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Journal articles on the topic 'Microbial susceptibility tests'
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Wu, Mingxia, Hang Pan, Weiling Leng, Xiaotian Lei, Liu Chen, and Ziwen Liang. "Distribution of Microbes and Drug Susceptibility in Patients with Diabetic Foot Infections in Southwest China." Journal of Diabetes Research 2018 (August 5, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9817308.
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Objective. To investigate the microbial distribution and drug susceptibility among diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) with different Wagner grades and between acute and chronic DFUs. Methods. We enrolled 428 DFU patients who were hospitalized and treated in the Southwest Hospital. We collected deep ulcer secretion for microbial culture and drug susceptibility tests and analyzed the results. We reexamined 67 patients with poor anti-infection efficacy and analyzed microbial species. Results: The 354 positive samples included 201 cases (56.8%) of single-pathogen infections and 153 cases (43.2%) of multiple-pathogen infections before antibiotic therapy. A total of 555 strains were cultivated, including 205 (36.9%) strains of gram-positive organisms (GPOs), 283 (51.0%) gram-negative bacilli (GNB), and 67 (12.1%) fungal strains. In terms of distribution, patients with different Wagner grades had different bacterial composition ratios (P<0.01). Patients with Wagner grades 3–5 mainly had GNB. The specimens from chronic ulcer wounds were primarily GNB (54.2%), whereas fungi accounted for 14.4% of the infections; the distribution was significantly different from that of acute ulcers (P<0.01). The susceptibility tests showed that the Staphylococcus genus was more susceptible to vancomycin, linezolid, and tigecycline. Tobramycin was the most effective drug (97%) for the treatment of Escherichia coli, followed by ertapenem (96.4%), imipenem (93.5%), and cefotetan (90%). Most of the remaining GNB were susceptible to antibiotics such as carbapenems, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, ceftazidime, cefepime, and piperacillin-tazobactam (>63.2%). After antibiotic therapy, the positive rate of microbial culture was 52.2%, and the proportion of GNB and fungi increased to 68.9% and 20%. Conclusion. The distribution and types of bacteria in diabetic foot infection (DFI) patients varied with the different Wagner classification grades, courses of the ulcers, and antibiotic therapy. Multidrug resistance were increased, and the clinical treatment of DFIs should select the most suitable antibiotics based on the pathogen culture and drug susceptibility test results.
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Flisi, Sara, Manuel Dall’Aglio, Costanza Spadini, Clotilde Silvia Cabassi, and Fausto Quintavalla. "Microbial Isolates from Vegetable Foreign Bodies Inhaled by Dogs." Veterinary Medicine International 2018 (November 27, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3089282.
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Grass-seed inhalation is a common problem in canine patients, in particular during summer months, migrating in upper and lower respiratory tract. Grass awns can harbor bacteria and fungi, causing grass seeds foreign body-related disease (GSFBD). Aim of this study was to investigate the aerobic microbial flora isolated from grass awns extracted from 41 dogs with GSFBD and the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated bacterial strains. Fifty-four grass awns were localized with diagnostic imaging tests and removed by endoscopy from respiratory tract. The most frequent localizations were in the left nostril and the right hemithorax. Only one grass awn was extracted from each patient except in 7 that had more than one. Bacteriological and mycological cultures, strains identification, and antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed. One or more bacterial strains were isolated from all grass awns. Fungal strains were isolated only in 4 cases. Staphylococcussp. was the most frequent isolate in the upper respiratory tract (36.8%), whileE. coli(24.4%) was the most frequent isolate in the lower tract. Fluoroquinolones and Doxycycline were the most effective antibiotics, while resistance was observed against Gentamicin (>93%), Cefapirin, and Clindamycin (>80%). These data are relevant in relation to the use of these antibiotics in both animals and humans, for the risk of transmission of antibiotic resistant bacteria or resistance genes.
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Veit, Adriane Regina, Magda Cristina Souza Marques Roehrs, Leticia Eichstaedt Mayer, et al. " COLONIZATION PREVALENCE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY OF Streptococcus agalactiae IN PREGNANT WOMEN AT HUSM ." Saúde (Santa Maria) 36, no. 1 (2011): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/223658342391.
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ABSTRACTThe Streptococcus agalactiae colonization prevalence and its susceptibility to antimicrobials in pregnant women at University Hospital of Santa Maria (HUSM) were evaluated from June to December 2009. The vaginal-rectal material was inoculated into tubes containing Todd-Hewitt broth with subsequent subculture on blood agar. The GBS identification was made through presumptive tests, confirmed by serological test and its susceptibility was evaluated. The occurrence of GBS maternal-fetal transmission in the colonized pregnant women was researched. The GBS colonization was 11.11%._All strains were susceptible to penicillin, ampicillin, and vancomycin. Two strains (50%) were intermediate to clindamycin and one (25%) intermediate to erythromycin._A newborn whose mother was colonized had early-onset neonatal infection by GBS. By this, it is very important the research about the colonization by GBS in all pregnant women from 35 to 37 weeks of gestation and the use of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for colonized pregnant women.Descriptors: Streptococcus agalactiae; Prevalence; Pregnant women; Newborns; Microbial Sensitivity Tests. RESUMOAvaliou-se a prevalência de colonização pelo Streptococcus agalactiae e o seu perfil de sensibilidade frente aos antimicrobianos em gestantes no Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria (HUSM), de junho a dezembro de 2009. O material vaginal-retal foi inoculado em tubos contendo caldo Todd-Hewitt com posterior subcultura em ágar sangue. A identificação do EGB foi realizada através de testes presuntivos, confirmadas por teste sorológico e avaliado seu perfil de sensibilidade. Pesquisou-se ocorrência de transmissão materno-fetal do EGB nas gestantes colonizadas. A prevalência de colonização foi de 11,11%. Todas as cepas foram sensíveis à penicilina, ampicilina e vancomicina. Duas cepas (50%) foram intermediárias à clindamicina e uma (25%) intermediária à eritromicina. Um recém-nascido de mãe colonizada teve infecção neonatal de início precoce por EGB. Confirma-se a importância da pesquisa de colonização por EGB em todas as gestantes entre 35ª e 37ª semana de gestação e uso de quimioprofilaxia intraparto nas gestantes colonizadas.Descritores: Streptococcus agalactiae; Prevalência; Gestantes; Recém-nascido; Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana.
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AKGUN, SADIK, and HAKAN SEZGIN SAYINER. "Comparison of Rapid and Routine Methods of Identification and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Microorganisms from Blood Culture Bottles." Polish Journal of Microbiology 69, no. 2 (2020): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2020-019.
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Reporting of the results of routine laboratory blood culture tests to clinicians is vital to the patients’ early treatment. This study aimed to perform identification and antibiotic susceptibility tests of the blood cultures showing positive signals of microbial growth in the first 12 hours of incubation by using centrifugation and Gram staining of 5 ml of liquid from the vial, thus achieving faster results. This study included 152 consecutively incubated blood culture samples showing positive microbial growth signals in the first 12 hours. The samples were centrifuged and then categorized into two groups (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) using Gram staining. Identification and antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using an automated culture antibiogram device. For routine processing, media inoculated with positive blood culture were kept in the incubator for at least 24 hours. To compare the two methods in terms of the bacteria identification, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) of the growing colony was studied. By Gram staining, the same bacterial strains were obtained for 138 (92%) of the 152 samples, similar to the results of the procedures mentioned earlier. With the samples tested with both methods, the antibiotic susceptibility profiles were compared using the antibiogram results for 1,984 samples that underwent the antibiotic testing. A 97.4% (for 1,934 antibiotic susceptibility assays) agreement was observed between the two methods. Comparing the results of the post-centrifugation Gram staining to those obtained for the specimens using routine procedures, the clinicians reported a high success rate (approximately 97%).
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Sadeeq, Tara, Ayse Arikan, Tamer Sanlidag, Emrah Guler, and Kaya Suer. "Big Concern for Public Health: Microbial Contamination of Mobile Phones." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 15, no. 06 (2021): 798–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.13708.
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Introduction: Mobile phones are dynamic source of microorganisms in households and professional settings. The aim was to determine the prevalence of bacterial contamination of the mobile phones, identify bacterial isolates, assess their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and define the efficiency of using disinfectant.
 Methodology: This study included 233 dental students from Near East University, Faculty of Dentistry. Swab samples taken from mobile phones before and after disinfection were inoculated onto 5% sheep blood medium and eosin methylene blue medium and incubated aerobically at 37°C for 24-48 hours. Mold-growing mix cultures were sub-cultured on the sabouraud dextrose medium and allowed to grow at room temperature. Conventional microbiological techniques and VITEK 2 automated identification system were used for bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were verified by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique according to the European Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Committee criteria. Mold colonies were identified macroscopic and microscopically according to their phenotypic properties using lacto-phenol cotton blue stain.
 Results: Microbial contamination of mobile phones was 81% (120.953 cfu/ml) in swab samples taken without using alcohol-based wipes however, microbial contamination in swab samples taken after one-time disinfection was determined to be 21% (201 cfu/ml). The most common microorganisms isolated were coagulase negative Staphylococci (69%) and Aspergillus niger (13%). All of the isolated bacteria were susceptible to all antibiotics used.
 Conclusions: This study represents the first data on the rate of microbial contamination on mobile phones in Northern Cyprus and the efficiency of the use of alcohol to disinfect the mobile phones.
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Rohana, Hanan, Maya Azrad, Orna Nitzan, et al. "Characterization of Clostridioides difficile Strains, the Disease Severity, and the Microbial Changes They Induce." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 12 (2020): 4099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9124099.
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Background: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a major nosocomial disease. The characteristics of different strains, the disease severity they cause, their susceptibility to antibiotics, and the changes they inflict on gut microbiome, have not been comprehensively studied in Israel. Methods: A severity score was calculated for 70 patients. Stool samples were tested for toxins presence using a special kit. Bacteria were isolated, identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) and antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed for several antibiotics. Strains were classified by Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), and changes in gut microbiome were tested. Results: ST04 (22.5%) and ST37 (12.7%) were the most frequent strains. Clade (phylogenetic lineage) 1 was the most (81.4%) prevalent. We found significant associations between ST and age (p = 0.024) and between ST and moxifloxacin susceptibility (p = 0.001). At the clade level, we found significant associations with binary toxin gene occurrence (p = 0.002), and with susceptibility to both metronidazole and vancomycin (p = 0.024, 0.035, respectively). Differences in intestine microbiome were affected by age, clades’ distribution and STs. Conclusions: By defining the characteristics of the different strains and clades, clinicians can choose medical interventions based on the predicted response or disease severity associated with each strain, enabling new advances in the field of personalized medicine.
