Improve the Nutrition of Sheep." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 7 (2017): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n7p164.

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Four concentrations (0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg extract per ml of water) of mesquite extract were used as phytogenic additive to verify the potential to increase the nutritional value of the feed, ruminal parameters (primarily propionate production) and nitrogen use efficiency, microbial protein synthesis and quantify the reduction of ciliated protozoa and characterize the ingestive behavior of sheep. Ten adult male sheep were subjected to a 5 × 5 double Latin square design. Prior to feeding, the animals received the mesquite extract. Nutrient intake was estimated from the difference of the a

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19

RODE, L. M., D. C. WEAKLEY, and L. D. SATTER. "EFFECT OF FORAGE AMOUNT AND PARTICLE SIZE IN DIETS OF LACTATING DAIRY COWS ON SITE OF DIGESTION AND MICROBIAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 65, no. 1 (1985): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas85-011.

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Lactating Holstein cows fitted with ruminal and duodenal T-type cannulae were used in two studies to determine the effect of forage: concentrate ratio and forage particle size on site of nutrient digestion and microbial protein synthesis. In exp. 1, cows were fed alfalfa hay at 24, 38, 58 and 80% of total dry matter intake. Organic matter (OM) digestion in the total tract (OMD) increased with increasing concentrate level but apparent ruminal OM digestion (AROMD) was unaffected by diet. Digestion of acid detergent fiber (ADF) was similar among the higher forage diets, but was depressed at the 2

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20

Silva, Gonçalo Mesquita da, Fabiano Ferreira da Silva, Robério Rodrigues Silva, et al. "Feeding behavior, microbial efficiency, and nitrogen balance of Nellore heifers supplemented with crude glycerin." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 37, no. 4Supl1 (2016): 2437. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n4supl1p2437.

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This study aimed to evaluate the inclusion of crude glycerin in diets for Nellore heifers grazing on a Brachiaria brizantha pasture, during the dry season, on urine and plasma urea concentrations, feeding behavior, and microbial protein synthesis. Sixty Nellore heifers with an average initial weight of 285.89 ± 18.74 kg, at approximately 19 ± 2 months of age, were distributed, in a completely randomized design, into the following five treatments with twelve replicates: 0.00, 4.00, 8.00, 12.00, and 16.00% inclusion of crude glycerin in the diet they were fed. Grazing time decreased linearly (P

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21

Corte, R. R., F. O. Brito, P. R. Leme, et al. "The effects of partial substitution of soybean with urea or slow-release urea on finishing performance, meat quality, and digestion parameters of Nellore steers." Animal Production Science 58, no. 12 (2018): 2242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16609.

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The effects of substituting ~50% of the soybeans in the diet of finishing Nellore steers with either urea (U) and/or slow-release urea (SRU) on the steer performance and meat quality were assessed in two experiments. In the first experiment, 46 Nellore steers in a 104-day experiment (Exp. 1) were fed a Control diet with U or SRU or U+SRU. In Experiment 2 (Exp. 2), digestibility and microbial protein (MCP) synthesis were assessed in four steers by using a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-day periods. Four corn-based diets were used in both Exp. 1 and 2. (1) Control (CTL): 0% of non-protein nit

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22

Bowen, M. K., D. P. Poppi, and S. R. McLennan. "Efficiency of rumen microbial protein synthesis in cattle grazing tropical pastures as estimated by a novel technique." Animal Production Science 57, no. 8 (2017): 1702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15535.

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The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS) in cattle grazing a range of tropical pasture types was examined using a new method of intra-jugular infusion of chromium–EDTA to estimate urinary excretion of purine derivatives. Seven pasture types were studied in south-eastern Queensland, Australia, over a 13-month period. These included native tropical grass (C4) pasture (major species Heteropogon contortus and Bothriochloa bladhii) studied in the early wet, the wet–dry transition and the dry season; introduced tropical grass (C4) pasture (Bothriochloa insculpta) in the mid-wet season; t

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23

Valkeners, D., Y. Beckers, F. Piron, and A. Théwis. "Effect of imbalance between energy and nitrogen supplies on microbial protein synthesis in growing double-muscled Belgian Blue bulls." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200012825.

