Journal articles: 'Microbiology - Culture media and culture'

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Traynor, Peter. "Culture Media SIG." Microbiology Australia 33, no. 4 (2012): 000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma12903.

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The Culture Media Special Interest Group of the Australian Society for Microbiology was formed in 1991 by a group of interested individuals after an upsurge in interest in the issue of media quality and the appearance that no common standards or consensus existed in this area in Australia. Increased interest, especially amongst medical microbiologists, in what was being done, or should be done, by way of assuring the quality of microbiological media made the issue contentious.

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Condayan, Chris. "Culture media." Nature Reviews Microbiology 6, no. 9 (September 2008): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1981.

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Merlino, John. "Applications and integration of chromogenic culture media in clinical microbiology." Microbiology Australia 31, no. 3 (2010): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma10127.

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The ability to rapidly detect and identify micro-organisms is of paramount importance for many microbiology laboratories. The application of new classes of enzymatic-based chromogenic compounds has revolutionised traditional culture media, leading to the developments of a new generation of chromogenic media. Many studies have shown that the chromogenic agar has become more than an isolation media when compared to conventional culture media. A newer, faster, more cost-effective means in the presumptive identification or screening of microorganisms which are either genus, or in some cases species-specific, and allows superior differentiation of mixed micro-organisms in cultures. When supplemented with antibiotics or other agents, chromogenic media allows the screening for multidrug resistance and virulence in many micro-organisms and can be easily integrated with other automated and/or molecular-based methods.

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Kenna, Margaret A. "Microbiology of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media in Children." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 97, no. 2_suppl (March 1988): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00034894880970s204.

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The aerobic microorganisms present in 57 MEs of 40 children with C Supp OM without cholesteatoma were evaluated. Specimens were taken directly from the ME through a patent perforation or tympanostomy tube and cultured using standard techniques. Twenty-six organisms were identified, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa being the most prevalent (65% of ears) and the only organism in 30% of ears. The initial treatment of all patients was intravenous administration of an antimicrobial selected on the basis of culture and susceptibility reports. This treatment was successful in all but four children, who subsequently required tympanomastoid surgery. These results indicate that the microbiology of C Supp OM is similar to that in patients with cholesteatoma. However, based on the results of culture and susceptibility studies, medical therapy provides a viable alternative to major mastoid surgery in the management of C Supp OM without cholesteatoma.

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Kelly, Devin, Julie Rizzo, Heather Yun, and Dana Blyth. "Microbiology and Clinical Characteristics of Industrial Oil Burns." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 4, suppl_1 (2017): S109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx163.111.

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Abstract Background Injured oil workers are exposed to a broad microbiome in hydraulic fracturing fluids (HFF) and oil wells at the time of injury. This includes Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Acinetobacter, and rare human pathogens which may be harder to culture. This study evaluates oil-related burn (ORB) microbiology. Methods Patients admitted to the USAISR burn center enrolled in the Epidemiology of Workplace Burns and Injuries in Texas registry from April 2011 to November 2016 were included as cases and controls. Patients hospitalized ≤2 days were excluded. ORB was defined as exposure to HFF (FORB), or non-HFF (NFORB). Controls were patients admitted with industrial burns (non-ORB). Patient demographics and clinical cultures (days 1–15) were obtained through the registry and electronic medical record. Results 149 industrial burns were included, of which 35 (23%) were ORB and 114 (77%) were non-ORB. Of the ORB, 11 (31%) were FORB and 24 (69%) were NFORB. ORB had a median age, TBSA, and Baux score of 31, 25, and 58 compared with non-ORB with 36, 4, and 44, respectively (P < 0.01). Twenty-five patients had positive cultures: 12 (48%) non-ORB and 13 (52%) ORB. Sixty Isolates identified from the ORB population included Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Serratia. FORB accounted for three (25%) of the culture positive ORB. S. marcescens was isolated in 1 FORB (33%) compared with 0 NFORB and non-ORB (P < 0.05). Otherwise, there was no statistical difference in isolates. Median time to first positive culture differed among non-ORB (4 days), FORB (13 days), and NFORB (3.5 days, P = 0.03). Forty-six (31%) patients had cultures obtained during admission: three (7%) FORB, 12 (26%) NFORB, and 31 (67%) non-ORB. Of cultured patients, ORB had a median TBSA and Baux score of 44 and 90 compared with non-ORB with 11 and 47, respectively (P < 0.01). Comparing all cultured patients, ORB had more positive, negative, and total cultures compared with non-ORB with 2 vs. 0, 7 vs. 3, and 10 vs. 3, respectively (P < 0.01). Conclusion Within this cohort, ORB was associated with more severe injuries compared with non-ORB. They had more positive, negative, and total cultures, and recovery of S. marcescens was associated with FORB. Larger studies with non-culture based technology could help further define the microbiology of this uniquely exposed population. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Farfour, Eric, Lucie Limousin, Amandine Henry, Emilie Cardot, Pierre Cahen, Didier Lecointe, Emilie Jolly, Marc Vasse, and Damien Mathonnet. "Optimization of incubation duration of culture media in microbiology." Annales de Biologie Clinique 77, no. 5 (October 2019): 525–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/abc.2019.1474.

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ESTEBAN, M. A., M. ALCALA, A. MARCOS, J. FERNANDEZ-SALGUERO, G. D. GARCIA DE FERNANDO, J. A. ORDOÑEZ, and B. SANZ. "Water activity of culture media used in food microbiology." International Journal of Food Science & Technology 25, no. 4 (June 28, 2007): 464–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1990.tb01105.x.

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Shub, T. A., G. Ya Kivman, V. S. Chudaeva, V. G. Maslennikova, and O. N. Al'bitskaya. "Use ofChlorella hydrolysate in culture media and pharmaceutical microbiology." Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 28, no. 7 (July 1994): 513–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02219251.