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Lacivita, Valentina, Amalia Conte, James G. Lyng, Cristina Arroyo, Vittorio A. Zambrini, and Matteo A. Del Nobile. "High intensity light pulses to reduce microbial load in fresh cheese." Journal of Dairy Research 85, no. 2 (2018): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029918000134.
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The present study focused on the utilisation of High Intensity Light Pulses (HILP) treatment to preserve mozzarella cheese. First, the susceptibility of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Enterobacteriaceae to HILP (fluences from 0·39 to 28·0 J/cm2) in a transparent liquid was evaluated (in-vitro tests). Afterwards, the effects on inoculated mozzarella cheese were also assessed. Then untreated (Control) and HILP treated samples were packaged and stored at 10 °C for 2 weeks. Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp. and pH were monitored during storage. In a transparent liquid (in-vitro tests) there was a significant microbial inactivation just with 2 s of treatment. On the inoculated cheese a relevant microbial reduction of about 1 log cycle was observed, according to the exposure to the treatments. For Pseudomonas spp. in particular, in the treated samples, the microbiological acceptability limit (106 cfu/g) was never reached after 2 weeks of refrigerated storage. To sum up, the efficacy of this treatment is very interesting because a microbial reduction was observed in treated samples. HILP treatment is able to control the microbial growth and may be considered a promising way to decontaminate the surface of mozzarella cheese.
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Alaa Sameer Neamah. "Detection of bacterial pathogens causing a chronic suppurative otits media and study of antibiotic susceptibility in Iraqi patients." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 3 (2019): 2567–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1511.
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A complete number of 100 ear swabs were researched for the present study. This investigation is to discover the microbiological profile and their anti-microbial affectability designs in patients with constant suppurative otitis media in an Al-hububi clinic. Gram recoloring, direct microscopy with KOH, culture affectability and biochemical tests were completed to distinguish the living beings and to realize the affectability design. Every one of the swabs were gathered from patients with the clinical conclusion of unending suppurative otitis media. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (37.21%) was generally secluded life form pursued by Staphylococcus aureus (27.91%) from the samples. Amikacin was found to be the most effective antibiotic with low resistance rate. The investigation of microbial example and their anti-infection affectability decides the predominant living beings causing unending suppurative otitis media in neighborhood begins fitting treatment of otitis media and its intricacies for effective result.
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Lamichhane, Apar, Kiran Kishor Nakarmi, Peeyush Dahal, et al. "Bacteriological Profile of Burn Patients and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of their Wound Isolates at Nepal Cleft and Burn Center." Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal 15, no. 3 (2019): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v15i3.24363.
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Background: Burn infections are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in burn patients. The infectious agent could be both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The aim of this research was to study the bacteriological profile of burn patients and anti-microbial susceptibility pattern of their wound isolates.
 Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Kirtipur Hospital, Nepal from January 1st to March 31st 2019. A total of 109 burn patients were included and their wound swabs were collected at the time of admission. All isolates were identified by standardized microbiological procedures. Anti-microbial susceptibility tests were performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method.
 Results: Of 109 burn wound samples, 56 (59%) yielded culture growth and the Gram negative isolates were more common than Gram positives (77% vs. 23%). The most common organism isolated was Klebsiella spp. (25%) followed by Acinetobacter spp. (21%) and Staphylococcus aureus (18%). Most burn wound isolates were of resistant strain. Particularly, highly resistant strain of Acinetobacter spp. were isolated, most of which were sensitive to Tigecycline, Polymyxin B and Colistin only.
 Conclusion : Gram negative isolates were common in burn wound isolates and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern was different for different organisms. The use of antimicrobials should be judicious to further not escalate the problem of antimicrobial resistance in the healthcare settings.
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Ullberg, Måns, and Volkan Özenci. "Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria from positive blood cultures using the Accelerate Pheno™ system." European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 39, no. 1 (2019): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-019-03703-y.
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Abstract Rapid identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing remain a crucial step for early efficient therapy of bloodstream infections. Traditional methods require turnaround times of at least 2 days, while rapid procedures are often associated with extended hands-on time. The Accelerate Pheno™ System provides microbial identification results within 90 min and susceptibility data in approximately 7 h directly from positive blood cultures with only few minutes of hands-on time. The aim of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the performance of the Accelerate Pheno™ System in identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria directly from clinical blood culture samples. We analyzed 108 and 67 blood culture bottles using the Accelerate PhenoTest™ BC kit with software version v1.0 and the FDA-cleared version v1.2, respectively. Reliable identification was achieved for Enterobacteriaceae, staphylococci, and enterococci, with 76/80 (95%), 42/46 (91%), and 10/11 (91%) correct identifications. Limitations were observed in the identification of streptococci, including Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes, and coagulase-negative staphylococci. Antimicrobial susceptibility results for Enterobacteriaceae, for amikacin, ertapenem, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, meropenem, and piperacillin-tazobactam ranged between 86 and 100% categorical agreement. Using v1.2, results for ceftazidime showed 100% concordance with the reference method. For staphylococci, the overall performance reached 92% using v1.2. Qualitative tests for detection of methicillin or macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) resistance caused major and very major errors for isolates. Overall, the present data show that the Accelerate Pheno™ system can, in combination with Gram stain, be used as a rapid complementation to standard microbial diagnosis of bloodstream infections.
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Jia, Yin, Liuyu Yin, Fengyu Zhang, et al. "Fungal Community Analysis and Biodeterioration of Waterlogged Wooden Lacquerware from the Nanhai No. 1 Shipwreck." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (2020): 3797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10113797.
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To avoid the lacquerware of the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck from being corroded by microorganisms and to improve the knowledge on microbial ecology of the wood lacquers, we conducted a series of tests on the two water samples storing the lacquerware and colonies on the surface of the lacquerware. The high-throughput sequencing detected dominant fungal communities. After that, the fungal strains were isolated and then identified by amplification of ITS- 18S rRNA. Then the activity of ligninolytic and cellulolytic enzymes was detected on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates with 0.04% (v/v) guaiacol and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) agar plates. Finally, we tested the biocide susceptibility of these fungi. Penicillium chrysogenum (NK-NH3) and Fusarium solani (NK- NH1) were the dominant fungi in the sample collected in April 2016 and June 2017. What is more, both showed activity of ligninolytic and cellulolytic enzymes. Four biocidal products (Preventol® D7, P91, BIT 20N, and Euxyl® K100) inhibited the growth of the fungal species in vitro effectively. In further research, the microbial community and environmental parameters in the museum should be monitored to assess the changes in the community and to detect potential microbial outbreaks.
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Masyagutova, L. M., L. G. Gizatullina, N. V. Vlasova, R. U. Khairullin, G. R. Sadrtdinova, and A. B. Bakirov. "Personified approaches to organization of risk-oriented medical observation in conditions of opportunistic-pathogenic microbial air contamination of working zone." Perm Medical Journal 35, no. 5 (2018): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/pmj35551-56.
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Aim. To ground the personified approaches when organizing risk-oriented medical observation of animal breeding workers.
 Materials and methods. The total capillary blood analysis with calculation of percentage of peripheral blood cellular composition was carried out, allergization index (AI) and immunoreactivity index (IRI) was assessed, the total number of microorganisms per 1 m3 of the air in the working zone was determined, the total microbial count (TMC) was calculated.
 Results. The standard periodic medical examination of workers is sufficient with TMC value less than 500 CFU/m3, absence of chronic infectious inflammatory diseases (CIID), AI value less than 1.08 standard units, IRI value less than 13 standard units. When having a mean level of microbiological risk, CIID detection ranging from 1 to 3, AI value less than 1.08 and IRI value less than13 standard units, it is recommended to add a survey to the previous stage, using special questionnaire (attitude to work, working conditions, fatigability degree, susceptibility to allergy etc.). When having TMC value more than 2500 CFU/m3, CIID detection from 4 to 5, AI value 1.08–1.3 standard units, IRI value 13.1–15.7 standard units, an additional study of the upper airways microflora as well as immune status using tests of the first level should be realized; further recommendations on treatment-and-preventive measures in outpatient conditions should be given; with TMC value more than 5000 CFU/m3, presence of CIID – 6 and more, AI value 1.4–1.5 standard units, IRI value 15.8–18.3 standard units, it is recommended to perform immunological studies using tests of the second level with determination of susceptibility to antimicrobial preparations in hospital conditions of Occupational Pathology Center.
 Conclusions. The method of personified risk-oriented medical observation of persons, working in animal breeding is offered.
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Perego, Roberta, Eva Spada, Piera Anna Martino, and Daniela Proverbio. "Diagnostic evaluation of a point-of-care test for culture and microbial susceptibility testing in canine dermatological infections in clinical practice." Veterinary World 13, no. 3 (2020): 521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.521-529.
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Background and Aim: Empirical antimicrobial therapy is frequently given in superficial bacterial folliculitis (SBF) and otitis externa (OE) in dogs, especially for the initial clinical presentation. Culture and subsequent antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) are generally limited to chronic cases with poor response to initial therapy. Several factors contribute to the failure to implement the use of AST in veterinary practice, i.e., long laboratory turnaround time or special requirements for sample shipping. Point-of-care (PoC) testing might reduce laboratory turnaround time and costs and the risk of emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens. This study evaluated the Speed Biogram™ PoC test in canine SBF and OE compared with conventional methods for culture and AST. Materials and Methods: Thirty-four canine samples were analyzed: eleven from SBF, seven from bacterial OE, four from mixed OE, six from Malassezia spp. OE, and six negative controls. Sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of the PoC test and the agreement between the PoC test and conventional methods were evaluated. Results: Se and Sp of PoC test in discriminating between healthy and unhealthy subjects were 100% (95% confidence interval [CI] 87.66-100.00) and 100% (95% CI 54.1-100.0), respectively. For bacterial identification, the k value was 0.532. Se and Sp of PoC tests for AST were 81.73% (95% CI 72.95-88.63) and 93.10% (95% CI 88.86-96.98), respectively with a total good agreement between tests (mean k=0.714), but major (8/27) and very major (19/27) errors were observed in 55% of bacterial conventional culture-positive samples. Conclusion: PoC test can identify dogs with SBF and OE, but AST is not sufficiently accurate. The lack of susceptibility testing for methicillin makes this test inappropriate for use in small animal practice.
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Champa, Hosneara, and SM Lutful Kabir. "Microbial analysis of tap water collected from selected upazillas of Jamalpur, Tangail, Kishoreganj and Netrokona districts of Bangladesh." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 4, no. 2 (2018): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v4i2.38255.
