Relevant bibliographies by topics / Microbiological research

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Microbiological research'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 24 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Microbiological research"

1

Wendland, Jürgen. "Microbiological Research: Issue 03–2007." Microbiological Research 162, no. 3 (July 2007): 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2007.04.001.

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Wang, Boying, Kay Rutherfurd-Markwick, Xue-Xian Zhang, and Anthony N. Mutukumira. "Kombucha: Production and Microbiological Research." Foods 11, no. 21 (October 31, 2022): 3456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11213456.

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Kombucha is a sparkling sugared tea commonly prepared using a sugared tea infusion and fermented at ambient temperature for several days using a cellulose pellicle also called tea fungus that is comprised of acetic acid bacteria and yeast. Consumption of Kombucha has been reported as early as 220 B.C. with various reported potential health benefits and appealing sensory properties. During Kombucha fermentation, sucrose is hydrolysed by yeast cells into fructose and glucose, which are then metabolised to ethanol. The ethanol is then oxidised by acetic acid bacteria (AAB) to produce acetic acid which is responsible for the reduction of the pH and also contributes to the sour taste of Kombucha. Characterisation of the AAB and yeast in the Kombucha starter culture can provide a better understanding of the fermentation process. This knowledge can potentially aid in the production of higher quality products as these microorganisms affect the production of metabolites such as organic acids which are associated with potential health benefits, as well as sensory properties. This review presents recent advances in the isolation, enumeration, biochemical characteristics, conventional phenotypic identification system, and modern genetic identification techniques of AAB and yeast present in Kombucha to gain a better understanding of the microbial diversity of the beverage.
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Xiao, Luyao, and Wei Li. "Microbiological Research on Fermented Dairy Products." Foods 11, no. 14 (July 15, 2022): 2109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11142109.

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Shukla, Arvind Kumar, Sartaj Ahmad, Saurabh Sharma, Amit Mohan Varsheny, Anuradha Davey, Pawan Parashar, and Bhawana Pant. "Utilization of Statistical Methods in Microbiological Research." International Journal of Contemporary Microbiology 1, no. 1 (2015): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2395-1796.2015.00028.9.

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McGee, Z. A., and M. L. Woods. "Use of Organ Cultures in Microbiological Research." Annual Review of Microbiology 41, no. 1 (October 1987): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.41.100187.001451.

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Ablazova, M. M., and D. M. Zuparova. "RESEARCH ON THE MICROBIOLOGICAL METHOD OF COMBATING HARMFUL INSECTS AROUND THE WORLD." American Journal of Agriculture and Biomedical Engineering 04, no. 05 (May 1, 2022): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajabe/volume04issue05-05.

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The most common insect disease is muscardine . The causative agent - the Bossian's Boveria - affects more than 60 species of insects that live in the country. In nature, this fungus can be retained on plant remains. It is transported by insects and mites. One type of muscardine was described by I.I. Mechnikov. The discovery of this fungus on the bug beetle initiated research on the microbiological method of combating harmful insects around the world. It is now known that the toxins released by the green muscardine are capable of killing blood-sucking mosquitoes. On the nut-tree false parasitic the fungus of the genus Cordyceps is parasitic.
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Zholdoshev, Ch, K. Kuttubaeva, R. Alymbaev, E. Suerkulov, and T. Abdyshev. "Indicators of Microbiological Research in Generalized Chronic Periodontitis." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 10 (October 15, 2021): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/71/25.

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The state of microflora in generalized chronic periodontitis was studied according to the data of KSMA the Department of Therapeutic Dentistry for the period of 2020. A total of 102 patients were examined.
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Krotkova, E. N., and O. E. Kuznetsov. "CENTRALIZATION OF MICROBIOLOGICAL RESEARCH AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL." Journal of the Grodno State Medical University 19, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25298/2221-8785-2021-19-3-318-323.

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The article presents a vision of the development path of the laboratory of clinical microbiology: technical reequipment of "manual" operating procedures at the research stages, introduction of the principles of standardization of the technological process, evaluation of research results. The author emphasizes the need to guide new scientific views on the problem of antibiotic resistance of microorganisms, to ensure the reliability of the results of microbiological studies.
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Noor, Rashed, and Md Sakil Munna. "Emerging diseases in Bangladesh: Current microbiological research perspective." Tzu Chi Medical Journal 27, no. 2 (June 2015): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcmj.2015.01.003.

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方, 燕玲. "Research on Microbiological Limit Test of ZuoGui Pills." Pharmacy Information 09, no. 03 (2020): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/pi.2020.93018.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Microbiological research"

1

Muhina, Ibrahim Ali, and Issa Asal. "Microbiological research in neonatal ICU (Sumy region children's clinical hospital)." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/48138.

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Newborns with very low and extremely low body weight at birth (VLBW and ELBW) are the most complicated category of patients in a Department of resuscitation and intensive therapy of newborns (ICU). Objective: to determine of colonization by opportunistic microorganisms and fungi, as well as their sensitivity in newborns in ICU.
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Turner, Susan Jane. "Microbiological Indicators of Faecal Contamination in Aquatic Environments." Thesis, University of Auckland, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/2375.