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Basu, S., A. Pal, and PK Desai. "Quality control of culture media in a microbiology laboratory." Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 23, no. 3 (2005): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0255-0857.16586.

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Sauvage, Justine, Gary H. Wikfors, Xiaoxu Li, Mark Gluis, Nancy Nevejan, Koen Sabbe, and Alyssa Joyce. "Effect of pluronic block polymers and N-acetylcysteine culture media additives on growth rate and fatty acid composition of six marine microalgae species." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 105, no. 5 (February 12, 2021): 2139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11147-8.

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Abstract The efficiency of microalgal biomass production is a determining factor for the economic competitiveness of microalgae-based industries. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and pluronic block polymers are two compounds of interest as novel culture media constituents because of their respective protective properties against oxidative stress and shear-stress-induced cell damage. Here we quantify the effect of NAC and two pluronic (F127 and F68) culture media additives upon the culture productivity of six marine microalgal species of relevance to the aquaculture industry (four diatoms-Chaetoceros calcitrans, Chaetoceros muelleri, Skeletonema costatum, and Thalassiosira pseudonana; two haptophytes-Tisochrysis lutea and Pavlova salina). Algal culture performance in response to the addition of NAC and pluronic, singly or combined, is dosage- and species-dependent. Combined NAC and pluronic F127 algal culture media additives resulted in specific growth rate increases of 38%, 16%, and 24% for C. calcitrans, C. muelleri, and P. salina, respectively. Enhanced culture productivity for strains belonging to the genus Chaetoceros was paired with an ~27% increase in stationary-phase cell density. For some of the species examined, culture media enrichments with NAC and pluronic resulted in increased omega-3-fatty acid content of the algal biomass. Larval development (i.e., growth and survival) of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) was not changed when fed a mixture of microalgae grown in NAC- and F127-supplemented culture medium. Based upon these results, we propose that culture media enrichment with NAC and pluronic F127 is an effective and easily adopted approach to increase algal productivity and enhance the nutritional quality of marine microalgal strains commonly cultured for live-feed applications in aquaculture. Key points • Single and combined NAC and pluronic F127 culture media supplementation significantly enhanced the productivity of Chaetoceros calcitrans and Chaetoceros muelleri cultures. • Culture media enrichments with NAC and F127 can increase omega-3-fatty acid content of algal biomass. • Microalgae grown in NAC- and pluronic F127-supplemented culture media are suitable for live-feed applications.

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Hinsu, Ankit, Ashvin Dumadiya, Anjali Joshi, Rohitkumar Kotadiya, Kavan Andharia, Prakash Koringa, and Ramesh Kothari. "To culture or not to culture: a snapshot of culture-dependent and culture-independent bacterial diversity from peanut rhizosphere." PeerJ 9 (September 1, 2021): e12035. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12035.

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Background Sequencing driven metagenomics studies have been instrumental in various aspects of microbiology including identification of newer taxa. While this culture-independent approach has its own merits and demerits, several studies have focussed on comparing it with traditional culture-dependent (CD) approach. However, most of these comparative studies rely on Sanger sequencing of complete 16S rRNA gene from pure culture colonies to determine the culturable bacterial diversity. This approach undercounts culturable diversity as only fewer isolates are selected, sequenced, and identified. Methods In this study, we have used an Illumina based partial 16S sequencing to identify all the microbes growing on the media and directly comparing with its culture-independent (CI) counterpart. Eight different media were used to target different organisms from soil. Diversity on these media were compared with their CI counterpart. The NGS data was analysed using DADA2 to provide more resolution to the data. Results In line with studies of similar nature, current study presented higher bacterial diversity in CI approach. However, the current study reflected that a greater number of sequence variants were missed out in CI approach as compared to number of sequence variants shared with CD approach. We observed around 322 (5.98%) ASVs (Amplicon Sequence Variants) exclusively present in CD samples while, 234 (4.35%) ASVs were shared between both approaches. Most of these 322 CD exclusive ASVs were classified as Enterobacteriaceae family and Bacillus genus, with several ASVs annotated at the species level as well, and these organisms are more commonly observed in soil and were also detected in CI approach. Furthermore, 22 genera were exclusively detected in CD samples, most of which were reported from soil and water.

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Williams, Jane. "Notes on Culture Media." Nature Biotechnology 6, no. 5 (May 1988): 575–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0588-575.

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Libertin, Claudia R., Keith A. Sacco, and Joy H. Peterson. "Education and coaching to optimise blood culture volumes: continuous quality improvement in microbiology." BMJ Open Quality 7, no. 3 (July 2018): e000228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjoq-2017-000228.

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The blood volume cultured in the detection of bacteraemia is a major variable in treating patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. The fact that drawing optimal volumes (8–10 mL) of blood for culture increases the sensitivity of the method is well established. This study aimed to optimise the mean blood volumes (mBVs) to that recommended level in a small rural hospital by implementing a continuous quality improvement programme in clinical microbiology. The education of phlebotomists, followed by monthly feedback and coaching sessions, can influence the blood volume drawn by phlebotomists and improve the sensitivity of blood cultures. Statistically significant increase (p<0.001) in both mBVs and median blood culture volumes occurred within 5 months compared with the baseline values obtained in the preceding 10 months. This quality improvement was sustained over 1 year. The mBVs inoculated into aerobic culture bottles met the manufacturer’s instructions of a fill volume of 8 to 10 mL of blood per bottle and optimised the yield of isolation of organisms from blood cultures.

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Bartlett, Raymond C. "Quality assurance for commercially prepared microbiologic culture media." Clinical Microbiology Newsletter 9, no. 4 (February 1987): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-4399(87)90035-3.

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Arigony, Ana Lúcia Vargas, Iuri Marques de Oliveira, Miriana Machado, Diana Lilian Bordin, Lothar Bergter, Daniel Prá, and João Antonio Pêgas Henriques. "The Influence of Micronutrients in Cell Culture: A Reflection on Viability and Genomic Stability." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/597282.

