Journal articles: 'Microcontrollore Ultra-Low Power'

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Pope, Gunnar C., and Ryan J. Halter. "Design and Implementation of an Ultra-Low Resource Electrodermal Activity Sensor for Wearable Applications ‡." Sensors 19, no. 11 (May 29, 2019): 2450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19112450.

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While modern low-power microcontrollers are a cornerstone of wearable physiological sensors, their limited on-chip storage typically makes peripheral storage devices a requirement for long-term physiological sensing—significantly increasing both size and power consumption. Here, a wearable biosensor system capable of long-term recording of physiological signals using a single, 64 kB microcontroller to minimize sensor size and improve energy performance is described. Electrodermal (EDA) signals were sampled and compressed using a multiresolution wavelet transformation to achieve long-term storage within the limited memory of a 16-bit microcontroller. The distortion of the compressed signal and errors in extracting common EDA features is evaluated across 253 independent EDA signals acquired from human volunteers. At a compression ratio (CR) of 23.3×, the root mean square error (RMSErr) is below 0.016 μ S and the percent root-mean-square difference (PRD) is below 1%. Tonic EDA features are preserved at a CR = 23.3× while phasic EDA features are more prone to reconstruction errors at CRs > 8.8×. This compression method is shown to be competitive with other compressive sensing-based approaches for EDA measurement while enabling on-board access to raw EDA data and efficient signal reconstructions. The system and compression method provided improves the functionality of low-resource microcontrollers by limiting the need for external memory devices and wireless connectivity to advance the miniaturization of wearable biosensors for mobile applications.

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Zhong, Dan, Jian Xun Hu, Wen Fang Ding, and Hui Chen. "The Design of Insulator Leakage Current Monitoring Device Based on MSP430 Microcontroller." Applied Mechanics and Materials 263-266 (December 2012): 485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.263-266.485.

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This article describes a transmission line insulator leakage current monitoring device, the device is based on the MSP430 ultra low power mixed signal controller design, both the transmission line insulator leakage current rms leakage current pulse, the leakage current pulse frequency and ambient humidity characteristic quantities to be monitored, with low power consumption, high reliability.

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Roland, Theresa, Sebastian Amsuess, Michael Russold, and Werner Baumgartner. "Ultra-Low-Power Digital Filtering for Insulated EMG Sensing." Sensors 19, no. 4 (February 24, 2019): 959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19040959.

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Myoelectric prostheses help amputees to regain independence and a higher quality of life. These prostheses are controlled by state-of-the-art electromyography sensors, which use a conductive connection to the skin and are therefore sensitive to sweat. They are applied with some pressure to ensure a conductive connection, which may result in pressure marks and can be problematic for patients with circulatory disorders, who constitute a major group of amputees. Here, we present ultra-low-power digital signal processing algorithms for an insulated EMG sensor which couples the EMG signal capacitively. These sensors require neither conductive connection to the skin nor electrolytic paste or skin preparation. Capacitive sensors allow straightforward application. However, they make a sophisticated signal amplification and noise suppression necessary. A low-cost sensor has been developed for real-time myoelectric prostheses control. The major hurdles in measuring the EMG are movement artifacts and external noise. We designed various digital filters to attenuate this noise. Optimal system setup and filter parameters for the trade-off between attenuation of this noise and sufficient EMG signal power for high signal quality were investigated. Additionally, an algorithm for movement artifact suppression, enabling robust application in real-world environments, is presented. The algorithms, which require minimal calculation resources and memory, are implemented on an ultra-low-power microcontroller.

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Rosół, Maciej, and Bogdan Sapiński. "Autonomous Control System for a Squeeze Mode Mr Vibration Isolator in an Automotive Engine Mount." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ama-2014-0021.

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Abstract The investigated autonomous control system for a squeeze mode magnetorheological (MR) vibration isolator is based on an ultra-low power microcontroller MSP430F5529. The design structure of the control system and the dedicated real-time system are briefly presented and the laboratory testing data are summarised.

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Rastrello, F., P. Placidi, L. Abbati, A. Scorzoni, E. Cozzani, I. Elmi, S. Zampolli, and G. C. Cardinali. "Thermal Transient Measurements of an Ultra-Low-Power MOX Sensor." Journal of Sensors 2010 (2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/493765.

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This paper describes a system for the simultaneous dynamic control and thermal characterization of the heating of an Ultra Low Power (ULP) micromachined sensor. A Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) powering system has been realized using a microcontroller to characterize the thermal behavior of a device. Objectives of the research were to analyze the relation between the time period and duty cycle of the PWM signal and the operating temperature of such ULP micromachined systems, to observe the thermal time constants of the device during the heating phase and to measure the total thermal conductance. Constant target heater resistance experiments highlighted that an approximately constant heater temperature at regime can only be obtained if the time period of the heating signal is smaller than 50 s. Constant power experiments show quantitatively a thermal time constant that decreases during heating in a range from 2.3 ms to 2 ms as a function of an increasing temperature rise between the ambient and the operating temperature. Moreover, we calculated the total thermal conductance. Finally, repeatability of experimental results was assessed by guaranteeing the standard deviation of the controlled temperature which was within C in worst case conditions.