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1. The aim of this research was to determine appropriate microbial indicator systems for use in monitoring the occurrence and source of faecal contamination in aquatic environments. Particular emphasis has been placed on the identification of indicators which might enable faecal contamination of human origin to be distinguished from that of non-human derivation. Two lines of investigation have been pursued; the use of alternative microbial indicator systems for water quality monitoring, and the development of diagnostic molecular methods for identifying the origin of faecal organisms. 2. Field and treatment plant studies were undertaken to investigate the utility of three indicator systems for monitoring water quality impacts in the coastal area surrounding the discharge from Auckland's North Shore City wastewater treatment plant. F-specific bacteriophage (F-phage) and ratios of F-phage to enterococci and faecal coliforms were examined over a twelve month period in which indicator levels at various stages of the wastewater treatment process were measured. These indicators and levels of Clostridium perfringens spores in sediment were measured in four outfall impact studies. 3. F-phage levels in effluent from the treatment plant (median=2.5 x 102 cfu/l00 ml) were too low to enable their use as source-specific tracers of effluent dispersion. However, higher F-phage levels in raw sewage (median=6.2 x l05 cfu/l00 ml) suggested that phage may be an appropriate indicator of raw sewage contamination in the receiving environment. F-phage was detected in coastal waters remote from the sewage outfall, providing presumptive evidence of sewage contamination entering the sea from sources other than the outfall discharge itself. 4. F-phage/enterococci and F-phage/faecal coliform ratios that were determined for sewage and treated effluent derived from the North Shore plant proved to be highly variable and were therefore unreliable for determining the source faecal contamination. 5. The concentration of Clostridium perfringens spores in sediments did not provide a useful means for tracing the distribution of faecal contaminants in the coastal system because the spore levels were found to be similar throughout the study area. This widespread occurrence of C. perfringens spores prevented identification of defined impact zones for any of the potential sources of faecal contaminants examined. 6. Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to investigate whether genetic markers could be identified for Escherichia coli isolates derived from different sources. RAPD profiling was found to be a highly discriminative method able to subtype E. coli strains present in both sewage and in the wastewater stream of a mechanical wood-pulping operation. In the pulp mill effluent, RAPD analysis indicated the presence of a restricted range of E. coli strains compared to the range found in the water intake and sewage effluent discharges. The results obtained provide presumptive evidence for the multiplication of E. coli strains within the wastewater stream. 7. Comparison of RAPD profiles derived from a range of human and environmental E. coli isolates led to the identification of a 1.6-kb marker. present in a subset of human isolates, but found only infrequently in isolates from animal origin. Primers based on sequence information obtained from this region of the genome yielded a direct PCR assay for the 'human' marker. The reliability and utility of the assay was improved when fluorescently-labelled primers and an automated DNA detection system was employed for the analysis of the amplified PCR products. 8. The diagnostic polymorphism was localised to the region immediately downstream of the gene encoding the glycine decarboxylase P-protein (gcvP). Comparison of DNA sequences from this region in 'marker-positive' and 'marker-negative' E. coli isolates revealed an abrupt loss of homology immediately downstream of the transcription termination point of the gcvP gene. The region of non-homology extends for at least 130 base pairs beyond the gcvP transcription terminator. Sequences spanning this region in marker-negative isolates exhibited a high level homology with that determined for E. coli K-12. The origin of the sequence for the same region in marker-positive isolates was unable to be identified. 9. The utility of the marker for environmental monitoring was investigated in a field study of a rural stream receiving bacterial contamination of both human and animal origin. The marker was consistently detected both in isolates derived from sewage effluents and in those found immediately downstream from sewage inputs-despite the presence of a high background of E. coli of animal origin. However the utility of the marker as a sewage-specific tracer was limited by the relatively low numbers of marker-positive d. coli in sewage effluents (approximately 8%). 10. In summary, the work described in this thesis has confirmed the need for multiple indicator systems in water quality monitoring and has identified appropriate areas for further research. The most promising area for future research is in the development of molecular tools which might provide both a better understanding of genetic variation in indicator organisms and enable methods to be developed for the detection of host-specific strains. Location of other polymorphisms likely to be present in the E. coli genome should enable further host-specific markers to be identified which could complement the 'human' marker identified in this study.
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3

Івахнюк, Тетяна Василівна, Татьяна Васильевна Ивахнюк, Tetiana Vasylivna Ivakhniuk, Микола Микитович Каплін, Николай Никитович Каплин, Mykola Mykytovych Kaplin, Світлана Анатоліївна Сміян, Светлана Анатольевна Смиян, and Svitlana Anatoliivna Smiian. "Мікробна екологія піхви при стрептококовому носійстві." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/32136.

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Кількісні та якісні співвідношення популяцій мікроорганізмів у окремих органах і системах, є надзвичайно чутливим індикатором стану організму людини. Порушення нормальної мікрофлори піхви характеризується, з одного боку, зникненням або зниженням числа представників індигенної мікрофлори, з іншого, підвищенням популяційного рівня умовно-патогенних мікроорганізмів. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/32136
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Маркевич, Валентина Володимирівна, Валентина Владимировна Маркевич, Valentyna Volodymyrivna Markevych, П. Ф. Миронов, О. І. Кононова, Микола Петрович Загородній, Николай Петрович Загородний, and Mykola Petrovych Zahorodnii. "Особливості чутливості до антибіотиків бактеріальних збудників при захворюваннях дітей Сумської області." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/36177.

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Антибіотикотерапія в педіатрії лишається актуальною та складною проблемою. Якщо в 70-ті роки минулого сторіччя вперше були помічені мікроорганізми, стійкі до цілих груп антибактеріальних препаратів, то наприкінці 90-х років з'явилися штами, що набули стійкості до всіх відомих антибіотиків. За даними ВООЗ, тільки 25–50 % хворих одержують адекватну та раціональну антибактеріальну терапію. Часто збудники не чутливі до більшості антибіотиків, які використовуються в педіатричній практиці [Шостакович-Корецкая Л.Р.2011]. В Україні при гострих респіраторних вірусних інфекціях антибіотики дітям призначаються ще в 48 % випадків [Майданник В.Г. и соавт, 2005]. Включення протимікробних складових до засобів особистої гігієни (мило, дезодоранти, гелі тощо) не тільки змінює природний спектр мікроорганізмів нашої шкіри, але при подальшому використанні антибіотиків потенційно може вплинути на зміну чутливості до них. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/36177
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Claassen, Mathilda. "In-house genotypic antiretroviral resistance test : optimisation and validation for use in research and diagnostics." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6520.