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Balancing the supply of nitrogen and energy-yielding substrates to rumen micro-organisms was proposed as a mechanism to maximise the capture of rumen degradable nitrogen (RDN) and to optimise microbial growth rate and efficiency. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of various time periods of imbalance between nitrogen and energy supplies for the rumen micro-organisms on the microbial protein synthesis (SPM) in growing double-muscled Belgian Blue bulls. This was realised by giving the same feedstuffs according to different meal patterns, which is one of the most robust test of

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24

Nangia, O. P., and Rita Sharma. "Effect of Feeding Sodium Bicarbonate on Rumen Fermentation and Efficiency of Microbial Protein Synthesis in Buffaloes." Journal of Applied Animal Research 6, no. 2 (1994): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09712119.1994.9706033.

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25

Gomez, L., J. P. Jouany, B. Lassalas, and C. Bogaert. "The influence of lasalocid and cationomycin on nitrogen digestion in sheep: Comparison of methods for estimating microbial nitrogen." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 71, no. 2 (1991): 389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas91-049.

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An in vivo study was carried out to evaluate the effect of a new ionophore (cationomycin) on nitrogen digestion compared with lasalocid. Three diets based on forage were given (a control diet, a "cationomycin" diet, a "lasalocid" diet) to six sheep fitted with rumen duodenal and ileal cannulae over three different periods in a Latin square design experiment. The supply of lasalocid or cationomycin (33 mg kg−1) decreased (P < 0.05) the breakdown of dietary proteins in the rumen and lowered the microbial protein synthesis whatever the microbial marker used (diaminopimelic acid or purine bases

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26

Henderson, A. R., P. C. Garnsworthy, J. R. Newbold, and P. J. Buttery. "The effect of asynchronous diets on the function of the rumen in the lactating dairy cow." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600032323.

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Sinclair et al. (1993) found that a diet formulated to be synchronous with regard to hourly release of nitrogen and energy increased microbial protein synthesis by 14% in sheep. Dairy cows in early lactation experience a shortfall of energy and protein, with available protein determining the overall efficiency of metabolism (MacRae and Lobley, 1986) and subsequent milk production. It is therefore necessary to maximise microbial protein yield during this period. In this study diets were designed for lactating dairy cows to contain the same feed ingredients, but to release nitrogen and energy in

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Sinclair, L. A., P. C. Garnsworthy, and P. J. Buttery. "The use of cytosine as a marker to estimate microbial protein synthesis in the rumen." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1991 (March 1991): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600020572.

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Recently methods based upon the HPLC separation and detection of cytosine (Koenig 1980) and the spectrophotometric analysis of the total purine content of microbes (Zinn and Owens 1986) have been proposed to estimate microbial nitrogen flow at the duodenum. Little work has been undertaken in-vivo to evaluate cytosine as a marker and to compare it with current techniques. The present trial was designed to evaluate this marker and to compare it with diaminopimelic acid (DAPA), [3H]leucine and the total purine technique. In addition, recent reports (Hvelpund and Madsen 1985) have indicated that e

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28

Chen, X. B., C. X. Gu, W. X. Zhang, and E. R. Ørskov. "Rumen microbial protein supply to sheep given diets containing either urea or casein as the main N source." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1992 (March 1992): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600023242.

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The ability of rumen microbes to synthesize protein from ammonia-N enables the use of non-protein-N as a N source in ruminant diets. The strategy for feed formulation therefore would be to meet the microbial N requirement with a cheap N source (such as urea) and to increase the proportion of dietary protein for use directly by the host animal. There has been some indication that the efficiency of rumen microbial protein synthesis could be higher if protein N is provided (Stock, Klopfenstein, Brink, Britton and Harmon, 1986). The objective of this experiment was to compare the use of urea and c

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Supapong, Chanadol, Anusorn Cherdthong, Metha Wanapat, Pin Chanjula, and Sutipong Uriyapongson. "Effects of Sulfur Levels in Fermented Total Mixed Ration Containing Fresh Cassava Root on Feed Utilization, Rumen Characteristics, Microbial Protein Synthesis, and Blood Metabolites in Thai Native Beef Cattle." Animals 9, no. 5 (2019): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9050261.