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Ganchev, Ivan, Zhanlin Ji, and Máirtín O’Droma. "Designing an Ultra-Low-Power RTU for Use in NB-IoT Water Applications." MATEC Web of Conferences 292 (2019): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929202004.

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This paper presents the design and realization of a ultra-low-power and low-cost remote transfer unit (RTU), working as an outdoor gateway for collecting hydrographic data, such as rainfall, water flow rate, water quality, etc. Based on the NarrowBand Internet of Things (NB-IoT) standard, it facilitates the communication between the sensors and the information center (server). The unit consists of an Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) microcontroller unit (MCU), a NB-IoT module, and a power supply module. The RTU was experimentally tested and its use successfully demonstrated.

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Wang, Feng, Hong Yu Jiao, and Ping Zhou. "Design of Standard 12-Lead ECG Acquisition Terminals Based on ADS1298." Advanced Materials Research 749 (August 2013): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.749.154.

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This paper introduced a compact design of portable standard 12-lead ECG acquisition terminals. For portable application purposes, an ultra-low power 16-bit microcontroller, which acted the core unit of the terminal, an 8-channel 24-bit , low-noise low-power high speed,analog-to-digital converter incorporated ECG features,external SD card storage,USB data-transmission module were intergrated into the terminal.Through the terminal,the sampling,storage,transmission and display of standard 12-lead ECG could be implemented in real-time.

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Eliahu, Adi, Ronny Ronen, Pierre-Emmanuel Gaillardon, and Shahar Kvatinsky. "multiPULPly." ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems 17, no. 2 (April 2021): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3432815.

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Computationally intensive neural network applications often need to run on resource-limited low-power devices. Numerous hardware accelerators have been developed to speed up the performance of neural network applications and reduce power consumption; however, most focus on data centers and full-fledged systems. Acceleration in ultra-low-power systems has been only partially addressed. In this article, we present multiPULPly, an accelerator that integrates memristive technologies within standard low-power CMOS technology, to accelerate multiplication in neural network inference on ultra-low-power systems. This accelerator was designated for PULP, an open-source microcontroller system that uses low-power RISC-V processors. Memristors were integrated into the accelerator to enable power consumption only when the memory is active, to continue the task with no context-restoring overhead, and to enable highly parallel analog multiplication. To reduce the energy consumption, we propose novel dataflows that handle common multiplication scenarios and are tailored for our architecture. The accelerator was tested on FPGA and achieved a peak energy efficiency of 19.5 TOPS/W, outperforming state-of-the-art accelerators by 1.5× to 4.5×.

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Qin, Gang, and De Quan Cui. "The Design of Portable Granary Thermometer." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 3394–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.3394.

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This article designed a portable granary thermometer to solve the shortcomings of present similar products ,such as complex structures , high performance price ratio and lack of flexibility , this thermometer used ultra-low power microcontroller MSP430F149 and programmable temperature sensor DS18B20 as the main components, it can collect, display and store the temperature on a real-time basis . Based on actual use, this apparatus possess the advantage of complete function, low power consumption, easy to operate, low price, portable and wide occasions of application etc.

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Li, Qi, and Xiao Jian Zhang. "A Design of High Smart Pressure Sensor Based on Microcontroller and BP Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 65 (June 2011): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.65.122.

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We introduce the high smart pressure sensor’s hardware-circuit design which based on Ultra-Low Power MSP430 MCU, analyze the BP network algorithm in temperature compensation to deal with the pressure sensor’s temperature drift, and collect pressure sensor’s temperature and pressure signals by MCU for offline training in BP network. The result shows that the MSP430 MCU can reduce system power and its rich exterior equipments can reduce the size of pressure sensor, the accuracy is improved by BP network algorithm, zero drift and time drift are best controlled.

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Meng, Xiang Fei, and Zhi Chao Li. "Design of Side Line Short Circuit Detection Device Load of Low Voltage Circuit Breaker before Closing." Advanced Materials Research 889-890 (February 2014): 703–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.889-890.703.

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It uses MSP430F2274, the ultra low power microcontroller, as the control core of short circuit detection device, through the accurate measurement of low voltage circuit breaker load side of the main wiring of insulation resistance value and the interphase insulation resistance value, outputting high voltage startup sound and light alarm device, and then accomplish the open circuit fault detection. Testing power supply is the use of magnetic coupling resonance principle, from the main power grid electrical insulation for short circuit detection device. The device has the advantages of low cost, small volume, good safety, good detection effect, and can be embedded in use in low voltage circuit breaker.

