Academic literature on the topic 'Microbiology (General)'

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Journal articles on the topic "Microbiology (General)"

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Newman, E. B. "General microbiology." Research in Microbiology 145, no. 2 (January 1994): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0923-2508(94)90009-4.

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Christiansen, G. "General microbiology, seventh edition." FEBS Letters 356, no. 2-3 (December 19, 1994): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-5793(94)80077-4.

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Dreisbach, JH. "General Microbiology, Sixth Edition." Biochemical Education 16, no. 2 (April 1988): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0307-4412(88)90095-7.

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Poole, RobertK. "General microbiology (sixth edition)." FEBS Letters 226, no. 1 (December 21, 1987): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(87)80587-2.

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Babitha, V., and PT Jyothi. "Microbiology for general ophthalmologists." Kerala Journal of Ophthalmology 29, no. 2 (2017): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/kjo.kjo_58_17.

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Drašar, B. S. "General microbiology. 7th edn." Journal of Hospital Infection 27, no. 2 (June 1994): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-6701(94)90013-2.

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Sonnleitner, B. "General, molecular and applied microbiology." Journal of Biotechnology 5, no. 3 (May 1987): 233–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1656(87)90020-4.

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McConnell, John. "American Society for Microbiology General Meeting." Lancet Infectious Diseases 8, no. 7 (July 2008): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(08)70139-7.

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Santosh, Arvind Babu Rajendra, and Orrett E. Ogle. "Clinical Microbiology for the General Dentist." Dental Clinics of North America 61, no. 2 (April 2017): xv—xvii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cden.2017.01.001.

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Rajendra Santosh, Arvind Babu, and Orrett E. Ogle. "Clinical Microbiology for the General Dentist." Dental Clinics of North America 61, no. 2 (April 2017): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-8532(17)30006-x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Microbiology (General)"

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Walker, Candace Lynette. "Implementing Inquiry-Based Learning in a General Microbiology Laboratory." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43973.

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In recent years there has been an increased interest in inquiry-based learning, also known as experiential learning or problem-based learning, as a more appropriate model of teaching science. The purpose of this study was to incorporate inquiry-based learning in a college sophomore-level General Microbiology Laboratory. The goal of this laboratory course is to introduce students to basic techniques and procedures necessary for the study of microorganisms. Laboratory sections were randomly assigned to an experimental group or a control/reference group. The experimental group was taught the concept of serial dilutions using an inquiry-based learning approach whereas the control group was taught using traditional teaching methods. Analysis of the data generated from the students' involvement in the investigation during the fall semester indicated that the experimental group had a slightly greater improvement in their knowledge of serial dilution. The study continued in the spring semester and involved close to 300 students. During the spring semester both the experimental and the control groups had similar attitudes about their learning experience as evaluated by a Lickert Scale survey. However, a statistical analysis of the quiz scores of the students with values within the interquartiles indicated the experimental classes' quiz scores were significantly higher on quiz 2 taken at the midpoint in the study. Thus an inquiry-based learning approach was found to be beneficial to the middle 50% of the class.
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Pitt, Sarah Jane. "Managing for quality in clinical microbiology services." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2001. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5526/.