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The present study was undertaken to analyze the microbial quality of tap water samples obtained from different upazilla markets of Jamalpur, Tangail, Kishoreganj and Netrokona districts. For achieving the above mentioned objectives, 20 tap water samples were collected and the methods of heterotrophic plate count (HPC) and total coliform count (TCC) were applied. Moreover, isolated E. coli from tap water samples were characterized by using biochemical test, molecular method and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. HPC was highest in market tap water collected from Sarishabari of Jamalpur district and TCC was highest in market tap water collected from Durgapur of Netrokona district. The geometric mean of HPC of Jamalpur, Tangail, Kishoreganj and Netrokona districts water were 4.2x107, 2.7x107, 2.4x107 and 4.4x107 CFU/ml respectively. Out of 13 isolates of E. coli, 13 isolates were amplified by using 16S rRNA gene based PCR. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern showed that the isolates were highly resistant to amoxicillin. Most of the E. coli isolates were susceptible to tetracycline, azithromycin, streptomycin, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Furthermore, a few E. coli isolates were intermediate resistant to erythromycin and gentamycin. Moreover, out of 13 E. coli isolates 2 (15.4%) isolates were detected as multidrug resistant. This study indicated the presence of multidrug resistant E. coli isolates in tap water in Jamalpur, Tangail, Kishoreganj and Netrokona districts that warrant particular attention.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2018, 4(2): 193-200
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Erbaş, Göksel, Uğur Parin, Şükrü Kirkan, et al. "Antifungal susceptibilities and identification of Candida species by using maldi-tof microbial identification system from cervicovaginal samples." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 12 (2017): 5117. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20175429.
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Background: Among the vaginal diseases seen in women, candidiasis is in the first place. This disease, which is caused by Candida species, can sometimes persist very stubbornly. The aim of this study was to determine Candida species isolated from vaginal specimens by using VITEK MS (MALDI-TOF Microbial Identification System) rapid identification system and to evaluate their susceptibility to some antifungals.Methods: In this study, 220 cervicovaginal swab were used. Isolates were identified by VITEK MS rapid identification system. After identification, antifungal susceptibility testing was performed using the M-44 A2 guideline of The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).Results: Total 16.3% (36) of Candida spp. positivity was determined from 220 cervicovaginal samples, and 25 (69.4%) C. glabrata, 6 (16.7%) C. albicans, 3 (8.3%) C. kefyr and 2 (5.6%) C. krusei were obtained with Vitek MS. All identified C. albicans strains were found to be completely resistant to all antifungals used except nystatin agent, C. krusei strains were found to be resistant to flucytosine but sensitive to all other antifungals, C. glabrata and C. kefyr strains were susceptible to all antifungals within the antifungals used in this study.Conclusions: It is concluded that it is necessary to distinguish Candida species in order to apply a correct treatment. And species selection is very important for the selection of antifungal to be used. Nystatin is recommended if no laboratory tests are to be performed for the diagnosis of Vaginal Candidiasis.
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De Carolis, Elena, Antonietta Vella, Luisa Vaccaro, et al. "Application of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in clinical diagnostic microbiology." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 8, no. 09 (2014): 1081–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.3623.
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Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has recently emerged as a powerful technique for identification of microorganisms, changing the workflow of well-established laboratories so that its impact on microbiological diagnostics has been unparalleled. In comparison with conventional identification methods that rely on biochemical tests and require long incubation procedures, MALDI-TOF MS has the advantage of identifying bacteria and fungi directly from colonies grown on culture plates in a few minutes and with simple procedures. Numerous studies on different systems available demonstrate the reliability and accuracy of the method, and new frontiers have been explored besides microbial species level identification, such as direct identification of pathogens from positive blood cultures, subtyping, and drug susceptibility detection.
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CHARTERIS, WILLIAM P., PHILLIP M. KELLY, LORENZO MORELLI, and J. KEVIN COLLINS. "Antibiotic Susceptibility of Potentially Probiotic Lactobacillus Species." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 12 (1998): 1636–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.12.1636.
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In recent years, the time-honored reputation of lactobacilli as promoters of gastrointestinal and female urogenital health has been qualified. This has occurred due to a rare association with human infection in the presence of certain predisposing factors and their potential to act as a source of undesirable antibiotic resistance determinants to other members of the indigenous microbiota. This necessitates greater caution in their selection for use in microbial adjunct nutrition and disease management (prophylaxis and therapy). It was against this background that 46 Lactobacillus strains from human and dairy sources were assayed for susceptibility to 44 antibiotics. All strains were resistant to a group of 14 antibiotics, which included inhibitors of cell wall synthesis (cefoxitin [30 μg] and aztreonam [30 μg]), protein synthesis (amikacin [30 μg], gentamicin [10 μg], kanamycin [30 μg], and streptomycin [10 μg]), nucleic acid synthesis (norfloxacin [10 μg], nalidixic acid [30 μg], sulphamethoxazole [100 μg], trimethoprim [5 μg], co-trimoxazole [25 μg], and metronidazole [5 μg]), and cytoplasmic membrane function (polymyxin B [300 μg] and colistin sulphate [10 μg]). All strains were susceptible to tetracycline (30 μg), chloramphenicol (30 μg), and rifampicin (5 μg). Four human strains and one dairy strain exhibited atypical resistance to a penicillin, bacitracin (10 μg), and/or nitrofurantoin (300 μg). One human strain was also resistant to erythromycin (15 μg) and clindamycin (2 μg). These resistances may have been acquired due to antibiotic exposure in vivo, but conclusive evidence is lacking in this regard. Seven microorganism-drug combinations were evaluated for β-lactamase activity using synergy and nitrocefin tests. The absence of activity suggested that cell wall impermeability appeared responsible for β-lactam resistance. The occurrence of a minority of lactobacilli with undesirable, atypical resistance to certain antibiotics demonstrates that not all strains are suitable for use as probiotics or bacteriotherapeutic agents. The natural resistance of lactobacilli to a wide range of clinically important antibiotics may enable the development of antibiotic/probiotic combination therapies for such conditions as diarrhea, female urogenital tract infection, and infective endocarditis.
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Haramain, S. E., S. O. Yagoub, and A. A. Osman. "Antibiotic Susceptibility of Salmonella spp Isolated from Fresh Leafy Vegetables Samples by Using Culture and Polymerase Chain Reaction Methods." European Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 2, no. 3 (2021): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejbio.2021.2.3.199.
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Background: Microbial contamination continues to be one of the leading risks to food safety. Contaminated leafy green vegetables are the primary cause of infection among children, elderly, and immunocompromised people. The purposes of this work were to isolate and identify of Salmonella spp. in fresh leafy vegetables collected from Jeddah Central Market, Jeddah district, western area, kingdom of Saudi Arabia, estimated of the number and percentage of isolated Salmonella spp and determined the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated Salmonella spp.
 Methods: Five-hundred samples were examined for the presence of Salmonella spp, by using standard microbiological and biochemical tests. Further, detection of Salmonella spp. was done by PCR with the primers targeting invA gene, a key factor for entry of Salmonella into epithelial cells. Susceptibility of the isolated Salmonella spp was done toward thirteen different antibiotics.
 Results: The percentage of isolation of Salmonella spp was 1.2 % (06/500). It was isolated as (0.40%, 02/500) from Basil, (0.20%, 01/500) from Spinach, Rocket, Parsley and Chards. Two isolates (2/6, 33.3%) showed positive Salmonella invA gene (244 bp). All isolated Salmonella showed resistance to Cephalexin (30 µg/disc), Metronidazole (5 µg/disc) and Methicillin (5 µg/disc).
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Khan, Muhammad Sarfraz, Arslan Kareem, Kiran Fatima, Saima Rauf, Areeb Khalid, and Muhammad Shaheryar Bashir. "Microbial Patterns and Antibiotic Susceptibility in Blood Culture Isolates of Septicemia Suspected Children in the Pediatrics Ward of a Tertiary Care Hospital." Journal of Laboratory Physicians 13, no. 01 (2021): 064–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1726271.
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Abstract Objectives This study aims to determine microbial patterns and antibiotic susceptibility to alert clinicians to the emerging pathogens that may pose a threat to the community, especially children. Materials and Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from July 2019 to December 2019. Two samples were taken from two different sites of each patient at the time of fever (> 100° F) to avoid chances of contamination. A blood sample of 5 to 10 mL was drawn from each site. In a 50 mL brain heart infusion broth (BHIB), 5 to 10% blood was injected in two different bottles and incubated for 48 hours at 37°C. After 48 hours, subculture was done by streaking the drops of blood samples taken from BHIB on blood and MacConkey agar. Cultures were incubated in aerobic conditions at 37°C for 24 to 48 hours. For testing antibiotic susceptibility, criteria defined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) were followed. Microbes were identified under a microscope by observing their morphological characteristics after gram staining and applying biochemical tests. Antibiotic sensitivity test was performed using standard aseptic methods. Statistical Analysis Bacterial isolates and their susceptibility patterns were represented using frequencies and percentage charts. Results Out of 423 blood cultures, growth was recorded in 92 (21.75%) of the cultures with female to male ratio 2.1:1. The gram-positive bacteria accounted for 43.48% (n = 40), whereas gram-negative bacteria covered the majority 54.36% (n = 50). Among isolates, Staphylococcus aureus (42.39%) was the most common, followed by Acinetobacter spp. (17.39%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.13%). Acinetobacter spp. showed 0% susceptibility to amikacin and cefotaxime. All the isolates were 100% resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. S. aureus showed lower sensitivity for ceftazidime (0%), clindamycin (66.67%), ciprofloxacin (0%), clarithromycin (11.76%), and ceftriaxone (0%). Tigecycline showed 100% sensitivity for all isolates tested. Conclusion Gram-negative bacteria form the majority of isolates in our setup, with Acinetobacter as the most common species among them. The resistance against cephalosporins, penicillin, and fluoroquinolones shown by Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, and Klebsiella is of grave concern. Among gram-positive bacteria, S. aureus has established resistance against multiple drugs. Limited and objective use of antibiotic therapy is a much-needed strategy under new guidelines.
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Carneiro, Hellem Cristina Silva, Noelly Queiroz Ribeiro, Rafael Wesley Bastos, and Daniel Assis Santos. "Effect of non-antifungal agrochemicals on the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus gattii." Medical Mycology 58, no. 1 (2019): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myz018.