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Lee, Inyoung, Takashi Sode, Noya Loew, Wakako Tsugawa, Christopher Robin Lowe, and Koji Sode. "Continuous operation of an ultra-low-power microcontroller using glucose as the sole energy source." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 93 (July 2017): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.09.095.

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Gogolou, Vasiliki, Konstantinos Kozalakis, Eftichios Koutroulis, Gregory Doumenis, and Stylianos Siskos. "An Ultra-Low-Power CMOS Supercapacitor Storage Unit for Energy Harvesting Applications." Electronics 10, no. 17 (August 29, 2021): 2097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10172097.

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This work presents an ultra-low-power CMOS supercapacitor storage unit suitable for a plethora of low-power autonomous applications. The proposed unit exploits the unregulated voltage output of harvesting circuits (i.e., DC-DC converters) and redirects the power to the storage elements and the working loads. Being able to adapt to the input energy conditions and the connected loads’ supply demands offers extended survival to the system with the self-startup operation and voltage regulation. A low-complexity control unit is implemented which is composed of power switches, comparators and logic gates and is able to supervise two supercapacitors, a small and a larger one, as well as a backup battery. Two separate power outputs are offered for external load connection which can be controlled by a separate unit (e.g., microcontroller). Furthermore, user-controlled parameters such as charging and discharging supercapacitor voltage thresholds, provide increased versatility to the system. The storage unit was designed and fabricated in a 0.18 um standard CMOS process and operates with ultra-low current consumption of 432 nA at 2.3 V. The experimental results validate the proper operation of the overall structure.

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Raji, Mordecai, Akeem Shokanbi, and Happy Monday. "Design of Ultra-low-end Controllers for Efficient Stepper Motor Control." MATEC Web of Conferences 160 (2018): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816002003.

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This paper lays emphasis on thedevelopment of low cost controllers for stepper motors in contrast to its resource limitations such as memory size, few I/O pins and computing power compared to High-end designs. The microchip AVR ATtiny45 microcontroller was employed alongside a redesigned (reduced-input pin count) pulse distribution circuit for two H-Bridge drivers. The motor can rotate in both directions as well as possible speed control. The concept of the motor control signals was modeled in Matlab/Simulink, firmware was written in Atmel AVRStudio development environment, while theoverall design was carried out in Proteus software followed by Hardware implementation. Total material cost is about $5 which would be less in commercial production cases.

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Li, Qi, and Shao Zhi Bu. "The Design of High-Precision Pressure Transmitter Based on MSP430 Microcontroller." Applied Mechanics and Materials 65 (June 2011): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.65.141.

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We introduce the high smart pressure sensor’s hardware-circuit design based on Ultra-Low Power MSP430 MCU, the BP network algorithm in temperature compensation because of the pressure sensor’s temperature drift is analyzed, and the collected values of MPM280’s temperature and pressure signals with MCU are used in 4-layer BP network for offline training. We express the suited network module by C language program, and analyze the software-implemented method. The result shows that the MSP430 MCU can reduce system power and its rich exterior equipments can reduce the size of pressure sensor, the training of BP network by use of digital A/D value of MCU conversion reduces the error, the pressure sensor’s precision is improved by BP network, the precision is 0.1%.

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G, Ravichandran, and M. Krishnamurthy. "Design and Implementation of Smart Non-Invasive Bone Conduction Ear-Plug System." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 9, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v9.i2.pp249-252.

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The project aim is to design a smart earplug system integrated with non-invasive bone conduction technique which is capable of doing some advanced audio processing to provide voice enhancing, noise filtered audio for the hearing impaired people [2]. The system is also designed to work as an embedded music player, a life activity tracker and a Smartphone companion. It can even read the SMS that is just received on your smartphone into your ear. This project needs a very low power microcontroller but with high-performance signal processing requirements. STM32L476 from STMicroelectronics meets this needs and thus chosen as the main MCU. It is an ultra-low power ARM Cortex-M4 based microcontroller that can run up to 80MHz. It has got 1MB of Flash memory and 128 KB RAM.

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Patrigeon, Guillaume, Pascal Benoit, Lionel Torres, Sophiane Senni, Guillaume Prenat, and Gregory Di Pendina. "Design and Evaluation of a 28-nm FD-SOI STT-MRAM for Ultra-Low Power Microcontrollers." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 58085–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2906942.

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Thoen, Bart, Gilles Callebaut, Guus Leenders, and Stijn Wielandt. "A Deployable LPWAN Platform for Low-Cost and Energy-Constrained IoT Applications." Sensors 19, no. 3 (January 30, 2019): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030585.