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The technical quality of the work performed in clinical microbiology laboratories is regularly monitored, by external and internal schemes. Among the factors which might affect quality, attitudes of the laboratory staff are rarely considered. In this study, three concepts recognised by occupational psychologists as being important in the work place, Job Satisfaction, Commitment and Climate, were measured among microbiology biomedical scientists (BMSs) in the United Kingdom A self-report questionnaire was developed through preliminary interviews and two pilot studies. The perceptions of Job Satisfaction, Commitment (to both Profession and Organisation) and Climate were measured using established models from the occupational psychology literature. Three scales were devised specifically during this study to assess an individual BMS's perceptions of the standard of their own performance, the attitudes of their colleagues towards their work and the quality within their laboratory. A fourth measure was developed which collated all the ways that technical quality in clinical microbiology laboratories is currently measured in the UK into one scale. A total of 2415 questionnaires were posted to BMSs employed in National Health Service, Public Health Laboratory Service, Privately funded and University laboratories between November 1998 and February 1999. By March 1999,931 replies had been received, a response rate of 39%. BMSs reported lower Job Satisfaction than Medical Laboratory Technologists (the equivalent profession) in the United States. The results supported Meyer and Allen's (1991) three-component model of commitment and showed that BMSs experienced Professional Commitment more strongly than Organisational Commitment. An eight dimension model of Climate was developed, for clinical microbiology staff, from Newman's (1977) Perceived Work Environment scale. BMSs' perceptions of Individual Climate were affected by a number of demographic factors, but the most important was the size of the laboratory. The optimal number of people in a clinical microbiology department for positive Individual Climate was found to be less than 30. Affective Commitment to the Profession was the component of Commitment which most strongly influenced technical quality, through its positive relationship with an individual BMS's performance at work. Through aggregation of Climate scores for selected laboratories, it was shown that Laboratory Climate correlated positively with technical quality. From BMSs' perceptions of their laboratory's quality, a scale to assess `A Climate for Laboratory Quality' was developed. There was a strong positive relationship between `A Climate for Laboratory Quality' and a department's score on the measure of technical quality. Interviews with staff in four clinical microbiology laboratories supported the questionnaire findings with respect to Laboratory Climate. Qualitative data collected from a representative group of users of each of the four microbiology services showed that users' main concern was rapid turnaround time for results. Comments also highlighted the need for more effective communication between laboratory staff their colleagues working directly with patients.
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Boggs, Christine N. "The virtual edge development and evaluation of virtual labs for a general microbiology classroom /." Laramie, Wyo. : [University of Wyoming], 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1260817691&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Clarke, Elizabeth Jane. "Understanding and designing sensors in Escherichia coli." Diss., Search in ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. UC Only, 2010. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3398874.

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Pirbadian, Sahand. "Bacterial nanowires of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1| electron transport mechanism, composition, and role of multiheme cytochromes." Thesis, University of Southern California, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3704250.

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In this thesis, we discuss three topics concerning extracellular electron transfer in the Dissimilatory Metal Reducing Bacterium (DMRB) Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. One proposed strategy to accomplish extracellular charge transfer in Shewanella involves forming a conductive pathway to electrodes by incorporating redox components on outer cell membranes and along extracellular appendages known as bacterial nanowires within biofilms. In the first part of this dissertation, to describe extracellular charge transfer in microbial redox chains, we employed a model based on incoherent hopping between sites in the chain and an interfacial treatment of electrochemical interactions with the surrounding electrodes. Based on this model, we calculated the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics and found the results to be in good agreement with I-V measurements across and along individual microbial nanowires produced by the bacterium S. oneidensis MR-1. Based on our analysis, we propose that multistep hopping in redox chains constitutes a viable strategy for extracellular charge transfer in microbial biofilms.

In the second part, we report the first in vivo observations of the formation and respiratory impact of nanowires in the model metal-reducing microbe S. oneidensis MR-1. Live fluorescence measurements, immunolabeling, and quantitative gene expression analysis point to S. oneidensis MR-1 nanowires as extensions of the outer membrane and periplasm that include the multiheme cytochromes responsible for EET, rather than pilin-based structures as previously thought. These membrane extensions are associated with outer membrane vesicles, structures ubiquitous in Gram-negative bacteria, and are consistent with bacterial nanowires that mediate long-range EET by our proposed multistep redox hopping mechanism. Redox-functionalized membrane and vesicular extensions may represent a general microbial strategy for electron transport and energy distribution.

In addition, to elucidate the membranous nature of Shewanella nanowires, we imaged these filaments using Transmission Electron Microscopy. The TEM images reported in this thesis also provide the most accurate estimates of bacterial nanowire dimensions to date. Future TEM and cryo-TEM imaging can establish the specific alignment and configuration of outer membrane cytochromes that facilitate electron transport along bacterial nanowires.