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Abstract The chemical control of pests and weeds is employed to improve crop production and the quality of agricultural products. The intensive use of pesticides, however, may cause environmental contamination, thus altering microbial communities. Cryptococcus gattii is an environmental yeast and the causative agent of cryptococcosis in both humans and animals. Up to this day, the effects of agrochemicals on human pathogens living in nature are still widely unknown. In this work, we analyzed the susceptibility of C. gattii to nonfungicide agrochemicals (herbicides and insecticides). Microdilution and drug-combination susceptibility tests were performed for the herbicides flumioxazin (FLX), glyphosate (GLY), isoxaflutole (ISO), pendimethalin (PEND), and also for the insecticide fipronil (FIP). Moreover, these compounds were combined with the clinical antifungals amphotericin B and fluconazole. The MIC values found for the agrochemicals were the following: &lt; 16 μg/ml, for flumioxazin; 128 to 256 μg/ml, for FIP, ISO, and PEND; and &gt;256 μg/ml, for GLY. Synergistic and antagonistic interactions, depending on the strain and concentration tested, were also observed. All strains had undergone adaptation to increasing levels of agrochemicals, in order to select the less susceptible subpopulations. During this process, one C. gattii strain (196 L/03) tolerated high concentrations (50 to 900 μg/ml) of all pesticides assessed. Subsequently, the strain adapted to flumioxazin, isoxaflutole and pendimethalin showed a reduction in the susceptibility to agrochemicals and clinical antifungals, suggesting the occurrence of cross-resistance. Our data point to the risk of exposing C. gattii to agrochemicals existing in the environment, once it might impact the susceptibility of clinical antifungals.
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Ayantade Dayo Victor Ayansina and Aderonke Oluwatomisin Akinsola. "Microbial quality and antimicrobial evaluation of some herbal concoctions in a Rural Town in Nigeria." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 4, no. 3 (2020): 048–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2020.4.3.0098.
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The use of local herbal concoctions has been on the increase for the cure of various illnesses in Iwo community and Nigeria generally. Experiment aimed at isolating major microorganisms and carrying out antibiotic resistant test on the bacterial isolates was carried out. Bacteria isolated were identified through biochemical tests and molecular characterization. Susceptibility levels of these isolates was evaluated using antibiotic rapid test multidisc containing eight different antibiotics and resistance genes were amplified from some of the isolates. Five fungal species were isolated from the samples and these included Aspergillus niger and Mucor sp which occurred the most (33.3%), while Rhizopus stolonifera and Aspergillus nidulans had the lowest occurrence (6.7%). Twenty- four bacterial species belonging to fifteen (15) genera were identified. These includes Providencia sp 17(19%) recorded the highest occurrence, followed by Pantoea sp 13(14.4%) and Citrobacter sp 10(11.1%) while Salmonella sp, Cedecea sp, Pseudomonas sp and Yersinia sp had the lowest occurrence (2.2%) each. All the isolates showed resistance to three or more antibiotics used, especially the cephalosporins. The genes found to be responsible for the cephalosporin resistance in some of the isolates were TEM-972 and CTX-M-200. Presence of the multi-antibiotic resistant microorganisms in herbal concoctions poses a serious public health threat.
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Dobrzynski, Maciej, Magdalena Pajaczkowska, Joanna Nowicka, et al. "Study of Surface Structure Changes for Selected Ceramics Used in the CAD/CAM System on the Degree of Microbial Colonization, In Vitro Tests." BioMed Research International 2019 (June 12, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9130806.
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In the article has been presented an analysis of susceptibility of selected dental materials, made in the CAD/CAM technology. The morphology and structural properties of selected dental materials and their composites were determined by using XRPD (X-ray powder diffraction) techniques, as well as the IR (infrared) spectroscopy. Moreover, an adhesion as well as development of biofilm by oral microorganisms has been studied. It has been shown that a degree of the biofilm development on the tested dental materials depended on microorganism genus and species. Streptococcus mutans has demonstrated the best adhesion to the tested materials in comparison with Candida albicans and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. However, the sintered materials such as IPS e.max® and the polished IPS e.max® have showed the best “anti-adhesive properties” in relation to S. mutans and L. rhamnosus that have not formed the biofilm on the polished IPS e.max® sample. Furthermore, S. mutans have not formed the biofilm on both surfaces. On the contrary to S. mutans and L. rhamnosus, C. albicans has demonstrated the adhesive properties in relation to the above-mentioned surfaces. Moreover, in contrast to S. mutans and C. albicans, L. rhamnosus has not formed the biofilm on the polished IPS Empress material.
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Brandão, Luciana R., Adriana O. Medeiros, Mariana C. Duarte, Anne C. Barbosa, and Carlos A. Rosa. "Diversity and antifungal susceptibility of yeasts isolated by multiple-tube fermentation from three freshwater lakes in Brazil." Journal of Water and Health 8, no. 2 (2009): 279–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.170.
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The diversity and antifungal resistance of yeasts able to grow at 37°C and the occurrence of bacterial indicators of water quality were studied in three lakes in Southeastern Brazil. The densities of yeasts, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp. and Pseudomonasaeruginosa were determined by the multiple-tube fermentation technique, and counts of heterotrophic bacteria were determined using the pour plate method. The yeasts were identified using physiological and molecular techniques and their resistance to amphotericin B, itraconazole and fluconazole was tested. Yeast occurrence was significantly correlated only with the density of fecal coliforms. Candida krusei, C. guilliermondii and C. tropicalis, the most frequently isolated yeast species, are associated with fecal contamination of water by warm-blooded animals. Yeast isolates were most resistant to amphotericin B (21.7%), followed by itraconazole (20%) and then fluconazole (2.8%). In addition to tests for the fecal coliform group, the density of yeasts grown at 37°C could be used as a complementary microbial indicator that aquatic environments contain organic matter of human origin. The incidence of yeast species resistant to three antifungal drugs shows that these microorganisms could pose a health risk to the people who use these lakes for recreation.
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Teke, Gerald N., Christian V. Junior, Stephen L. Tamekou, Penn-Edelqueen W. Nkengla, and Jules R. Kuiate. "Physico-chemical properties and antibacterial drug performance of amoxicillin from streets in Bamenda, Cameroon." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 8, no. 7 (2019): 1615. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20192660.
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Background: The advent of microbial drug resistance creates a concern about the quality of anti-infective drugs. The rise in some microbial resistance to therapy has urged us to investigate physico-chemical properties and antibacterial performance of amoxicillin from streets in Bamenda, Cameroon.Methods: Amoxicillin samples were purchased from street vendors in Bamenda. Cameroon. Visual inspection was done for defects and signs of discoloration, deterioration or other physical disfiguration. Weight uniformity test for each sample of antibiotic tablet was carried out. The time for drug disintegration for each sample of amoxicillin was evaluated. Microbial antibiotic susceptibility tests were done using both the agar disc diffusion and micro well broth dilution methods to check drug performance. Data analysis was done and comparison checked with Student-Newman-Keuls at p<0.05.Results: The mean weight of amoxicillin drugs ranged from 632.00±11.5 to 748.06±17.9 mg. Tablets from Austria had a significant decrease in weight compared to those from Germany and Nigeria. This was similar with the capsules from India and China. Average disintegration varied significantly from as small as 2.2 to 14.4 minutes. All the amoxicillin samples were active against the tested bacteria with mean zones of inhibitions ranging from 8.33±0.57 to 39.33±0.57 mm. The MICs and MBCs values range from 1 to 64 µg/ml. For the same bacterium the growth inhibitory effects of the various drugs were not all similar.Conclusions: Some of the amoxicillin samples studied in this paper showed significant differences in their weights and performances (antibacterial activities). Probably the required amount of API was not respected.
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Mitache, Mihaela Magdalena, Carmen Curutiu, Elena Rusu, et al. "Urinary Tract Infections in Patients with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: Etiology, Resistance to Antibacterial Chemicals and Virulence Features." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 3 (2017): 566–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.3.5502.
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One of the most frequent chronic complications occurred in diabetes patients are the urinary tract infections (UTIs). This study aimed to investigate the incidence of UTIs in a cohort of 93 (47 males: 46 females) diabetic patients, the prevalence of different microbial species involved and their virulence and antibiotic resistance profiles. The identification of the uropathogenic strains in the positive urine samples was performed using conventional methods and API tests. After identification, the antibiotic susceptibility profiles were established by the standardized disk diffusion method and double disk diffusion test was performed for the confirmation of ESBL and inducible AmpC b �lactamase phenotypes. The isolated strains were tested for the production of different cell associated and soluble virulence factors, i.e.: bacterial adherence to cellular substrata (HeLa cells), hemolysins (hemolysis spot, CAMP-like), amylase, caseinase, aesculin hydrolysis, DNA-ase, lipase and lecithinase. In the analyzed group, the total prevalence of UTIs was of 46%, a higher incidence being observed in the female patients (64%). Similar to other studies, the etiology of UTI in the investigated diabetes patients was dominated by E. coli, followed by Klebsiella sp. strains. The isolated strains preserved good susceptibility rates to quinolones and aminoglycosides and revealed important virulence features, related to their capacity to colonize the cellular substratum and to produce soluble virulence factors involved in persistence, colonization and progression of the infectious process. The high percentage of beta-lactam resistant strains (including carbapenem-resistant ones) requires careful surveillance of the dynamics of susceptibility profiles for limiting the emergence of these strains in community.
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Dibua, Uju M. E., Ifeoma S. Onyemerela, and Emeka I. Nweze. "FREQUENCY, URINALYSIS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY PROFILE OF PATHOGENS CAUSING URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN ENUGU STATE, SOUTHEAST NIGERIA." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 56, no. 1 (2014): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652014000100008.
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Objective: This study was designed to determine the frequency and causative agent(s) of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in individuals with symptoms of urinary tract infections in Enugu State of Southeast Nigeria, and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of microbial agents isolated from urine culture. Methods: The study involved 211 individuals (149 females and 62 males) clinically suspected for UTI. Urine samples were collected by the mid-stream ‘clean catch' method and tested using standard procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated pathogens was tested using the Kirby-Bauer technique according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: Microscopy of centrifuged urine samples showed 16 patients had pyuria while 54 had pus cells. Calcium oxalate crystals were found in 14 samples. Urinalysis performed with urine samples showed 17 had protein; seven were nitrite positive and three had moderate to high glucose concentration. Fifty-four urine samples (36.2%) from females and 12 (19.4%) from males showed significant growth upon culture. Gram stain and biochemical tests identified nine different organisms with Escherichia coli as the most common isolated species. Forty three randomly selected strains were further tested for their susceptibility against a panel of antibiotics. Thirty isolates (81.08%) were resistant to four or more antibiotics with the highest resistance shown by E. coli (76.67%). All the Gram- negative isolates were resistant to Ampicilox, Cefuroxime and Amoxicillin. Conclusion: Urinary tract infections were found more in females in the area under study. As found in other studies, E. coli was the most predominant isolate, although other organisms seem to be on the increase.