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Micronutrients, including minerals and vitamins, are indispensable to DNA metabolic pathways and thus are as important for life as macronutrients. Without the proper nutrients, genomic instability compromises homeostasis, leading to chronic diseases and certain types of cancer. Cell-culture media try to mimic thein vivoenvironment, providingin vitromodels used to infer cells' responses to different stimuli. This review summarizes and discusses studies of cell-culture supplementation with micronutrients that can increase cell viability and genomic stability, with a particular focus on previousin vitroexperiments. In these studies, the cell-culture media include certain vitamins and minerals at concentrations not equal to the physiological levels. In many common culture media, the sole source of micronutrients is fetal bovine serum (FBS), which contributes to only 5–10% of the media composition. Minimal attention has been dedicated to FBS composition, micronutrients in cell cultures as a whole, or the influence of micronutrients on the viability and genetics of cultured cells. Further studies better evaluating micronutrients' roles at a molecular level and influence on the genomic stability of cells are still needed.

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Yarbrough, Melanie L., Meghan A. Wallace, Cynthia Marshall, Erin Mathias, and Carey-Ann D. Burnham. "Culture of Urine Specimens by Use of chromID CPS Elite Medium Can Expedite Escherichia coli Identification and Reduce Hands-On Time in the Clinical Laboratory." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 54, no. 11 (August 31, 2016): 2767–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01376-16.

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Urine is one of the most common specimen types submitted to the clinical microbiology laboratory; the use of chromogenic agar is one method by which the laboratory might expedite culture results and reduce hands-on time and materials required for urine culture analysis. The objective of our study was to compare chromID CPS Elite (bioMérieux), a chromogenic medium, to conventional primary culture medium for evaluation of urine specimens. Remnant urine specimens (n= 200) were inoculated into conventional media and into chromID CPS Elite agar (chromID). The time to identification and consumables used were documented for both methods. Clinically significant pathogen(s) were recovered from 51 cultures using conventional media, withEscherichia colibeing the most frequently recovered organism (n= 22). The rate of exact uropathogen agreement between conventional and chromogenic media was 82%, while overall categorical agreement was 83.5% The time interval between plating and final organism identification was decreased with chromID agar versus conventional media forE. coli(mean of 24.4 h versus 27.1 h,P< 0.001). Using chromID, clinically significant cultures required less hands-on time per culture (mean of 1 min and 2 s [1:02 min]) compared to conventional media (mean of 1:31 min). In addition, fewer consumables (2.4 versus 3.3 sticks and swabs) and rapid biochemical tests (1.0 versus 1.9) were necessary using chromID versus conventional media. Notably, antimicrobial susceptibility testing demonstrated good overall agreement (97.4%) between the chromID and conventional media for all antibiotics tested. chromID CPS Elite is accurate for uropathogen identification, reduces consumable usage, and may expedite the identification ofE. coliin clinical specimens.

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Cha, Wol-Suk, DuBok Choi, and Si-Hyung Kang. "Optimization of culture media for solid-state culture ofPleurotus ferulae." Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering 9, no. 5 (October 2004): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02933059.

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Sansupa, Chakriya, Sara Fareed Mohamed Wahdan, Terd Disayathanoowat, and Witoon Purahong. "Identifying Hidden Viable Bacterial Taxa in Tropical Forest Soils Using Amplicon Sequencing of Enrichment Cultures." Biology 10, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10070569.

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This study aims to estimate the proportion and diversity of soil bacteria derived from eDNA-based and culture-based methods. Specifically, we used Illumina Miseq to sequence and characterize the bacterial communities from (i) DNA extracted directly from forest soil and (ii) DNA extracted from a mixture of bacterial colonies obtained by enrichment cultures on agar plates of the same forest soil samples. The amplicon sequencing of enrichment cultures allowed us to rapidly screen a culturable community in an environmental sample. In comparison with an eDNA community (based on a 97% sequence similarity threshold), the fact that enrichment cultures could capture both rare and abundant bacterial taxa in forest soil samples was demonstrated. Enrichment culture and eDNA communities shared 2% of OTUs detected in total community, whereas 88% of enrichment cultures community (15% of total community) could not be detected by eDNA. The enrichment culture-based methods observed 17% of the bacteria in total community. FAPROTAX functional prediction showed that the rare and unique taxa, which were detected with the enrichment cultures, have potential to perform important functions in soil systems. We suggest that enrichment culture-based amplicon sequencing could be a beneficial approach to evaluate a cultured bacterial community. Combining this approach together with the eDNA method could provide more comprehensive information of a bacterial community. We expected that more unique cultured taxa could be detected if further studies used both selective and non-selective culture media to enrich bacteria at the first step.

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Bonnet, M., J. C. Lagier, D. Raoult, and S. Khelaifia. "Bacterial culture through selective and non-selective conditions: the evolution of culture media in clinical microbiology." New Microbes and New Infections 34 (March 2020): 100622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2019.100622.

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SCHIEMANN, DONALD A. "Examination of Enterotoxin Production at Low Temperature by Yersinia spp. in Culture Media and Foods." Journal of Food Protection 51, no. 7 (July 1, 1988): 571–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-51.7.571.

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Sixteen of 27 (59%) cultures of Yersinia spp. produced enterotoxin measured by the suckling mouse assay at 25°C in aerated broth culture media. Only one of 15 of these cultures, which was identified as Yersinia kristensenii, produced enterotoxin at 6°C. No enterotoxin was detected in water and methanol extracts of 6 food slurries inoculated with this toxigenic culture after incubation at 9.8°C for 4 d.

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Connon, Stephanie A., and Stephen J. Giovannoni. "High-Throughput Methods for Culturing Microorganisms in Very-Low-Nutrient Media Yield Diverse New Marine Isolates." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 8 (August 2002): 3878–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.8.3878-3885.2002.