In the third part of this thesis, we focus on the molecular conductance of MtrF, the first decaheme outer membrane cytochrome with a solved crystal structure. Decaheme outer membrane cytochromes of Shewanella play a crucial role in all the suggested pathways of extracellular electron transfer. An understanding of the electron transfer properties in MtrF will therefore impact all aspects of extracellular electron transfer research. In this thesis, using purified MtrF, we form monolayers of the protein on atomically flat gold substrates and address the dry monolayer with a Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) tip. This technique can be used in the future to examine the conductivity of individual MtrF molecules within the monolayer in the form of I-V curves. This methodology will allow experimental comparison with recently developed simulations of MtrF conductance.

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Joseph, Alton J. "Regulation of S6KL during cell cycle progression." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1527714.

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mTOR (Mammalian Target ofRapamycin), PI3K (Phosphatidylinositol3-kinase) and MEK (Mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase) have been shown to be potent regulators ofS6Kl at G1 phase of the cell cycle. Research has been concentrated at the Gt phase to elucidate mTOR's role in cell growth and proliferation. Limited information is available on the activity ofmTOR, PI3K and ERKl/2 in cell cycle phases other than G1. Since we have observed that S6Kl is active in phases other than G1 our goal was to ascertain ifmTOR, PI3K or ERKl/2 have a role in regulating S6Kl during these cell cycle phases. Using cell cycle analysis and immunoblot analysis we have determined here that mTORand PI3K could play a role in regulating S6Kl at the G1/S transition iQ. the cell cycle but there is also indications that mTOR and PI3K are potentially involved in regulating S6Kl in the phases post-G1/S of the cell cycle, indicating a complex interaction between the kinases used to regulate S6Kl during the cell cycle. ERKl/2 is demonstrated to have limited involvement in the regulation of S6Kl during the cell cycle.

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Noonan, Jonathan. "Surfaced enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for the molecular imaging of atherosclerosis." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8939/.

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Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide, with the majority of these deaths being a result of the inflammatory pathology, atherosclerosis. A critical need for multi-parameter molecular imaging has been identified to facilitate improved atherosclerosis diagnosis and the understanding of local inflammatory pathways in humans. Established imaging modalities such as ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging are being investigated as potential solutions to this clinical problem, however, inherent limitations with these technologies have resulted in the exploration of alternate imaging approaches. This thesis focuses on the development and testing of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), a promising and novel molecular imaging modality, for the molecular imaging of vascular inflammatory biomarkers in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. SERS detects molecule specific vibrational signals which are enhanced when an analyte is excited with light in close proximity to a noble metal surface. To achieve molecular specificity and surface enhancement, we developed antibody functionalised gold nanoparticles (nanotags) designed to bind to our molecular targets of interest, the adhesion molecules, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and P-selectin, and produce a SERS signal detectable by spectroscopy and/or microscopy based approaches. In vitro, we demonstrate the simultaneous and quantifiable SERS detection of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and P-selectin on TNFa stimulated human endothelial cells. We subsequently demonstrated the simultaneous SERS detection of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and P-selectin in freshly isolated atherosclerotic human coronary artery ex vivo. Finally, we explored SERS imaging in a humanised mouse model, demonstrating non-invasive multiplex imaging of adhesion molecules in vivo. In summary, this proof of concept study demonstrates the suitability of SERS and nanotags for the non-invasive molecular imaging of vascular inflammation. We have tested this approach with increasing biological complexity and highlighted SERS as a potential molecular imaging tool for future clinical translation in the context of vascular inflammation, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
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McArthur, Lisa. "Investigating interactions between rat adult cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts in the heart." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8512/.

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Boulerice, François. "Studies on HIV-1 replication in the monocytoid cell line U-937 : (etude de l'expression du VIH-1 dans la lignee cellulaire monocytaire U-937)." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41051.