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Many commercial platforms for fast prototyping have gained support for lpwan technologies. However, these solutions do not meet the low-cost and low-power requirements for a large-scale distribution of battery-powered sensor nodes. This paper presents the design, realization and validation of an open-source lpwan versatile platform. Energy and cost are considered key constraints for this hardware design. A power-efficient LoRa radio interface is implemented by hosting MAC functionality on the application microcontroller, eliminating the need for a modem. In the system architecture, power and cost savings are obtained by omitting and controlling lossy power circuitry. The resulting platform allows entry-level prototyping, while featuring an ultra-low sleep power of 25.2 μ W . This makes lpwan sensor applications accessible in domains that would otherwise require custom hardware development. The proposed design is validated by an illustrative but functional example of sensor nodes deployed in the field.

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Hema, K., and Muralidharan Muralidharan. "Design and Implementation of Next Generation Automotive Theft Preventive System." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v9.i1.pp118-122.

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In this paper, we proposed to design a next-generation auto theft prevention system by adding significant enhancements and modernizing the existing security features. As vehicles turn out to be more refined, vehicle security frameworks must be more grounded than at any other time. A current vehicle uses remote keyless passage framework and Immobilizer framework as the primary weaponry against vehicle robbery. These structures avoid unapproved access of the vehicle to a particular degree, however, are not a secure one. Because of the straightforward and imperfect nature of these security frameworks, auto burglary occurrences worldwide are on the ascent. This venture needs a low power microcontroller however with elite prerequisites. LPC11C14 from NXP Semiconductors addresses these issues and in this manner picked as the primary MCU. It is an ultra-low-power ARM Cortex-M0 based microcontroller that can run up to 50MHz. It has 32KB of Flash memory and 8KB RAM.

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Dimitrievski, Ace, Sonja Filiposka, Francisco José Melero, Eftim Zdravevski, Petre Lameski, Ivan Miguel Pires, Nuno M. Garcia, José Paulo Lousado, and Vladimir Trajkovik. "Rural Healthcare IoT Architecture Based on Low-Energy LoRa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 19, 2021): 7660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147660.

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Connected health is expected to introduce an improvement in providing healthcare and doctor-patient communication while at the same time reducing cost. Connected health would introduce an even more significant gap between healthcare quality for urban areas with physical proximity and better communication to providers and the portion of rural areas with numerous connectivity issues. We identify these challenges using user scenarios and propose LoRa based architecture for addressing these challenges. We focus on the energy management of battery-powered, affordable IoT devices for long-term operation, providing important information about the care receivers’ well-being. Using an external ultra-low-power timer, we extended the battery life in the order of tens of times, compared to relying on low power modes of the microcontroller.

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Yang, Hao, Cheng Hua Wang, and Yi Jun Cui. "Design and Implementation of Wireless Sensor Network Nodes Based on ANT." Applied Mechanics and Materials 325-326 (June 2013): 1037–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.325-326.1037.

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Progress as well as integration of wireless communication technology, computer technology and semiconductor technology, can integrate information such as the perception,acquisition and data processing in a very limited volume [. With the rapid development of wireless technology,wireless sensor networks greatly extends the applications of sensor network and Internet of Things as well as the new challenges to wireless communication technology. We will use STC12LE4052AD microcontroller and ultra-low power radio frequency chip nRF24AP2 embedded ANT protocol stack to complete the development of wireless sensor nodes in this paper.

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Khan, Suleman, Jongbin Won, Junsik Shin, Junyoung Park, Jong-Woong Park, Seung-Eock Kim, Yun Jang, and Dong Joo Kim. "SSVM: An Ultra-Low-Power Strain Sensing and Visualization Module for Long-Term Structural Health Monitoring." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 22, 2021): 2211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21062211.

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Structural health monitoring (SHM) is crucial for quantitative behavioral analysis of structural members such as fatigue, buckling, and crack propagation identification. However, formerly developed approaches cannot be implemented effectively for long-term infrastructure monitoring, owing to power inefficiency and data management challenges. This study presents the development of a high-fidelity and ultra-low-power strain sensing and visualization module (SSVM), along with an effective data management technique. Deployment of 24-bit resolution analog to a digital converter and precise half-bridge circuit for strain sensing are two significant factors for efficient strain measurement and power management circuit incorporating a low-power microcontroller unit (MCU), and electronic-paper display (EPD) enabled long-term operation. A prototype for SSVM was developed that performs strain sensing and encodes the strain response in a QR code for visualization on the EPD. For efficient power management, SSVM only activated when the trigger-signal was generated and stayed in power-saving mode consuming 18 mA and 337.9 μA, respectively. The trigger-signal was designed to be generated either periodically by a timer or intentionally by a push-button. A smartphone application and cloud database were developed for efficient data acquisition and management. A lab-scale experiment was carried out to validate the proposed system with a reference strain sensing system. A cantilever beam was deflected by increasing load at its free end, and the resultant strain response of SSVM was compared with the reference. The proposed system was successfully validated to use for long-term static strain measurement.

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Korošak, Žiga, Nejc Suhadolnik, and Anton Pleteršek. "The Implementation of a Low Power Environmental Monitoring and Soil Moisture Measurement System Based on UHF RFID." Sensors 19, no. 24 (December 14, 2019): 5527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245527.