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ABSTRACT Microbial diversity studies based on the cloning and sequencing of DNA from nature support the conclusion that only a fraction of the microbial diversity is currently represented in culture collections. Out of over 40 known prokaryotic phyla, only half have cultured representatives. In an effort to culture the uncultured phylotypes from oligotrophic marine ecosystems, we developed high-throughput culturing procedures that utilize the concept of extinction culturing to isolate cultures in small volumes of low-nutrient media. In these experiments, marine bacteria were isolated and cultivated at in situ substrate concentrations—typically 3 orders of magnitude less than common laboratory media. Microtiter plates and a newly developed procedure for making cell arrays were employed to raise the throughput rate and lower detection sensitivity, permitting cell enumeration from 200-μl aliquots of cultures with densities as low as 103 cells/ml. Approximately 2,500 extinction cultures from 11 separate samplings of marine bacterioplankton were screened over the course of 3 years. Up to 14% of the cells collected from coastal seawater were cultured by this method, which was 14- to 1,400-fold higher than the numbers obtained by traditional microbiological culturing techniques. Among the microorganisms cultured were four unique cell lineages that belong to previously uncultured or undescribed marine Proteobacteria clades known from environmental gene cloning studies. These cultures are related to the clades SAR11 (α subclass), OM43 (β subclass), SAR92 (γ subclass), and OM60/OM241 (γ subclass). This method proved successful for the cultivation of previously uncultured marine bacterioplankton that have consistently been found in marine clone libraries.

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Simner, Patricia J., Kelly A. Doerr, Lory K. Steinmetz, and Nancy L. Wengenack. "Mycobacterium and Aerobic Actinomycete Culture: Are Two Medium Types and Extended Incubation Times Necessary?" Journal of Clinical Microbiology 54, no. 4 (February 10, 2016): 1089–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.02838-15.

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Mycobacterial cultures are historically performed using a liquid medium and a solid agar medium with an incubation period of up to 60 days. We performed a retrospective analysis of 21,494 mycobacterial and aerobic actinomycetes cultures performed over 10 months to determine whether two medium types remain necessary and to investigate whether culture incubation length can be shortened. Specimens were cultured using Bactec MGIT liquid medium and Middlebrook 7H11/S7H11 solid medium with incubation periods of 42 and 60 days, respectively. Time-to-positivity and the identity of isolates recovered from each medium were evaluated. A total of 1,205/21,494 cultures (6%) were positive on at least one medium. Of the 1,353 isolates recovered, 1,110 (82%) were nontuberculous mycobacteria, 145 (11%) were aerobic actinomycetes, and 98 (7%) wereMycobacterium tuberculosiscomplex. Assessing medium types, 1,121 isolates were recovered from solid medium cultures, 922 isolates were recovered from liquid medium cultures, and 690 isolates were recovered on both media. Liquid cultures were positive an average of 10 days before solid cultures when the two medium types were positive (P< 0.0001). Isolates detected on solid medium after 6 weeks of incubation included 65 (5%) nontuberculous mycobacteria, 4 (0.3%) aerobic actinomycetes, and 2 (0.2%) isolates from theM. tuberculosiscomplex. Medical chart review suggested that most of these later-growing isolates were insignificant, as the diagnosis was already known, or they were considered colonizers/contaminants. This study reaffirms the need for both liquid medium and solid medium for mycobacterial and aerobic actinomycetes culture and demonstrates that solid medium incubation times may be reduced to 6 weeks without significantly impacting sensitivity.

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Jacobs, J. A., M. G. R. Hendrix, and E. E. Stobberingh. "Pseudobacteraemia: stowaways in commercial culture media." Journal of Hospital Infection 27, no. 3 (July 1994): 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-6701(94)90133-3.

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Blane, Beth, Kathy E. Raven, Danielle Leek, Nicholas Brown, Julian Parkhill, and Sharon J. Peacock. "Rapid sequencing of MRSA direct from clinical plates in a routine microbiology laboratory." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 74, no. 8 (April 30, 2019): 2153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz170.

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Abstract Background Routine sequencing of MRSA could bring about significant improvements to outbreak detection and investigation. Sequencing is commonly performed using DNA extracted from a pure culture, but overcoming the delay associated with this step could reduce the time to infection control interventions. Objectives To develop and evaluate rapid sequencing of MRSA using primary clinical cultures. Methods Patients with samples submitted to the clinical laboratory at the Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust from which MRSA was isolated were identified, the routine laboratory culture plates obtained and DNA extraction and sequencing performed. Results An evaluation of routine MRSA cultures from 30 patients demonstrated that direct sequencing from bacterial colonies picked from four different culture media was feasible. The 30 clinical MRSA isolates were sequenced on the day of plate retrieval over five runs and passed quality control metrics for sequencing depth and coverage. The maximum contamination detected using Kraken was 1.09% fragments, which were identified as Prevotella dentalis. The most common contaminants were other staphylococcal species (25 isolate sequences) and Burkholderia dolosa (11 isolate sequences). Core genome pairwise SNP analysis to identify clusters based on isolates that were ≤50 SNPs different was used to triage cases for further investigation. This identified three clusters, but more detailed genomic and epidemiological evaluation excluded an acute outbreak. Conclusions Rapid sequencing of MRSA from clinical culture plates is feasible and reduces the delay associated with purity culture prior to DNA extraction.

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Bjare, Ulf. "Serum-free media for lymphoid culture." Journal of Biotechnology 15, no. 1-2 (July 1990): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1656(90)90057-i.

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MARTYNIUK, STEFAN, and JADWIGA OROŃ. "Use of Potato Extract Broth for Culturing Root-Nodule Bacteria." Polish Journal of Microbiology 60, no. 4 (2011): 323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2011-046.