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The expression of HIV-1 in cells of monocytic origin was investigated. In order to do this, the cell line U-937 was chosen because it possesses many characteristics of immature monocytes and can be easily infected by HIV-1. We found that long-term chronically-infected cells generate a high amount of defective particles, unable by themselves to successfully infect any target cells. Two main phenotypes were detected, one showing defectiveness in reverse transcriptase activity, and the other one showing inability to express fully mature glycoproteins.
We also investigated the biological relevance of these defective particles, particularly in a situation where two cells generating defective virions are fused together by chemical methods. We show evidence that defective virions can complement each other in a hybrid cell and generate fully infectious particles resembling wild-type virus. Such a phenomenon may occur by genetic recombination, as suggested by Southern blot analysis. This finding may prove of clinical relevance since cells of phagocytic lineage can fuse in vivo naturally or by virus-mediated mechanisms.
We next tried to assess the efficacy of the antiviral drug, AZT, in controlling HIV-1 replication in such monocyte-like cells. AZT was found unable to completely abolish HIV-1 replication in vitro but was able to delay in a dose-dependent fashion the expression of the virus. In addition, we also studied the effect of AZT in clonal derivatives of U-937 cells, and found that the inhibitory effect was proportional to the degree of susceptibility of these cells to the virus.
Finally, we analyzed the susceptibility of U-937 cells by using such clonal derivatives and found that some displayed either high or low susceptibility to infection by HIV-1. The susceptibility which correlated with the amounts of intracellular viral DNA and TNF-alpha mRNA expression was found not to depend on levels of CD4 receptors, a result which suggests that other factors are involved in modulating replication in those cells.
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Sugrue, Daniel Martyn. "Modulation of Natural Killer cell response by human cytomegalovirus." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/42799/.

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The Natural Killer (NK) cell activating receptor DNAM-1 (CD226) is stimulated through recognition of CD112 (nectin-2) and CD155 (nectin-like molecule 5; PVR) on target cells. HCMV UL141 elicits protection from NK-cells by down-regulating CD155 from the cell surface and sequestering it in the ER (Tomasec, 2005). Here, HCMV UL141 was shown to be involved in the down-regulation of CD112. Interestingly, UL141 appeared necessary but not sufficient to modulate CD112 expression. This thesis therefore focused on a hypothesis whereby UL141 was acting with one or more additional HCMV genes to target CD112 for degradation. This project was the first to utilise an entire recombinant adenovirus (RAd) library expressing individual HCMV ORFs (RAd-HCMV-ORF library) to screen for function. The RAd-HCMV-ORF library clearly provided an extremely powerful tool for the screening of HCMV gene function as results were highly repeatable and robust. The co-infection of RAd-UL141 and RAd-US2 resulted in a single, clear, positive hit in the final screening process. This hit was further verified by immunoblot where CD112 appeared to be down-regulated in cells infected with both RAd-UL141 and RAd-US2, compared to controls. While a Hela-US2 cell line which stably expressed US2 also down-regulated CD112 when infected with RAd-UL141. A RCMVΔUS1-11 virus was constructed, which failed to down-regulate CD112 from the cell surface of RCMVΔSU1-11 infected cells. The addition of proteasome inhibitors was able to partially restore CD112 expression in HCMV infected cells (Prod'homme et al., 2010). It therefore appeared that US2 and UL141 act to degrade CD112 via the proteasome during HCMV infection. CD112 downregulation may have the potential to prevent DNAM-1:CD112 interaction between HCMV infected targets and effector cells of the immune system, providing another facet to HCMV’s ability to avoid the human immune response.
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Books on the topic "Microbiology (General)"

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Boyd, Robert F. General microbiology. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Times Mirror/Mosby College Pub., 1988.

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General microbiology. 7th ed. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

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Schlegel, Hans G. General microbiology. 7th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

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Stanier, Roger Y., John L. Ingraham, Mark L. Wheelis, and Page R. Painter. General Microbiology. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15028-1.

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Stanier, Roger Y., John L. Ingraham, Mark L. Wheelis, and Page R. Painter. General Microbiology. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08754-9.

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Schlegel, Hans Günter. General microbiology. 6th ed. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

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Investigating microbiology: A laboratory manual for general microbiology. Fort Worth: Saunders College Pub., 1997.

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Prescott, Lansing M. Microbiology. 2nd ed. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown Publishers, 1993.

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A, Reddy C., ed. Methods for general and molecular microbiology. 3rd ed. Washington, D.C: ASM Press, 2007.