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A smart sensor label based on the integration of ultra high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) technology and sensors is presented. The label is composed of a semi-active system that measures temperature, light, relative humidity and gravimetric water content (GWC) in the soil. The deployed system provides a simple, cost effective solution to monitor and control the growing of plants in modern agriculture and is intended be a part of a smart wireless sensor network (WSN) for agricultural monitoring. This paper is focused on analysis and development of a moisture sensor to measure GWC. It is based on a capacitance measurement solution, the accuracy of which is enhanced using several sensor driving frequencies. Thanks to the cancellation of supply voltage variations, the modeling of the GWC sensor and readout circuit was correct. The results we measured were close to modeled values. The maximum measurement resolution of the capacitive moisture sensor was 0.07 pF. To get the GWC from measured capacitance, a scale was used to weigh the mass of water in the soil. The comparison between capacitance measurement and calculated soil GWC is presented. The RFID measurement system has energy harvesting capabilities and an ultra-low power microcontroller, which uses embedded software to control the measurement properties. The microcontroller has to choose the appropriate model depending on the measured amplitude and chosen frequency to calculate the actual voltage on the sensing capacitor.

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Ahmed, Muhammad Swilam, and Ayman A. Fayed. "A Current-Mode Delay-Based Hysteretic Buck Regulator With Enhanced Efficiency at Ultra-Light Loads for Low-Power Microcontrollers." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 35, no. 1 (January 2020): 471–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2019.2913151.

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Kozalakis, Konstantinos, Ioannis Sofianidis, Vasileios Konstantakos, Kostas Siozios, and Stylianos Siskos. "73.5 uW Indoor-Outdoor Light Harvesting System with Global Maximum Power Point Tracking." Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications 11, no. 1 (February 14, 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jlpea11010010.

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This work introduces a light harvesting system with battery management. In contrast to relevant solutions that operate in limited ranges, the proposed system covers a wide operating input power range from 10 uW up to 300 mW. Specifically, experimental results highlight that, combined with a 73 × 94 mm flexible light harvester, it can harness light in a range from 50 LUX (indoor lighting) up to 120,000 LUX (outdoor lighting). The introduced system consists of a boost converter and an ultra-low power microcontroller (MCU). The MCU performs Global Maximum Power Point Tracking (GMPPT), using a resistor-free time-based input power sensing method, to calculate the input power of the converter, which does not interfere with the operation of the boost converter. The efficiency of the GMPPT system was evaluated with detailed experimentation, where we achieved 99.75% average GMPPT tracking efficiency while consuming only 73.5 uW at 4.2 V.

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Al-Mumen, Haider. "Development and Empirical Investigation of a Self-Powered UV Detector Based-Microcontroller." Journal of University of Babylon for Engineering Sciences 26, no. 3 (February 1, 2018): 318–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.29196/jub.v26i3.653.

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Titanium dioxide Nano particles have been used as a core material for the design of low-cost sustainable power source, the dye sensitized cell. In this work, dye sensitized cell was investigated to be used as a self-powered ultra violet light detector in a data acquisition system. To enhance the detector robustness, the device was sealed using cross-linked photo resist to isolate it from the environmental effects. The detector was tested in air as well as in water to proof its characteristics in various environmental conditions. High responsivity and fast response were achieved for both discrete and continuous ultraviolet (UV) illuminations. To prove the self-powered property of the sensor, it was interfaced to a microcontroller. Our experimental results confirmed that there is no need of intermediate electronics such as signal conditioning in the interfacing circuit. Furthermore, the detector observed obvious selectivity for different light colors. This characteristic makes it candidate for the development of color sensors.

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Xia, Chengshuo, Daxing Zhang, Witold Pedrycz, Kangqi Fan, and Yongxian Guo. "Human Body Heat Based Thermoelectric Harvester with Ultra-Low Input Power Management System for Wireless Sensors Powering." Energies 12, no. 20 (October 17, 2019): 3942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12203942.

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Energy harvesting (EH) technique has been proposed as a favorable solution for addressing the power supply exhaustion in a wireless sensor node and prolong the operating time for a wireless sensor network. Thermoelectric energy generator (TEG) is a valuable device converting the waste heat into electricity which can be collected and stored for electronics. In this paper, the thermal energy from human body is captured and converted to the low electrical energy by means of thermoelectric energy harvester. The aim of presented work is utilizing the converted electricity to power the related electronic device and to extend the working life of a sensor node. Considering the related characteristics of TEG used for human, a type of a novel power management system is designed and presented to harvest generated electricity. The proposed circuit is developed based on off-the-shelf commercial chips, LTC3108 and BQ25504. It can accept the lowest input voltage of 20 mV, which is more suitable for human thermoelectric energy harvesting. Through experiments, developed energy harvesting system can effectively power the sensor to intermittently transmit the data as well as perform the converted energy storage. Compared to the independent commercial chips applications and other microcontroller-based energy harvesting systems, the designed thermoelectric energy harvester system presents the advantages not only in high energy storage utilization rate but also the ultra-low input voltage characteristic. Since the heat from human body is harvested, therefore, the system can possibly be used to power the sensor placed on human body and has practical applications such as physiological parameter monitoring.