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Liu, Chunhong, Jian Ji, Zhujian Wang, Huiwen Chen, Wenjun Cao, and Xinghuai Sun. "Microbiological Isolates and Antibiotic Susceptibilities in Cases of Posttraumatic Endophthalmitis: A 15-Year Review." Journal of Ophthalmology 2020 (April 30, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5053923.
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Purpose. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological spectrum and antibiotic susceptibilities of isolates in posttraumatic endophthalmitis over a 15-year period. Methods. A retrospective study of 3,163 posttraumatic endophthalmitis cases was conducted between July 2004 and July 2019. The outcome measures included the microbiological spectrum and antibiotic susceptibilities. Chi-squared tests were conducted to detect trends in changes in antibiotic sensitivity over the 15-year period. P values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results. Of the 3,163 cases of posttraumatic endophthalmitis, 1,003 culture-positive isolates were identified. Among these, there were 848 (84.5%) Gram-positive isolates, 109 (10.9%) Gram-negative isolates, and 46 (4.6%) fungal isolates. The most common isolates were Staphylococcal species. There was a significant increase in the percentage of fungal isolates over the 15-year period (P=0.02). Gram-positive organisms showed the greatest level of susceptibility to vancomycin (99.6%). The susceptibilities of the 109 Gram-negative isolated organisms were as follows: levofloxacin (95.8%), meropenem (95.7%), ciprofloxacin (93.5%), tobramycin (90.8%), imipenem (88.9%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) (87.7%), ertapenem (80%), and ceftazidime (79.1%). The susceptibility of Gram-positive organisms to several antibiotics, including levofloxacin (P=0.004), ciprofloxacin (P<0.001), and chloramphenicol (P=0.001) decreased over time, whereas the susceptibility to TMP-SMX increased over time (P<0.001). The susceptibility of Gram-negative bacilli to ceftazidime decreased over time (P=0.03). Conclusions. Over the 15-year study period, most isolates were Gram-positive cocci, especially coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). Vancomycin seemed to be the most effective antibiotic for Gram-positive bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria appeared to be most susceptible to fluoroquinolones. A number of antibiotics showed an increasing trend of microbial resistance.
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Alaidarous, Mohammed, Meshal Alanazi, and Ahmed Abdel-Hadi. "Isolation, Identification, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacteria Associated with Waterpipe Contaminants in Selected Area of Saudi Arabia." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8042603.
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This study highlights the level of microbial contamination of waterpipe components in selected area of Saudi Arabia and the resistance of selected bacteria to different antibiotics was determined. A series of biochemical tests, microscopic examination, and screening on Vitek 2 compact (bioMérieux Inc., USA) system were done to characterize the bacterial isolates. Out of 132 samples investigated, 7 mouthpiece samples and 48 water bowl samples showed positivity on culture. The percentage of contamination rate was higher in water bowl (69.69%) than in mouthpieces (10.6%) for all selected areas. A total of 55 bacterial isolates were identified which included Gram-negative (28) and Gram-positive (27) bacteria. Antimicrobial susceptibility data showed more resistance to bacteria isolated from water bowl than bacteria isolated from mouthpiece. In addition, one isolate which was confirmed as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae was resistant to antibiotics which are commonly used to treat pneumonia. Water bowl of waterpipe instrument is significantly contaminated with different bacterial pathogens including multidrug-resistant and pneumonia causing bacteria, which are a real health concern among waterpipe smokers. The presented data could assist public health professionals to raise the concerns regarding cleaning practices of waterpipe components and highlights the risk posed among the waterpipe smokers.
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Abd-ulnabi, Rana Mohammad, Zuhair G. Alshaheen, and Rafeef A. Abdul-jabbar. "Microbial Incidence and Antibiotic susceptibility for Bacterial isolates in The Mobile Phone of Healthcare workers and University Employments in Basrah City." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 14, no. 3 (2020): 1863–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.14.3.25.
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The mobile phones come to be an important device all people use it for communication and phones can be contaminated with bacterial isolates. this study tries to do a little investigation about kinds and percent of pathogenic bacteria and the detection of some antibiotic resistance one and difference between that found in the healthcare worker’s mobile phone and peoples who work out of that field. Samples collection were done using mobile phones belongs to healthcare workers and Basra University employments. Swabs were cultured on different media then the suspected colonies were identified by recognizing the morphology of colonies, staining with Gram’s stain then tested with biochemical tests. Our study shows bacterial isolates in all the screened mobile phone, The highest proportions were recorded by Bacillus spp (66%) and Pseudomonas spp (56%) while the lowest proportions were Staphylococcus aureus (8%) and Candida spp (12%). And there was a significant difference in the kinds and percent of bacterial isolates between the healthcare workers and employments mobile phones, besides the appearance of Cefotaxime and Cefatizoxime resistance Proteus sp. and Trimethoprim + Sulfamethoxazole resistance Klebsiella spp. also the intermediate susceptibility to the different antibiotic was shown in all isolates. All the mobile phones can be contaminated by various kinds of bacteria some of these were resistant to some antibiotics and there was a significant difference in the percent and kinds of bacterial isolates between the health care worker and people who work out of this field.
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Bawankar, Smita, Sk Khairul Enam, Animesh Panda, and Dhruba Hari Chandi. "Bacteriological study of uropathogens with correlation of various screening test with culture and their antimicrobial susceptibility." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 3 (2016): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v7i3.14071.
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Background: UTI is most distribution of uropathogens amongst the community & hospitalized patients suffering bacterial infection. Aims and Objectives: It affects person throughout their life span. It may be characterized as uncomplicated (occurring without an anatomic or other predisposing reason) or complicated (associated with structural or functional abnormalities of the urinary tract & kidney). A single bacterial species Escherichia coli, causes majority of UTI. Materials and Methods: Total of 426 clinically diagnosed uti cases were subjected to culture & its correlation with various screening tests such as wet film microscopy, TTC & Gram stain & its sensitivity, specificity, positive & negative productive value were determine along with anti microbial susceptibility also virulence factor of E. coli & ESBL production were studied. Results: Present study showing UTI was more common in females 281 (65.96%) as compared to 145 (34.03%) in males. As compare with culture, sensitivity of TTC, wet film microscope were 78.22%, 81.91% & 97.41% respectively. Amongst total 271 culture isolates E. coli were more common, highest resistant was observed to ampicillin (90.78%) followed by amoxyclave (86.64%), cotrimoxazole (82.23%) & carbenicillin (78.94%), whereas highest sensitivity noted against imipenem (100%). Conclusion: It is evident UTI is more common in reproductive females & in case of males in older age. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol. 7(3) 2016 108-114
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Onajobi, Ismail Babatunde, Olusolape Afolake Favour Ilusanya,, Omowunmi Abosede Banjo, and Abdul-Azeez Olayiwola Sirajudeen. "ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM WASTEWATER AT AL-HIKMAH UNIVERSITY FEMALE HOSTELS, ILORIN, NIGEERIA." African Journal of Science and Nature 7 (November 6, 2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.46881/ajsn.v7i0.157.
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Physicochemical properties and antibiotic susceptibility of microorganisms isolated from wastewater samples collected from Al-Hikmah University female hostels were assessed. Samples obtained from different female hostels were examined physiochemically and microbiologically using standard procedures. Phytochemical result revealed the low temperature value of 28°C from Oladimeji and Commaissie hostels, while Deremi and Owaish had a value of 29.5°C. Dissolved oxygen of 0.1 ml/L was recorded from all the samples collected. Electrical conductivity ranged from 658 to 997µs, while chocking odour was recorded in all the four samples collected. In terms of pH, Oladimeji hostel had a pH of 10.5, Deremi had a pH of 10.6, while Owaish and Commaissie had a pH of 10.4. The wastewater samples from the four hostels were highly contaminated. Oladimeji hostel showed a mean bacterial 5count of 25.4×10cfu/ml, Deremi hostel, Owaish hostel and Coomassie hostels, showed a mean 4 4 4bacterial count of 5.7×10cfu/ml,16.8×10cfu/ml and 3.5×10cfu/ml respectively. Percentage occurrence of bacteria isolates were Salmonella sp. (12.5%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.5%), Escherichia coli (25%), Staphylococcus aureus (12.5%), Actinomyces (12.5%), Shigella sp. (6.25%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.5%) and Proteus vulgaris (6.25%). Antimicrobial sensitivity tests revealed that all the organisms were susceptible to gentamycin except Actinomyces. High microbial load in wastewater samples could have negative effects on human health. This study, further confirms the need to treat wastewater rather than directly discharging it to the environment.
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Kochman, Alicja, and Jacek Matyszkiewicz. "Experimental method for estimation of compaction in the Oxfordian bedded limestones of the southern Kraków-Częstochowa Upland, Southern Poland." Acta Geologica Polonica 63, no. 4 (2013): 681–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/agp-2013-0029.
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ABSTRACT Kochman, A. and Matyszkiewicz, J. 2013. Experimental method for estimation of compaction in the Oxfordian bedded limestones of the southern Krakow-Częstochowa Upland, Southern Poland. Acta Geologica Polonica, 63(4), 681-696. Warszawa. The Upper Jurassic carbonates exposed in the southern part of the Krakow-Częstochowa Upland are well known for their significant facies diversity related to the presence of microbial and microbial-sponge carbonate buildups and bedded detrital limestone in between. Both the buildups and detrital limestones revealed differential susceptibility to compaction which, apart from differential subsidence of the Palaeozoic basement and synsedimentary faulting, was one of the factors controlling seafloor palaeorelief in the Late Jurassic sedimentary basin. The compaction of the detrital limestones has been estimated with an experimental oedometric method in which specially prepared mixtures made of ground limestones from a quarry in the village of Żary were subjected to oedometer tests. The diameters of the detrital grains and their percentages in the limestones were determined by microscopic examinations of thin sections. The diameters were assigned to predetermined classes corresponding to the Udden-Wentworth scale. The rock samples were then ground down to the grain sizes observed in thin sections. From such materials, mixtures were prepared of grain size distributions corresponding to those observed in thin sections. After adding water the mixtures were subjected to oedometer tests. Analysis of the compression of such mixtures under specific loads enabled preparation of a mathematical formula suitable for the estimation of mechanical compaction of the limestone. The obtained values varied from 27.52 to 55.53% for a load corresponding to 300 metres burial depth. The most significant effect of mechanical compaction was observed for loads representing only 2 metres burial depth. Further loading resulted in a much smaller reduction in sample height. The results of the oedometer tests cannot be used directly to determine compaction of the detrital limestones. Mainly because microscopic observations of thin sections of the experimental material show that chemical compaction was also an important factor influencing thickness reduction of the limestones.