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Thesis (MScMedSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.
It is estimated that 32.8 million people are living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) globally with the number of people receiving antiretroviral therapy in low- and middle- income counties increasing to more than 5 million people in 2009. These successes are threatened by treatment failure and the development of resistance to treatment. With an estimated 3.7% patients failing first line treatment after 2 years and 17.9% after 4 years on treatment there is a need for a practical and cheap in-house drug resistance assay that can be used to provide drug resistance data to clinicians and to use as a research tool to investigate drug resistance. In this study we attempted to optimize and validate an in-house drug resistance assay, adapted from Jacobs et al, 2008, to be used as a diagnostic tool and to study the presence of antiretroviral resistance in patients on the Western Cape Mother-To-Child-Transmission (MTCT) regimen. Quality control samples were received from The National Institute of Communicable Diseases AIDS Virus Research Unit, The Round Robin HIV-1 genotyping assessment system from the University of Würzburg and the QCMD assessment system were used for the optimization and validation of an in-house drug resistance assay. The ViroSeq™ HIV-1 Genotyping System was used for comparison of sample and mutation detection. It was possible to optimise and validate a genotyping assay for diagnostic testing and research use by comparison with the ViroSeq™ HIV-1 Genotyping System and evaluation with external quality assessment systems. This assay could subsequently be used to determine the development of genotypic-antiretroviral resistance in patients treated according to the provincial prevention of mother-to-child-transmission (PMTCT) protocol in the Western Cape (single dose nevirapine (sd-NVP), combined with a short course Zidovudine (AZT)). Patient samples were collected from pregnant women who took part in the Western Cape PMTCT program and visited the Tygerberg Obstetrics Clinic and Delft Community Hospital. EDTA blood was obtained to measure CD4-cell count, viral load, and to do genotyping for viral subtype and the presence of resistance mutations. Information on prior exposure to antiretroviral therapy was also collected. A detected resistance rate of 17.1% in this predominantly HIV-1 subtype C population is lower than previously recorded when sd-NVP was administered to HIV-1 subtype C positive patients in PMTCT programs. This could indicate that a dual PMTCT regimen including AZT and NVP reduces the risk of resistance to NVP relative to a regimen that uses sd-NVP. The genotyping assay uses four primers to amplify the PR and the RT gene separately to obtain PCR products, of 487 and 804 base pairs respectively for sequencing. The two PCR products were sequenced with three and five primers respectively to sequence the complete PR and approximately 250 amino acids of the RT gene. The sequences generated, thus, are analysed and aligned with the Sequencer V4.7 software to obtain a consensus sequence of approximately 1200 base pairs for analysis of resistance mutations in the protease and reverse transcriptase genes. The developed assay was hence further simplified and improved, by combining the PR and RT assay into one, which was optimised and validated for use in the routine diagnostic setting. The final genotyping assay uses 8 primers for sequencing to obtain a 1200 bp sequence for genotyping that contains the protease and the 5’ of the reverse transcriptase genes in which antiretroviral resistance associated mutations are found. The assay was accredited by SANAS in 2008.
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Barbieri, Daniela <1985&gt. "Human papillomavirus (HPV) and associated diseases: between applied diagnostic and basic research." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5314/1/Barbieri_Daniela_tesi.pdf.

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Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the cause of cervical cancers (among these, adenocarcinoma, AdCa) and is associated to a subgroup of oropharyngeal carcinomas (OPSCCs). Even if the risk for cancer development is linked to the infection by some viral genotypes, mainly HPV16 and 18, viral DNA alone seems not to be sufficient for diagnosis. Moreover, the role of the virus in OPSCCs has not been totally clarified yet. In the first part of the thesis, the performances concerning viral genotyping in clinical cervical samples of a new pyrosequencing-based test and a well-known hybridization-based assay have been compared. Similar results between the methods have been obtained. However, the former showed advantages in detecting intratype variants, higher specificity and a broader spectrum of detectable HPV types. The second part deals with the evaluation of virological markers (genotyping, viral oncoproteins expression, viral load, physical state and CpG methylation of HPV16 genome) in the diagnosis/prognosis of cervical AdCa and HPV-associated OPSCCs. HPV16 has been confirmed the most prevalent genotype in both the populations. Interestingly, the mean methylation frequency of viral DNA at the early promoter showed the tendency to be associated to invasion for cervical AdCa and to a worse prognosis for OPSCCs, suggesting a promising role as diagnostic/prognostic biomarker. The experiments of the third part were performed at the DKFZ in Heidelberg (Germany) and dealt with the analysis of the response to IFN-k transfection in HPV16-positive cervical cancer and head&neck carcinoma cell lines to evaluate its potential role as new treatment. After 24h, we observed increased IFN-b expression which lead to the up-regulation of genes involved in the antigens presentation pathway (MHC class I and immunoproteasome) and antiviral response as well, in particular in cervical cancer cell lines. This fact suggested also the presence of different HPV-mediated carcinogenic pathways between the two anatomical districts.
Il Papillomavirus umano (HPV) è causa dei carcinomi della cervice uterina (tra cui adenocarcinomi, AdCa) ed è associato ad un sottogruppo di tumori dell’orofaringe (OPSCCs). Nonostante il rischio di sviluppo di tumore sia associato all’infezione da parte di alcuni genotipi virali, principalmente HPV16 e 18, il DNA virale da solo sembra non essere sufficiente in campo diagnosico. Inoltre, per tumori orofaringei il ruolo del virus non è ancora del tutto chiaro. Nella prima parte della tesi, sono state confrontate le performance riguardo la genotipizzazione di HPV su campioni clinici cervicali di una tecnica innovativa, basata su amplificazione e pirosequenziamento, e una di routine, basata su amplificazione e ibridazione inversa. Lo studio ha evidenziato performance simili tra le due metodiche, sottolineando per il sequenziamento una maggiore specificità e capacità di rilevare varianti intratipo. Nella seconda parte sono stati analizzati marker virologici (genotipizzazione, espressione delle oncoproteine virali, carica virale, stato fisico e metilazione del genoma di HPV16) in funzione dei dati clinici disponibili, per un possibile impiego nella diagnosi/prognosi di AdCa cervicali e OPSCCs HPV-associati. HPV16 si è confermato il genotipo prevalente in entrambe le popolazioni. La frequenza di metilazione nel promotore precoce virale ha mostrato una tendenza ad essere associata ad invasione negli AdCa, e ad una prognosi peggiore negli OPSCCs, emergendo come il più promettente marker diagnostico/prognostico. La terza parte, svolta presso il DKFZ di Heidelberg (Germania), ha visto l’analisi della risposta alla transfezione di IFN-k in linee cellulari tumorali HPV16-positive della cervice uterina e della regione testa-collo, per valutarne l’impiego terapeutico. Dopo 24h, è stato osservato un incremento dell’espressione di IFN-b e, di conseguenza, una up-regolazione dei geni coinvolti nella presentazione antigenica (MHC classe I ed immunoproteasoma) e nella risposta antivirale, specialmente nelle cellule cervicali, suggerendo la presenza di diversi meccanismi patogenetici tra tumori HPV-positivi dei due distretti anatomici.
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Barbieri, Daniela <1985&gt. "Human papillomavirus (HPV) and associated diseases: between applied diagnostic and basic research." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5314/.