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Bahr, Andreas, Matthias Schneider, Maria Francis, Hendrik Lehmann, Igor Barg, Anna-Sophia Buschhoff, Peer Wulff, Thomas Strunskus, and Franz Faupel. "Epileptic Seizure Detection on an Ultra-Low-Power Embedded RISC-V Processor Using a Convolutional Neural Network." Biosensors 11, no. 7 (June 23, 2021): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11070203.

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The treatment of refractory epilepsy via closed-loop implantable devices that act on seizures either by drug release or electrostimulation is a highly attractive option. For such implantable medical devices, efficient and low energy consumption, small size, and efficient processing architectures are essential. To meet these requirements, epileptic seizure detection by analysis and classification of brain signals with a convolutional neural network (CNN) is an attractive approach. This work presents a CNN for epileptic seizure detection capable of running on an ultra-low-power microprocessor. The CNN is implemented and optimized in MATLAB. In addition, the CNN is also implemented on a GAP8 microprocessor with RISC-V architecture. The training, optimization, and evaluation of the proposed CNN are based on the CHB-MIT dataset. The CNN reaches a median sensitivity of 90% and a very high specificity over 99% corresponding to a median false positive rate of 6.8 s per hour. After implementation of the CNN on the microcontroller, a sensitivity of 85% is reached. The classification of 1 s of EEG data takes t=35 ms and consumes an average power of P≈140 μW. The proposed detector outperforms related approaches in terms of power consumption by a factor of 6. The universal applicability of the proposed CNN based detector is verified with recording of epileptic rats. This results enable the design of future medical devices for epilepsy treatment.

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Lüders, M., B. Eversmann, D. Schmitt-Landsiedel, and R. Brederlow. "Fully-integrated LDO voltage regulator for digital circuits." Advances in Radio Science 9 (August 1, 2011): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-9-263-2011.

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Abstract. Low-dropout (LDO) voltage regulators are widely used to supply low-voltage digital circuits. For recent ultra-low-power microcontroller systems, a fully-integrated LDO without any external capacitance is preferred in order to achieve a fast and energy-efficient wake-up. Commonly, an LDO is specified, designed and verified for DC load currents. In contrast, a digital load creates large current spikes. As an LDO designed for low quiescent current is too slow to react on fast current spikes, a minimum on-chip capacitance is required to keep the supply voltage within a certain error window. Different fully-integrated LDO topologies are investigated regarding their suitability to supply low-voltage digital circuits. The any-load stable LDO topology is selected and implemented on a 0.13 μm test-chip. The LDO is able to provide a maximum load current of 2.5 mA while consuming a quiescent current of 17 μA.

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Xia, Huakang, Renwen Chen, Long Ren, and Qinbang Zhou. "Direct calculation of source impedance to adaptive maximum power point tracking for broadband vibration energy harvesting." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 28, no. 9 (September 13, 2016): 1105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x16666178.

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This article presents an adaptive maximum power point tracking technique for broadband vibration energy harvesting. The presented technique employs a discontinuous conduction mode buck–boost converter to emulate a matched resistor for a vibration energy harvester. Instead of traversal search, the optimal duty cycle can be tuned in one step based on direct calculation of source impedance, which is realized by active pulse width modulation perturbation strategy; based on it, the circuit can work well in impedance match adaptively without any prior knowledge of a harvester. The prototype circuit is implemented by an ultra-low-power consumption MSP430 microcontroller with a stable external power supply. It produces 1.32 mW (0.4 g and 88.2 Hz acceleration) from a piezoelectric vibration energy harvester and 1.16 mW (0.12 g and 19.3 Hz acceleration) from an electromagnetic vibration energy harvester. According to the definition of power–bandwidth product, the experimental results achieve 75.2% and 39.9% of the theoretical optimal capacity of the piezoelectric vibration energy harvester and electromagnetic vibration energy harvester, respectively. The detailed experimental data indicate that the proposed approach achieves a large improvement than employing a fixed load resistance in a wide frequency band. Furthermore, the possibility of self-powered is confirmed based on a brief estimation of power losses on the proposed circuit.

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Costilla-Reyes, Alfredo, Celal Erbay, Salvador Carreon-Bautista, Arum Han, and Edgar Sánchez-Sinencio. "A Time-Interleave-Based Power Management System with Maximum Power Extraction and Health Protection Algorithm for Multiple Microbial Fuel Cells for Internet of Things Smart Nodes." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (November 27, 2018): 2404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122404.