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Liquid media containing potato extract and 1% of glucose or sucrose were used to culture root-nodule bacteria (rhizobia) in shaken Erlenmeyer flasks. For comparison, these bacteria were also cultured in yeast extract-mannitol broth (YEMB) as a standard medium. Proliferation of rhizobia was monitored by measuring optical densities (OD550) of the cultures and by plate counting of the viable cells (c.f.u) of the bacteria. In general, multiplication of the rhizobia in potato extract-glucose broth (PEGB) and potato extract-sucrose broth (PESB) was markedly faster, as indicated by higher values of OD550, than in YEMB. The numbers of R. leguminosarum by. vicae GGL and S. meliloti 330 in PEGB and PEGB were high and ranged from 1.2 x 10(10) to 4.9 x 10(10) mL(-1) after 48 h of incubation at 28 degrees C. B. japonicum B3S culture in PEGB contained 6.4 x 10(9) c.f.u. ml(-1) after 72 h of incubation. PEGB and YEMB cultures of the rhizobia were similar with respect to their beneficial effects on nodulation of the host-plants of these bacteria.

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Jervis-Bardy, J., A. S. Carney, R. Duguid, and A. J. Leach. "Microbiology of otitis media in Indigenous Australian children: review." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 131, S2 (January 16, 2017): S2—S11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215116009294.

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AbstractObjectives:To review research addressing the polymicrobial aetiology of otitis media in Indigenous Australian children in order to identify research gaps and inform best practice in effective prevention strategies and therapeutic interventions.Methods:Literature review.Results:Studies of aspirated middle-ear fluid represented a minor component of the literature reviewed. Most studies relied upon specimens from middle-ear discharge or the nasopharynx. Culture-based middle-ear discharge studies have found that non-typeableHaemophilus influenzaeandStreptococcus pneumoniaepredominate, withMoraxella catarrhalis, Staphylococcus aureusandStreptococcus pyogenesisolated in a lower proportion of samples.Alloiococcus otitidiswas detected in a number of studies; however, its role in otitis media pathogenesis remains controversial. Nasopharyngeal colonisation is a risk factor for otitis media in Indigenous infants, and bacterial load of otopathogens in the nasopharynx can predict the ear state of Indigenous children.Conclusion:Most studies have used culture-based methods and specimens from middle-ear discharge or the nasopharynx. Findings from these studies are consistent with international literature, but reliance on culture may incorrectly characterise the microbiology of this condition. Advances in genomic technologies are now providing microbiologists with the ability to analyse the entire mixed bacterial communities (‘microbiomes’) of samples obtained from Indigenous children with otitis media.

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Gelbart, S. M., J. L. Thomason, P. J. Osypowski, A. V. Kellett, J. A. James, and F. F. Broekhuizen. "Growth of Trichomonas vaginalis in commercial culture media." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 28, no. 5 (1990): 962–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.28.5.962-964.1990.

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WEI, C. I., T. S. HUANG, J. S. CHEN, M. R. MARSHALL, and K. T. CHUNG. "Production of Kojic Acid by Aspergillus candidus in Three Culture Media." Journal of Food Protection 54, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 546–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-54.7.546.

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Aspergillus candidus ATCC 44054 grown without agitation produced more kojic acid in the modified Czapek-Dox liquid medium than cultures shaken at 100 rpm. Of the three culture media tested, yeast extract-sucrose medium permitted more kojic acid production by the fungus than modified Czapek-Dox liquid medium or Tadera medium. Maximal kojic acid (57–59 mg/ml) was produced in the yeast extract-sucrose medium on days 9–12. No aflatoxin by the fungus was detected.

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Stone, Nimalie D., Donna R. Lewis, H. K. Lowery, Lyndsey A. Darrow, Catherine M. Kroll, Robert P. Gaynes, John A. Jernigan, John E. McGowan, Fred C. Tenover, and Chesley L. Richards. "Importance of Bacterial Burden Among Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Carriers in a Long-Term Care Facility." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 29, no. 2 (February 2008): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/526437.

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Objective.To evaluate the prevalence and transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal colonization, as well as risk factors associated with MRSA carriage, among residents of a long-term care facility (LTCF).Design.Prospective, longitudinal cohort study.Setting.A 100-bed Veterans Administration LTCFParticipants.All current and newly admitted residents of the LTCF during an 8-week study period.Methods.Nasal swab samples were obtained weekly and cultured on MRSA-selective media, and the cultures were graded for growth on a semiquantitative scale from 0 (no growth) to 6 (heavy growth). Epidemiologic data for the periods before and during the study were collected to assess risk factors for MRSA carriage.Results.Of 83 LTCF residents, 49 (59%) had 1 or more nasal swab cultures that were positive for MRSA; 34 (41%) were consistently culture-negative (designated “noncarriers”). Of the 49 culture-positive residents, 30 (36% of the total of 83 residents) had all cultures positive for MRSA (designated “persistent carriers”), and 19 (23% of the 83 residents) had at least 1 culture, but not all cultures, positive for MRSA (designated “intermittent carriers”). Multivariate analysis showed that participants with at least 1 nasal swab culture positive for MRSA were likely to have had previous hospitalization (odds ratio, 3.9) or wounds (odds ratio, 8.2). Persistent carriers and intermittent carriers did not differ in epidemiologic characteristics but did differ in mean MRSA growth score (3.7 vs 0.7; P < .001).Conclusions.Epidemiologic characteristics differed between noncarriers and subjects with at least 1 nasal swab culture positive for MRSA. However, in this LTCF population, only the degree of bacterial colonization (as reflected by mean MRSA growth score) distinguished persistent carriers from intermittent carriers. Understanding the burden of colonization may be important when determining future surveillance and control strategies.

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Miller, N. S., D. Rogan, B. L. Orr, and D. Whitney. "Comparison of BD Bactec Plus Blood Culture Media to VersaTREK Redox Blood Culture Media for Detection of Bacterial Pathogens in Simulated Adult Blood Cultures Containing Therapeutic Concentrations of Antibiotics." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 49, no. 4 (February 9, 2011): 1624–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01958-10.