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Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the cause of cervical cancers (among these, adenocarcinoma, AdCa) and is associated to a subgroup of oropharyngeal carcinomas (OPSCCs). Even if the risk for cancer development is linked to the infection by some viral genotypes, mainly HPV16 and 18, viral DNA alone seems not to be sufficient for diagnosis. Moreover, the role of the virus in OPSCCs has not been totally clarified yet. In the first part of the thesis, the performances concerning viral genotyping in clinical cervical samples of a new pyrosequencing-based test and a well-known hybridization-based assay have been compared. Similar results between the methods have been obtained. However, the former showed advantages in detecting intratype variants, higher specificity and a broader spectrum of detectable HPV types. The second part deals with the evaluation of virological markers (genotyping, viral oncoproteins expression, viral load, physical state and CpG methylation of HPV16 genome) in the diagnosis/prognosis of cervical AdCa and HPV-associated OPSCCs. HPV16 has been confirmed the most prevalent genotype in both the populations. Interestingly, the mean methylation frequency of viral DNA at the early promoter showed the tendency to be associated to invasion for cervical AdCa and to a worse prognosis for OPSCCs, suggesting a promising role as diagnostic/prognostic biomarker. The experiments of the third part were performed at the DKFZ in Heidelberg (Germany) and dealt with the analysis of the response to IFN-k transfection in HPV16-positive cervical cancer and head&neck carcinoma cell lines to evaluate its potential role as new treatment. After 24h, we observed increased IFN-b expression which lead to the up-regulation of genes involved in the antigens presentation pathway (MHC class I and immunoproteasome) and antiviral response as well, in particular in cervical cancer cell lines. This fact suggested also the presence of different HPV-mediated carcinogenic pathways between the two anatomical districts.
Il Papillomavirus umano (HPV) è causa dei carcinomi della cervice uterina (tra cui adenocarcinomi, AdCa) ed è associato ad un sottogruppo di tumori dell’orofaringe (OPSCCs). Nonostante il rischio di sviluppo di tumore sia associato all’infezione da parte di alcuni genotipi virali, principalmente HPV16 e 18, il DNA virale da solo sembra non essere sufficiente in campo diagnosico. Inoltre, per tumori orofaringei il ruolo del virus non è ancora del tutto chiaro. Nella prima parte della tesi, sono state confrontate le performance riguardo la genotipizzazione di HPV su campioni clinici cervicali di una tecnica innovativa, basata su amplificazione e pirosequenziamento, e una di routine, basata su amplificazione e ibridazione inversa. Lo studio ha evidenziato performance simili tra le due metodiche, sottolineando per il sequenziamento una maggiore specificità e capacità di rilevare varianti intratipo. Nella seconda parte sono stati analizzati marker virologici (genotipizzazione, espressione delle oncoproteine virali, carica virale, stato fisico e metilazione del genoma di HPV16) in funzione dei dati clinici disponibili, per un possibile impiego nella diagnosi/prognosi di AdCa cervicali e OPSCCs HPV-associati. HPV16 si è confermato il genotipo prevalente in entrambe le popolazioni. La frequenza di metilazione nel promotore precoce virale ha mostrato una tendenza ad essere associata ad invasione negli AdCa, e ad una prognosi peggiore negli OPSCCs, emergendo come il più promettente marker diagnostico/prognostico. La terza parte, svolta presso il DKFZ di Heidelberg (Germania), ha visto l’analisi della risposta alla transfezione di IFN-k in linee cellulari tumorali HPV16-positive della cervice uterina e della regione testa-collo, per valutarne l’impiego terapeutico. Dopo 24h, è stato osservato un incremento dell’espressione di IFN-b e, di conseguenza, una up-regolazione dei geni coinvolti nella presentazione antigenica (MHC classe I ed immunoproteasoma) e nella risposta antivirale, specialmente nelle cellule cervicali, suggerendo la presenza di diversi meccanismi patogenetici tra tumori HPV-positivi dei due distretti anatomici.
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Walls, Kelvin L. (Kelvin Leonard) 1950. "Microbiological aerosols in drainage systems." 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/1931.

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Drainage codes exist to provide appropriate and safe means of disposal of effluent from buildings. If it is seen that those codes may not be written in a way which leads to an assured appropriate outcome, then they need to be questioned. Accordingly, this thesis follows up on the author's concerns regarding the approach taken to the layout of drainage under today's building regulatory regime. Under the New Zealand Building Code any standards may be used or any approach may be taken to methods of building, drainage and plumbing, providing the approach used can be justified as complying with the non-prescriptive objectives and performance requirements of the Building Code. Under this approach drains are now being installed more often under buildings with their maintenance access points within the building. This situation, and the consequent likely emission of microbiological aerosols, are cause for concern: that is the airborne release of microscopic particles. The "Report of the Departmental Committee - Intercepting Traps in House Drains" of 1912 from the UK, parts of which are quoted in Section 7.0, reinforced these concerns of the author. But these concerns were not shared by many others who have a major influence on the form and shape of our buildings, and it was assumed that current code requirements may not have been based on any significant research. Based on a relatively widespread lack of knowledge, there was a scenario of doubt and denial as to whether or not there were shortcomings in current code requirements in New Zealand. This provided incentive for the research project within this thesis, on the basis that there may be encouragement for future code requirements to be based on even more research in order to confirm their validity. This thesis demonstrates that the ambiguity in existing approved methods of compliance with current building codes fails to adequately protect the populace from adverse potential health effects.
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Leach, Ronald H. (Ronald Hubert). "Microbiological studies, principally upon the mollicutes / by Ronald H. Leach." 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/38524.

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Includes bibliographical references.
1v. (various pagings) ;
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Comprises four sections: published research papers; abstracts of major conference presentations; mycoplasmological subject and book reviews; and, academic theses. The published research papers comprising the main basis of the submission predominantly report original findings of laboratory investigations within microbiology dealing with Micobacteria, microbial water requirements, and Mollicutes (mycoplasms).
Thesis (D.Sc.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, 1995
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Asiegbu, Chioma Vivian. "The food safety knowledge and microbial hazards awareness of consumers of ready-to-eat street-vended foods and their exposure to microbiological hazard." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/21791.

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In many countries, the authorities face extreme difficulties in monitoring and ensuring that food sold on the street is safe, that is, fit for human consumption. This is particularly the case in urban areas, where people buy food on the street because it is readily available and relatively inexpensive. The objective of this study was to determine the food safety knowledge and microbial hazard awareness of street food consumers, and to assess the bacteriological quality of selected ready-to-eat foods sold by street vendors in the Johannesburg municipality. A cross-sectional survey study was conducted and a total of 402 respondents who buy and consume street-vended foods were randomly selected at various street food vending locations. A total of 315 various street-vended samples were purchased from randomly selected street food vendors at different vending locations in Johannesburg metropolis, in order to investigate the bacteriological quality of street-vended foods. Results of the bacteriological analysis revealed that total aerobic counts ranged from 0.3*102 - 0.4*105 cfu/g in cereals and grain-based foods; 0.4*102 - 0.5*105 cfu/g in meat-, dairy- and fish-based foods and 0.7*102 - 0.9*104 cfu/g in fruit- and vegetable-based foods. None of the food samples tested positive for Salmonella spp and Staphylococcus aureus. Results of the survey showed that the majority of respondents were black males younger than 35 years. Individuals of different gender, race, level of education and monthly income groups significantly (p<0.05) differed in their responses regarding the frequency of purchasing and confidence in the safety of street-vended food. Better taste followed closely by affordability and accessibility were the most cited reasons for purchasing street-vended food
Life and Consumer Sciences
M. Sc. (Life Sciences)
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Books on the topic "Microbiological research"

1

Abia, Akebe Luther King, and Guy R. Lanza, eds. Current Microbiological Research in Africa. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35296-7.