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The influence of sulfur included in fermented total mixed ration (FTMR) containing fresh cassava root on rumen characteristics, microbial protein synthesis, and blood metabolites in cattle was evaluated. Four Thai native beef cattle were randomly assigned according to a 2 × 2 factorial in a 4 × 4 Latin square design, and dietary treatments were as follows: factor A included a level of sulfur at 1% and 2% in total mixed ration, and factor B featured ensiling times at zero and 7 days. Digestibility of dry matter was increased when FTMR was supplemented with 2% sulfur. Blood thiocyanate increased

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30

RODE, L. M., and L. D. SATTER. "EFFECT OF AMOUNT AND LENGTH OF ALFALFA HAY IN DIETS CONTAINING BARLEY OR CORN ON SITE OF DIGESTION AND RUMEN MICROBIAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN DAIRY COWS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 2 (1988): 445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-050.

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Eight lactating Holstein cows fitted with simple cannulae in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design. The factors studied were: (1) forage length (full bloom alfalfa hay, long or chopped); (2) forage level in the total ration (25 or 75%); and (3) type of grain in the concentrate mixes (barley or corn). Organic matter (OM) intake was not affected by level of forage or grain type but was greater (P < 0.05) with chopped hay than with long hay. Apparent total digestion of OM increased (P < 0.01) from 59.7 to 68.1% as

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31

Wina, Elizabeth, and Stefan Muetzel. "EFFECT OF LERAK (SAPINDUS RARAK) EXTRACT IN HIGH ROUGHAGE DIET ON RUMEN MICROBIAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND PERFORMANCE OF SHEEP." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 21, no. 2 (2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v21n2.2020.p89-97.

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<p>Secondary compounds containing plant extract as feed additive may improve the performance of livestock consuming high roughage diet. An <em>in vivo </em>trial was conducted to investigate the effect of <em>Sapindus rarak </em>extract (SRE) on ruminal fermentation products, microbial protein synthesis, and growth performance of sheep. Sheep (male, 28 heads) fed high roughage diet were arranged in a completely randomized design with four treatments: addition of SRE to the diet at 0, 4, 8 and 12 g head-1 day-1. The experiment was conducted for 105 days with 2 week

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Mulik, Marthen L., I. Gusti Jelantik, Yelly M. Mulik, Dahlanuddin Dahlanuddin, I. G. Oka Wirawan, and Bambang Permana. "PEMANFAATAN SEMAK BUNGA PUTIH (Chromolaena odorata) SEBAGAI PAKAN LOKAL SUMBER PROTEIN UNTUK TERNAK SAPI: KONSUMSI, DAYA CERNA DAN FERMENTASI RUMEN." Pastura 5, no. 1 (2015): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/pastura.2015.v05.i01.p04.

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Chromolaena odorata (CO) contains high protein (21-36%) and has the potency to be utilized as a cheap protein source for livestock due to its abundants availability. However, it also contain secondary metabolic compounds that could has a negative effects on livestock, hence it requires treatments to eliminate the antinutrient compounds. One of the methods is pelleting. This experiment aimed at assessing the efficacy of chromolaena level in pelleted ration for fattened cattle. Four bali young male aged ± 2 years old were allotted into four dietary treatments in a latin square experimental desig

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RUIZ, A., D. N. MOWAT, and W. L. GROVUM. "EFFECTS OF FEEDING FREQUENCY AND SOYBEAN MEAL SUPPLEMENTATION OF ALFALFA SILAGE ON DUODENAL NITROGEN SUPPLY TO SHEEP." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 69, no. 4 (1989): 1021–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas89-116.

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Eight rams fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were assigned to four treatments in an 8 × 4 crossover design. Treatments were a factorial combination of two feeding frequencies (1 × or 4 ×/d) and two diets fed at 2% of body weight (alfalfa silage with or without 10% soybean meal (SBM), dry matter basis). Diets were made isocaloric by the addition of corn. Supplementary SBM did not affect concentration of most rumen metabolites, except for increasing ammonia levels (P < 0.05). Rumen liquid kinetics were not affected by supplementation with SBM. However, SBM increased (P < 0.05) duod

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Dawson, J. M., C. I. Bruce, P. J. Buttery, M. Gill, and D. E. Beever. "Protein metabolism in the rumen of silage-fed steers: effect of fishmeal supplementation." British Journal of Nutrition 60, no. 2 (1988): 339–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19880104.