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Reddy, C. A., T. J. Beveridge, J. A. Breznak, G. A. Marzluf, T. M. Schmidt, and L. R. Snyder, eds. Methods for General and Molecular Microbiology. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555817497.

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Book chapters on the topic "Microbiology (General)"

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Stanier, Roger Y., John L. Ingraham, Mark L. Wheelis, and Page R. Painter. "The Beginnings of Microbiology." In General Microbiology, 1–15. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08754-9_1.

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Stanier, Roger Y., John L. Ingraham, Mark L. Wheelis, and Page R. Painter. "The Methods of Microbiology." In General Microbiology, 16–42. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08754-9_2.

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Stanier, Roger Y., John L. Ingraham, Mark L. Wheelis, and Page R. Painter. "The Beginnings of Microbiology." In General Microbiology, 1–15. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15028-1_1.

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Stanier, Roger Y., John L. Ingraham, Mark L. Wheelis, and Page R. Painter. "The Methods of Microbiology." In General Microbiology, 16–42. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15028-1_2.

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Stanier, Roger Y., John L. Ingraham, Mark L. Wheelis, and Page R. Painter. "Microbial Genetics: Gene Function and Mutation." In General Microbiology, 235–56. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08754-9_10.

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Stanier, Roger Y., John L. Ingraham, Mark L. Wheelis, and Page R. Painter. "Microbial Genetics: Genetic Exchange and Recombination." In General Microbiology, 257–85. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08754-9_11.

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Stanier, Roger Y., John L. Ingraham, Mark L. Wheelis, and Page R. Painter. "Regulation." In General Microbiology, 286–310. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08754-9_12.

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Stanier, Roger Y., John L. Ingraham, Mark L. Wheelis, and Page R. Painter. "The Classification and Phylogeny of Bacteria." In General Microbiology, 311–29. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08754-9_13.

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Stanier, Roger Y., John L. Ingraham, Mark L. Wheelis, and Page R. Painter. "The Archaebacteria." In General Microbiology, 330–43. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08754-9_14.

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Stanier, Roger Y., John L. Ingraham, Mark L. Wheelis, and Page R. Painter. "The Photosynthetic Eubacteria." In General Microbiology, 344–82. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08754-9_15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Microbiology (General)"

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Hrvat, Faris, Selma Cifric, Amina Aleta, Amra Dzuho, Leja Gurbeta Pokvic, and Almir Badnjevic. "ISO/IEC 15189 Implementation in Microbiology Laboratory - General Concepts." In 2020 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Industry 4.0 & IoT (MetroInd4.0&IoT). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/metroind4.0iot48571.2020.9138169.

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Hari, Purnama Dini, and Hasbullah Hasbullah. "The Modified Case-Based Methods in Combination with Team-Based Approach for Teaching General Microbiology at Agricultural Product Technology Department of Andalas University." In 4th International Conference on Educational Development and Quality Assurance (ICED-QA 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220303.029.

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Reports on the topic "Microbiology (General)"

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Agu, Monica, Zita Ekeocha, Stephen Robert Byrn, and Kari L. Clase. The Impact of Mentoring as a GMP Capability Building Tool in The Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Industry in Nigeria. Purdue University, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317447.