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Velu, Rajesh Kannan, ed. Microbiological Research In Agroecosystem Management. India: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1087-0.

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Taormina, Peter J. Microbiological research and development for the food industry. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2012.

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Rogers, J. E. Anaerobic transformation processes: A review of the microbiological literature. Athens, GA: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, 1986.

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Rogers, J. E. Anaerobic transformation processes: A review of the microbiological literature. Athens, GA: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, 1986.

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Expert Group Meeting on Microbial Technologies to Overcome Environmental Problems of Persistent Pollutants (1983 Paris, France). Microbial technologies to overcome environmental problems of persistent pollutants: Expert Group Meeting on Microbial Technologies to Overcome Environmental Problems of Persistent Pollutants, 4-7 July 1983. Edited by Alexander Martin 1930- and United Nations Environment Programme. Nairobi [Kenya]: United Nations Environment Programme, 1987.

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1930-, Alexander Martin, and United Nations Environment Programme, eds. Microbial technologies to overcome environmental problems of persistent pollutants: Expert group meeting on microbial technologies to overcome environmental problems of persistent pollutants, 4-7 July 1983. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme, 1987.

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Y, Richmond Jonathan, ed. Designing a modern microbiological/biomedical laboratory: Lab design process & technology. Washington, D.C: American Public Health Assoc., 1997.

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Limited, Boojum Research. Hydrological and microbiological research in support of AMD prevention for waste rock and tailings. Toronto, Ont: Boojum Research, 1994.

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A, Méndez-Vilas, ed. Current research topics in applied microbiology and microbial biotechnology: Proceedings of the II International Conference on Environmental, Industrial, and Applied Microbiology (BioMicroWorld2007). New Jersey: World Scientific, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Microbiological research"

1

Focht, Dennis D. "Microbiological Procedures for Biodegradation Research." In SSSA Book Series, 407–26. Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.2.c20.

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Chandramohan, A., V. Sivasankar, C. Ravichandran, and R. Sakthivel. "A Probe on the Status of Microorganisms in the Air, Soil and Solid Waste Samples of Ariyamangalam Dumping Site at Tiruchirappalli District, South India." In Microbiological Research In Agroecosystem Management, 1–9. India: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1087-0_1.

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Saravanan, T. S., K. Rajendran, M. Uma, and P. Chezhian. "Effects of Bioinoculants on Quality Seedling Production and Nutrient Uptake of Casuarina equisetifolia Forst. Grown in Decomposed Coir Pith." In Microbiological Research In Agroecosystem Management, 141–54. India: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1087-0_10.

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Sangeetha, J., E. King Solomon, K. Natarajan, and V. Rajeshkannan. "Efficacy of AMF and PGPR Inoculants on Maize (Zea mays L.) Plant Growth and Their Rhizosphere Soil Properties." In Microbiological Research In Agroecosystem Management, 155–73. India: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1087-0_11.

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Devi, M., E. King Solomon, D. Nivas, and S. Chandru. "Enhancement of Soil Fertility Through Agro Inputs on Response to Cover Crop of Crotalaria juncea L." In Microbiological Research In Agroecosystem Management, 175–86. India: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1087-0_12.

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Priyadharsini, P., D. Dhanasekaran, and B. Kanimozhi. "Isolation and Structural Characterization of N-(naphthalene-1-yl) Propanamide, a Herbicidal Compound from Streptomyces sp. KA1-3." In Microbiological Research In Agroecosystem Management, 187–95. India: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1087-0_13.

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Ponmurugan, P., and D. Saravanan. "Evaluation of Streptomyces spp. for the Biological Control of Phomopsis Canker Disease of Tea Plants." In Microbiological Research In Agroecosystem Management, 197–206. India: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1087-0_14.

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Rajesh Kannan, V., K. Dhanapal, T. Muthukumar, and K. Udaiyan. "Influence of Bioinoculants on Growth and Nutrient Uptake in Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. under Tropical Nursery Condition." In Microbiological Research In Agroecosystem Management, 207–34. India: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1087-0_15.

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Anahas, A. M. P., M. Gayathri, and G. Muralitharan. "Isolation and Characterization of Microcystin-Producing Microcystis aeruginosa MBDU 626 from a Freshwater Bloom Sample in Tamil Nadu, South India." In Microbiological Research In Agroecosystem Management, 235–48. India: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1087-0_16.

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Sumathi, C. S., N. Ramesh, V. Balasubramanian, and V. Rajesh Kannan. "Microbial Bioinoculants Potential on the Growth Improvement of Curcuma longa L. under Tropical Nursery Conditions." In Microbiological Research In Agroecosystem Management, 249–64. India: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1087-0_17.

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Conference papers on the topic "Microbiological research"

1

Levkin, D. "ASSESSMENT OF MICROBIOLOGICAL OBJECTS VIABILITY." In SCIENTIFIC PRACTICE: MODERN AND CLASSICAL RESEARCH METHODS. European Scientific Platform, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/logos-26.02.2021.v2.05.

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Bakaj, Aurora, Hajdar Kiçaj, and Ambra Ferati. "Assessment of Microbiological Indicators in Vlora bay, Albania." In 2nd International Conference on Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. Acavent, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/2nd.icrset.2019.11.786.

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Tskhovrebov, Valeriy, Valeriya Kukushkina, Vera Faizova, Dmitriy Kalugin, and Anastasya Nikiforova. "Rock use technology for improvement microbiological indicators of leached chernozem." In Research for Rural Development 2019 : annual 25th International scientific conference proceedings. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.25.2019.053.

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Funk, G. A., W. E. Hinds, and D. L. Pierson. "Microbiological Certification Requirements for Non-Human Research on Space Station Freedom." In International Conference On Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/921416.

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Filippova, D. S., E. A. Safarova, and D. A. Lyasnikov. "Research of Microbiological Activity of Formation Waters of The Shchelkovo UGS." In Geomodel 2021. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202157111.