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Balaji, S., A. Sujatha, and I. Kalyanasundaram. "A simple rapid procedure for obtaining axenic cultures from monoxenic cultures of myxomycete plasmodia." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 45, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 865–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w99-080.

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Axenic culture of myxomycete plasmodia has been attempted from time to time by various authors, but with very little success. From over 500 known species of myxomycetes, fewer than 20 species have been reported in axenic culture to date, including axenic myxamoebal cultures. In these cultures, the plasmodia required either complex media, or a killed bacterial supplement for growth. Furthermore, the time required for attaining the axenic state varied from several months to years. In the present study, a simple, rapid procedure has been developed to render monoxenic plasmodial cultures axenic. This procedure is based on our discovery that plasmodia have certain unusual substrate preferences that are inhibitory to the associated bacteria using Physarella oblonga as a model. The presence or absence of the bacteria could be ascertained through incubation in four different bacteriological media and by the use of a differential staining technique.Key words: myxomycetes, axenic culture, hydrocarbon utilization, bacterial associates.

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Wang, Min Ying, Kelly Wester, and William E. Bentley. "Glutamine determination in insect cell culture media." Biotechnology Techniques 7, no. 12 (December 1993): 841–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00156359.

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Corry, Janet E. L., D. E. Post, P. Colin, and M. J. Laisney. "Culture media for the isolation of campylobacters." International Journal of Food Microbiology 26, no. 1 (June 1995): 43–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1605(95)00044-k.

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Hoppe, J. E., and R. Vogl. "Comparison of three media for culture ofBordetella pertussis." European Journal of Clinical Microbiology 5, no. 3 (June 1986): 361–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02017801.

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Jahan, Hosne, Kamrul Hasan, Rashida Akter Khanam, Devolina Bhowmik, Mst Naznin Tarana, Soma Sarker, and Sharmin Sarwar. "Comparative Study of Solid Culture and Liquid Culture for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis." Journal of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College 11, no. 1 (September 17, 2019): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jssmc.v11i1.43175.

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Background: Tuberculosis is a highly infectious disease and has the highest burden with it. Diagnosis of tuberculosis in many countries is still dependent on microscopy. For developing countries with a large number of cases and financial constraints, evaluation of rapid and inexpensive diagnostic methods has great importance. Culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MtbC) is the accepted reference standard for confirmation of TB infection and is necessary for drug susceptibility testing (DST). There are several methods for culturing MtbC using solid and liquid media. Although solid media has been used for over 100 years, liquid culture media is increasingly being introduced in low and middle income countries (LMIC). Objective: The purpose of the present study was to compare the efficacy of solid culture and liquid culture in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Methodology: This cross sectional study was done in the Department of Microbiology at Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka and National Institute of Chest Disease & Hospital (NIDCH), Dhaka during the period of January 2016 to December 2016 for a period of 1(one) year. Sputum samples from suspected MDR-TB patients were collected by purposive sampling technique from OPD of Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC) and NIDCH. Microscopy, liquid culture in liquid MGIT 960 media were done for MTB diagnosis. Result: This study shows the comparison of results of microscopic examination of solid culture and liquid culture (MGIT 960). The liquid MGIT 960 method detected more positive samples than solid culture 68% vs 67%. The mean turnaround time of detection (TTD) of MTB was 34.3±5.2 days for Lowenstein-Jensen media and 17.5±3.8 days for MGIT 960 (p value <0.05). So, liquid culture gave earlier result than solid culture. Conclusion: Liquid culture more positive result than solid culture under microscope in smear of sputum and also liquid culture gave earlier result than solid culture. J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll, June 2019, Vol.11(1); 28-31

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Trzesicka-Mlynarz, D., and O. P. Ward. "Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by a mixed culture and its component pure cultures, obtained from PAH-contaminated soil." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 41, no. 6 (June 1, 1995): 470–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m95-063.

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A mixed culture, isolated from soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), grew on and degraded fluoranthene in aqueous media supplemented with glucose, yeast extract, and peptone. Increased complex nitrogen levels in the medium promoted bacterial growth and a greater extent of fluoranthene degradation. Amendment of the media with high glucose levels also diminished specific fluoranthene degradation. The mixed culture was capable of degrading a range of other PAHs, including benzo[a]pyrene, anthracene, phenanthrene, acenaphthene, and fluorene. The mixed culture contained four predominant isolates, all of which were Gram-negative rods, three of which were identified as Pseudomonas putida, Flavobacterium sp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Better degradation of a defined PAH mixture was observed with the mixed culture than with individual isolates. A reconstituted culture, prepared by combining the four individual isolates, manifested a similar PAH biodegradation performance to the original mixed culture. When compared with the mixed culture, individual isolates exhibited a relatively good capacity to remove more water-soluble PAHs (acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene). In contrast, removal of less water-soluble PAHs (anthracene and pyrene) was low or negligible with isolated cultures compared with the mixed culture.Key words: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, mixed culture, fluoranthene, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium.

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OWENS, J. D. "Formulation of Culture Media for Conductimetric Assays: Theoretical Considerations." Microbiology 131, no. 11 (November 1, 1985): 3055–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-131-11-3055.

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Saunders, G. A., and J. G. Hancock. "Chloride requirement for reproduction by Pythium ultimum." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 42, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m96-018.