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Boschman, Cynthia R., Ulana R. Bodnar, Michelle A. Tornatore, et al. "Thirteen-Year Evolution of Azole Resistance in Yeast Isolates and Prevalence of Resistant Strains Carried by Cancer Patients at a Large Medical Center." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 42, no. 4 (1998): 734–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.42.4.734.
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ABSTRACT Drug resistance is emerging in many important microbial pathogens, including Candida albicans. We performed fungal susceptibility tests with archived isolates obtained from 1984 through 1993 and fresh clinical isolates obtained from 1994 through 1997 by testing their susceptibilities to fluconazole, ketoconazole, and miconazole and compared the results to the rate of fluconazole use. All isolates recovered prior to 1993 were susceptible to fluconazole. Within 3 years of widespread azole use, we detected resistance to all agents in this class. In order to assess the current prevalence of resistant isolates in our hematologic malignancy and transplant patients, we obtained rectal swabs from hospitalized, non-AIDS, immunocompromised patients between June 1995 and January 1996. The swabs were inoculated onto sheep’s blood agar plates containing 10 μg of vancomycin and 20 μg of gentamicin/ml of agar. One hundred one yeasts were recovered from 97 patients and were tested for their susceptibilities to amphotericin B, fluconazole, flucytosine, ketoconazole, and miconazole. The susceptibility pattern was then compared to those for all clinical isolates obtained throughout the medical center. The antifungal drug histories for each patient were also assessed. The yeasts from this surveillance study were at least as susceptible as the overall hospital strains. There did not appear to be a direct linkage between prior receipt of antifungal agent therapy and carriage of a new, drug-resistant isolate. Increased resistance to newer antifungal agents has occurred at our medical center, but it is not focal to any high-risk patient population that we studied. Monitoring of susceptibility to antifungal agents appears to be necessary for optimizing clinical therapeutic decision making.
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S, Roopashree, A. G. Prathab, and Sandeep T. "Bacteriological profile and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of wound infections in a tertiary care hospital in South India." Indian Journal of Microbiology Research 8, no. 1 (2021): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijmr.2021.016.
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Infections caused due to injuries are due to microbial proliferation at the wound site following skin damage. Initial testing of micro-organisms in terms of culturing and sensitivity leads to appropriate antibiotic selection and prevents escalation of antimicrobial resistance.To evaluate the bacteriological profile and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of wound infections in this single-centered study.The study included 160 patients suspected to have wound infection. Pus or tissue samples collected from patients were subjected to microbiological processing including Gram staining, culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Their demographic data and wound related factors (duration, nature, type) were recorded. The isolated organisms were evaluated for β-lactamase production using Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) test, Modified Hodge test for Carbapenemase and AmpC β-lactamase enzyme detection tests. Most participants were 41-60 years old (45.63%). The majority had surgical site infections (SSI, 91.25%), early infected (91.1%) and clean (67.12%) wounds. The bacterial isolation rate was 80% and 45.27% (n=67) were Gram positive isolates, out of which 47 (70.14%) were multidrug resistant. was identified as the predominant organism (n=40), where 33 among 40 were methicillin sensitive, followed by (n=30, 23.43%). Amongst the Gram negative isolates (n=81, 54.73%), 60 (74.07%) were multidrug resistant with majority being susceptible to imipenem, meropenem and amikacin. The most common pathogen associated with wound infection was Methicillin sensitive with SSI being the most common type of wound infection.
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Obajuluwa, A. F., A. Kefas, and S. K. Parom. "Antibiotics Susceptibility Pattern of Bacteria Isolated from Ready-To-Eat Vegetables Sold in Mohammadu Gumi Market, Kaduna, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 16, no. 2 (2021): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpr.v16i2.15s.
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Background: Freshly consumed vegetables are considered to have more nutritional value than cooked ones. However, they are a potential source of foodborne illnesses due to possible microbial contamination, this poses safety threat.Objectives: This study was carried out to determine the bacteriological quality of ready-to-eat vegetables sold in Mohammadu Gumi market, Kaduna and to determine the antibiotics resistance pattern of the bacteria isolates.Methods: A total of 40 samples of cabbage were collected. Gram staining, growth on selective media and biochemical tests were carried out to identify the isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using the Kirby-Bauer agar disc diffusion method. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates were detected with the use of cefoxitin disc agar diffusion test.Results: A total of 46 bacteria isolates were obtained with a total colony count range from 4 – 9 x 106CFU/ml. The following bacteria were isolated: aureus (41.3%), Escherichia coli (28.3%), Salmonella spp (19.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.7%) and Serratia spp (2.2%). The result of antimicrobial susceptibility test showed thatthe isolates were highly susceptible to ofloxacin: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia spp (100%), E. coli (92.3%) and Salmonella spp (87.5%). The isolates were all resistant to penicillin and ampicillin while 89.5% of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates were phenotypically methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.Conclusion: This study showed that the vegetables (cabbage) were highly contaminated with antibiotic resistant bacteria, this can be a source of infection to the consumers and a potential means of transmitting multidrug resistant bacteria strains in the community.
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Wang, Caifeng, Wen Li, Juanjuan Gao, et al. "Microbial Predominance and Antimicrobial Resistance in a Tertiary Hospital in Northwest China: A Six-Year Retrospective Study of Outpatients and Patients Visiting the Emergency Department." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2020 (November 28, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8838447.
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Background. With the wide use of antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance becomes a serious issue. Timely understanding of microbial pathogen profiles and the change of antimicrobial resistance provide an important guidance for effective and optimized use of antibiotics in local healthcare systems. The aim was to investigate the characteristics of microbial species and their antimicrobial resistances in a tertiary hospital with an Emergency Department and outpatient clinics for a period of six years. Methodology. A retrospective study was conducted using the HIS database of a tertiary hospital between 2013 and 2018. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by automated systems and/or the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. The data were analyzed using the WHONET 5.6 software. The Cochran-Armitage test was used to study the trends over the period of research. Results. In a total of 19,028 specimens submitted for microbial tests during the period from 49 units of the hospital, only the samples from the Emergency Department and Kidney Transplantation Clinic showed an annually significant increase ( P < 0.001 ). More than 200 species with 46.4% gram-positive cocci and 45.3% gram-negative bacilli were identified in the 3,849 nonrepetitive isolates. The methicillin-resistant S. aureus and S. epidermidis rates were 25.1% and 74.6%, respectively. 60.9% E. coli and 33.5% K. pneumonia samples carried extended-spectrum-β-lactamase. All Staphylococci and Enterococci samples were not resistant to linezolid, vancomycin, and tigecycline. In addition, only 0.01% E. coli, 1.1% K. pneumonia, and 18.7% P. aeruginosa isolates showed resistance to carbapenems. Conclusions. Vancomycin, linezolid and tigecycline were the most effective antibiotics for outpatients with gram-positive infection. Carbapenems were the most effective antibiotics for gram-negative infection. There was no significant annual increase of common multidrug resistances.
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Cakir, Erkan, Ela Erdem, Nagihan Ozlu, Engin Seber, Serap Gencer, and Zeki Kilicaslan. "Demographic and microbial characteristics and drug resistance of childhood tuberculosis in Istanbul: analysis of 1,541 cases." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 8, no. 03 (2014): 304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.3950.
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Introduction: Although tuberculosis (TB) is frequently seen in Turkey, there are limited studies on childhood TB. We aimed to describe clinical and laboratory findings, including drug resistance, of children with TB in Istanbul, Turkey. Methodology: The study included all children aged 0-14 years who were registered in public dispensaries between 2006 and 2010. Results: The study included 1,541 cases. Forty-four percent (n = 763) of the patients were male with a mean age of 8.86±4.19 years. Fifty-five percent of the patients had pulmonary TB, 39% had extrapulmonary TB, and 6% had both pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB. The most common extrapulmonary involvement sites were the pleura (n = 193), lymph nodes (n = 247), and central nervous system (n = 41). Forty-one percent of the patients were evaluated microbiologically and 35% of them were positive. For the total study group, 14% of them were positive. A drug susceptibility test was performed on 108 patients. Drug resistance to at least one drug was detected in 16% (n = 17), to isoniazid in 15% (n = 16), streptomycin in 12% (n = 12), rifampicin in 9% (n = 10), ethambutol in 7% (n = 8), and multi-drug resistance in 8% (n=9) of patients. Conclusions: This is the largest analysis on demographic features and drug resistance of childhood TB in Turkey. In Turkey, the rate of microbiological diagnosis is low, similar to rates worldwide. More microbiological studies and drug resistance tests should be done and annual changes should be followed with multi-center studies.
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Lalhmangaihzuali, F. Elizabeth, Zarzoliana ., Zorinsangi Varte, and Gracy Laldinmawii. "Antibiotic resistance pattern of uropathogens in urinary tract infections in children at State Referral Hospital, Falkawn, Mizoram, India." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 5, no. 6 (2018): 2108. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20184182.
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Background: Analysing antibiotic susceptibility pattern of uropathogens help to overcome the therapeutic difficulties created by the rising anti-microbial resistant bacteria and guides in choosing appropriate antibiotics. Hence, we aimed at evaluating the uropathogens causing urinary tract infections and study their antibiograms.Methods: Midstream urine samples were collected, cultured and appropriate biochemical tests were performed for proper identification of urinary tract pathogens in State Referral Hospital Falkawn, Mizoram, India from 1st January to 30th June 2018.Results: The most common isolated gram-negative uropathogens were Escherichia coli (40.9%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (17.6%), Proteus spp. (10.7%) and Pseudomonas spp. (3.1%). Among gram-positive organisms Enterococcus spp. (20.1%) and Staphylococcus spp. (7.6%) were grown. Urinary tract infections were more prevalent in girls (64.8%) than boys (35.2%). High level of resistance was found to amoxycillin/ampicillin by all the organisms isolated.Conclusions: Almost all the test organisms exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance. The study identified multiple antibiotics resistance by uropathogens which were earlier used as first line of treatment of UTI in children.
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Addison, J. A., and S. B. Holmes. "Effect of two commercial formulations of Bacillusthuringiensis suhsp. kurstaki on the forest earthworm Dendrobaenaoctaedra." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 9 (1996): 1594–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-179.