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Sokolova, V., and G. Krusir. "RESEARCH OF THE INFLUENCE OF MICROBIOLOGICAL ADDITIVES ON THE COMPOSTING PROCESS." In SAKHAROV READINGS 2020: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. Minsk, ICC of Minfin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2020-1-298-302.

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Novikova, N. D., N. A. Polikarpov, S. V. Poddubko, and E. A. Deshevaya. "The Results of Microbiological Research of Environmental Microflora of Orbital Station Mir." In 31st International Conference On Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-2310.

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Dara, Widia, Dewi Shinta, Nurhamidah Nurhamidah, and Isma Wenny. "Physicochemical and Microbiological Characterization of Karamunting (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) Syrup." In Proceedings of the 1st EAI International Conference on Medical And Health Research, ICoMHER November 13-14th 2018, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia. EAI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.13-11-2018.2283688.

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Kumekhova, D. R. "Study of the causes of microbiological spoilage of wheat." In Agrobiotechnology-2021. Publishing house RGAU-MSHA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1855-3-2021-267.

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Bernate, Ilze, and Martins Sabovics. "Research on germinated wheat grain, broccoli, alfalfa, radish and hemp seeds microbiological safety." In Research for Rural Development 2021 : annual 27th International scientific conference proceedings. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.27.2021.013.

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For a long time, germinated seeds have been used in food as a healthy product with high nutritional value and as a decor for exquisite dishes today. However, there have been many foodborne outbreaks in Europe, the United States, and other parts of the world associated with pathogens contamination of sprouts. These outbreaks pose a constant challenge to the entire sprouts industry. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Salmonella spp., and potentially pathogenic bacteria in germinated grains and seeds intended for industrial food production and ready for use without further processing. In this study, grains of wheat (Triticum aestivum), seeds of broccoli (Brassica oleracea), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), radish (Raphanus sativus) and hemp (Cannabis sativa) were germinated for 72 hours and were evaluated compared with ungerminated grains and seeds. The presence of E.coli was assessed by the inoculation of enrichment broth to Tryptone Bile X-glucuronide (TBX) and Eosin methylene blue (EMB) agars, and colony characterization with MALDI-TOF. E.coli was carried out in accordance with LVS ISO 16649-2:2007. The presence of STEC was determined in accordance with ISO/TS 13136:2012. Salmonella spp. detection was in accordance with ISO 6579-1:2017. As a result, E.coli, Salmonella spp., and STEC were not found in any sample. However, environmental bacteria were detected in TBX dry seeds and 12 h – soaked seeds. The presence of Enterobacteriaceae was found in all samples by colony characterization on EMB by MALDI-TOF. The results show that the sprouts and edible seeds available in Latvia could be included as healthy and relatively safe food.
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Reports on the topic "Microbiological research"

1

Winters, A. L. Summary of research on microbiological processes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6843120.

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Winters, A. L. Summary of research on microbiological processes. International Energy Agency Subtask D, final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10122061.

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Fix, N. J. Microbiological, Geochemical and Hydrologic Processes Controlling Uranium Mobility: An Integrated Field-Scale Subsurface Research Challenge Site at Rifle, Colorado, Quality Assurance Project Plan. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/923676.

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Long, Philip E., Jill Banfield, Darrell P. Chandler, James A. Davis, Bob Hettich, Nathan VerBerkmoes, Peter R. Jaffe, et al. Microbiological, Geochemical and Hydrologic Processes Controlling Uranium Mobility: An Integrated Field Scale Subsurface Research Challenge Site at Rifle, Colorado, February 2011 to January 2012. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1184389.

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Cahaner, Avigdor, Susan J. Lamont, E. Dan Heller, and Jossi Hillel. Molecular Genetic Dissection of Complex Immunocompetence Traits in Broilers. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586461.bard.

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Objectives: (1) Evaluate Immunocompetence-OTL-containing Chromosomal Regions (ICRs), marked by microsatellites or candidate genes, for magnitude of direct effect and for contribution to relationships among multiple immunocompetence, disease-resistance, and growth traits, in order to estimate epistatic and pleiotropic effects and to predict the potential breeding applications of such markers. (2) Evaluate the interaction of the ICRs with genetic backgrounds from multiple sources and of multiple levels of genetic variation, in order to predict the general applicability of molecular genetic markers across widely varied populations. Background: Diseases cause substantial economic losses to animal producers. Emerging pathogens, vaccine failures and intense management systems increase the impact of diseases on animal production. Moreover, zoonotic pathogens are a threat to human food safety when microbiological contamination of animal products occurs. Consumers are increasingly concerned about drug residues and antibiotic- resistant pathogens derived from animal products. The project used contemporary scientific technologies to investigate the genetics of chicken resistance to infectious disease. Genetic enhancement of the innate resistance of chicken populations provides a sustainable and ecologically sound approach to reduce microbial loads in agricultural populations. In turn, animals will be produced more efficiently with less need for drug treatment and will pose less of a potential food-safety hazard. Major achievements, conclusions and implications:. The PI and co-PIs had developed a refined research plan, aiming at the original but more focused objectives, that could be well-accomplished with the reduced awarded support. The successful conduct of that research over the past four years has yielded substantial new information about the genes and genetic markers that are associated with response to two important poultry pathogens, Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and Escherichia coli (EC), about variation of immunocompetence genes in poultry, about relationships of traits of immune response and production, and about interaction of genes with environment and with other genes and genetic background. The current BARD work has generated a base of knowledge and expertise regarding the genetic variation underlying the traits of immunocompetence and disease resistance. In addition, unique genetic resource populations of chickens have been established in the course of the current project, and they are essential for continued projects. The US laboratory has made considerable progress in studies of the genetics of resistance to SE. Microsatellite-marked chromosomal regions and several specific genes were linked to SE vaccine response or bacterial burden and the important phenomenon of gene interaction was identified in this system. In total, these studies demonstrate the role of genetics in SE response, the utility of the existing resource population, and the expertise of the research group in conducting such experiments. The Israeli laboratories had showed that the lines developed by selection for high or low level of antibody (Ab) response to EC differ similarly in Ab response to several other viral and bacterial pathogens, indicating the existence of a genetic control of general capacity of Ab response in young broilers. It was also found that the 10w-Ab line has developed, possibly via compensatory "natural" selection, higher cellular immune response. At the DNA levels, markers supposedly linked to immune response were identified, as well as SNP in the MHC, a candidate gene responsible for genetic differences in immunocompetence of chickens.
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Poverenov, Elena, Tara McHugh, and Victor Rodov. Waste to Worth: Active antimicrobial and health-beneficial food coating from byproducts of mushroom industry. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600015.bard.