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1. Ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Cropper) silage was given to four Friesian steers (initial live weight (LW) 172 kg) alone or with a fishmeal supplement (150 g fresh weight/kg silage dry matter (DM)) in a balanced two- period change-over design. The dietary components were the same as those used in a recent experiment by Gill et al. (1987). All diets were offered hourly at 24 g DM/kg LW.2. Fishmeal supplementation increased dietary nitrogen intake (P < 0.01) and significantly increased the flow of total N (P < 0.01), non-ammonia N (NAN) (P < 0.01) and amino acids (P < 0.05) at the d

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Coneglian, Sabrina Marcantonio, Antonio Ferriani Branco, Kátia Cylene Guimarães, Daniel Suzigan Mano, Julio Cezar Barreto, and Vanessa Ruiz Fávaro. "Replacement of dicalcium phosphate by rock phosphate in cattle diets: nutrients digestibility, plasma parameters, ruminal fermentation and microbial synthesis efficiency." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, no. 4 (2010): 815–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010000400017.

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This study was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of replacing dicalcium phosphate by rock phosphate in diets of growing steers. It was determined the following aspects: apparent digestibility of diets; phosphorus (P), calcium and fluorine apparent absorption; ruminal pH; ruminal ammonia concentration; microbial efficiency and plasma P. Five rumen fistulated Holstein steers weighting 275 - 283 kg were used. Experimental design was a 5 × 5 Latin square and diets consisted of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of dicalcium phosphate replacement by rock phosphate in the mineral supplement. Addition o

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Aronen, Ilmo, and Aila Vanhatalo. "Effect of concentrate supplementation to grass silage diets on rumen fermentation, diet digestion and microbial protein synthesis in growing heifers." Agricultural and Food Science 1, no. 2 (1992): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72436.

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A 4 x 4 latin square experiment was carried out with four growing heifers, each with a rumen cannula and a simple T-cannula inserted in the proximal duodenum. The purpose was to study the effects of the supplementation of concentrate to grass silage on rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis and digestion of organic matter (OM), fibre components and N. The diets were composed of grass silage alone (S); grass silage and barley (SBU, 50:50 % on dry matter (DM) basis); and grass silage, barley and protein concentrate based either on rapeseed meal (SBR), or meat and bone meal (SBM) (50:40:

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Chizzotti, F. H. M., O. G. Pereira, S. C. Valadares Filho, et al. "Intake, digestibility, ruminal parameters, and microbial protein synthesis in crossbred steers fed diets based on Brachiaria grass silage and sorghum silage." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 61, no. 6 (2009): 1328–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352009000600012.

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A trial was carried out with four Holstein x Nellore crossbred steers (225±22kg of BW) fitted with ruminal and abomasal cannulaes in a 4 x 4 Latin Square design to evaluate the intake and the total and partial apparent digestibilities of nutrients, ruminal parameters, and microbial synthesis. Diets consisted of 60% silage and 40% concentrate formulated to be isonitrogenous (12.5% of crude protein, dry matter basis). Treatments consisted of different proportions of Brachiaria brizantha grass silage and sorghum silage: 100:0; 67:33; 33:67, and 0:100%, respectively, on dry matter basis. The intak

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Osuji, P. O., S. Sibanda, and I. V. Nsahlai. "Supplementation of maize stover for Ethiopian Menz sheep: effects of cottonseed, noug (Guizotia abyssinica) or sunflower cake with or without maize on the intake, growth, apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance and excretion of purine derivatives." Animal Science 57, no. 03 (1993): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800042764.