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Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) technology is a novel Energy Harvesting (EH) source that can transform organic substrates in wastewater into electricity through a bioelectrochemical process. However, its limited output power available per liter is in the range of a few milliwatts, which results very limited to be used by an Internet of Things (IoT) smart node that could require power in the order of hundreds of milliwatts when in full operation. One way to reach a usable power output is to connect several MFCs in series or parallel; nevertheless, the high output characteristic resistance of MFCs and differences in output voltage from multiple MFCs, dramatically worsens its power efficiency for both series and parallel arrangements. In this paper, a Power Management System (PMS) is proposed to allow maximum power harvesting from multiple MFCs while providing a regulated output voltage. To enable a more efficient and reliable power-harvesting process from multiple MFCs that considers the biochemical limitations of the bacteria to extend its lifetime, a power ranking and MFC health-protection algorithm using an interleaved EH operation was implemented in a PIC24F16KA102 microcontroller. A power extraction sub-block of the system includes an ultra-low-power BQ25505 step-up DC-DC converter, which integrates Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) capabilities. The maximum efficiency measured of the PMS was ~50.7%. The energy harvesting technique presented in this work was tested to power an internet-enabled temperature-sensing smart node.

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Luo, Kan, Zhipeng Cai, Keqin Du, Fumin Zou, Xiangyu Zhang, and Jianqing Li. "A Digital Compressed Sensing-Based Energy-Efficient Single-Spot Bluetooth ECG Node." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2687389.

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Energy efficiency is still the obstacle for long-term real-time wireless ECG monitoring. In this paper, a digital compressed sensing- (CS-) based single-spot Bluetooth ECG node is proposed to deal with the challenge in wireless ECG application. A periodic sleep/wake-up scheme and a CS-based compression algorithm are implemented in a node, which consists of ultra-low-power analog front-end, microcontroller, Bluetooth 4.0 communication module, and so forth. The efficiency improvement and the node’s specifics are evidenced by the experiments using the ECG signals sampled by the proposed node under daily activities of lay, sit, stand, walk, and run. Under using sparse binary matrix (SBM), block sparse Bayesian learning (BSBL) method, and discrete cosine transform (DCT) basis, all ECG signals were essentially undistorted recovered with root-mean-square differences (PRDs) which are less than 6%. The proposed sleep/wake-up scheme and data compression can reduce the airtime over energy-hungry wireless links, the energy consumption of proposed node is 6.53 mJ, and the energy consumption of radio decreases 77.37%. Moreover, the energy consumption increase caused by CS code execution is negligible, which is 1.3% of the total energy consumption.

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Cittanti, Davide, Matteo Gregorio, Eugenio Bossotto, Fabio Mandrile, and Radu Bojoi. "Full Digital Control and Multi-Loop Tuning of a Three-Level T-Type Rectifier for Electric Vehicle Ultra-Fast Battery Chargers." Electronics 10, no. 12 (June 17, 2021): 1453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10121453.

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The rapid development of electric vehicle ultra-fast battery chargers is increasingly demanding higher efficiency and power density. In particular, a proper control of the grid-connected active front–end can ensure minimum passive component size (i.e., limiting design oversizing) and reduce the overall converter losses. Moreover, fast control dynamics and strong disturbance rejection capability are often required by the subsequent DC/DC stage, which may act as a fast-varying and/or unbalanced load. Therefore, this paper proposes the design, tuning and implementation of a complete digital multi-loop control strategy for a three-level unidirectional T-type rectifier, intended for EV ultra-fast battery charging. First, an overview of the operational basics of three-level rectifiers is presented and the state-space model of the considered system is derived. A detailed analysis of the mid-point current generation process is also provided, as this aspect is widely overlooked in the literature. In particular, the converter operation under unbalanced split DC-link loads is analyzed and the converter mid-point current limits are analytically identified. Four controllers (i.e., dq-currents, DC-link voltage and DC-link mid-point voltage balancing loops) are designed and their tuning is described step-by-step, taking into account the delays and the discretization introduced by the digital control implementation. Finally, the proposed multi-loop controller design procedure is validated on a 30 kW, 20 kHz T-type rectifier prototype. The control strategy is implemented on a single general purpose microcontroller unit and the performances of all control loops are successfully verified experimentally, simultaneously achieving low input current zero-crossing distortion, high step response and disturbance rejection dynamics, and stable steady-state operation under unbalanced split DC-link loading.

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García, Sebastián, Diego F. Larios, Julio Barbancho, Enrique Personal, Javier M. Mora-Merchán, and Carlos León. "Heterogeneous LoRa-Based Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network Multiprocessor Platform for Environmental Monitoring." Sensors 19, no. 16 (August 7, 2019): 3446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19163446.