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Background. In this proposal we suggest developing a common solution for three seemingly unrelated acute problems: (1) improving sustainability of fast-growing mushroom industry producing worldwide millions of tons of underutilized leftovers; (2) alleviating the epidemic of vitamin D deficiency adversely affecting the public health in both countries and in other regions; (3) reducing spoilage of perishable fruit and vegetable products leading to food wastage. Based on our previous experience we propose utilizing appropriately processed mushroom byproducts as a source of two valuable bioactive materials: antimicrobial and wholesome polysaccharide chitosan and health-strengthening nutrient ergocalciferol⁽ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2⁾. ᴬᵈᵈⁱᵗⁱᵒⁿᵃˡ ᵇᵉⁿᵉᶠⁱᵗ ᵒᶠ ᵗʰᵉˢᵉ ᵐᵃᵗᵉʳⁱᵃˡˢ ⁱˢ ᵗʰᵉⁱʳ ᵒʳⁱᵍⁱⁿ ᶠʳᵒᵐ ⁿᵒⁿ⁻ᵃⁿⁱᵐᵃˡ ᶠᵒᵒᵈ⁻ᵍʳᵃᵈᵉ source. We proposed using chitosan and vitamin D as ingredients in active edible coatings on two model foods: highly perishable fresh-cut melon and less perishable health bars. Objectives and work program. The general aim of the project is improving storability, safety and health value of foods by developing and applying a novel active edible coating based on utilization of mushroom industry leftovers. The work plan includes the following tasks: (a) optimizing the UV-B treatment of mushroom leftover stalks to enrich them with vitamin D without compromising chitosan quality - Done; (b) developing effective extraction procedures to yield chitosan and vitamin D from the stalks - Done; (c) utilizing LbL approach to prepare fungal chitosan-based edible coatings with optimal properties - Done; (d) enrichment of the coating matrix with fungal vitamin D utilizing molecular encapsulation and nano-encapsulation approaches - Done, it was found that no encapsulation methods are needed to enrich chitosan matrix with vitamin D; (e) testing the performance of the coating for controlling spoilage of fresh cut melons - Done; (f) testing the performance of the coating for nutritional enhancement and quality preservation of heath bars - Done. Achievements. In this study numerous results were achieved. Mushroom waste, leftover stalks, was treated ʷⁱᵗʰ ᵁⱽ⁻ᴮ ˡⁱᵍʰᵗ ᵃⁿᵈ ᵗʳᵉᵃᵗᵐᵉⁿᵗ ⁱⁿᵈᵘᶜᵉˢ ᵃ ᵛᵉʳʸ ʰⁱᵍʰ ᵃᶜᶜᵘᵐᵘˡᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵒᶠ ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2, ᶠᵃʳ ᵉˣᶜᵉᵉᵈⁱⁿᵍ any other dietary vitamin D source. The straightforward vitamin D extraction procedure and ᵃ ˢⁱᵐᵖˡⁱᶠⁱᵉᵈ ᵃⁿᵃˡʸᵗⁱᶜᵃˡ ᵖʳᵒᵗᵒᶜᵒˡ ᶠᵒʳ ᵗⁱᵐᵉ⁻ᵉᶠᶠⁱᶜⁱᵉⁿᵗ ᵈᵉᵗᵉʳᵐⁱⁿᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵒᶠ ᵗʰᵉ ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2 ᶜᵒⁿᵗᵉⁿᵗ suitable for routine product quality control were developed. Concerning the fungal chitosan extraction, new freeze-thawing protocol was developed, tested on three different mushroom sources and compared to the classic protocol. The new protocol resulted in up to 2-fold increase in the obtained chitosan yield, up to 3-fold increase in its deacetylation degree, high whitening index and good antimicrobial activity. The fungal chitosan films enriched with Vitamin D were prepared and compared to the films based on animal origin chitosan demonstrating similar density, porosity and water vapor permeability. Layer-by-layer chitosan-alginate electrostatic deposition was used to coat fruit bars. The coatings helped to preserve the quality and increase the shelf-life of fruit bars, delaying degradation of ascorbic acid and antioxidant capacity loss as well as reducing bar softening. Microbiological analyses also showed a delay in yeast and fungal growth when compared with single layer coatings of fungal or animal chitosan or alginate. Edible coatings were also applied on fresh-cut melons and provided significant improvement of physiological quality (firmness, weight ˡᵒˢˢ⁾, ᵐⁱᶜʳᵒᵇⁱᵃˡ ˢᵃᶠᵉᵗʸ ⁽ᵇᵃᶜᵗᵉʳⁱᵃ, ᵐᵒˡᵈ, ʸᵉᵃˢᵗ⁾, ⁿᵒʳᵐᵃˡ ʳᵉˢᵖⁱʳᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵖʳᵒᶜᵉˢˢ ⁽Cᴼ2, ᴼ²⁾ ᵃⁿᵈ ᵈⁱᵈ not cause off-flavor (EtOH). It was also found that the performance of edible coating from fungal stalk leftovers does not concede to the chitosan coatings sourced from animal or good quality mushrooms. Implications. The proposal helped attaining triple benefit: valorization of mushroom industry byproducts; improving public health by fortification of food products with vitamin D from natural non-animal source; and reducing food wastage by using shelf- life-extending antimicrobial edible coatings. New observations with scientific impact were found. The program resulted in 5 research papers. Several effective and straightforward procedures that can be adopted by mushroom growers and food industries were developed. BARD Report - Project 4784
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Holland, Darren, and Nazmina Mahmoudzadeh. Foodborne Disease Estimates for the United Kingdom in 2018. Food Standards Agency, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.squ824.