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Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), a component of Pharmaceutical Quality Systems, is aimed primarily at managing and minimizing the risks inherent in pharmaceutical manufacture to ensure the quality, safety and efficacy of products. Provision of adequate number of personnel with the necessary qualifications/practical experience and their continuous training and evaluation of effectiveness of the training is the responsibility of the manufacturer. (World Health Organization [WHO], 2014; International Organization for Standardization [ISO], 2015). The classroom method of training that has been used for GMP capacity building in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in Nigeria over the years, delivered by experts from stringently regulated markets, have not yielded commensurate improvement in the Quality Management Systems (QMS) in the industry. It is necessary and long over-due to explore an alternative training method that has a track record of success in other sectors. A lot of studies carried out on mentoring as a development tool in several fields such as academia, medicine, business, research etc., reported positive outcomes. The aim of this study was to explore mentoring as an alternative GMP training method in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in Nigeria. Specifically, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of mentoring as a GMP capability building tool in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in Nigeria, with focus on GMP documentations in XYZ pharmaceutical manufacturing company located in South-Western region of Nigeria. The methodology comprised gap assessment of GMP documentation of XYZ company to generate current state data, development of training materials based on the identified gaps and use of the training materials for the mentoring sessions. The outcome of the study was outstanding as gap assessment identified the areas of need that enabled development efforts to be targeted at these areas, unlike generic classroom training. The mentees’ acceptance of the mentoring support was evident by their request for additional training in some other areas related to the microbiology operations that were not covered in the gap assessment. This result portrays mentoring as a promising tool for GMP capacity building, but more structured studies need to be conducted in this area to generate results that can be generalized.
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Microbiology in the 21st Century: Where Are We and Where Are We Going? American Society for Microbiology, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aamcol.5sept.2003.

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The American Academy of Microbiology convened a colloquium September 5–7, 2003, in Charleston, South Carolina to discuss the central importance of microbes to life on earth, directions microbiology research will take in the 21st century, and ways to foster public literacy in this important field. Discussions centered on: the impact of microbes on the health of the planet and its inhabitants; the fundamental significance of microbiology to the study of all life forms; research challenges faced by microbiologists and the barriers to meeting those challenges; the need to integrate microbiology into school and university curricula; and public microbial literacy. This is an exciting time for microbiology. We are becoming increasingly aware that microbes are the basis of the biosphere. They are the ancestors of all living things and the support system for all other forms of life. Paradoxically, certain microbes pose a threat to human health and to the health of plants and animals. As the foundation of the biosphere and major determinants of human health, microbes claim a primary, fundamental role in life on earth. Hence, the study of microbes is pivotal to the study of all living things, and microbiology is essential for the study and understanding of all life on this planet. Microbiology research is changing rapidly. The field has been impacted by events that shape public perceptions of microbes, such as the emergence of globally significant diseases, threats of bioterrorism, increasing failure of formerly effective antibiotics and therapies to treat microbial diseases, and events that contaminate food on a large scale. Microbial research is taking advantage of the technological advancements that have opened new fields of inquiry, particularly in genomics. Basic areas of biological complexity, such as infectious diseases and the engineering of designer microbes for the benefit of society, are especially ripe areas for significant advancement. Overall, emphasis has increased in recent years on the evolution and ecology of microorganisms. Studies are focusing on the linkages between microbes and their phylogenetic origins and between microbes and their habitats. Increasingly, researchers are striving to join together the results of their work, moving to an integration of biological phenomena at all levels. While many areas of the microbiological sciences are ripe for exploration, microbiology must overcome a number of technological hurdles before it can fully accomplish its potential. We are at a unique time when the confluence of technological advances and the explosion of knowledge of microbial diversity will enable significant advances in microbiology, and in biology in general, over the next decade. To make the best progress, microbiology must reach across traditional departmental boundaries and integrate the expertise of scientists in other disciplines. Microbiologists are becoming increasingly aware of the need to harness the vast computing power available and apply it to better advantage in research. Current methods for curating research materials and data should be rethought and revamped. Finally, new facilities should be developed to house powerful research equipment and make it available, on a regional basis, to scientists who might otherwise lack access to the expensive tools of modern biology. It is not enough to accomplish cutting-edge research. We must also educate the children and college students of today, as they will be the researchers of tomorrow. Since microbiology provides exceptional teaching tools and is of pivotal importance to understanding biology, science education in schools should be refocused to include microbiology lessons and lab exercises. At the undergraduate level, a thorough knowledge of microbiology should be made a part of the core curriculum for life science majors. Since issues that deal with microbes have a direct bearing on the human condition, it is critical that the public-at-large become better grounded in the basics of microbiology. Public literacy campaigns must identify the issues to be conveyed and the best avenues for communicating those messages. Decision-makers at federal, state, local, and community levels should be made more aware of the ways that microbiology impacts human life and the ways school curricula could be improved to include valuable lessons in microbial science.
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