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The acquisition of data in protected natural environments is subordinated to actions that do not stress the life-forms present in that environment. This is why researchers face two conflicting interests: autonomous and robust systems that minimize the physical interaction with sensors once installed, and complex enough ones to capture and process higher volumes of data. On the basis of this situation, this paper analyses the current state-of-the-art of wireless multimedia sensor networks, identifying the limitations and needs of these solutions. In this sense, in order to improve the trade-off between autonomous and computational capabilities, this paper proposes a heterogeneous multiprocessor sensor platform, consisting of an ultra-low power microcontroller and a high-performance processor, which transfers control between processors as needed. This architecture allows the shutdown of idle systems and fail-safe remote reprogramming. The sensor equipment can be adapted to the needs of the project. The deployed equipment incorporates, in addition to environmental meteorological variables, a microphone input and two cameras (visible and thermal) to capture multimedia data. In addition to the hardware description, the paper provides a brief description of how long-range (LoRa) can be used for sending large messages (such as an image or a new firmware), an economic analysis of the platform, and a study on energy consumption of the platform according to different use cases.

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Jornet-Monteverde, Julio Antonio, and Juan José Galiana-Merino. "Low-Cost Conversion of Single-Zone HVAC Systems to Multi-Zone Control Systems Using Low-Power Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 20, no. 13 (June 27, 2020): 3611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20133611.

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This paper presents a novel approach to convert a conventional house air conditioning installation into a more efficient system that individually controls the temperature of each zone of the house through Wi-Fi technology. Each zone regulates the air flow depending on the detected temperature, providing energy savings and increasing the machine performance. Therefore, the first step was to examine the communication bus of the air conditioner and obtain the different signal codes. Thus, an alternative Controller module has been designed and developed to control and manage the requests on the communication bus (Bus–Wi-Fi gateway). A specific circuit has been designed to adapt the signal of the serial port of the Controller with the communication bus. For the acquisition of the temperature and humidity data in each zone, a Node module has been developed, which communicates with the Controller through the Wi-Fi interface using the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol with Secure Sockets Layer / Transport Layer Security (SSL/TLS) certificates. It has been equipped with an LCD touch screen as a human-machine interface. The Controller and the Node modules have been developed with the ultra-low power consumption CC3200 microController of Texas Instruments and the code has been implemented under the TI-RTOS real-time operating system. An additional module based on the Raspberry Pi computer has been designed to create the Wi-Fi network and implement the required network functionalities. The developed system not only ensures that the temperature in each zone is the desired one, but also controls the fan velocity of the indoor unit and the opening area of the vent registers, which considerably improves the efficiency of the system. Compared with the single-zone system, the experiments carried out show energy savings between 75% and 94% when only one of the zones is selected, and 44% when the whole house is air-conditioned, in addition to considerably improving user comfort.

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"Ultra Low Power and High Efficiency Advanced Microcontroller Design using Amba Architecture." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, no. 2 (July 30, 2019): 6167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.b3803.078219.

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The ARM Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) is an open-criterion, on-chip interrelate particle particular in favor of the association also the board of useful squares in framework on a chip (SoC) plans. It encourages improvement of multi processor plans through expansive quantities of manager as well as peripherals among a transport design. Seeing as its commencement, the extent of AMBA has, regardless of its name, disappeared a long way past microcontroller gadgets. Nowadays, AMBA is broadly utilized on a scope of ASIC along with SoC divisions incorporating requests processors utilized in current convenient cell phones like advanced mobile phones. The structure comprises of at least one CPUs, GPUs or flag processors, autonomous, to permit reuse of IP centers, fringe and framework full scale cells crosswise over differing IC forms, supporting superior and low power on-chip correspondence.

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Labbe, Benoit, Philex Fan, Thanusree Achuthan, Pranay Prabhat, Graham Peter Knight, and James Myers. "A Supply Voltage Control Method for Performance Guaranteed Ultra-Low-Power Microcontroller." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 2020, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2020.3023001.

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BORATE, UJJWALA G., and PROF R. T. PATIL. "WIRELESS REAL TIME PROPORTIONAL CONTROL SYSTEM." International Journal of Communication Networks and Security, January 2013, 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47893/ijcns.2013.1060.

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This system provides low power consuming and low cost wireless sensor network. This system provides a real time temperature and humidity. It also gives proportional control action. This system consists of TI’s MSP430 microcontroller which consumes ultra low power and improves the overall system performance. The Sensorion’s SHT 11 sensor is used to measure temperature and humidity. Sensor SHT 11 consumes low power and gives the fully calibrated digital output. Zigbee technology is used for wireless communication. Zigbee is low power consuming transceiver module. It operates within the ISM 2.4 GHz frequency band. AT and API command modes configure module parameters. RF data rate is 250 kbps. To achieve the proportional control triac and MOC 3022 are used. The star network topology is implemented. The temperature of earth goes on increasing due to global warming, deforestation, pollution, etc. Due to this the temperature of atmosphere also increases which is harmful and dangerous for many systems. This system provides precise control of temperature and humidity in Green House, Art Galleries and Industries.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Microcontrollore Ultra-Low Power'

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