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Chloride (≥ 0.1 mM) was essential for asexual and sexual reproduction, but not mycelial growth, by Pythium ultimum in synthetic culture media. Bromide partially substituted for chloride in support of oogonia formation. The production of gemmae (sporangia or hyphal swellings) increased in proportion to concentrations of KCl in culture media between 0.2 and about 0.5 mM but leveled off between 0.5 and 4 mM. Chloride contents of mycelia after 3 days incubation were proportional to the number of gemmae produced when the fungus was grown in low concentrations of KCl. Under the culture conditions of this study, production of oogonia and gemmae commenced in about 70 and 95 h, respectively, in complete media. When 0.2 mM KCl was added to cultures 95 h or older that were grown in chloride deficient media, oogonium or gemma production was initiated in 20–25 or 10–17 h, respectively. Germination of gemmae, mycelial growth (gain in dry matter), and culture pH were not influenced significantly by the chloride deficiences that prevented sexual and asexual reproduction.Key words: chloride requirement, soilborne plant pathogen, reproduction of fungi, sporangia, hyphal swellings.

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Preac-Mursic, V., B. Wilske, and S. Reinhardt. "Culture ofBorrelia burgdorferi on six solid media." European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 10, no. 12 (December 1991): 1076–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01984935.

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Plain, Karren M., Anna M. Waldron, Douglas J. Begg, Kumudika de Silva, Auriol C. Purdie, and Richard J. Whittington. "Efficient, Validated Method for Detection of Mycobacterial Growth in Liquid Culture Media by Use of Bead Beating, Magnetic-Particle-Based Nucleic Acid Isolation, and Quantitative PCR." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 53, no. 4 (January 21, 2015): 1121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.03521-14.

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Pathogenic mycobacteria are difficult to culture, requiring specialized media and a long incubation time, and have complex and exceedingly robust cell walls.Mycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis(MAP), the causative agent of Johne's disease, a chronic wasting disease of ruminants, is a typical example. Culture of MAP from the feces and intestinal tissues is a commonly used test for confirmation of infection. Liquid medium offers greater sensitivity than solid medium for detection of MAP; however, support for the BD Bactec 460 system commonly used for this purpose has been discontinued. We previously developed a new liquid culture medium, M7H9C, to replace it, with confirmation of growth reliant on PCR. Here, we report an efficient DNA isolation and quantitative PCR methodology for the specific detection and confirmation of MAP growth in liquid culture media containing egg yolk. The analytical sensitivity was at least 104-fold higher than a commonly used method involving ethanol precipitation of DNA and conventional PCR; this may be partly due to the addition of a bead-beating step to manually disrupt the cell wall of the mycobacteria. The limit of detection, determined using pure cultures of two different MAP strains, was 100 to 1,000 MAP organisms/ml. The diagnostic accuracy was confirmed using a panel of cattle fecal (n= 54) and sheep fecal and tissue (n= 90) culture samples. This technique is directly relevant for diagnostic laboratories that perform MAP cultures but may also be applicable to the detection of other species, includingM. aviumandM. tuberculosis.

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Altenburger, D., S. Strayer, and S. Carroll. "A Retrospective Analysis of Joint Cultures: Only Time Will Tell (Or Will It?)." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 154, Supplement_1 (October 2020): S138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqaa161.302.

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Abstract Introduction/Objective Multiple textbooks and guidelines, including CLSI, recommend holding joint cultures for 14 days. This prevents false negative results from “slower growers” which include Actinomyces species and Propionibacterium acnes. Holding of these cultures can be a burden for small microbiology labs. Methods A retrospective analysis of three years of joint cultures held for 14 days was reviewed. The length of time for the culture to turn positive and the organism that grew was noted. Results A total of 67 positive joint cultures were evaluated, which covered a period of 3 years at our institution. Of these, only 1 culture turned positive following day 5 (Propionibacterium acnes grew on day 6). The average time to positive for Propionibacterium acnes was 4 days. In comparison, the average growth time for Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus was 1 day, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 1.2 days, all Streptococcus species was 2.4 days and Staphylococcus epidermidis was 2.7 days. No cultures grew Actinomyces during our study. Conclusion The consequences of missing a positive culture can be grave. In general, culture media has improved and provided increased growth rates. With resources becoming more limited, it may be time to revisit guidelines. This study is too small to be conclusive; a larger study may provide confirmation of the findings.

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Walke, Jenifer B., Matthew H. Becker, Myra C. Hughey, Meredith C. Swartwout, Roderick V. Jensen, and Lisa K. Belden. "Most of the Dominant Members of Amphibian Skin Bacterial Communities Can Be Readily Cultured." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 19 (July 10, 2015): 6589–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01486-15.

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ABSTRACTCurrently, it is estimated that only 0.001% to 15% of bacteria in any given system can be cultured by use of commonly used techniques and media, yet culturing is critically important for investigations of bacterial function. Despite this situation, few studies have attempted to link culture-dependent and culture-independent data for a single system to better understand which members of the microbial community are readily cultured. In amphibians, some cutaneous bacterial symbionts can inhibit establishment and growth of the fungal pathogenBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis, and thus there is great interest in using these symbionts as probiotics for the conservation of amphibians threatened byB. dendrobatidis. The present study examined the portion of the culture-independent bacterial community (based on Illumina amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene) that was cultured with R2A low-nutrient agar and whether the cultured bacteria represented rare or dominant members of the community in the following four amphibian species: bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus), eastern newts (Notophthalmus viridescens), spring peepers (Pseudacris crucifer), and American toads (Anaxyrus americanus). To determine which percentage of the community was cultured, we clustered Illumina sequences at 97% similarity, using the culture sequences as a reference database. For each amphibian species, we cultured, on average, 0.59% to 1.12% of each individual's bacterial community. However, the average percentage of bacteria that were culturable for each amphibian species was higher, with averages ranging from 2.81% to 7.47%. Furthermore, most of the dominant operational taxonomic units (OTUs), families, and phyla were represented in our cultures. These results open up new research avenues for understanding the functional roles of these dominant bacteria in host health.

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Rhodes, P., L. B. Quesnel, and P. Collard. "Growth kinetics of mixed culture in salmonella enrichment media." Journal of Applied Bacteriology 59, no. 3 (September 1985): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1985.tb01784.x.