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AbstractThirty-six male Ethiopian Menz sheep (9 to 22 months old, average live weight 15·8 (s.d. 1·84) kg), given maize stover (1·5 timesad libitum) supplemented with either 75 g cottonseed cake (CSC), 114 g noug cake (NGC;Guizotia abyssinica) or 112 g sunflower cake (SFC) with or without maize grain, were used in an 88-day study comprising growth and balance trials. The trials were undertaken according to a randomized-block design with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement.There were no significant interactions (P&gt; 0·05). Sheep consumed significantly more stover when supplemented with CSC comp

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Bünemann, Katharina, Maren Johannes, Rolf Schmitz, et al. "Effects of Different Concentrate Feed Proportions on Ruminal Ph Parameters, Duodenal Nutrient Flows and Efficiency of Microbial Crude Protein Synthesis in Dairy Cows During Early Lactation." Animals 10, no. 2 (2020): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10020267.

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The aim of the study was to examine different pH parameters, such as variations throughout the day, depending on differing concentrate feed proportions. Moreover, special attention was payed to individual variation in microbial efficiencies (microbial crude protein/fermented organic matter) and their relation to ruminal pH, nutrient flows and digestibilities. For this, cows were grouped according to microbial efficiency (more, n = 5, vs. less efficient cows, n = 4). After calving, thirteen ruminally cannulated pluriparous cows, including nine duodenally cannulated animals, were divided into gr

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Carruthers, V. R., P. G. Neil, and D. E. Dalley. "Effect of altering the non-structural: structural carbohydrate ratio in a pasture diet on milk production and ruminal metabolites in cows in early and late lactation." Animal Science 64, no. 3 (1997): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800015988.

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AbstractThe effect on digestibility, ruminal metabolites, microbial protein synthesis and milk production of manipulating the non-structural (NSC): structural (SO carbohydrate ratio in a predominantly pasture diet was investigated in cows in early (trial 1) and late (trial 2) lactation. Twenty-four cows in trial 1 and 15 cows in trial 2 were offered pasture only (P), 0·85 P plus 0·15 NSC/protein mixture (PR), and P plus an additional 0·1 (trial 1) or 0·15 (trial 2) NSC (PE) in a Latin-square arrangement. All diets were isonitrogenous and P and PR were isoenergetic. PE but not PR increased micr

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Rezaii, F., M. Danesh Mesgaran, and A. R. Heravi Moosavi. "Effect of the different ratios of effective rumen degradable protein to fermentable metabolizable energy on early lactating Holstein cow performances." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200011005.

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The efficiency of dietary N by dairy cows is generally low, and in part, may be related to an impaired utilization of N in the rumen. A major determinant of microbial protein synthesis is the availability of energy-yielding substrates (Castillo et al., 2001). It seems likely that low ratios of effective rumen degradable protein (ERDP) to fermentable metabolisable energy (FME) will restrict microbial protein synthesis and dry matter intake and, consequently, lead to reduced milk yield (Cabrita et al., 2003). Nitrogen excretion in faeces and urine accounts for a high proportion of N intake, whic

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Wanapat, Metha, Thiwakorn Ampapon, Kampanat Phesatcha, and Sungchhang Kang. "Effect of banana flower powder on rumen fermentation, synthesis of microbial protein and nutrient digestibility in swamp buffaloes." Animal Production Science 59, no. 9 (2019): 1674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an18063.

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Replacement of chemical compounds by dietary sources as rumen enhancers have been of great interest and concern by researchers. Four, rumen-fistulated swamp buffalo bulls with average liveweight of 365 ± 15.0 kg were randomly assigned to treatments, to investigate the impact of banana flower powder (BAFLOP) as a rumen modifier on pH, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, microbial protein synthesis and volatile fatty acids. All buffaloes were allotted according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Dietary supplementation treatments were as follows: 2 g concentrate/kg bodyweight (BW; T1), 15 g

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DIJKSTRA, J., J. FRANCE, and S. TAMMINGA. "Quantification of the recycling of microbial nitrogen in the rumen using a mechanistic model of rumen fermentation processes." Journal of Agricultural Science 130, no. 1 (1998): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859697004929.