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In February 2020 the FSA published two reports which produced new estimates of foodborne norovirus cases. These were the ‘Norovirus Attribution Study’ (NoVAS study) (O’Brien et al., 2020) and the accompanying internal FSA technical review ‘Technical Report: Review of Quantitative Risk Assessment of foodborne norovirus transmission’ (NoVAS model review), (Food Standards Agency, 2020). The NoVAS study produced a Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment model (QMRA) to estimate foodborne norovirus. The NoVAS model review considered the impact of using alternative assumptions and other data sources on these estimates. From these two pieces of work, a revised estimate of foodborne norovirus was produced. The FSA has therefore updated its estimates of annual foodborne disease to include these new results and also to take account of more recent data related to other pathogens. The estimates produced include: •Estimates of GP presentations and hospital admissions for foodbornenorovirus based on the new estimates of cases. The NoVAS study onlyproduced estimates for cases. •Estimates of foodborne cases, GP presentations and hospital admissions for12 other pathogens •Estimates of unattributed cases of foodborne disease •Estimates of total foodborne disease from all pathogens Previous estimates An FSA funded research project ‘The second study of infectious intestinal disease in the community’, published in 2012 and referred to as the IID2 study (Tam et al., 2012), estimated that there were 17 million cases of infectious intestinal disease (IID) in 2009. These include illness caused by all sources, not just food. Of these 17 million cases, around 40% (around 7 million) could be attributed to 13 known pathogens. These pathogens included norovirus. The remaining 60% of cases (equivalent to 10 million cases) were unattributed cases. These are cases where the causal pathogen is unknown. Reasons for this include the causal pathogen was not tested for, the test was not sensitive enough to detect the causal pathogen or the pathogen is unknown to science. A second project ‘Costed extension to the second study of infectious intestinal disease in the community’, published in 2014 and known as IID2 extension (Tam, Larose and O’Brien, 2014), estimated that there were 566,000 cases of foodborne disease per year caused by the same 13 known pathogens. Although a proportion of the unattributed cases would also be due to food, no estimate was provided for this in the IID2 extension. New estimates We estimate that there were 2.4 million cases of foodborne disease in the UK in 2018 (95% credible intervals 1.8 million to 3.1 million), with 222,000 GP presentations (95% Cred. Int. 150,000 to 322,000) and 16,400 hospital admissions (95% Cred. Int. 11,200 to 26,000). Of the estimated 2.4 million cases, 0.9 million (95% Cred. Int. 0.7 million to 1.2 million) were from the 13 known pathogens included in the IID2 extension and 1.4 million1 (95% Cred. Int. 1.0 million to 2.0 million) for unattributed cases. Norovirus was the pathogen with the largest estimate with 383,000 cases a year. However, this estimate is within the 95% credible interval for Campylobacter of 127,000 to 571,000. The pathogen with the next highest number of cases was Clostridium perfringens with 85,000 (95% Cred. Int. 32,000 to 225,000). While the methodology used in the NoVAS study does not lend itself to producing credible intervals for cases of norovirus, this does not mean that there is no uncertainty in these estimates. There were a number of parameters used in the NoVAS study which, while based on the best science currently available, were acknowledged to have uncertain values. Sensitivity analysis undertaken as part of the study showed that changes to the values of these parameters could make big differences to the overall estimates. Campylobacter was estimated to have the most GP presentations with 43,000 (95% Cred. Int. 19,000 to 76,000) followed by norovirus with 17,000 (95% Cred. Int. 11,000 to 26,000) and Clostridium perfringens with 13,000 (95% Cred. Int. 6,000 to 29,000). For hospital admissions Campylobacter was estimated to have 3,500 (95% Cred. Int. 1,400 to 7,600), followed by norovirus 2,200 (95% Cred. Int. 1,500 to 3,100) and Salmonella with 2,100 admissions (95% Cred. Int. 400 to 9,900). As many of these credible intervals overlap, any ranking needs to be undertaken with caution. While the estimates provided in this report are for 2018 the methodology described can be applied to future years.
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8

Microbiology in the 21st Century: Where Are We and Where Are We Going? American Society for Microbiology, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aamcol.5sept.2003.

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The American Academy of Microbiology convened a colloquium September 5–7, 2003, in Charleston, South Carolina to discuss the central importance of microbes to life on earth, directions microbiology research will take in the 21st century, and ways to foster public literacy in this important field. Discussions centered on: the impact of microbes on the health of the planet and its inhabitants; the fundamental significance of microbiology to the study of all life forms; research challenges faced by microbiologists and the barriers to meeting those challenges; the need to integrate microbiology into school and university curricula; and public microbial literacy. This is an exciting time for microbiology. We are becoming increasingly aware that microbes are the basis of the biosphere. They are the ancestors of all living things and the support system for all other forms of life. Paradoxically, certain microbes pose a threat to human health and to the health of plants and animals. As the foundation of the biosphere and major determinants of human health, microbes claim a primary, fundamental role in life on earth. Hence, the study of microbes is pivotal to the study of all living things, and microbiology is essential for the study and understanding of all life on this planet. Microbiology research is changing rapidly. The field has been impacted by events that shape public perceptions of microbes, such as the emergence of globally significant diseases, threats of bioterrorism, increasing failure of formerly effective antibiotics and therapies to treat microbial diseases, and events that contaminate food on a large scale. Microbial research is taking advantage of the technological advancements that have opened new fields of inquiry, particularly in genomics. Basic areas of biological complexity, such as infectious diseases and the engineering of designer microbes for the benefit of society, are especially ripe areas for significant advancement. Overall, emphasis has increased in recent years on the evolution and ecology of microorganisms. Studies are focusing on the linkages between microbes and their phylogenetic origins and between microbes and their habitats. Increasingly, researchers are striving to join together the results of their work, moving to an integration of biological phenomena at all levels. While many areas of the microbiological sciences are ripe for exploration, microbiology must overcome a number of technological hurdles before it can fully accomplish its potential. We are at a unique time when the confluence of technological advances and the explosion of knowledge of microbial diversity will enable significant advances in microbiology, and in biology in general, over the next decade. To make the best progress, microbiology must reach across traditional departmental boundaries and integrate the expertise of scientists in other disciplines. Microbiologists are becoming increasingly aware of the need to harness the vast computing power available and apply it to better advantage in research. Current methods for curating research materials and data should be rethought and revamped. Finally, new facilities should be developed to house powerful research equipment and make it available, on a regional basis, to scientists who might otherwise lack access to the expensive tools of modern biology. It is not enough to accomplish cutting-edge research. We must also educate the children and college students of today, as they will be the researchers of tomorrow. Since microbiology provides exceptional teaching tools and is of pivotal importance to understanding biology, science education in schools should be refocused to include microbiology lessons and lab exercises. At the undergraduate level, a thorough knowledge of microbiology should be made a part of the core curriculum for life science majors. Since issues that deal with microbes have a direct bearing on the human condition, it is critical that the public-at-large become better grounded in the basics of microbiology. Public literacy campaigns must identify the issues to be conveyed and the best avenues for communicating those messages. Decision-makers at federal, state, local, and community levels should be made more aware of the ways that microbiology impacts human life and the ways school curricula could be improved to include valuable lessons in microbial science.
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