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SINHA, R. P. "Evaluation of Inorganic Phosphate on Growth and Lactose Metabolism of Lactic Streptococci in Batch and Continuous Culture1." Journal of Food Protection 49, no. 4 (April 1, 1986): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-49.4.260.

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Addition of 1.9% inorganic phosphates (K2HPO4, 1.33% + KH2PO4, 0.57% wt/vol) in place of 1.9% disodium (β-glycerophosphate (GP) in M17 medium (M17P) resulted in increased buffering capacity. Even at equimolar concentration (88 mM), Na2HPO4 (M17P1) or K2HPO4 (M17P2) showed higher buffering than GP(M17). Cultures consistently showed lower cell density in M17P2 than in other buffered media after 7 h of growth at 32°C, suggesting that buffering media with Na2HPO4 is better than buffering with K2HPO4 for cultivation of lactic streptococci. The effect of buffering media with Na2HPO4 on culture growth and appearance of lactose-negative (Lac−) variants was also tested under continuous culture growth conditions in a chemostat. Growth of Streptococcus lactis C2 continuously at pH 6.8 for 168 h in M17P1, and M17 broths at 32°C failed to yield any lac− strains. Results showed that successful propagation of lactic streptococci in continuous culture growth can be achieved without enriching for cells with undesirable metabolic characteristics.

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Brewer, D., K. Schwartzentruber, and A. Taylor. "Use of Robotics To Dispense Culture Media †." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 55, no. 5 (1989): 1320–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.55.5.1320-1321.1989.

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Chen, Annie I., Warren B. Bilker, Keith W. Hamilton, Judith A. O’Donnell, and Irving Nachamkin. "Blood culture utilization at an academic hospital: Addressing a gap in benchmarking." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 39, no. 11 (September 28, 2018): 1353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2018.231.

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AbstractObjectiveTo describe the pattern of blood culture utilization in an academic university hospital setting.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingA 789-bed tertiary-care university hospital that processes 40,000+blood cultures annually.MethodsWe analyzed blood cultures collected from adult inpatients at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania between July 1, 2014, and June 30, 2015. Descriptive statistics and regression models were used to analyze patterns of blood culture utilization: frequency of blood cultures, use of repeat cultures following a true-positive culture, and number of sets drawn per day.ResultsIn total, 38,939 blood culture sets were drawn during 126,537 patient days (incidence rate, 307.7 sets per 1,000 patient days). The median number of blood culture sets drawn per hospital encounter was 2 (range, 1–76 sets). The median interval between blood cultures was 2 days (range, 1–71 days). Oncology services and cultures with gram-positive cocci were significantly associated with greater odds of having repeat blood cultures drawn the following day. Emergency services had the highest rate of drawing single blood-culture sets (16.9%), while oncology services had the highest frequency of drawing ≥5 blood culture sets within 24 hours (0.91%). Approximately 10% of encounters had at least 1 true-positive culture, and 89.2% of those encounters had repeat blood cultures drawn. The relative risk of a patient having repeat blood cultures was lower for those in emergency, surgery, and oncology services than for those in general medicine.ConclusionsOrdering practices differed by service and culture results. Analyzing blood culture utilization can contribute to the development of guidelines and benchmarks for appropriate usage.

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Patel, Parul, Lauren E. Droske, Jignesh Patel, Ruby Barza, Rebecca Lindgren, and Erin McElvania. "2152. Detection of Uropathogens Using BD Kiestra™ Total Laboratory Automation with Urine Culture Application." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1832.

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Abstract Background Urine is the most frequently cultured specimen type for the majority of clinical microbiology laboratories. Typically, around 30% of cultures are positive for uropathogens with 70% yielding insignificant or mixed growth. BD is developing a software Urine Culture Application (UCA) for the BD Kiestra Total Laboratory Automation (TLA) system to screen images of urine culture plates, sort them based on growth vs. insignificant growth and also allow for presumptive pathogen identification. Methods De-identified urine specimens were inoculated onto BD BBL™ CHROMagar™ Orientation Media (CHROM; BD, Sparks, MD), CHROM/Trypticase™ Soy Agar II with 5% Sheep Blood (TSA) biplate, BD BBL MacConkey II agar, and TSA using the BD Kiestra TLA system. Plates were imaged at 24 hours using the BD Kiestra™ ReadA Compact imaging acquisition software and an algorithm was applied to the images using the UCA (Version 2.0). Semi-quantitative measurements of <100, 100–1,000, 1,000–10,000, 10,000–100,000, and >100,000 cfu/mL growth were determined by UCA for all media types and presumptive ID was determined using CHROM. Manual reading of the images by two technologists was the gold standard for comparison. For discrepant results, a third manual reader was used as an arbitrator. Results Testing between 877 and 934 urine specimens on each of five media types using UCA resulted in an exact semi-quantitative agreement with manual reading for 85.5–95.0% of specimens (Table 1). If semi-quantitative values ± one category of agreement are included, the number rises to 98.2–99.4% agreement. Using CHROM for presumptive identification of pure or predominant organisms, UCA was in agreement with manual identification in 251 of 272 cultures (92.3%). Of the 21 discrepant organisms, 19 were classified as “other” by manual reading but were identified as specific organisms by UCA. Definitive organism identification was not performed. Conclusion UCA was able to accurately categorize bacterial growth into five semi-quantitative categories using five media types. Pure and predominant uropathogens were accurately identified from CHROM using UCA. The use of UCA software application may enable laboratories to save time screening urine cultures by allowing more efficient use of technologist time. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Tanaka, Kazuhiro. "Abiotic degradation of tetrachloromethane in anaerobic culture media." Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering 83, no. 1 (January 1997): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0922-338x(97)87339-4.

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Manafi, M. "New developments in chromogenic and fluorogenic culture media." International Journal of Food Microbiology 60, no. 2-3 (September 2000): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1605(00)00312-3.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Microbiology - Culture media and culture'

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