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The effects of dietary variations on microbial N turnover and recycling related to protozoal activities in the rumen were examined using a previously described model of rumen fermentation processes. Simulations were performed with diets containing variable proportions of concentrate (between 0 and 1 kg/kg diet dry matter) at a rate of daily dry matter intake (DMI) by cattle of between 5·3 and 21·0 kg/day. The roughages examined were hay, fresh grass and maize silage, and the concentrate supplements included molasses, barley, maize grain, untreated and formaldehyde-treated soyabean meal. The si

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Getachew, G., H. P. S. Makkar, and K. Becker. "Method of polyethylene glycol application to tannin-containing browses to improve microbial fermentation and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis from tannin-containing browses." Animal Feed Science and Technology 92, no. 1-2 (2001): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8401(01)00250-4.

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Jin, Di, Shengguo Zhao, Nan Zheng, Yves Beckers, and Jiaqi Wang. "Urea Metabolism and Regulation by Rumen Bacterial Urease in Ruminants – A Review." Annals of Animal Science 18, no. 2 (2018): 303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2017-0028.

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AbstractUrea is used as non-protein nitrogen in the rations of ruminants as an economical replacement for feed proteins. Urea transferred from the blood to the rumen is also an important source of nitrogen for rumen microbial growth. It is rapidly hydrolyzed by rumen bacterial urease to ammonia (NH3) and the NH3is utilized for the synthesis of microbial proteins required to satisfy the protein requirements of ruminants. Urea has commonly become an accepted ingredient in the diets of ruminants. In recent decades, urea utilization in ruminants has been investigated by using traditional research

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Sinclair, L. A., P. C. Garnsworth, J. R. Newbold, and P. J. Buttery. "Effect of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen release on rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in sheep." Journal of Agricultural Science 120, no. 2 (1993): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960007430x.

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SUMMARYThe effects of two diets formulated to be either synchronous or asynchronous with respect to the hourly supply of energy and nitrogen on rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis were studied in sheep.In Expt 1, the in situ degradation characteristics of nitrogen (N), organic matter (OM) and carbohydrate (CHO) fractions were determined in winter wheat straw, winter barley, malt distillers dark grains rapeseed meal and fishmeal. The feeds exhibited a large range in degradability characteristics of the nitrogen and energy-yielding fractions.A computer program was developed based

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Boguhn, J., H. Kluth, and M. Rodehutscord. "Effect of Total Mixed Ration Composition on Fermentation and Efficiency of Ruminal Microbial Crude Protein Synthesis In Vitro." Journal of Dairy Science 89, no. 5 (2006): 1580–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72225-1.

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Sheng, P., G. O. Ribeiro, Y. Wang, and T. A. McAllister. "613 Humic substances supplementation reduces ruminal methane production and increases the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in vitro." Journal of Animal Science 95, suppl_4 (2017): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/asasann.2017.613.

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Sinclair, L. A., P. C. Gamsworthy, J. R. Newbold, and P. J. Buttery. "The effect of dietary nitrogen and energy synchronisation on rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in sheep." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1992 (March 1992): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600021309.

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Balancing the rate of nitrogen and energy yielding substrates to rumen micro-organisms has been proposed in order to maximise the capture of rumen degradable nitrogen and to optimise microbial growth rate and efficiency (Johnson 1976). Current systems for diet formulation of ruminants are based upon the extent of fermentation of organic matter or carbohydrate fractions and the supply of rumen degradable and undegradable protein (ARC 1984, Webster, Dewhurst and Waters 1988). Little attention has been paid to the effect of the rate of supply of energy and nitrogen to rumen microorganisms in-vivo

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Gomes, M. J., X. B. Chen, FD DeB Hovell, D. Fickremariam, and E. M. Nengomasha. "Supplementation of barley straw with starch in sheep: Effect on microbial protein supply estimated from urinary purine derivative excretion." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1993 (March 1993): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600025009.

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Utilization of cereal straws by ruminants is limited by low digestibility and intake. One solution is to supplement with rapidly fermentable carbohydrates (RFC), usually as starchy cereal grains. In restricted feeding experiments with roughages supplemented with RFC in the form of cereal grain concentrates, a slight increase in ruminal microbial protein (MP) synthetic efficiency has been observed with low, but a decline in efficiency at higher levels of supplementation (eg. Chen et al. 1992b). Huque (1991) noted that supplementation with low levels of starch improved straw intake and rumen dig

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