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The effects of Dipel®8L and Dipel®8AF (two formulations of Bacillusthuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (B.t.k.)) on the survival, growth, and reproduction of the forest earthworm Dendrobaenaoctaedra (Sav.) were studied in the laboratory using simple soil–litter microcosms. Dendrobaenaoctaedra was not adversely affected by an unformulated preparation of B.t.k. or by the aqueous formulation (Dipel®8AF) even at doses representing 1000× the expected environmental concentration (EEC). However, survival, growth, and cocoon production were significantly reduced in the presence of Dipel®8L at 1000× EEC, which is the level recommended for Tier I testing for environmental effects according to the Canadian guidelines for registration of naturally occurring microbial pest control agents. Further tests indicated that the toxic component of the Dipel®8L was the oil-based formulation blank. No significant deleterious effects on survival, growth, or reproduction were observed in microcosms sprayed with Dipel®8L at the EEC, 10× EEC, or 100× EEC. There was no evidence of a synergistic reaction between oil-based formulation ingredients and B.t.k., which would act to increase the susceptibility of D. octaedra to the bacterium.
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Sharma, Neha, Kamalpreet Singh, Devinder Toor, Somnath S. Pai, Rishika Chakraborty, and Khalid M. Khan. "Antibiotic Resistance in Microbes from Street Fruit Drinks and Hygiene Behavior of the Vendors in Delhi, India." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13 (2020): 4829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134829.
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Microbial contamination of fruit juices has caused major outbreaks, leading to significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries. The inept hygiene and safety practices followed by the juice vendors are the leading risk factors of the microbial contamination of juices. In this pilot study, the five most crowded markets in urban Delhi, including Kamla Nagar, University of Delhi (north campus), Tilak Nagar, Chandni Chowk, and Rohini, were selected for a questionnaire survey on the fruit juice vendors and the sampling of water used for juice preparation as well as sugarcane, orange, and mix fruit juices collected from these markets for the enumeration of total bacterial count (TBC), Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Vibrio. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using ampicillin, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and imipenem. The results indicated that the majority of the vendors were not following hygiene and safety practices when compared with the recommended standard safety practices. The use of municipal water by 95% of vendors with high TBC counts might have been the major source of microbial contamination in all types of fruit juices. E. coli and Salmonella contaminations were high in sugarcane (2 × 105 colony forming units (CFU)/mL) and mix fruit (2.2 × 105 CFU/mL) juice samples, respectively. On the other hand, Vibrio was found to be absent in almost all juice samples except for orange juice. All strains were found to be susceptible to chloramphenicol, but resistant to ampicillin and cefotaxime. Only a few strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin, and only E. coli strains were resistant to imipenem. Taken together, the overall microbiological standards of fruit juices served by street vendors were not within the acceptable limits, perhaps due to the poor quality of water used to prepare juices and poor hygiene and safety practices followed by the vendors. More importantly, the isolated microbes demonstrated resistance to ampicillin and cefotaxime, which may have pressing public health implications. Post hoc power analyses identified the minimum sample size required for 80% power.
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Begum, Shahin Ara, Shabeen Afreen, Farook Ahamed, Akhtaruzzaman Chowdhury, Mohammad Jobayer, and SM Samsuzzaman. "Etiology of UTI and Frequency of ESBL Producing Bacteria Isolated from Patients of Dhaka Medical College Hospital with Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern." Journal of Dhaka Medical College 25, no. 1 (2017): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jdmc.v25i1.33951.
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Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common of all bacterial infections and occur at any time in the life of an individual. ESBL producing bacteria particularly Escherichia.coli is one of the most common causes of UTIs both in community and healthcare associated settings. Emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) is quite alarming and cause failure of empirical treatment of UTIs. As a result increase the morbidity and mortality rate in the developing countries like Bangladesh.Objective: The objective of this study was to find out the bacteria causing UTI from urine culture and detection of ESBL producing Esch.coli and K.pneumoniae with their anti- microbial susceptibility pattern.Materials and Methods: A total of 1750 urine samples were collected from patients with symptoms and suspected UTI. Clean catch mid-stream urine samples were collected from indoor and outdoor patients of Dhaka Medical College Hospital during January 2015 to July 2015.Urine specimens were cultured in 5% Blood agar and MacConkeys agar media. The isolated bacteria were identified by gram staining and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility and detection of ESBL were done by disc diffusion method.Result: Out of 1750 urine samples, 403(23.03%) were positive by culture. Among the culture positive cases, 216 (53.59%) were female and 187 (46.41%) were male. The most common isolated bacteria were Esch.coli 295(73.20%) followed by Pseudomonas aeuroginosa 85(21.09%), K.pneumoniae10(2.48%), Proteus spp. 4(.99%), Acinetobacter spp. 5(1.2%), Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CONS) 4(.99%). Among the isolated Esch.coli and K.pneumoniae, ESBL producing bacteria were 202 (68.47%) and 5 (50%) respectively. All the isolated bacteria showed low level susceptibility to all antibiotics that are used during the study period.Conclusion: Treatment of UTIs is difficult when caused by multidrug resistant bacteria. Analysis of culture and sensitivity data should be done periodically to identify ESBL producing bacteria for proper treatment of UTIs.J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 25, No.1, April, 2016, Page 26-31
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Benyagoub, Elhassan, Nouria Nabbou, and Amal Dine. "Antimicrobial Effect of Quercus robur L. Leaves Selective Extracts from the Mezi Mountain of Djeniene Bourezg (West of Algeria)." Current Bioactive Compounds 16, no. 8 (2020): 1181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573407216666191226141609.
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Background: Algeria, by its vast terrestrial extent and its climatic variation, has an abundant, rich and varied flora in which it was counted many aromatic and medicinal species that provide bioactive compounds characterized by their broad biological activities. In this context, this work is based on the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of Quercus robur L. leaves extracts (Family of Fagaceae). Methods: Firstly, the collected plant material was defatted; then, the extraction of tannins and saponins was carried out according to a standard protocol where the extracts obtained were tested on some uropathogenic microbial strains by disk diffusion method with the determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) by broth macro-dilution method. Results: The extraction yield of the selective extracts was 7.93 and 16.94% for tannins and saponins, respectively. The antibiotic resistance profile of the tested strains showed a resistance relatively important to several antibiotics, namely amoxicillin +clavulanic acid and ampicillin for Escherichia coli, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed resistance to amoxicillin+clavulanic acid, amikacin, cefotaxime and ceftazidime. However, Staphylococcus aureus was susceptible to penicillin, gentamicin, ofloxacin and chloramphenicol. Antifungal susceptibility testing has been shown that Candida albicans was susceptible to amphotericin B, econazole and it was clinically categorized as intermediate to miconazole drug. For antimicrobial tests, the tannins and saponins extracts exhibited a low to strong inhibitory effect at tested concentrations lower than 30 mg/mL (ranged from no inhibition to an inhibition zone diameter of 17.5 mm), depending on dose levels and tested microbial strains. Conclusion: This activity is proportional to the tested concentrations, knowing that tannins extract was more active compared to saponins extract. For this, Q. robur could constitute an important source for drug discovery.
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Ahmed, Nibras A., Fernanda C. Petersen, and Anne A. Scheie. "AI-2/LuxS Is Involved in Increased Biofilm Formation by Streptococcus intermedius in the Presence of Antibiotics." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 53, no. 10 (2009): 4258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00546-09.
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ABSTRACT Bacteria utilize quorum-sensing communication to organize their behavior by monitoring the concentration of bacterial signals, referred to as autoinducers (AIs). The widespread detection of AI-2 signals and its enzymatic synthase (LuxS) in bacteria suggests that AI-2 is an inter- and intraspecies communication signal. We have previously shown that antibiotic susceptibility is affected by AI-2 signaling in Streptococcus anginosus. Since chronic infections involve persistent biofilms resilient to antibiotic treatment, we explored the role of AI-2/LuxS in Streptococcus intermedius biofilm formation and cell viability when the organism was exposed to sub-MICs of ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, or tetracycline. The S. intermedius wild type (WT) and its isogenic luxS mutant, strain SI006, were exposed to sub-MICs of ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, or tetracycline. Biofilms were formed on polystyrene discs in microtiter plates. To assess planktonic cell viability, the ATP microbial viability assay was performed and the numbers of CFU were determined. For complementation assays, the AI-2 precursor dihydroxy pentanedione (DPD) was used as a supplement for SI006. Relative luxS expression was quantified by real-time PCR. The sub-MICs of all three antibiotics increased biofilm formation in S. intermedius WT. However, biofilm formation by SI006 was either unaffected or reduced (P ≤ 0.05). Bacterial viability tests of biofilm and planktonic cell cultures indicated that SI006 was more susceptible to antibiotics than the WT. DPD complemented the luxS mutant phenotype. Real-time PCR revealed modest yet significant changes in luxS expression in the presence of antibiotic concentrations that increased biofilm formation. In conclusion, in S. intermedius, AI-2/LuxS was involved in antibiotic susceptibility and increased biofilm formation at sub-MICs of antibiotic.
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Deshmukh, Kiran A., and Deepak Manthale. "Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from chronic suppurative otitis media." International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 3, no. 1 (2016): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20164494.
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<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is the most common middle ear infection characterized by recurrent ear discharges or otorrhoea through a tympanic perforation from the middle ear. The organisms isolated from CSOM include both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Among the bacteria, <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> (<em>P. aeruginosa</em>) has been particularly blamed for deep seated and progressive destruction of middle ear and mastoid structures through its toxins and enzymes. The present study was done to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of <em>P. aeruginosa</em> isolated from CSOM.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> This was a retrospective study conducted in a tertiary care hospital in South India in March 2016. Data was obtained from the microbiology records from January 2014 to January 2016. Patients who had active ear discharge for at least three months were included in the study. <em>P. aeruginosa</em> was identified by colony morphology, pigment production, characteristic musty or earthy odor. The identification was confirmed by motility and standard biochemical tests. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> A total of 293 cases of CSOM were included in the study. Microbial growth was seen in 248 (84.6%) cases and remaining 45 cases did not show any growth. Among 248 bacterial growth, 87 (35%) were positive for P. aeruginosa. Most common organism was <em>P. aeruginosa</em> followed by <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>. Highest resistance was seen with Gentamicin and Ofloxacin and least resistance with Imipenem. The increased resistance to Cephalosporin group is warning sign, as these are potent anti-Psuedomals.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <em>P. aeruginosa</em> and Staphylococcus aureus were found to be the common cause of CSOM in the present study. <em>P. aeruginosa </em>was resistant to commonly used antimicrobials. There was no resistance seen with Imipenem and only two strains were resistant to Piperacillin+tazobactum. Regular evaluation of the microbiological pattern and antibiogram of isolates will help in decreasing the complications of CSOM. </p>
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Buxser, Stephen. "Has resistance to chlorhexidine increased among clinically-relevant bacteria? A systematic review of time course and subpopulation data." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (2021): e0256336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256336.
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Chlorhexidine (CHX) was introduced for use as an antimicrobial more than 70 years ago. CHX has been and continues to be used broadly for disinfecting surfaces in medical and food service facilities as well as directly on skin of humans and animals. Considering its widespread use over many decades, questions of resistance to CHX have been raised. Additionally, questions of possible coincident resistance to the biocide and resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics have also been raised. A number of important questions remain, including is there consistent evidence of resistance, what is the degree of resistance, especially among clinically isolated microbial strains, and what is the degree of resistance compared to the typical concentrations of the biocide used? Data for microbial species isolated over the last 70+ years were compiled to construct as complete a picture as practical regarding possible resistance, especially among species in which resistance to commonly used antibiotics has been noted to be increasing. This is a compilation and analysis of individual MIC values for CHX reported in the literature, not a compilation of the conclusions individual authors reached. The data were analyzed using straight-forward and robust statistical procedures to detect changes in susceptibility to CHX over time, i.e. linear regression. Linear regression was supplemented with the use of nonlinear least squares regression analysis to detect the presence of population parameters associated with subpopulations of microbial strains which exhibit increased resistance to CHX. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii were all found to have an increased resistance to CHX over time with the most profound change detected in A. baumannii. Additionally, subpopulations with log-normal distributions were found consistent with the presence of a baseline subpopulation of susceptible strains and a subpopulation with increased resistance to CHX. However, the CHX-resistant subpopulations did not correlate exactly with antibiotic resistance, so details of the relationship remain to be addressed. Increased resistance over time was not detected for Escherichia coli, Enterobacter faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, or Candida albicans, although a subpopulation with greater than baseline resistance to CHX was detected among strains of E. faecalis and C. albicans. A difference in susceptibility to CHX was also detected between methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) S. aureus strains. The levels of resistance to CHX detected were all markedly lower than concentrations routinely used in medical and food service applications. Reaching conclusions regarding the relationship between antibiotic and CHX resistance was complicated by the limited overlap between tests of CHX and antibiotic resistance for several species. The results compiled here may serve as a foundation for monitoring changes in resistance to CHX and possible relationships between the use of CHX and resistance to antibiotics commonly used in clinical medicine.
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Oli, Angus N., Vivian B. Akabueze, Chijioke E. Ezeudu, et al. "Bacteriology and Antibiogram of Urinary Tract Infection Among Female Patients in a Tertiary Health Facility in South Eastern Nigeria." Open Microbiology Journal 11, no. 1 (2017): 292–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285801711010292.
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Background: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a common contagion among men and women with the incidence relatively higher among women due to their differing anatomy. An understanding of the kind of pathogens implicated in urinary tract infections as well as antibiotic susceptibility profiling may help the clinician make rationally correct empirical choice in their treatment. Objective: This study is aimed at determining the type and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial uropathogens isolated from female patients attending Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital (COOUTH), Awka, Nigeria. Method: Two hundred and forty patients with clinically diagnosed UTI and who were on at least 5 days’ antibiotic holiday were recruited into the study. Their demographic characteristics were captured using pre-tested questionnaire. Their clean catch mid-stream urine samples were collected using sterile universal container and sent to the Microbiology Department for processing. Within 30 minutes of samples collection, the specimens were cultured and the isolates were identified, after 24 h of incubation, using standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were done with standard antibiotic discs using the Kirby–bauer disc diffusion method. Results: Out of the 240 urine samples, 89.17% yielded significant bacteriuria. The pathogens implicated were Escherichia coli (28.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (28.0%), Salmonella spp (22.8%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20.5%). HIV status, patients age, pregnancy status and marital status all significantly affected bacteriuria rate (p value < 0.05), while patients’ location (sub-urban/rural dwelling), and level of education did not (p value > 0.05). The pattern of microbial resistance to antibiotics suggests that ceftazidime, fosfomycin and cefoxitin may not be used as first-line agents in the empirical treatment of UTIs rather; levofloxacin, meropenem or aztreonam should be considered. Levofloxacin was significantly effective against all the isolates and may be administered empirically while waiting for the culture result (Mean % susceptibility was 79.85). Conclusion: E. coli and S. aureus were the predominant pathogens in the study and many were resistant to the commonly prescribed antibiotics and so leave the clinicians with only few alternative drugs for UTIs treatment. Routine surveillance and monitoring studies need to be constantly conducted to update clinicians on the prevalent pathogens and the rational and empirical treatment of UTIs. Aggressive and consistent health education using every possible media is also recommended to combat the menace of drug resistance occasioned by inappropriate antibiotic use.
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Qader, Marwan. "Bacteriological and Molecular Study Characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Different Clinical Specimens." UKH Journal of Science and Engineering 3, no. 2 (2019): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25079/ukhjse.v3n2y2019.pp22-30.
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Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the foremost imperative opportunistic pathogens. Urinary characteristic disease is the common infectious bacterial contamination caused by K. pneumonia, that are rising around the world comprising a danger to community and clinic settings. K. pneumonia Isolates were evaluated for their antimicrobial susceptibility. Samples were taken from 80 patients with diverse diseases infection. Genomic DNA of K. pneumonia Confines were extricated and detection of ESBL Genes was 53.75% of the isolates were predominance for ESBL Genes blaTEM, blaSHV and bla CTX-M 82.5, 92.5 and 70 %, respectively. Out of 100 obtained clinical isolates of K. pneumonia from diverse healing centers and therapeutic research facilities in Duhok/ Iraq as it were (80%) isolates had a place to the genus K. pneumonia. Ampicillin and Aztreonam 100 % anti-microbial resistance where was Imipenem Ertapenem Meropenem 100% sensitive. Conveyance of ESBLs creating K. pneumoniae among different clinical tests because it was 71.42% in urine, 40. 90 % in wound swabs, 42. 10 % in sputum and 50 % in blood culture. The recurrence of the ESBL production can easily be thought little of within the clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae with the utilize of the current CLSI suggested strategies, an ideal recognizable proof of the ESBL creating isolates is basic to define approaches for an experimental antimicrobial treatment
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Angbuhang, Kkadga Bikram, Mukesh Neupane, Aditya Adhikari, Binita KC, and Sabina Jha. "Detection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Public Transportation of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal." Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology 5 (September 26, 2018): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tujm.v5i0.22312.
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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess microbial load and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from surfaces of public transport vehicle.
 Methods: The surfaces of public transport vehicle were sampled by swabbing. A total of 56 samples from 28 different vehicles operating in Kathmandu valley were collected and processed according to the standard methodology. The isolates were identified by culture, biochemical tests and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method following CLSI 2013 guidelines. Methicillin resistant species of Staphylococcus were detected by the virtue of cefoxitin resistance.
 Results: All 56 samples from the 28 different vehicles were found to have bacterial growth with average bacterial load of 2.47±1.22 x 105 CFU/cm2. The gas vehicles were found to be the most contaminated. Out of 56 samples, 35 (25.9%) were found to be S. aureus growth positive 11 (31.4%) of them being MRSA.
 Conclusion: The high flow of people with different health conditions in public transport makes the exchange of microorganism more significant. High bacterial load along with MRSA indicates the threats of transmission of infection among travellers. This is of a great public health concern as the mass population of different health condition is in direct exposure and is prone to get infected.
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Nunes, Thaís Soares Bezerra Santos, Leticia Matheus Rosa, Yuliana Vega-Chacón, and Ewerton Garcia de Oliveira Mima. "Fungistatic Action of N-Acetylcysteine on Candida albicans Biofilms and Its Interaction with Antifungal Agents." Microorganisms 8, no. 7 (2020): 980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8070980.
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Therapies targeted to fungal biofilms, mainly against the matrix, and therapies that do not induce microbial resistance are relevant. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a mucolytic agent, has shown antimicrobial action. This study evaluated the effect of NAC against fluconazole-susceptible (CaS) and -resistant (CaR) Candida albicans. The susceptibility of planktonic cultures to NAC, the effect of NAC on biofilms and their matrix, the interaction of NAC with antifungal agents, and confocal microscopy were evaluated. Data were analyzed descriptively and by the ANOVA/Welch and Tukey/Gomes–Howell tests. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of NAC was 25 mg/mL for both strains. NAC significantly reduced the viability of both fungal strains. Concentrations higher than the MIC (100 and 50 mg/mL) reduced the viability and the biomass. NAC at 12.5 mg/mL increased the fungal viability. NAC also reduced the soluble components of the biofilm matrix, and showed synergism with caspofungin against planktonic cultures of CaS, but not against biofilms. Confocal images demonstrated that NAC reduced the biofilm thickness and the fluorescence intensity of most fluorochromes used. High concentrations of NAC had similar fungistatic effects against both strains, while a low concentration showed the opposite result. The antibiofilm action of NAC was due to its fungistatic action.
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Islam, Tashmin Afroz Binte, SM Shamsuzzaman, Naznin Nehar, and Jannatul Fardows. "Prevalence and Antibiogram of Microbial Agents Causing Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infection in Surgical Ward of Dhaka Medical College Hospital." Journal of Enam Medical College 6, no. 2 (2016): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v6i2.27761.
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Background: Nosocomial infections pose substantial risk to patients receiving care in hospitals. In Bangladesh, this problem is aggravated by inadequate infection control due to poor hygiene, resource and structural constraints and lack of awareness regarding nosocomial infections.Objective: We carried out this study to determine the prevalence of different microorganisms from urine in surgery ward and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern against various antibiotics.Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka over a period of 12 months from July 2011 to June 2012. A total of 52 urine specimens were collected from catheterized patients admitted in general surgery ward of Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH) and incubated in blood agar, MacConkey agar media and the isolates were identified by different biochemical tests oxidase test and reaction in MIU (motility indole urease) and Simmons citrate and TSI (triple sugar iron) media. ESBL producers were detected by double-disk synergy test (DDST).Results: Bacteria were isolated from 35 specimens and Escherichia coli was the commonest isolate (23, 65.71%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6 (17.14%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 3 (8.57%), Acinetobacter baumannii 2 (5.72%) and Proteus vulgaris 1 (2.86%) respectively. Among the isolates, 10 (28.57%) ESBL producers were detected and the highest ESBL production was observed in Escherichia coli (8, 22.85%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 1 (2.86%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1 (2.86%). The isolates were resistant to most of the commonly used antimicrobial agents.Conclusion: The emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria poses a difficult task for physicians who have limited therapeutic options. However, the high rate of nosocomial infections and multi-resistant pathogens necessitate urgent comprehensive interventions of infection control.J Enam Med Col 2016; 6(2): 75-79